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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (23)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (23)
  • Demography
  • Population
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (23)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Liberian Women Count : Evidence from a Macrosimulation of the Gender Dividend (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karra, Mahesh Liberian Women Count: Evidence from a Macrosimulation of the Gender Dividend
    Keywords: Demography ; Economic Contribution Of Women ; Economic Growth ; Gender ; Gender Dividend ; Inequality ; Macrosimulation ; Time Allocation ; Value Of Domestic Work ; Women's Empowerment ; Women's Human Capital
    Abstract: Liberian women make significant economic contributions yet are constrained from contributing even more due to their exclusion from productive opportunities. This study develops a macrosimulation model of the Gender Dividend that estimates the economic contributions of women and the societal costs incurred by excluding them. Using macroeconomic, demographic, and survey data from Liberia, the analysis finds that women were responsible for 39 percent of market-based output produced annually in 2020, equal to USD 1.08 billion, and contributed another USD 530 million in non-tradable sources of production, namely, housework and domestic chores. Using the macrosimulation model, the study estimates that if the gender gaps in labor force participation, intra-sectoral wages, and sector of employment were closed, gross domestic product would be 11.5 percent higher. If further reforms were undertaken to equalize education and reduce fertility rates to a net-reproduction rate, gross domestic product would be 23.7 percent higher. Finally, if the model also accounts for the value of non-tradable production, gross domestic product would be USD 5.89 billion, or 45.3 percent higher than today's estimates, with women being responsible for 53 percent of the labor market output. These estimates reinforce the need for a unified policy agenda that actively invests in women's human capital and work-related opportunities simultaneously
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10425
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rohingya Refugee Camps and Forest Loss in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh : An Inquiry using Remote Sensing and Econometric Approaches (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dampha, Nfamara K Rohingya Refugee Camps and Forest Loss in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh: An Inquiry using Remote Sensing and Econometric Approaches
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Diseases ; Female ; Hydrology ; Income ; Male ; Mental Health ; Population ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Refugees ; Social Cohesion ; Social Demographics ; Social Development ; Water Resources
    Abstract: How do refugee camps impact the natural environment This paper examines the case study of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, a district that hosts nearly 1 million Rohingya refugees in refugee camps. Using spatially explicit data on land-use / land cover and proximity to a camp boundary, the paper quantifies land-use changes across the district over time. To evaluate the extent to which the camps triggered additional forest loss, the analysis calculates total forest loss in the district and uses a difference-in-difference model that compares areas 0-5 kilometers from a camp boundary (treatment) to areas 10-15 kilometers away (control). The findings show that the rate of forest loss intensified near camps relative to the control area. The analysis reveals that areas experiencing camp-stimulated reductions in forest cover are also experiencing faster settlement expansion relative to the control area. Settlement expansion is largely concentrated in areas outside protected areas. This enhanced settlement expansion still occurs when pixels 0-1 kilometer from the camps are omitted, which is evidence that the results are not due to camp settlements expanding beyond the official camp borders. The results suggest that camps stimulate in-migration as Bangladeshis seek new economic opportunities and improved access to resources
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9948
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Syrian Refugee Life Study : First Glance (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miguel, Edward A The Syrian Refugee Life Study: First Glance
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Diseases ; Female ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Male ; Mental Health ; Population ; Refugees ; Social Demographics
    Abstract: This paper presents descriptive statistics from the first wave of the Syrian Refugee Life Study (S-RLS), which was launched in 2020. S-RLS is a longitudinal study that tracks a representative sample of 2,500 registered Syrian refugee households in Jordan. It collects comprehensive data on socio-demographic variables as well as information on health and well-being, preferences, social capital, attitudes, and safety and crime perceptions. This study uses these novel data to document the socio-demographic characteristics of Syrian refugees in Jordan, and compare them to those of the representative Jordanian and non-Jordanian populations interviewed in the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey. The findings point to lags in basic service access, housing quality, and educational attainment for the Syrian refugee population, relative to the non-refugee population. The impacts of the pandemic may serve to partially explain these documented disparities. The data also illustrate that most Syrian refugees have not recovered economically from the shock of COVID-19 and that this population has larger gender disparities in terms of income, employment, prevalence of child marriage, and gender attitudes than their non-refugee counterparts. Finally, mental health problems are common for Syrian refugees in 2020, with depression indicated among over 61 percent of the population
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9940
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Achieving the Demographic Dividend in the Arab Republic of Egypt (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Contraception ; Demographic Dividend ; Demography ; Early Marriage ; Economic Growth ; Female Labor Force ; Fertility Rate ; Human Capital ; Investment ; Savings ; School Dropouts ; Social Protection
    Abstract: The Arab Republic of Egypt was well on the path to achieving its demographic dividend at the turn of this century but has gone off track due to a reversal in its earlier fertility decline. But what is the demographic dividend? It reflects the economic benefits when a country undergoes a rapid decline in mortality, then fertility, and the consequent demographic transition. Due to lower fertility and fewer children per household, a growing working-age population increases productivity and per capita income, leading to accumulated savings, investments, and economic growth, underscoring the strong link between demographics and economic growth. Fortunately, Egypt has the political will, resources, and capacity to achieve its demographic dividend in the next decade, as this report by a team of Egyptian and World Bank experts shows. It reviews the trends in determinants of the rising total fertility rate, the likely factors that contributed to Egypt's fertility decline reversal, the government's initial response, and the sectoral and social drivers that may have influenced this fertility decline reversal. It also assesses the economic impact of the demographic changes, including estimates of forgone savings due to the increased fertility and of potential future gains if the country were to regain and then accelerate its fertility decline. Drawing on global evidence, the report proposes six policy and strategic priorities, complemented by four policy imperatives. These priorities aim to increase the contraceptive prevalence rate (the most important of the six), reduce school dropouts, increase female labor force participation, delay early marriage, leverage social protection programs, and improve governance of the country's population program. The four imperatives aim to assure broad-based socioeconomic development and they include creating productive jobs; investing in and leveraging human capital; enhancing financial inclusion and entrepreneurship, especially for women; and sustaining macroeconomic stability. The president's "Decent Life Initiative" and the "National Project for the Development of the Egyptian Family" can be used as the platform to implement many of the proposed policies and strategies. In such a manner, Egypt will be back on track to achieve its demographic dividend
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tunisia's Jobs Landscape (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Demography ; Employment ; Gender ; Growth ; Labor Supply and Labor Demand ; Living Standards ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized in four chapters. Chapter1 describes trends in growth, productivity, demography, employment, and living standards to inform the analysis of labor supply and labor demand carried out in the chapters that follow. The chapter starts by depicting aggregate trends in economic growth and living standards of the Tunisian population, the drivers of growth (e.g. remittances and migration, FDI, exchange rate, productivity, et cetera), and broad structural changes in terms of job creation and labor productivity growth. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the composition of the labor market and how it has changed over time, including demographics and labor force participation, employment and employment composition in terms of type of job, industrial sector, occupation both at the aggregate level and for different population groups based on gender, age, educational level, and geographical location. It turns the spotlight on two groups that face particular difficulties in accessing the labor market, namely women and youth, and advances hypotheses regarding key barriers to their engagement in the labor market. Chapter 3 shifts the focus to one of the most relevant dimensions that characterize the Tunisian labor market, namely the distinction between the public sector, formal and informal employment. The chapter investigates how individual characteristics are correlated with the probability of working in different types of employment; it provides an overview of recent trends in wages and of conditional wage gaps along a number of dimensions (men/women, public/private, formal/informal employment); and it illustrates how wage workers with different characteristics, in particular different educational endowments, benefit from the labor market. Finally, building on the findings of Chapter 1, Chapter 4 examines recent trends in the patterns of structural and spatial transformation along the employment and firm dimension. It provides an overview of the firm landscape in terms of size, industrial sector, geographical area as well as recent trends in firms' performance, dynamics, labor decisions and capital investments, as well as constraints and opportunities firms face
    DOI: 10.1596/38381
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La transition demographique de l'Afrique : dividende ou catastrophe? (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464808234
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (220 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; Economic Growth ; Fertility ; Health ; Investment ; Population
    Abstract: Resume : L'Afrique est sur le bord d'un lancement potentiel de croissance economique soutenue. Cette ascension peut etre acceleree par un dividende demographique du aux changements dans la structure par age de la population. Les baisses de la mortalite infantile, suivies par la baisse de la fecondite, produisent une generation renflement et un grand nombre de personnes d'age actif, donnant un coup de pouce a l'economie. Dans le court terme, une fecondite plus faible engendre une baisse des taux de dependance des jeunes et une plus grande participation de la population active feminine en dehors de la maison. La reduction de la taille de la famille signifie egalement qu'il reste davantage de ressources a investir dans la sante et l'education par enfant, augmentant ainsi la productivite future des travailleurs. Au long terme, une duree de vie accrue resultant de l'amelioration dans le domaine de la sante signifie que cette vaste cohorte aux gains eleves sera egalement desireuse d'epargner pour la retraite ainsi que pour la creation de l'epargne et des investissements plus consequents, conduisant ainsi a d'autres gains de productivite. Deux choses sont necessaires pour que le dividende demographique genere un decollage economique de l'Afrique. La premiere consiste a accelerer la baisse de la fecondite qui est actuellement au point mort ou lente dans de nombreux pays. La seconde est les politiques economiques qui profitent de l'occasion offerte par le changement de la demographie. Alors que l'evolution demographique peut produire plus, et des travailleurs de meilleure qualite, cette main-d'cuvre potentielle doit etre employee si l'Afrique se doit de recolter le dividende. Cependant, une fois en route, la relation entre l'evolution demographique et le developpement humain fonctionne dans les deux sens, c'est-a-dire qu'elle cree un cercle vertueux susceptible d'accelerer la baisse de la fecondite, le developpement social et la croissance economique. Les recherches scientifiques montrent trois facteurs cles pour accelerer la transition de la fecondite: la sante des enfants, l'education des femmes et l'autonomisation des femmes, notamment par l'acces a la planification familiale. Exploiter le dividende demographique necessite la creation d'emplois pour les grandes cohortes de jeunes qui entrent en age de travailler et qui stimulent les investissements etrangers jusqu'a faire augmenter l'epargne interieure et l'investissement. La combinaison appropriee de politiques dans chaque pays depend de leur stade de transition demographique. Etant la derniere region a subir la transition demographique, l'Afrique peut tirer les lecons des reussites et des echecs des autres regions dans l'exploitation d'un dividende demographique. Le succes exige (i) l'acceleration de la transition demographique; (ii) une economie dynamique produisant des revenus et des investissements plus eleves pour une jeunesse mieux eduquee et en meilleure sante
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0821-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Development Indicators 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464804410
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (164 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; GDP ; Gender ; GNI ; Growth ; Income classification ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Malnutrition ; MDGs ; Population ; Poverty ; Trade
    Abstract: World Development Indicators 2015 provides a compilation of relevant, highquality, and internationally comparable statistics about global development and the fight against poverty. It is intended to help policymakers, students, analysts, professors, program managers, and citizens find and use data related to all aspects of development, including those that help monitor progress toward the World Bank Group's two goals of ending poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Six themes are used to organize indicators-world view, people, environment, economy, states and markets, and global links. As in past editions, World Development Indicators reviews global progress toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and provides key indicators related to poverty. WDI 2015 includes: * A selection of the most popular indicators across 214 economies and 14 country groups organized into six WDI themes * Thematic and regional highlights, providing an overview of global development trends * An in-depth review of the progress made toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals * A user guide describing resources available online and on mobile apps A complementary online data analysis tool is available this year to allow readers to further investigate global, regional, and country progress on the MDGs: data.worldbank.org/mdgs. Each of the remaining sections includes an introduction; six stories highlighting specific global, regional or country trends; and a table of the most relevant and popular indicators for that theme, together with a discussion of indicator compilation methodology. WDI DataFinder Mobile App Download the WDI DataFinder Mobile App and other Data Apps at data.worldbank.org/apps. WDI DataFinder is a mobile app for browsing the current WDI database on smartphones and tablets, using iOS, Android, and Blackberry, available in four languages: English, French, Spanish, and Chinese. Use the app to: * browse data using the structure of the WDI * visually compare countries and indicators * create, edit, and save customized tables, charts, and maps * share what you create on Twitter, Facebook, and via email
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0440-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Insurgency And Credible Commitment In Autocracies And Democracies (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Insurgency And Credible Commitment In Autocracies And Democracies
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper suggests a new factor that makes civil war more likely: the inability of political actors to make credible promises to broad segments of society. Lacking this ability, both elected and unelected governments pursue public policies that leave citizens less well-off and more prone to revolt. At the same time, these actors have a reduced ability to build an anti-insurgency capacity in the first place, since they are less able to prevent anti-insurgents from themselves mounting coups. But while reducing the risk of conflict overall, increasing credibility can, over some range, worsen the effects of natural resources and ethnic fragmentation on civil war. Empirical tests using various measures of political credibility support these conclusions
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Good A Map ? : Putting Small Area Estimation To The Test (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel How Good A Map ?
    Keywords: Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: The authors examine the performance of small area welfare estimation. The method combines census and survey data to produce spatially disaggregated poverty and inequality estimates. To test the method, they compare predicted welfare indicators for a set of target populations with their true values. They construct target populations using actual data from a census of households in a set of rural Mexican communities. They examine estimates along three criteria: accuracy of confidence intervals, bias, and correlation with true values. The authors find that while point estimates are very stable, the precision of the estimates varies with alternative simulation methods. While the original approach of numerical gradient estimation yields standard errors that seem appropriate, some computationally less-intensive simulation procedures yield confidence intervals that are slightly too narrow. The precision of estimates is shown to diminish markedly if unobserved location effects at the village level are not well captured in underlying consumption models. With well specified models there is only slight evidence of bias, but the authors show that bias increases if underlying models fail to capture latent location effects. Correlations between estimated and true welfare at the local level are highest for mean expenditure and poverty measures and lower for inequality measures
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Is The Real Impact of Schooling On Age of First Union And Age of First Parenting ? : New Evidence From Guatemala (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Behrman, Jere R What Is The Real Impact of Schooling On Age of First Union And Age of First Parenting ?
    Keywords: Adolescents ; Adulthood ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Childhood ; Children ; Demography ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Generations ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Adolescents ; Adulthood ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Childhood ; Children ; Demography ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Generations ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Adolescents ; Adulthood ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Childhood ; Children ; Demography ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Generations ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The ages of first union and of first parenting are of considerable interest, not only because of their implications for individual welfare and well-being over the life cycle, but also because they are strongly associated with fertility patterns that are thought to have important implications for the broader society. But the many positive associations between schooling attainment and ages of first union and first parenting do not mean that increasing education causes increases in ages of first union and first parenting. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the impact of schooling on ages of first union and first parenting using data collected over 35 years in Guatemala. It advances beyond the previous literature by (1) treating schooling as behaviorally-determined, which changes the estimated schooling impacts considerably in a number of cases, tending to result in stronger positive effects of schooling for females and weaker ones for males; (2) including other aspects of individuals' human capital and parental family background, which in some cases changes the estimated impact of schooling attainment a fair amount; and (3) including outcomes, additional to ages of first union and first parenting, such as union partner's human capital and union partner's family's social and economic status, which enriches the understanding of the multiple effects that schooling attainment has on the processes under study
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Compendium of Economic and Trade Indicators by Region, 1960 to 2004 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agricultural Workers ; Agriculture ; GDP ; High-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population
    Abstract: This compilation of data is prepared as a companion to the Bank's research project on distortions to agricultural incentives. Its purpose is to provide comparative basic economic and trade indicators for the countries involved as case studies in that project. The project is global in coverage, and is sub-divided into five groups: Africa, Asia, Europe and Central Asia's Transition Economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, and high-income countries. The present compendium is divided into seven main sections. The first one includes data on high income countries which are compared with three aggregates for developing countries. Sections two through five focuses indeed specifically on one of the four regional groups and compare data for the case study countries with various aggregates of studied and not studied countries. Due to the very limited data availability several countries have not been included in the compendium. Finally, section six and seven include estimates of trade distortions, and sectoral shares of value added and household expenditures for all the studied countries and several regional aggregates
    DOI: 10.1596/37165
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam : A Socioeconomic Perspective (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam
    Keywords: Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Baulch, Chuyen, Haughton, and Haughton examine the latest quantitative evidence on disparities in living standards between and among different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey and 1999 Census, they show that Kinh and Hoa ("majority") households have substantially higher living standards than "minority" households from Vietnam's other 52 ethnic groups. Subdividing the population into five broad categories, the authors find that while the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, and Northern Highland minorities have benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the growth of Central Highland minorities has stagnated. Disaggregating further, they find that the same ethnic groups whose living standards have risen fastest are those that have the highest school enrollment rates, are most likely to intermarry with Kinh partners, and are the least likely to practice a religion. The authors then estimate and decompose a set of expenditure regressions which show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well with a strategy of assimilating (both culturally and economically) with the Kinh-Hoa majority, other groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities. A third group comprising the Central Highland minorities, including the Hmong, is largely being left behind by the growth process. Such diversity in the socioeconomic development experiences of the different ethnic minorities indicates the need for similar diversity in the policy interventions that are designed to assist them. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Jonathan Haughton may be contacted at jhaughtobeaconhill.org
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Pooling, Savings, and Prevention Mitigating the Risk of Old Age Poverty in Chile (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (80 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Packard, G. Truman Pooling, Savings, and Prevention Mitigating the Risk of Old Age Poverty in Chile
    Keywords: Bank ; Contribution ; Contributions ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Minimum Pension ; Pension ; Pension Reform ; Pension System ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Retireme ; Bank ; Contribution ; Contributions ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Minimum Pension ; Pension ; Pension Reform ; Pension System ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Retireme ; Bank ; Contribution ; Contributions ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Minimum Pension ; Pension ; Pension Reform ; Pension System ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Retireme
    Abstract: Using data collected in a survey on risk and social insurance in Chile, Packard finds that workers who entered the labor market after the pension reform of 1981 have a greater "contribution density" than those who contributed to the previous social security system. Further, the expectation of care from children and the amount spent on their education significantly lowers the likelihood of contribution to the pension system. Workers who have met the contributory requirements to qualify for the minimum pension guaranteed by the government are significantly less likely to continue making contributions. The likelihood of contributions beyond the eligibility threshold being lowered further, the greater the market rental value of respondents' homes. Furthermore, individuals with a greater tolerance for risk contribute, suggesting that there are retirement security investments in Chile that are perceived as relatively less risky than saving in the reformed pension system. The results indicate that housing could be one such investment. This paper—a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region—is part of a regional study on social security reform. The author may be contacted at tpackardworldbank.org
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  • 14
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    Universal Service Obligations in Utility Concession Contracts and the Needs of the Poor in Argentina's Privatizations (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Universal Service Obligations in Utility Concession Contracts and the Needs of the Poor in Argentina's Privatizations
    Keywords: Bank ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumer ; Consumers ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Disabilities ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Expenses ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Level ; Industry ; Investment ; Lack Of Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Pensioners ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Profits ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Savings ; Subsidies ; Supply ; Technology Industry ; Valuable ; Valuation ; Worth ; Bank ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumer ; Consumers ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Disabilities ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Expenses ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Level ; Industry ; Investment ; Lack Of Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Pensioners ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Profits ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Savings ; Subsidies ; Supply ; Technology Industry ; Valuable ; Valuation ; Worth
    Abstract: The structural changes that come with privatization may induce a reconsideration of the regulations defined during the early stages of privatization. - Chisari and Estache summarize the main lessons emerging from Argentina's experience, including universal service obligations in concession contracts. They discuss free-riding risks, moral hazard problems, and other issues that arise when social concerns are delegated to private operators. After reporting on Argentina's experience, Chisari and Estache suggest some guidelines: · Anticipate interjurisdictional externalities. Users' mobility makes targeting service obligations difficult. · Minimize the risks imposed by elusive demand. In providing new services, a gradual policy may work better than a shock. · Realize that unemployment leads to delinquency and lower expected tariffs. Elasticity of fixed and usage charges is important. · Deal with the fact that the poor have limited access to credit. Ultimately, plans that included credit for the payment of infrastructure charges were not that successful. · Coordinate regulatory, employment, and social policy. One successful plan to provide universal service involved employing workers from poor families in infrastructure extension works. · Beware of the latent opportunism of users who benefit from special programs. Special treatment of a sector may encourage free-riding (for example, pensioners overused the telephone until a limit was placed on the number of subsidized phone calls they could make). · Fixed allocations for payment of services do not ensure that universal service obligations will be met. How do you deal with the problem that many pensioners do not pay their bills? · Anticipate that operators will have more information than regulators do. If companies exaggerate supply costs in remote areas, direct interaction with poor users there may lead to the selection of more cost-effective technologies. · Tailored programs are often much more effective than standardized programs. They are clearly more expensive but, when demand-driven, are also more effective. This paper - a product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute - is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation. The authors may be contacted at ochisariuade.edu or aestache@worldbank.org
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  • 15
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    Identifying Welfare Effects from Subjective Questions (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Identifying Welfare Effects from Subjective Questions
    Keywords: Bank ; Current Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Future Incomes ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Information ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Monthly Income ; Personality Tra Personality Traits ; Population ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Psychological Traits ; Questionnaire ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Welfare ; Bank ; Current Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Future Incomes ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Information ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Monthly Income ; Personality Tra Personality Traits ; Population ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Psychological Traits ; Questionnaire ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Welfare
    Abstract: March 2000 - In subjective surveys, people who become ill or lose their jobs report reduced well-being, even if they later get a job. Perhaps their exposure to uninsured risk outside the formal employment sector reduces their expectations about future income. Do potential biases cloud the inferences that can be drawn from subjective surveys? Ravallion and Lokshin argue that the welfare inferences drawn from subjective answers to questions on qualitative surveys are clouded by concerns about the structure of measurement errors and how latent psychological factors influence observed respondent characteristics. They propose a panel data model that allows more robust tests. In applying the model to high-quality panel data for Russia for 1994-96, they find that some results widely reported in past studies of subjective well-being appear to be robust but others do not. Household income, for example, is a highly significant predictor of self-rated economic welfare; per capita income is a weaker predictor. Ill health and loss of a job reduce self-reported economic welfare, but demographic effects are weak at a given current income. And the effect of unemployment is not robust. Returning to work does not restore a sense of welfare unless there is an income gain. The results imply that even transient unemployment brings the feeling of a permanent welfare loss, suggesting that high unemployment benefits do not attract people out of work but do discourage a return to work. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the relationship between subjective and objective economic welfare. The authors may be contacted at mravallionworldbank.org and mlokshin@worldbank.org
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  • 16
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    Gender Bias in China, the Republic of Korea, and India 1920-90 : Effects of War, Famine, and Fertility Decline (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gupta, Das Monica Gender Bias in China, the Republic of Korea, and India 1920-90
    Keywords: Center For Population ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Discrimination ; Fertility ; Fertility Decline ; Gender ; Gender Bias ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; National Level ; Number Of Births ; Population ; Population And Development ; Population Policies ; Population Research ; Poverty ; Resource Constraint ; Sex ; Sex Ratios ; Son Preference ; United Nations Population Fund ; War ; Center For Population ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Discrimination ; Fertility ; Fertility Decline ; Gender ; Gender Bias ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; National Level ; Number Of Births ; Population ; Population And Development ; Population Policies ; Population Research ; Poverty ; Resource Constraint ; Sex ; Sex Ratios ; Son Preference ; United Nations Population Fund ; War
    Abstract: June 1999 - The proportions of girls 'missing' rose sharply in these countries during times of war, famine, and fertility decline. Resulting shortages of wives improved the treatment of adult women without reducing discrimination against daughters or increasing women's autonomy. The latter goals can be reached only with fundamental changes in women's family position-changes that are taking place only slowly. Kinship systems in China, the Republic of Korea, and North India have similar features that generate discrimination against girls, and these countries have some of the highest proportions of girls 'missing' in the world. Das Gupta and Li document how the excess mortality of girls was increased by war, famine, and fertility decline-all of which constrained household resources-between 1920 and 1990. Of the three countries, China experienced the most crises during this period (with civil war, invasion, and famine). The resulting excess mortality of girls in China offset the demographic forces making for a surplus of wives as overall mortality rates declined. India had the quietest history during this period, and consequently followed the expected pattern of a growing surplus of available wives. These changes in sex ratios had substantial social ramifications. The authors hypothesize that these demographic factors: ° Encouraged the continuation of brideprice in China, while in India there was a shift to dowry. ° Influenced the extent and manifestations of violence against women. An oversupply of women is the worst scenario for women, as there are fewer constraints to domestic violence. A shortage of women leads to better treatment of wives, as people become more careful not to lose a wife. However in situations of shortage, a small proportion of women may be subject to new types of violence such as being kidnapped for marriage. Ironically, then, higher levels of discrimination against girls can help reduce violence against women. When women are in short supply, their treatment improves. But their autonomy can increase only with fundamental changes in their family position, changes that are taking place only slowly. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study social institutions and development outcomes. Monica Das Gupta may be contacted at mdasguptaworldbank.org
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  • 17
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    How Mexico's Financial Crisis Affected Income Distribution (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Salinas, Angel How Mexico's Financial Crisis Affected Income Distribution
    Keywords: Bank ; Calculations ; Contribution ; Current Account ; Current Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Groups ; Income Sources ; Inequality ; Information ; Investment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Salaries ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Severe Financial Crisis ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages ; Bank ; Calculations ; Contribution ; Current Account ; Current Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Groups ; Income Sources ; Inequality ; Information ; Investment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Salaries ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Severe Financial Crisis ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages
    Abstract: July 2000 - After Mexico's financial crisis in 1994, the distribution of income and labor earnings improved. But financial income and rising labor earnings in higher-income brackets are growing sources of inequality in Mexico. After Mexico's financial crisis in 1994, the distribution of income and labor earnings improved. Did inequality increase during the recession, as one would expect, since the rich have more ways to protect their assets than the poor do? After all, labor is poor people's only asset (the labor-hoarding hypothesis). In principle, one could argue that the richest deciles experienced severe capital losses because of the crisis in 1994-96, and were hurt proportionately more than the poor were. But the facts don't support this hypothesis. As a share of total income, both monetary income (other than wages and salaries) and financial income increased during that period, especially in urban areas. Financial income is a growing source of inequality in Mexico. Mexico's economy had a strong performance in 1997. The aggregate growth rate was about 7 percent, real investment grew 24 percent and exports 17 percent, industrial production increased 9.7 percent, and growth in civil construction (which makes intensive use of less skilled labor) was close to 11 percent. Given those figures, it is not surprising that the distribution of income and labor earnings improved, but the magnitude and quickness of the recovery prompted a close inspection of the mechanisms responsible for it. Lopez-Acevedo and Salinas analyze the decline in income inequality after the crisis, examine income sources that affect the level of inequality, and investigate the forces that drive inequality in Mexico. They find that in 1997 the crisis had hurt the income share of the top decile of the population mainly by reducing its share of labor earnings. Especially affected were highly skilled workers in financial services and nontradables. Results from 1998 suggest that the labor earnings of those workers recovered and in fact increased. Indeed, labor earnings are a growing source of income inequality. This paper-a product of the Economic Policy Sector Unit and Mexico Country Office, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of the Bank's study of earnings inequality after Mexico's economic and educational reforms. The authors may be contacted at gacevedoworldbank.org or asalinas@worldbank.org
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  • 18
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    What Can We Learn about Country Performance from Conditional Comparisons across Countries? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin What Can We Learn about Country Performance from Conditional Comparisons across Countries?
    Keywords: Crime and Society ; Developing Countries ; Development Assistance ; Development Policy ; Dissemination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Care ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Knowledge ; Level Of Poverty ; Life Expectancy ; Policy Discussions ; Policy Implications ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Policies ; Social Services ; Crime and Society ; Developing Countries ; Development Assistance ; Development Policy ; Dissemination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Care ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Knowledge ; Level Of Poverty ; Life Expectancy ; Policy Discussions ; Policy Implications ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Policies ; Social Services
    Abstract: May 2000 - Existing methods for assessing latent country or institutional performance can yield deceptive results. There have been many attempts to infer latent performance attributes of governments (or other institutions) from conditional comparisons that control for observed variables. Success in doing so could greatly improve government performance. Ravallion critically reviews the econometric foundations of the methods used. He argues that latent heterogeneity remains a fundamental but unresolved problem. Locating a benchmark for measuring performance adds a further problem. Current methods do not yield a consistent estimate of even the mean latent performance attribute. An assessment of country performance by these methods could well be wildly wrong. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess and improve methods for monitoring and assessing country performance. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Policies for Poor Areas (RPO 681-39). The author may be contacted at mravallionworldbank.org
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  • 19
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    Designing Direct Subsidies for Water and Sanitation Services Panama : A Case Study (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Halpern, Jonathan Designing Direct Subsidies for Water and Sanitation Services Panama
    Keywords: Access To Cred Administrative Cost ; Administrative Costs ; Beneficiaries ; Beneficiary ; Check ; Customers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sustainability ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Housing Subsidy ; Interest ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Subsidies ; Subsidization ; Subsidy ; Subsidy Payments ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Total Costs ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Subsidies ; Water Subsidy ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Worth ; Access To Cred Administrative Cost ; Administrative Costs ; Beneficiaries ; Beneficiary ; Check ; Customers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sustainability ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Housing Subsidy ; Interest ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Subsidies ; Subsidization ; Subsidy ; Subsidy Payments ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Total Costs ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Subsidies ; Water Subsidy ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Worth
    Abstract: May 2000 - An alternative to traditional subsidies for water and sanitation services is direct subsidies - funds governments provide to cover part of the water bill for households that meet certain criteria. Issues associated with such a subsidy are analyzed through a case study of Panama. As an alternative to traditional subsidy schemes in utility sectors, direct subsidy programs have several advantages: they are transparent, they are explicit, and they minimize distortions of the behavior of both the utility and the customers. At the same time, defining practical eligibility criteria for direct subsidy schemes is difficult and identifying eligible households may entail substantial administrative costs. Foster, Gomez-Lobo, and Halpern, using a case study from Panama, discuss some of the issues associated with the design of direct subsidy systems for water services. They conclude that: · There is a need to assess - rather than assume - the need for a subsidy. A key test of affordability, and thus of the need for a subsidy, is to compare the cost of the service with some measure of household willingness to pay. · The initial assessment must consider the affordability of connection costs as well as the affordability of the service itself. Connection costs may be prohibitive for poor households with no credit, suggesting a need to focus subsidies on providing access rather than ongoing water consumption. · A key issue in designing a direct subsidy scheme is its targeting properties. Poverty is a complex phenomenon and difficult to measure. Eligibility must therefore be based on easily measurable proxy variables, and good proxies are hard to find. In choosing eligibility criteria for a subsidy, it is essential to verify what proportion of the target group fails to meet the criteria (errors of exclusion) and what proportion of nontarget groups is inadvertently eligible for the benefits (errors of inclusion). · Administrative costs are roughly the same no matter what the level of individual subsidies, so a scheme that pays beneficiaries very little will tend not to be cost-effective. It is important to determine what proportion of total program costs will be absorbed by administrative expenses. · Subsidies should not cover the full cost of the service and should be contingent on beneficiaries paying their share of the bill. Subsidies for consumption above a minimum subsistence level should be avoided. Subsidies should be provided long enough before eligibility is reassessed to avoid poverty trap problems. · The utility or concessionaire can be helpful in identifying eligible candidates because of its superior information on the payment histories of customers. It will also have an incentive to do so, since it has an interest in improving poor payment records. Thought should therefore be given at the design stage to the role of the service provider in the implementation of the subsidy scheme. · The administrative agency's responsibilities, the sources of funding, and the general principles guiding the subsidy system should have a clear legal basis, backed by regulations governing administrative procedures. · To reduce administrative costs and avoid duplication of effort, it would be desirable for a single set of institutional arrangements to be used to determine eligibility for all welfare and subsidy programs in a given jurisdiction, whether subnational or national. This paper - a product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to evaluate and disseminate lessons of experience in designing policies to improve the quality and sustainability of infrastructure services and to enhance access of the poor to these basic services. The authors may be contacted at vfosterworldbank.org or jhalpern@worldbank.org
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  • 20
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    Can the World Cut Poverty in Half? : How Policy Reform and Effective Aid Can Meet International Development Goals (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Can the World Cut Poverty in Half?
    Keywords: Developing Countries ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Policies ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Incidence Of Poverty ; Large Populations ; Low-Income Countries ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Change ; Population ; Population Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Significant Policy ; Workshops ; Developing Countries ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Policies ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Incidence Of Poverty ; Large Populations ; Low-Income Countries ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Change ; Population ; Population Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Significant Policy ; Workshops
    Abstract: July 2000 - Poverty in the developing world will decline by roughly half by 2015 if current growth trends and policies persist. But a disproportionate share of poverty reduction will occur in East and South Asia, poverty will decline only slightly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it will increase in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. What can be done to change this picture? More effective development aid could greatly improve poverty reduction in the areas where poverty reduction is expected to lag: Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Even more potent would be significant policy reform in the countries themselves. Collier and Dollar develop a model of efficient aid in which the total volume of aid is endogenous. In particular, aid flows respond to policy improvements that create a better environment for poverty reduction and effective use of aid. They use the model to investigate scenarios-of policy reform, of more efficient aid, and of greater volumes of aid-that point the way to how the world could cut poverty in half in every major region. The fact that aid increases the benefits of reform suggests that a high level of aid to strong reformers may increase the likelihood of sustained good policy (an idea ratified in several recent case studies of low-income reformers). Collier and Dollar find that the world is not operating on the efficiency frontier. With the same level of concern, much more poverty reduction could be achieved by allocating aid on the basis of how poor countries are as well as on the basis of the quality of their policies. Global poverty reduction requires a partnership in which third world countries and governments improve economic policy while first world citizens and governments show concern about poverty and translate that concern into effective assistance. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study aid effectiveness. The authors may be contacted at pcollierworldbank.org or ddollar@worldbank.org
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  • 21
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    Wage and Productivity Gaps : Evidence from Ghana (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Wage and Productivity Gaps
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Demand ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Information ; Investing ; Investment ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Large Enterprises ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population ; Primary Education ; Productivity ; Questionnaire ; Regression Analyses ; Research Assistance ; Sales ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply ; Tertiary Education ; Training ; Wage ; Wages ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Demand ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Information ; Investing ; Investment ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Large Enterprises ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population ; Primary Education ; Productivity ; Questionnaire ; Regression Analyses ; Research Assistance ; Sales ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply ; Tertiary Education ; Training ; Wage ; Wages
    Abstract: August 1999 - This paper studies labor market outcomes in Ghana. The analysis focuses on the formal manufacturing wage sector and, more specifically, on the determinants of wages and productivity for various groups of workers. It tests hypotheses that relate to the impacts of individual and enterprise characteristics on wages. Furthermore, it compares the marginal impact of each of these characteristics on wages with their respective impact on labor productivity. The results may indicate whether, for example, there exists a spot labor market, discrimination, and/or structural differences among sectors and groups of workers. The paper analyzes whether experience, training, and education impact wages and productivity. In recent years, analysts have paid a lot of attention to the impacts of education and labor force training. The rationale for investing in human capital is that a more skilled and educated labor force is more productive than a less educated one. Therefore, policymakers emphasize investment in human capital because they believe that, in general, it increases labor productivity. However, there is not have much evidence of this relationship in the Africa region.11 Glewwe (1996) finds that there is no return to human capital in Ghana. This paper aims partially at filling this void by presenting evidence on the direct impact of education, training, and experience on productivity for different groups of workers using econometric regression analyses. It looks at whether Ghanaian labor markets are characterized by gender discrimination. It analyzes whether the labor markets are competitive. And it looks at whether union membership, manufacturing sector, and firm location affect labor market outcomes. This paper-a product of Human Development 3, Africa Technical Families-is part of a larger effort in the region to understand how labor markets work in Africa. The author may be contacted at dvernerworldbank.org
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  • 22
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    Single Mothers in Russia : Household Strategies for Coping with Poverty (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Single Mothers in Russia
    Keywords: Child Care ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Divorce ; Family Income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health Care ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infant ; Infant Health ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Male Mortality ; Mother ; Nutrition ; Opportunities For Women ; Population ; Population Center ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Net ; Single Mothers ; Single-Parent Families ; Single-Parent Households ; Social Concern ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Child Care ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Divorce ; Family Income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health Care ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infant ; Infant Health ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Male Mortality ; Mother ; Nutrition ; Opportunities For Women ; Population ; Population Center ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Net ; Single Mothers ; Single-Parent Families ; Single-Parent Households ; Social Concern ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: March 2000 - Because of the decline in government assistance that accompanied economic reform in Russia, single mothers there - facing a greater risk of poverty - are increasingly choosing to live with other adults or relatives. Lokshin, Harris, and Popkin describe trends in single parenthood in Russia, examining factors that affect living arrangements in single-mother families. Before economic reform, single mothers and their children were somewhat protected from poverty by government assistance (income support, subsidized child care, and full employment guarantees). Economic reform in Russia has reduced government transfers, eliminated publicly subsidized preschool care programs, and worsened women's opportunities in the labor market. The loss of government support has eroded family stability and left single mothers at increased risk of poverty. Over the last decade, the proportion of households headed by women has increased rapidly, raising the risk of poverty. Single-parent families now represent nearly a quarter of all Russian households. Using seven rounds of data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, the authors investigate how household living arrangements and other factors affect income in single-mother families. They find that a single parent with more earning power and child benefits is more likely not to live with relatives. But single mothers are increasingly choosing to live with other adults or relatives to survive and to raise their children in times of economic stress and uncertainty. Half of all single mothers in Russia live with their parents, their adult siblings, or other adult relatives. Help from relatives is important to single-mother families, and that help - including the sharing of domestic and child-care duties - is more efficient and productive when the single parent lives with the family. The other half live in independent residences and face increased risk of poverty. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the mechanisms used by households in transition economies to cope with poverty
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  • 23
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    Online Resource
    State Policies and Women’s Autonomy in China, India, and the Republic of Korea, 1950–2000 : Lessons from Contrasting Experiences (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gupta, Das Monica State Policies and Women’s Autonomy in China, India, and the Republic of Korea, 1950–2000
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Child Mortality ; Communication Efforts ; Cultural Values ; Culture & Development ; Development Strategies ; Gender ; Gender Equity ; Gender Policy ; Gender Roles ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact Of Policies ; Inheritance ; Integration Of Women ; Kinship ; Law and Development ; Opportunities For Women ; Policy Research ; Population ; Population Association ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Public Life ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Development ; State Policies ; Urbanization ; Women ; Anthropology ; Child Mortality ; Communication Efforts ; Cultural Values ; Culture & Development ; Development Strategies ; Gender ; Gender Equity ; Gender Policy ; Gender Roles ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact Of Policies ; Inheritance ; Integration Of Women ; Kinship ; Law and Development ; Opportunities For Women ; Policy Research ; Population ; Population Association ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Public Life ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Development ; State Policies ; Urbanization ; Women
    Abstract: November 2000 - State policies can enormously influence gender equity. They can mitigate cultural constraints on women’s autonomy (as in China and India) or slow the pace of change in gender equity (as in the Republic of Korea). Policies to provide opportunities for women’s empowerment should be accompanied by communication efforts to alter cultural values that limit women’s access to those opportunities. Das Gupta, Lee, Uberoi, Wang, Wang, and Zhang compare changes in gender roles and women’s empowerment in China, India, and the Republic of Korea. Around 1950, these newly formed states were largely poor and agrarian, with common cultural factors that placed similar severe constraints on women’s autonomy. They adopted very different paths of development, which are well known to have profoundly affected development outcomes. These choices have also had a tremendous impact on gender outcomes, and today these countries show striking differences in the extent of gender equity achieved. China has achieved the most gender equity, the Republic of Korea the least. The authors conclude that: States can exert enormous influence over gender equity. They can mitigate cultural constraints on women’s autonomy (as in China and India) or slow the pace of change in gender equity despite women’s rapid integration into education, formal employment, and urbanization (as in the Republic of Korea). The impact of policies to provide opportunities for women’s empowerment can be greatly enhanced if accompanied by communication efforts to alter cultural values that place heavy constraints on women’s access to those opportunities. This paper—a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the institutional bases of social inclusion and poverty reduction. Monica Das Gupta may be contacted at mdasguptaworldbank.org
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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