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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (146)
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  • Anderson, Kym  (6)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (146)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464812828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Moving for prosperity: global migration and labor markets
    DDC: 331.6/2
    Keywords: Emigration and immigration Economic aspects ; Emigration and immigration Government policy ; Foreign workers ; Labor market ; Labor mobility
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd
    ISBN: 9781784713065
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 v) , cm
    Series Statement: Elgar research reviews in economics
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Measuring WTO's contributions to global economic welfare
    RVK:
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ; WTO-Recht ; WTO-Verhandlungen ; WTO-Mitgliedschaft ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Messung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welt ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Intellectual property (International law) Economic aspects ; Free trade ; Foreign trade regulation Economic aspects ; Electronic books
    Abstract: At a time when political leaders of the member nations are not acting to strengthen the multilateral trading system via the World Trade Organization, it is worthwhile to reflect on the WTO's contributions to global welfare since its inception more than 65 years ago. This volume assembles seminal empirical studies which estimate the past and prospective, national and global economic welfare impacts of GATT/WTO-induced multilateral trade liberalizations. It also touches on the effects of the Uruguay Round's TRIPS Agreement on intellectual property rights, and the benefits from WTO accessions and trade facilitation initiatives. In his authoritative introduction, Professor Anderson points to the numerous additional contributions of the WTO (and its predecessor, the GATT) which, though difficult to quantify, are nonetheless of great value and highlights those areas where further empirical research could shed more light on the net benefits of this important institution
    Abstract: Bagwell, Kyle, Petros C. Mavroidis and Robert W. Staiger (2007), 'Auctioning Countermeasures in the WTO', Journal of International Economics 73: 309-332 -- Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W. Staiger (1999), 'An Economic Theory of GATT', American Economic Review 89(1): 215-48, March -- Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W. Staiger (2002), The Economics of the World Trading System, Cambridge MA: MIT Press -- Bairoch, Paul (1989), 'European Trade Policy, 1815-1914', Ch. 1 (pp. 1-60) in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume 8, edited by P. Mathias and S. Pollard, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Balassa, Bela (1965), 'Tariff Protection in Industrial Countries: An Evaluation', Journal of Political Economy 73(6): 573-94, December -- Balassa, Bela et al. (1967), Studies in Trade Liberalization, Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press -- Balassa, Bela et al. (1971), The Structure of Protection in Developing Countries, Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press -- Baldwin, Richard (2012), 'Global Supply Chains: Why They Emerged, Why They Matter, and Where They Are Going', CEPR Discussion Paper 9103, London, August -- Barber, C. L. (1955), 'Canadian Tariff Policy', Canadian Journal of Economics 21: 513-30, November -- Beghin, John C. and Jean-Christophe Bureau (2001), 'Quantitative Policy Analysis of Sanitary, Phytosanitary and Technical Barriers to Trade', Economie Internationale 87(3): 107-30 -- Bernard, Andrew B., J. Bradford Jensen, Stephen J. Redding and Peter K. Schott (2012), 'The Empirics of Firm Heterogeneity and International Trade', Annual Review of Economics 4: 283-313 -- Bhagwati, Jagdish N. (1971), 'The Generalized Theory of Distortions and Welfare', pp. 69-90 in Trade, Balance of Payments and Growth: Papers in Honor of Charles P. Kindleberger, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati, Ronald W. Jones, Robert A. Mundell and Jaroslav Vanek, Amsterdam: North-Holland -- Bhattasali, Deepak, Shantong Li and Will Martin (eds.) (2004), China and the WTO: Accession, Policy Reform and Poverty Reduction, London and New York: Oxford University Press -- Blackhurst, Richard (1991), 'Strengthening GATT Surveillance of Trade-Related Policies', pp. 123-55 in The New GATT Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, 2nd Edition, edited by M. Hilf and E.-U. Petersmann, Deventer: Kluwer -- Borchert, Ingo, Batshur Gootiiz and Aaditya Mattoo (2012), 'Policy Barriers to International Trade in Services: Evidence from a New Database', Policy Research Working Paper 6109, World Bank, Washington DC, June -- Boue͏̈t, Antionne and David Laborde (2010), 'Assessing the Potential Cost of a Failed Doha Round', World Trade Review 9(2): 319-51 -- Boumellassa, Hossein, David Laborde and Cristina Mitaritonna (2009), 'A Picture of Tariff Protection across the World in 2004: MAcMap-HS6, Version 2', CEPII Working Paper 2009-22, Paris, and IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00903, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, October -- Bown, Chad P. (2004), 'On the Economic Success of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement', Review of Economics and Statistics 86(3): 811-23 -- Bown, Chad P. (ed.) (2006), The WTO, Safeguards, and Temporary Protection from Imports, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing
    Abstract: Brandt, Loren, Johannes Van Biesebroeck, Luhang Wang and Yifan Zhang (2012), 'WTO Accession and Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Firms', Discussion Paper 9166, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, October -- Braga, C. A. Primo and Olivier Cattaneo (eds.) (2009), The WTO and Accession Countries (two volumes), Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Broda, Christian, Nuno Limão and David E. Weinstein (2008), 'Optimal Tariffs and Market Power: The Evidence', American Economic Review 98(5): 2032-65, December -- Brown, Drusilla K. and Robert M. Stern (eds.) (2007), The WTO and Labor and Employment, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (1994), The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Busch, Marc L. and Edward D. Mansfield (eds.) (2007), The WTO, Economic Interdependence, and Conflict, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Bütler, Monika and Heinz Hauser (2000), 'The WTO Dispute Settlement System: A First Assessment from an Economic Perspective', Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 16(2): 503-33, October -- Carmody, A. T. (1952), 'The Level of the Australian Tariff: A Study in Method', Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research 4(1): 53-65 -- Chisik, Richard (2003), 'Gradualism in Free Trade Agreements: A Theoretical Justification', Journal of International Economics 59: 367-97 -- Clemens, Michael A. and Jeffrey G. Williamson (2010), 'Endogenous Tariffs and Growth: Asia versus Latin America, 1870-1940', mimeo, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, June -- Cooter, Robert D. (1997), 'The Rule of State Law versus the Rule-of-Law State: Economic Analysis of the Legal Foundations of Development', pp. 191-218 in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1996, edited by Michael Bruno and Boris Pleskovic, Washington DC: World Bank -- Copeland, Brian R. and M. Scott Taylor (2003), Trade and the Environment: Theory and Evidence, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press -- Corden, W. Max (1963), 'The Tariff', pp. 174-214 in The Economics of Australian Industry, edited by Alex Hunter, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press -- Corden, W. Max (1971), The Theory of Protection, Oxford: Clarendon Press -- Corden, W. Max (1974), Trade Policy and Economic Welfare, (revised edition 1997), Oxford: Clarendon Press -- Corden, W. Max (1975), 'The Costs and Consequences of Protection: A Survey of Empirical Work', pp. 51-91 in International Trade and Finance: Frontiers for Research, edited by Peter Kenen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press -- Crawford, John G. (1934), 'Tariff Level Indices', Economic Record 10: 213-21, December -- Croser, Johanna L. and Kym Anderson (2011), 'Changing Contributions of Different Agricultural Policy Instruments to Global Reductions in Trade and Welfare', World Trade Review 10(3): 297-323, July -- Croser, Johanna L., Peter J. Lloyd and Kym Anderson (2010), 'How Do Agricultural Policy Restrictions to Global Trade and Welfare Differ across Commodities?' American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92(3): 698-712, April
    Abstract: Deardorff, Allan V. and Robert M. Stern (1979), An Economic Analysis of the Effects of the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on the United States and Other Major Industrial Countries, MTN Studies 5, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office -- Deardorff, Allan V. and Robert M. Stern (1986), The Michigan Model of World Production and Trade: Theory and Applications, Cambridge MA: MIT Press -- Dee, Philippa, Kevin Hanslow and Duc Tiem Pham (2003), 'Measuring the Cost of Barriers to Trade in Services', pp. 11-46 in Services Trade in the Asia-Pacific Region, edited by Takatoshi Ito and Anne O. Krueger, Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press for the NBER -- de Melo, Jaime and David Tarr (1990), 'Welfare Costs of US Quotas on Textiles, Steel and Autos', Review of Economics and Statistics 72: 489-97 -- Djankov, Simeon, Caroline Freund and Cong Si Pham (2010), 'Trading on Time', Review of Economic and Statistics 92(1): 166-73, February -- Dutt, Pushan, Ilian Mihov and Timothy Van Zandt (2013), 'The Effect of WTO on the Extensive and the Intensive Margins of Trade', Journal of international Economics 91(2): 204-19, November -- Ethier, Wilfred J. and Ayre L. Hillman (eds.) (2008), The WTO and the Political Economy of Trade Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Feenstra, Robert E. (1995), 'Estimating the Effects of Trade Policy', Ch. 30 in Handbook of International Economics, Volume III, edited by Gene Grossman and Ken Rogoff, Amsterdam: North-Holland -- Findlay, Christopher and Tony Warren (eds.) (2000), Impediments to Trade in Services: Measurement and Policy Implications, London and Sydney: Routledge -- Finger, J. Michael (1996), 'Legalized Backsliding: Safeguard Provision in GATT', Ch. 11 in The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, edited by Will Martin and L. Alan Winters, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Finger, J. Michael (2002), 'Safeguards: Making Sense of GATT/WTO Provisions Allowing for Import Restrictions', Ch. 22, pp. 195-205 in Development, Trade and the WTO: A Handbook, edited by Bernard Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo and Philip English, Washington DC: World Bank -- Finger, J. Michael (2012), 'Flexibilities, Rules, and Trade Remedies in the GATT/WTO System', Ch. 19, pp. 418-40 in The Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization, edited by Amrita Narlikar, Martin Daunton and Robert M. Stern, New York: Oxford University Press -- Francois, Joseph F. (2001), 'Maximizing the Benefits of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism for Developing Countries', Ch. 12 in Developing Countries and the WTO: A Pro-active Agenda, edited by Bernard Hoekman and Will Martin, Oxford: Blackwell -- Francois, Joseph F. and Bernard Hoekman (2010), 'Services Trade and Policy', Journal of Economic Literature 48(3): 642-92, September -- Francois, Joseph F. and Will Martin (2004), 'Commercial Policy, Bindings and Market Access', European Economic Review 48(3): 665-79, June -- Francois, Joseph F. and Ian Wooton (2001), 'Trade and Competition in Shipping Services and the GATS', Review of International Economics 9(2): 249-61, May -- Furusawa, Taiji and Edwin L.-C. Lai (1999), 'Adjustment Costs and Gradual Trade Liberalization', Journal of International Economics 49: 333-61 -- GATT (1972), Basic Documentation of the Tariff Study, Geneva: GATT Secretariat -- Grubel, Herbert G. and Harry G. Johnson (eds.) (1971), Effective Tariff Protection, Geneva: GATT Secretariat
    Abstract: Guimbard, Houssein, Sébastien Jean, Mondher Mimouni and Xavier Pichot (2012), 'MAcMap-HS6 2007, an Exhaustive and Consistent Measure of Applied Protection in 2007', Ch. 10B in Global Trade, Assistance, and Production: The GTAP 8 Data Base, edited by Badri Narayanan, Angel Aguiar and Robert McDougall, West Lafayette IN: Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University -- Hamilton, Bob and John Whalley (1984), 'Efficiency and Distributional Implications of Global Restrictions on Labor Mobility', Journal of Development Economics 14: 61-75 -- Harrison, Glenn W., Thomas F. Rutherford and David G. Tarr (1996), 'Quantifying the Uruguay Round', Ch. 8 in The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, edited by Will Martin and L. Alan Winters, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Henson, Spencer and John S. Wilson (eds.) (2005), The WTO and Technical Barriers to Trade, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Herz, Bernhard and Marco Wagner (2011), 'The "Real" Impact of GATT/WTO: A Generalized Approach', The World Economy 34(6): 1014-41, June -- Hoekman, Bernard (1996), 'Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services', Ch. 4 in The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, edited by Will Martin and L. Alan Winters, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Hoekman, Bernard (ed.) (2012), The WTO and Trade in Services (two volumes), Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Hoekman, Bernard, Will Martin and Carlos Braga (eds.) (2009), Trade Preference Erosion: Measurement and Policy Response, London: Palgrave MacMillan and Washington DC: World Bank -- Hoekman, Bernard, and Çağlar Özden (eds.) (2006), Trade Preferences and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Horn, Henrik and Petros C. Mavroidis (2001), 'Economic and Legal Aspects of the Most-Favored Nation Clause', European Journal of Political Economy 17: 233-79 -- Horn, Henrik and Petros C. Mavroidis (2011), WTO Dispute Settlement Dataset and Users' Guide, updated November at www.worldbank.org/trade/wtodisputes -- Hummels, David L., Volodymyr Lugovskyy and Alexandre Skiba (2009), 'The Trade Reducing Effects of Market Power in International Shipping', Journal of Development Economics 89(1): 84-97 -- Hummels, David L. and Georg Schaur (2013), 'Time as a Trade Barrier', American Economic Review 103(7): 2935-59, December -- Ikenson, D. (2008), 'While Doha Sleeps: Securing Economic Growth through Trade Facilitation', Trade Policy Analysis No. 37, Washington DC: Cato Institute -- Irwin, Douglas A. (1995a), 'The GATT in Historical Perspective', American Economic Review 85(2): 323-28, May -- Irwin, Douglas A. (1995b), 'The GATT's Contribution to Economic Recovery in Post-War Western Europe', Ch. 5, pp. 127-50 in Europe's Post-War Recovery, edited by Barry Eichengreen, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Irwin, Douglas A. (2010), 'Trade Restrictiveness and Deadweight Losses from U.S. Tariffs, 1859-1961', American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2(3): 111-33, August -- James, Sallie and Kym Anderson (1998), 'On the Need for More Economic Assessment of Quarantine/SPS Policies', Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 42(4): 525-44, December -- Keesing, Donald B. (1998), Improving Trade Policy Reviews in the World Trade Organization, Washington DC: Institute for International Economics
    Abstract: Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen (2011), 'What's the Appropriate Agricultural Protection Counterfactual for Trade Analysis?', in Will Martin and Aaditya Mattoo (eds), Unfinished Business? The WTO's Doha Agenda, Chapter 13, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research and the World Bank, 325-54 -- L. Alan Winters, Terrie L. Walmsley, Zhen Kun Wang and Roman Grynberg (2003), 'Liberalising Temporary Movement of Natural Persons: An Agenda for the Development Round', World Economy, 26 (8), August, 1137-61 -- Dominique van der Mensbrugghe (2009), 'The Doha Development Agenda and Preference Erosion: Modeling the Impacts', in Bernard Hoekman, Will Martin and Carlos A. Primo Braga (eds), Trade Preference Erosion: Measurement and Policy Response, Chapter 9, London: Palgrave-Macmillan and Washington, DC: World Bank, 357-99 -- Andrew K. Rose (2004), 'Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade?', American Economic Review, 94 (1), March, 98-114 -- Arvind Subramanian and Shang-Jin Wei (2007), 'The WTO Promotes Trade, Strongly but Unevenly', Journal of International Economics, 72 (1), May, 151-75 -- Michael Tomz, Judith L. Goldstein and Douglas Rivers (2007), 'Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade? Comment', American Economic Review, 97 (5), December, 2005-2018 -- Andrew K. Rose (2007), 'Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade? Reply', American Economic Review, 97 (5), December, 2019-25 -- Jason H. Grant and Kathryn A. Boys (2012), 'Agricultural Trade and the GATT/WTO: Does Membership Make a Difference?', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 94 (1), January, 1-24 -- Pao-Li Chang and Myoung-Jae Lee (2011), 'The WTO Trade Effect', Journal of International Economics, 85 (1), September, 53-71 -- Zdenek Drabek and Marc Bacchetta (2004), 'Tracing the Effects of WTO Accession on Policy-Making in Sovereign States: Preliminary Lessons from the Recent Experience of Transition Countries', World Economy, 27 (7), July, 1083-125 -- Elena Ianchovichina and Will Martin (2004), 'Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization', World Bank Economic Review, 18 (1), 3-27 -- Thomas F. Rutherford and David G. Tarr (2008), 'Poverty Effects of Russia's WTO Accession: Modeling "Real" Households with Endogenous Productivity Effects', Journal of International Economics, 75 (1), May, 131-50 -- Man-Keung Tang and Shang-Jin Wei (2009), 'The Value of Making Commitments Externally: Evidence from WTO Accessions', Journal of International Economics, 78 (2), July, 216-29 -- Kyle Bagwell and Robert W. Staiger (2011), 'What Do Trade Negotiators Negotiate About? Empirical Evidence from the World Trade Organization', American Economic Review, 101 (4), June, 1238-73 -- Bernard Hoekman and Alessandro Nicita (2011), 'Trade Policy, Trade Costs, and Developing Country Trade', World Development, 39 (12), December, 2069-79 -- J. Michael Finger (2008), 'Trade Facilitation: The Role of a WTO Agreement', ECIPE Working Paper, No. 01/2008, Brussels: European Centre for International Political Economy, 1-42
    Abstract: Laborde, David, Will Martin and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe (2011), 'Measuring the Benefits of Global Trade Reform with Optimal Aggregators of Distortions', Policy Research Working Paper 5665, World Bank, Washington DC, May -- Laird, Sam (1997), 'Quantifying Commercial Policies', Ch. 2, pp. 27-75 in Applied Methods for Trade Policy Analysis: A Handbook, edited by Joseph F. Francois and Kenneth A. Reinert, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press -- Laird, Sam (1999), 'The WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism - From Through the Looking Glass', The World Economy 22(6): 741-64, August -- League of Nations (1927), Tariff Level Indices, Geneva: League of Nations -- Lerner, Abba (1936), 'The Symmetry between Import and Export Taxes', Economica 3(11): 306-13, August -- Li, David and Changqi Wu (2004), 'GATT/WTO Accession and Productivity', Ch. 4, pp. 109-48 in Growth and Productivity in East Asia, edited by Takatoshi Ito and Andrew Rose, Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER -- Liepmann, Heinrich (1938), Tariff Levels and the Economic Unity of Europe, London: Allen and Unwin -- Little, Ian M.D., Tibor Scitovsky and Maurice Scott (1970), Industry and Trade in Some Developing Countries: A Comparative Study, London: Oxford University Press -- Liu, Xuepeng (2009), 'GATT/WTO Promotes Trade Strongly: Sample Selection and Model Specification', Review of International Economics 17(3): 428-46 -- Lloyd, Peter J. (1974), 'A More General Theory of Price Distortions in an Open Economy', Journal of International Economics 4(4): 365-86, November -- Lloyd, Peter J. (2008), '100 Years of Tariff Protection in Australia', Australian Economic History Review 48(2): 99-145, July -- Lloyd, Peter J., Johanna L. Croser and Kym Anderson (2010), 'Global Distortions to Agricultural Markets: New Indicators of Trade and Welfare Impacts, 1960 to 2007', Review of Development Economics 14(2): 141-60, May -- Loveday, A. (1929), 'The Measurement of Tariff Levels', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 92(4): 487-529 -- Maddison, Angus (2008), Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1-2008 AD, available at http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/ -- Maizels, Alfred (1963), Industrial Growth and World Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press -- Markusen, James R. (1983), 'Factor Movements and Commodity Trade as Complements', Journal of International Economics 13: 341-56 -- Martin, Will and Aaditya Mattoo (eds.) (2011), Unfinished Business? The WTO's Doha Agenda, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research for the World Bank -- Martin, Will and L. Alan Winters (eds.) (1996), The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Maskus, Keith E. (2002), 'Benefitting from Intellectual Property Protection', Ch. 36, pp. 369-81 in Development, Trade and the WTO: A Handbook, edited by Bernard Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo and Philip English, Washington DC: World Bank
    Abstract: Maskus, Keith E. (ed.) (2004), The WTO, Intellectual Property Rights and the Knowledge Economy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Maskus, Keith E. (2012), Private Rights and Public Problems: The Global Economics of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century, Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics -- Maskus, Keith E. and John S. Wilson (eds.) (2001), Quantifying the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: Can It Be Done? Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press -- Maur, Jena-Christophe and John S. Wilson (eds.) (2010), Trade Costs and Facilitation: Open Trade and Economic Development, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Mavroidis, Petros and Alan Sykes (eds.) (2005), The WTO and International Trade Law/Dispute Settlement, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- McCalman, Phillip (2005a), 'Who Enjoys "TRIPs" Abroad? An Empirical Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights in the Uruguay Round', Canadian Journal of Economics 38(2): 574-603, May -- McCalman, Phillip (2005b), 'International Diffusion and Intellectual Property Rights: An Empirical Analysis', Journal of International Economics 67(2): 353-72, December -- Meade, James (1955), Trade and Welfare, London: Oxford University Press -- Melitz, Marc J. (2003), 'The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity', Econometrica 71(6): 1695-725 -- Michaely, Michael (1977), Theory of Commercial Policy, Oxford: Philip Allan -- Milton, Giles (1999), Nathaniel's Nutmeg, London: Sceptre (Hodder and Stoughton) -- Mundell, Robert A. (1957), 'International Trade and Factor Mobility', American Economic Review 47: 321-35 -- OECD (2013), Producer and Consumer Support Estimates, OECD Database 1986-2012, at www.oecd.org/agriculture/pse -- Orden, David, David Blandford and Tim Josling (eds.) (2011), WTO Disciplines on Agricultural Support: Seeking a Fair Basis for Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press -- Pietras, Jaroslaw (1998), 'The Role of the WTO for Economies in Transition', Ch. 13, pp. 353-64 in The WTO as an International Organization, edited by Anne O. Krueger, Chicago: University of Chicago Press -- Porto, Guido and Bernard Hoekman (eds.) (2010), Trade Adjustment Costs in Developing Countries: Impacts, Determinants and Policy Responses, London: CEPR and Washington DC: World Bank -- Primo Braga, Carlos A. and Olivier Cattaneo (2010), The WTO and Accession Economies (2 volumes), Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Qian, Yi (2007), 'Do National Patent Laws Stimulate Domestic Innovation in a Global Patenting Environment? A Cross Country Analysis of Pharmaceutical Patent Protection, 1978-2002', Review of Economics and Statistics 89(3): 436-53, August -- Rose, Andrew K. (2004), 'Do WTO Members Have More Liberal Trade Policy?' Journal of International Economics 63(2): 209-35, July
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): Anderson, James E. (2009), 'Consistent Trade Policy Aggregation', International Economic Review 50(3): 903-27 -- Anderson, James E. and J. Peter Neary (1994), 'Measuring the Restrictiveness of Trade Policy', World Bank Economic Review 8(2): 151-70, May -- Anderson, James E. and J. Peter Neary (2005), Measuring the Restrictiveness of International Trade Policy, Cambridge MA: MIT Press -- Anderson, James E. and Eric van Wincoop (2003), 'Gravity without Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle', American Economic Review 93(1): 268-94, March -- Anderson, James and Eric van Wincoop (2004), 'Trade Costs', Journal of Economic Literature 42(3): 691-751, September -- Anderson, Kym (1992), 'The Standard Welfare Economics of Policies Affecting Trade and the Environment', Ch. 2, pp. 25-48 in The Greening of World Trade Issues, edited by Kym Anderson and Richard Blackhurst, London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf and Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press -- Anderson, Kym (2002), 'Peculiarities of Retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement', World Trade Review 1(2): 123-34, July -- Anderson, Kym (2003), 'Measuring Effects of Trade Policy Distortions: How Far Have We Come?' The World Economy 26(4): 413-40, April -- Anderson, Kym (2013), 'Trade Barriers and Subsidies: Multilateral and Regional Reform Opportunities', Ch. 12 (pp. 673-98) in Global Problems, Smart Solutions, edited by B. Lomborg, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Anderson, Kym and Yujiro Hayami (1986), The Political Economy of Agricultural Protection: East Asia in International Perspective, Boston, London and Sydney: Allen and Unwin -- Anderson, Kym and Bernard Hoekman (eds.) (2005), The WTO's Core Rules and Disciplines (two volumes), Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Anderson, Kym and Tim Josling (eds.) (2005), The WTO and Agriculture (two volumes), Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Anderson, Kym, Marianne Kurzweil, Will Martin, Damiano Sandri and Ernesto Valenzuela (2008), 'Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, Revisited', World Trade Review 7(4): 675-704 -- Anderson, Kym, Will Martin and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe (2013), 'Estimating Effects of Price-Distorting Policies Using Alternative Distortions Databases', Ch. 13 (pp. 877-931) in the Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling, Vol. 1B, edited by Peter Dixon and Dale Jorgenson, Amsterdam: Elsevier -- Anderson, Kym and Signe Nelgen (2013), Updated National and Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2011, Database at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions -- Anderson, Kym, Gordon Rausser and Johan F.M. Swinnen (2013), 'Political Economy of Public Policies: Insights from Distortions to Agricultural and Food Markets', Journal of Economic Literature 51(2): 423-77, June -- Anderson, Kym and Ernesto Valenzuela (2008), Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2007, Database at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions -- Anderson, Kym and L. Alan Winters (2009), 'The Challenge of Reducing International Trade and Migration Barriers', Ch. 8, pp. 451-503 in Global Crises, Global Solutions (2nd edition), edited by Bjorn Lomborg, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Arvis, Jean-François, Monica A. Mustra, Lauri Ojala, Ben Shepherd and Daniel Saslavsky (2012), Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy, Washington DC: World Bank. www.worldbank.org/lpi
    Abstract: Rose, Andrew K. (2010), 'The Effect of Membership in the GATT/WTO on Trade: Where Do We Stand?' Ch. 7, pp. 195-216 in Is the World Trade Organization Attractive Enough for Emerging Economies, edited by Zdenek Drabek, London: Palgrave Macmillan -- Rutherford, Thomas F. and David G. Tarr (2002), 'Trade Liberalization, Product Variety and Growth in a Small Open Economy: A Quantitative Assessment', Journal of International Economics 56(2): 247-72 -- Saggi, Kamal (2009), 'The MFN Clause, Welfare, and Multilateral Cooperation between Countries of Unequal Size', Journal of Development Economics 88(1): 132-43, January -- Sampson, Gary and John Whalley (eds.) (2005), The WTO, Trade and the Environment, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Shepotylo, Oleksandr and David G. Tarr (2012), 'Impact of WTO Accession and the Customs Union on the Bound and Applied Tariff Rates of the Russian Federation', Policy Research Working Paper 6161, World Bank, Washington DC, August -- Snape, Richard H. (1969), 'Sugar: Costs of Protection and Taxation', Economica 36(141): 29-41, February -- Staiger, Robert and Guido Tabellini (1999), 'Do GATT Rules Help Governments Make Domestic Commitments?' Economics and Politics 11(2): 109-44 -- Swinnen, Johan F.M. (2010), 'Agricultural Protection Growth in Europe, 1870 to 1969', Ch. 6 in The Political Economy of Agricultural Price Distortions, edited by K. Anderson, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Swinnen, Johan F.M., Alessandro Olper and Thijs Vandemoortele (2012), 'Impact of the WTO on Agricultural and Food Policies', The World Economy 35(9): 1089-101, September -- Tyers, Rod and Kym Anderson (1986), Distortions in World Food Markets, Background Paper No. 22 for the World Development Report 1996, World Bank, Washington DC, January -- Tyers, Rod and Kym Anderson (1992), Disarray in World Food Markets: A Quantitative Assessment, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press -- Valenzuela, Ernesto and Kym Anderson (2008), 'Alternative Agricultural Price Distortions for CGE Analysis of Developing Countries, 2004 and 1980-84', Research Memorandum No. 13, West Lafayette IN: Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University, December. Freely downloadable at https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=2925 -- Valenzuela, Ernesto, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe and Kym Anderson (2009), 'General Equilibrium Effects of Price Distortions on Global Markets, Farm Incomes and Welfare', Ch. 13 in Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: A Global Perspective, 1955-2007, edited by Kym Anderson, London: Palgrave Macmillan and Washington DC: World Bank -- Venables, Anthony J. (2004), 'Small, Remote and Poor', World Trade Review 3(3): 453-7, November -- Vernon, James et al. (1965), Report on a Committee of Economic Enquiry (two volumes), Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printing Office -- Whalley, John (1985), Trade Liberalization among Major World Trading Areas, Cambridge MA: MIT Press -- Wilson, John S., Catherine L. Mann and Tsunehiro Otsuki (2003), 'Trade Facilitation and Economic Development: A New Approach to Quantifying the Impact', World Bank Economic Review 17(3): 367-89 -- Winters, L. Alan (ed.) (2007), The WTO and Income Inequality/Poverty (two volumes), Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar Publishing -- Winters, L. Alan and Wendy E. Takacs (1991), 'Labour Adjustment Costs and British Footwear Protection', Oxford Economic Papers 43: 479-501
    Abstract: World Bank (2012), Doing Business 2013, Washington DC: World Bank, October. http://doingbusiness.org -- Woytinsky, W.S. and E.S. Woytinsky (1955), World Commerce and Governments: Trends and Outlook, New York: Twentieth Century Fund -- WTO (2008a), 'Revised Draft Modalities for Agriculture', TN/AG/W/4/Rev.4, World Trade Organization, Geneva, 6 December -- WTO (2008b), 'Draft Modalities for Non-Agricultural Market Access', TN/MA/W/103/Rev.3, World Trade Organization, Geneva, 6 December -- Bela Balassa (1971), 'Effective Protection: A Summary Appraisal', in Herbert G. Grubel and Harry G. Johnson (eds), Effective Tariff Protection: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, 17 to 20 December, Chapter 13, Geneva: GATT Secretariat and Graduate Institute of International Studies, 247-63 -- Kym Anderson (2010), 'Krueger, Schiff, and Valdés Revisited: Agricultural Price and Trade Policy Reform in Developing Countries since 1960', Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 32 (2), Summer, 195-231 -- Hiau Looi Kee, Alessandro Nicita and Marcelo Olarreaga (2009), 'Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices', Economic Journal, 119 (534), January, 172-99 -- Tony Warren and Christopher Findlay (2000), 'Measuring Impediments to Trade in Services', in Pierre Sauvé and Robert Stern (eds), GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 57-84 -- John B. Shoven and John Whalley (1992), 'Global Trade Models', in Applying General Equilibrium, Chapter 8, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 197-229, references -- K. Anderson and R. Tyers (1993), 'More on Welfare Gains to Developing Countries from Liberalizing World Food Trade', Journal of Agricultural Economics, 44 (2), 189-204 -- Joseph F. Francois, Bradley McDonald and Håkan Nordström (1996), 'The Uruguay Round: A Numerically Based Qualitative Assessment', in Will Martin and L. Alan Winters (eds), The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries, Chapter 9, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 253-91 -- Phillip McCalman (2001), 'Reaping What You Sow: An Empirical Analysis of International Patent Harmonization', Journal of International Economics, 55 (1), October, 161-86 -- Shubham Chaudhuri, Pinelopi K. Goldberg and Panle Jia (2006), 'Estimating the Effects of Global Patent Protection in Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Quinolones in India', American Economic Review, 96 (5), December, 1477-514 -- Dominique van der Mensbrugghe (2006), 'Estimating the Benefits of Trade Reform: Why Numbers Change', in Richard Newfarmer (ed.), Trade, Doha, and Development: A Window into the Issues, Chapter 4, Washington, DC: World Bank, 59-75 -- Joseph F. Francois and Will Martin (2010), 'Ex Ante Assessment of the Welfare Impacts of Trade Reforms with Numerical Models', in Hamid Beladi and E. Kwan Choi (eds), Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series, Volume 7: New Developments in Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for Trade Policy, Chapter 13, London: Emerald Group Publishing, 379-434 -- Edward J. Balistreri, Russell H. Hillberry and Thomas F. Rutherford (2011), 'Structural Estimation and Solution of International Trade Models with Heterogeneous Firms', Journal of International Economics, 83 (2), March, 95-108 -- Joseph Francois, Hans van Meijl and Frank van Tongeren (2005), 'Trade Liberalization in the Doha Development Round', Economic Policy, 20 (42), April, 349, 351-91 -- Kym Anderson, Will Martin and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe (2006), 'Doha Merchandise Trade Reform: What Is at Stake for Developing Countries?', World Bank Economic Review, 20 (2), 169-95 -- David Laborde, Will Martin and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe (2011), 'Potential Real Income Effects of Doha Reforms', in Will Martin and Aaditya Mattoo (eds), Unfinished Business? The WTO's Doha Agenda, Chapter 10, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research and the World Bank, 255-75
    Note: The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9781464800917 , 9781464800924
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Agricultural development projects Evaluation ; Agricultural development projects Finance ; Economic assistance ; Food prices ; Food supply ; Agricultural development projects Evaluation ; Agricultural development projects Finance ; Economic assistance ; Food prices ; Food supply ; World Bank ; Agricultural development projects ; Agricultural development projects ; Economic assistance ; Food prices ; Food supply
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464801587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 370.113095493
    Keywords: Economic development ; Labor market ; Vocational education ; Vocational qualifications ; Economic development ; Labor market ; Vocational education ; Vocational qualifications ; Economic development ; Labor market ; Vocational education ; Vocational qualifications
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9781464802638
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 331.12
    Keywords: Business cycles ; Labor market ; Labor mobility ; Wages ; Business cycles ; Labor market ; Labor mobility ; Wages ; Business cycles ; Labor market ; Labor mobility ; Wages ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9780821395356 , 9780821395363
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 331
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics) ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, District of Columbia : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821399101 , 9780821399118
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (442 pages) , color illustrations, charts, graphs
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arias, Omar Back to work : growing with jobs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
    DDC: 331.10947
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Job creation ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Beschäftigung ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Zentralasien ; Europa ; Zentralasien ; Europa ; Zentralasien ; Beschäftigung ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsmobilität
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9780821399682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 331
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor ; Labor market ; Small business ; Vocational education ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor ; Labor market ; Small business ; Vocational education ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor ; Labor market ; Small business ; Vocational education ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic policy ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821397817 , 9780821397824
    Language: English
    Pages: xxxii, 428 p.
    DDC: 331.120967
    Keywords: Labor market ; City dwellers Employment ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Stadt ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentierung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Afrika ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Afrika ; Stadt ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentierung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9780821394656 , 9780821394663
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 330.95496
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Nepal ; Nepal ; Nepal Economic conditions ; Nepal Economic policy ; Nepal Economic conditions ; Nepal Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    ISBN: 0821386875 , 9780821386873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 423 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Latin American Development forum series
    DDC: 331.1098
    Keywords: Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Social security ; Social security ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Social security ; Social security ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Social security ; Social security ; Caribbean Area ; Latin America ; Caribbean Area Social policy ; Latin America Social policy ; Caribbean Area Social policy ; Latin America Social policy
    Note: Includes bibliographic references
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9780821388976 , 9780821388983
    Language: English
    Pages: xxi, 413 p.
    Series Statement: Directions in development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 399.5/22
    Keywords: Transfer payments Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Fallstudiensammlung
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  • 13
    ISBN: 0821385771 , 9780821385777
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxvii, 101 p) , ill. (some col.) , 28 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 332.1/532
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic development projects Evaluation ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic development projects Evaluation ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects
    Description / Table of Contents: v.1: Main report
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 101)
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821389690
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vi, 41 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank study
    DDC: 332.1/532
    Keywords: World Bank Group ; World Bank Group ; Economic assistance Corrupt practices ; Economic sanctions ; Economic assistance Corrupt practices ; Economic sanctions ; World Bank Group ; Economic assistance ; Economic sanctions ; Corrupt practices
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9780821386439 , 9780821386446
    Language: English
    Pages: xx, 511 p.
    DDC: 382/.9091724
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Tariff preferences ; Free trade ; Economic development
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821389126 , 9780821389133
    Language: English
    Pages: xxiv, 326 p.
    Series Statement: South Asia development matters
    DDC: 331.120954
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor policy ; Labor supply ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Berufliche Fortbildung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigung ; Südasien ; Südasien ; Südasien ; Beschäftigung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Berufliche Fortbildung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 17
    ISBN: 082138712X , 9780821387122 , 9780821387139
    Language: English
    Pages: xxx, 425 p.
    Series Statement: Directions in development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 382/.90972
    Keywords: Free trade ; Freihandelsabkommen ; Zentralamerika ; Zentralamerika ; Freihandelsabkommen
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821386576
    Language: English
    Pages: xix, 261 p.
    Edition: 3rd ed
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 332.1/532
    RVK:
    Keywords: World Bank Group ; Weltbankgruppe ; Weltbank ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Weltbank ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Weltbank ; Weltbankgruppe
    Description / Table of Contents: How the World Bank Group is organized -- How the World Bank Group operates -- World Bank Group countries and regions -- Topics in development
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9780821386767
    Language: English
    Pages: xxv, 279 p.
    Series Statement: Directions in development (Washington, D.C.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 384.5/3
    Keywords: Information technology ; Telecommunication ; Economic assistance ; Afrika
    Note: "Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, series editors." , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 20
    ISBN: 0821385186 , 9780821385180
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxiv, 548 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.9009172/4
    Keywords: Group of Twenty Congresses ; Group of Twenty Congresses ; Economic assistance Congresses ; Economic development Congresses ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 Congresses ; International finance Congresses ; Economic assistance Congresses ; Economic development Congresses ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 Congresses ; International finance Congresses ; Group of Twenty ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; International finance
    Note: "Papers presented at the Korea-World Bank High Level Conference on Post-Crisis Growth and Development co-hosted by the Presidential Committee for the G-20 Seoul Summit and the World Bank, with the support of the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821381881 , 082138189X , 9780821381885 , 9780821381892
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 175 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 338.9109172/4
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Infrastructure (Economics) Finance ; Municipal finance ; Municipal services Finance ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Infrastructure (Economics) Finance ; Municipal finance ; Municipal services Finance ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Municipal finance ; Municipal services
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-164) and index
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821383056
    Language: English
    Pages: xxx, 122 p.
    DDC: 362.5/7
    Keywords: World Bank ; Weltbank ; Entwicklungsländer ; Economic assistance ; Poverty ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Armut ; Evaluation ; Bekämpfung ; Kreditpolitik ; Entwicklungsländer ; Weltbank ; Kreditpolitik ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Evaluation
    Note: This report was conducted under the overall direction of Vinod Thomas ... [et al.]--Acknowledgements , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821384104 , 9780821384107
    Language: English
    Pages: xv, 177 p.
    DDC: 343.078
    Keywords: General Agreement on Trade in Services ; Entwicklungsländer ; Recht ; Service industries ; Service industries Law and legislation ; Foreign trade regulation ; Free trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4871
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in South Africa
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unskilled labor ; Labor market ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: "In this paper, the authors use a highly disaggregate general equilibrium model to analyze the feasibility of a wage subsidy to unskilled workers in South Africa, isolating and estimating its potential employment effects and fiscal cost. They capture the structural characteristics of the labor market with several labor categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results on relative prices, wages, and employment to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities in order to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences of the policy. The impact of a wage subsidy on employment, poverty, and inequality in South Africa depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labor are complements in production. The desired results are attainable only if there is sufficient flexibility in the labor market. Although the impact in a low case scenario can be improved by supporting policies that relax the skill constraint and increase the production capacity of the economy especially towards labor-intensive sectors, the gains from a wage subsidy are still modest if the labor market remains very rigid. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4930
    Parallel Title: Iacovone, Leonardo The better you are the stronger it makes you
    Keywords: Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; Free trade ; Industrial productivity
    Abstract: "This paper studies how liberalization affects productivity growth using micro-level plant data. While previous studies have already shown the existence of a positive relationship between competition and economic performance, the novelty of this paper is that it analyzes not only the average impact of liberalization, but also goes "beyond the average" and shows how the liberalization can affect dissimilar plants in a different way. The author first develops a model which predicts that, while the impact of liberalization on productivity growth is positive "on average", more advanced firms tend to benefit more. In fact, liberalization generates two competing effects: on one side it spurs more innovative efforts because of the increased entry threat by foreign competitors, on the other side, enhanced competition curtails expected profits and reduces the funds available to finance innovative activities. The pro-competitive effect is weaker for less advanced firms as for them it is harder to catch-up with the "technology frontier". These predictions are then tested focusing on Mexican plants during the NAFTA liberalization. The results show that a 1 percent reduction in tariffs spurred productivity growth between 4 and 8 percent on average. However, for backward firms this effect is much weaker if not close to zero, otherwise for more advanced ones this effect is stronger with productivity growing between 11 and 13 percent. Consistent with the theoretical model the results are stronger in those sectors where the scope for innovative activities is more pronounced. These results are particularly important for policy makers because they suggest that while increasing competition may be good in spurring average productivity, it is also true that this effect does not hold for all type of firms, in particular more backward firms may need some complementary support policy to upgrade their capacities and keep up with the more competitive environment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9780821379585 , 0821379585
    Language: English
    Pages: xxvi, 127 p.
    DDC: 332.45
    Keywords: World Bank ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Economic assistance ; Economic development
    Note: At head of title: IEG World Bank, IFC, MIGA.. - "Written by Ismail Arslan, with contributions by consultants Ataman Aksoy ... [et al.]"--P. vii , Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-127)
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821379349 , 9780821379554
    Language: English
    Pages: xvii, 282 p.
    DDC: 331.1209172/4
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer ; Gesellschaft ; Labor market ; Labor Social aspects ; International trade Social aspects ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Globalisierung ; Vergütung ; Internationale Produktion ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungsländer ; Globalisierung ; Internationale Produktion ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Vergütung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9780821380178 , 9780821380192
    Language: English
    Pages: xlix, 311 p.
    Series Statement: World Bank country study
    DDC: 337.1/729
    Keywords: Free trade
    Note: "Document of the World Bank and the Organization of American States, co-produced with the Governments of CARIFORUM Countries." , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4711
    Parallel Title: Sietz, Diana Mainstreaming climate adaptation into development assistance in Mozambique
    Keywords: Climatic changes ; Economic assistance ; Climatic changes ; Economic assistance
    Abstract: "Based on a literature review and expert interviews, this paper analyzes the most important climate impacts on development goals and explores relevant institutions in the context of mainstreaming climate adaptation into development assistance in Mozambique. Climate variability and change can significantly hinder progress toward attaining the Millennium Development Goals and poverty aggravates the country's climate vulnerability. Because Mozambique is one of the major recipients of official development assistance in the world, there is a clear interest in ensuring that the risks of climate impacts are incorporated into the country's development investments. A screening of donor activities at the sub-national level shows that a high share of development assistance is invested in climate-sensitive sectors, partly in areas that are particularly exposed to droughts, floods, and cyclones. The authors find that Mozambique has a supportive legislative environment and donors have a high awareness of climate risks. However, limited individual, organizational, networking, and financial capacity constrain mainstreaming initiatives. Given strong limitations at the national level, bilateral and multilateral donors can play a key role in fostering institutional capacity in Mozambique. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4797
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard M Trade policy, trade costs, and developing country trade
    RVK:
    Keywords: Free trade ; Free trade ; Developing countries Commercial policy ; Developing countries Commercial policy
    Abstract: "This paper briefly reviews new indices of trade restrictiveness and trade facilitation that have been developed at the World Bank. The paper also compares the trade impact of different types of trade restrictions applied at the border with the effects of domestic policies that affect trade costs. Based on a gravity regression framework, the analysis suggests that tariffs and non-tariff measures continue to be a significant source of trade restrictiveness for low-income countries despite preferential access programs. This is because the value of trade preferences is quite limited: a new measure of the relative preference margin developed in the paper reveals that this is very low for most country-pairs. Most countries with very good (duty-free) access to a market generally have competitors that have the same degree of access. The empirical analysis suggests that measures to improve logistics performance and facilitate trade are likely to have the greatest positive effects in expanding developing country trade, increasing the trade impacts of lowering remaining border barriers by a factor of two or more. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4680
    Parallel Title: Finger, J. M Safeguards and antidumping in Latin American trade liberalization
    Keywords: Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Abstract: "The binding of tariff rates and adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization-sanctioned safeguards and antidumping mechanisms provided the basis to remove a multitude of instruments of protection in the Latin American countries discussed in this paper. At the same time, they helped in maintaining centralized control over the management of pressures for protection in agencies with economy-wide accountabilities. The World Trade Organization's procedural requirements (for example, to follow published criteria, or participation by interested parties) helped leaders to change the culture of decision-making from one based on relationships to one based on objective criteria. However, when Latin American governments attempted to introduce economic sense - such as base price comparisons on an economically sensible measure of long-run international price rather than the more generous constructed cost concept that is the core of WTO rules - protection-seekers used the rules against them. They pointed out that World Trade Organization rules do not require the use of such criteria, nor do procedures in leading users (industrial countries) include such criteria. In sum, the administrative content of the rules supported liberalization; the economic content did not. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4683
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, François Aid, service delivery, and the Millennium Development Goals in an economy-wide framework
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects
    Abstract: "In many developing countries, achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 will require significant increases in expenditures on social services and in foreign assistance. It will also require careful planning of the sector allocation and sequencing of public spending. Especially for low-income countries, the challenges of the MDGs cannot be well understood unless sector issues are seen in the context of constraints at the macro level and in labor markets. To help countries analyze policies aimed at making progress toward the goals, the World Bank has developed a new tool, the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS). Its originality is to fully integrate government services and their impact on the economy within an otherwise standard economy-wide dynamic framework. In comparison with existing approaches, MAMS offers three main advantages. First, the representation of the production of government services - such as health or education - takes into account demand as well as supply factors and the efficiency of these services. It also allows for interactions across the goals, and between the goals and economic growth. Second, it shows how scaling up these services has economy-wide impacts that may change resource allocation in the non-government sector and relative prices, including the unit cost of government services. Third, it shows the tradeoffs across time, including the relative costs and benefits, of front-loading expenditures versus back-loading. The present paper describes the basic features of MAMS and provides an illustration of its applicability for Ethiopia. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4714
    Parallel Title: Paxton, Pamela Marie Individual and country-level factors affecting support for foreign aid
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic assistance
    Abstract: "In recent years donor countries have committed to dramatic increases in the supply of foreign aid to developing countries. Meeting and sustaining such commitments will require sufficient support among donor country voters and taxpayers. The determinants of public opinion in donor countries on foreign aid have received little attention. This paper examines attitudes to foreign aid with a large, multi-level, cross-national study. It outlines a theoretical rationale for support for foreign aid, discussing the importance of both individual factors and economic and social structures. The theory is tested with multi-level models, including both individual-level and country-level variables to predict positive attitudes. Two datasets are used to measure attitudes in donor countries: (1) the 1995 World Values Survey has information from approximately 6,000 individuals in nine countries and asks a rich battery of questions at the individual-level, and (2) the 2002 Gallup "Voice of the People" survey asks fewer questions of individuals but includes 17 donor countries. Using both surveys combines their distinct strengths and allows tests of individual and national-level theories across disparate samples. The results generally support the predictions that attitudes toward aid are influenced by religiosity, beliefs about the causes of poverty, awareness of international affairs, and trust in people and institutions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9780821375303 , 082137530X , 9780821375310 , 0821375318
    Language: English
    Pages: xiv, 139 p.
    Series Statement: Directions in development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 331.109691
    Keywords: Labor market ; Wages ; Poverty ; Labor productivity ; Armut ; Lohn ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Madagaskar ; Madagaskar ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Madagaskar ; Armut ; Madagaskar ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Madagaskar ; Lohn
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-134) and index
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821366947 , 0821366955 , 9780821366943 , 9780821366950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 247 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Edition: 2nd ed
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 332.1/532
    Keywords: World Bank Group ; World Bank Group ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance ; World Bank Group ; Economic assistance ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 231) and index
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9780821369296 , 0821369296 , 082136930X
    Language: English
    Pages: xix, 308 p.
    Edition: Rev. ed
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer ; Globalisierung ; Migration ; Weltwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; International economic relations ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International trade ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Emigration and immigration ; Economic policy ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Globalisierung ; Welthandel ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungsökonomie ; Internationale Migration ; Entwicklungsländer ; Globalisierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welthandel ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Internationale Migration ; Globalisierung ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsökonomie ; Globalisierung ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 37
    ISBN: 0821363360 , 9780821363362
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 144 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 338.9/0097172/4
    Keywords: Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic development projects Evaluation ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic development projects Evaluation ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-137) and index
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3879
    Parallel Title: Jha, Shreyasi Trade liberalization and the environment in Vietnam
    Keywords: Free trade ; Pollution Economic aspects ; Free trade ; Pollution Economic aspects ; Vietnam Commercial policy ; Vietnam Commercial policy
    Abstract: "Vietnam's integration with the international economy has increased significantly over the past decade, aided by substantial liberalization of trade, and appears set to increase further as trade-expanding measures take full effect. This dramatic shift in Vietnam's trading patterns has important implications for the environment and use of natural resources. This paper offers a systematic analysis of the trading and investment patterns to give a broader understanding of the environmental implications of greater openness of the economy during the past decade. The results suggest increasing manufacturing and export activity in water and toxic pollution-intensive sectors compared with the less pollution-intensive sectors. The story is, on the surface, consistent with the changing composition of Vietnamese production and exports away from traditional sectors and toward pollution-intensive manufacturing (especially leather and textiles). The paper also highlights the need to consider strengthening environmental policies while further trade liberalization is being contemplated through Vietnam's joining of the World Trade Organization. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3883
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Gross worker flows in the presence of informal labor markets
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market
    Abstract: "This paper applies recent advances in the study of labor market dynamics to a representative developing country with a large informal or unregulated sector, Mexico. It studies quarterly gross flows of workers over a 15-year period that includes two recoveries and recessions, including the celebrated 1995 Tequila crisis. It finds, first, that the formal or modern salaried sector shows the same procyclical job finding rate and mildly countercyclical separation behavior identified in the recent U.S. literature, and relative wage rigidity, both consistent with Shimer (2005a) and Hall (2005). The unregulated informal sector, however, shows reasonable acyclicality in the job finding rate coupled with sharp countercyclical movements in the job separation rate, consistent with standard small firm dynamics and Davis and Haltiwanger (1992 and 1999). This interaction of regulatory coverage and firm sizes, and patterns of gross worker flows thus sheds suggestive light on the roots of countercyclical job finding behavior in the U.S. literature. Second, the patterns of worker transitions between formality and informality correspond to the job-to-job dynamics observed in the United States and not to the traditional idea of informality constituting the inferior sector of a segmented market. That said, the countercyclical job finding in the formal sector combined with the acyclical job finding in informality does lead to the latter absorbing relatively more labor during downturns. Third, aggregate employment dynamics vary across the Tequila crisis and the later 2001 slowdown, suggesting that not only the composition of employment, but the nature of the shocks is important to understanding how the labor market adjusts."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3891
    Parallel Title: Casacuberta, Carlos Protection, openness, and factor adjustment
    Keywords: Free trade ; Structural adjustment (Economic policy) ; Tariff ; Free trade ; Structural adjustment (Economic policy) ; Tariff
    Abstract: "The authors use a panel of manufacturing firms to analyze the adjustment process in capital blue collar and white collar employment in Uruguay during a period of trade liberalization when average tariff protection fell from 43 to 14 percent. They calculate the desired factor levels arising from a counterfactual profit maximization in the absence of adjustment costs, generating a measure of factor shortages or surpluses. The average estimated output gap for 1982-95 is 2 percent. The authors' policy analysis shows that trade openness affected the adjustment functions of all three factors of production. Highly protected sectors adjust less when creating jobs (reducing labor shortages) than sectors with low protection. This may be due to fears of policy reversal in highly protected sectors. Also, highly protected sectors adjust more easily (than low protection sectors) when destroying jobs (reducing labor surpluses), especially in the case of blue collar labor. This suggests that trade protection may in fact destroy rather than create jobs within industries, as firms in highly protected sectors are more reluctant to hire and more ready to fire than firms in sectors with low protection. The results for capital are qualitatively similar but quantitatively smaller, suggesting that trade protection plays less of a role in explaining adjustment costs for capital. Interestingly, export-oriented sectors have lower adjustment costs for blue collar labor but not for white collar employment or capital, suggesting that export-led growth may be particularly successful in reducing blue collar unemployment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3896
    Parallel Title: Huber, Peter Regional labor market developments in transition
    Keywords: Labor market ; Regional economic disparities ; Labor market ; Regional economic disparities
    Abstract: "The author analyzes regional labor market disparities in transition by presenting some data and summarizing existing literature. He finds that large and persistent regional labor market disparities developed in virtually all transition countries and that there is some evidence of polarization. Differences in starting conditions and market access seem to be the major reasons for regional divergence in transition. Furthermore, regional wages are only slightly more flexible than in many European Union labor markets, interregional migration is low, and capital seems to move toward high wage and low unemployment urban centers rather than to the most backward regions. Policy should thus take a long-run perspective on the existing regional disparities, focus on removing barriers to mobility, review existing institutions for implementing regional policy, and aim at a close coordination of regional and labor market policy instruments. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/25/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3961
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, François Global redistribution of income
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Economic assistance ; Income distribution ; Commercial policy ; Economic assistance ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "The actual distribution of world income across countries is extremely unequal, much higher than the within country inequality faced by most countries. The question studied in this paper is: How do international policies on aid, trade, and factor movements affect the international distribution of income? To begin to answer this question, the authors calculate the impact by decile of the actual level of aid flows and the effect on potential income of merchandise trade restrictions by high-income countries. They find that aid's distributional impact is equality enhancing. While it is extremely small in terms of changes in standard inequality measures, it is of some importance for the lowest decile of the world's income distribution. The authors also find that some of this impact is counteracted by lost potential income in the lower deciles from merchandise trade barriers imposed by high-income countries. In brief, there is a contradiction in international policies where aid's equality-enhancing effect is somewhat offset by protectionism. They also discuss some of the analytical difficulties with extending this analysis of redistribution to other forms of international factor flows-more specifically, migrant worker and profit remittances. The analysis presented is partial and static and ignores within country distribution. As such, the authors suggest that future research should explore the distributional consequences of the broader general equilibrium effects, dynamic effects, and externalities associated with aid, trade, and factor flows. Future research should also analyze the within country distributional impacts of international policies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3813
    Parallel Title: Panagariya, Arvind Preferential trading in South Asia
    Keywords: Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences
    Abstract: "The authors examine the economic case for the South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA) Agreement signed on January 6, 2004 by India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives. They start with a detailed analysis of the preferential trading arrangements in South Asia to look at the region's experience to date and to draw lessons. Specifically, they examine the most effective free trade area in existence-the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Area-and evaluate the developments under the South Asian Preferential Trade Area (SAPTA). The authors conclude that, considered in isolation, the economic case for SAFTA is weak. When compared with the rest of the world, the region is tiny both in terms of economic size as measured by GDP (and per capita incomes) and the share in world trade. It is argued that these facts make it unlikely that trade diversion would be dominant as a result of SAFTA. This point is reinforced by the presence of high levels of protection in the region and the tendency of the member countries to establish highly restrictive "sectoral exceptions and sensitive lists" and stringent "rules of origin." The authors argue that the SAFTA makes sense only in the context of a much broader strategy of creating a larger preferential trade area in the region that specifically would encompass China and the member nations of the Association of South East Asian Nations. In turn, the case for the latter is strategic: the pursuit of regionalism in the Americas and Europe has created increasing discrimination against Asian exports to those regions, which must inevitably affect the region's terms of trade adversely. An Asian bloc could be a potential instrument of changing incentives for the trade blocs in the Americas and Europe and forcing multilateral freeing of trade. Assuming that the SAFTA Agreement is here to stay, the authors suggest steps to ensure that the Agreement can be made more effective in promoting intra-regional trade, while minimizing the likely trade-diversion costs and maximizing the potential benefits. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/12/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3848
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Doha merchandise trade reform
    Keywords: Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences
    Abstract: "This paper provides new estimates of the global gains from multilateral trade reform and their distribution among developing countries in the presence of trade preferences. Particular attention is given to agriculture, as farmers constitute the poorest households in developing countries but are the most assisted in rich countries. The latest GTAP database (Version 6.05) and the LINKAGE model of the global economy are used to examine the impact first of current merchandise trade barriers and agricultural subsidies, and then of possible reform outcomes from the WTO's Doha Development Agenda. The results suggest moving to free global merchandise trade would boost real incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa proportionately more than in other developing countries or high-income countries, despite a terms of trade loss in parts of that region. Net farm incomes would rise substantially in that and other developing country regions, thereby alleviating rural poverty. A Doha partial liberalization could move the world some way toward those desirable outcomes, but more so the more developing countries themselves cut applied tariffs, particularly on agricultural imports. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3925
    Parallel Title: Karacaovali, Baybars Productivity matters for trade policy
    Keywords: Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; Tariff ; Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; Tariff
    Abstract: "There is a growing literature that investigates the effect of trade liberalization on productivity. Nearly all such studies assume that trade policy is determined independently of productivity, hence it is exogenous. The author shows that this assumption is not valid in general, both theoretically and empirically, and that researchers may be underestimating the positive effect of liberalization on productivity when they do not account for the endogeneity bias. On the theory side, he demonstrates that under a standard political economy model of trade protection, productivity directly influences tariffs. Moreover, this productivity-tariff relationship partly determines the extent of liberalization across sectors even in the presence of a large exogenous unilateral liberalization shock that affects all sectors. The link between productivity and tariffs is maintained after the author includes in his political economy model a learning-by-doing motive of protection, which also serves as the source of liberalization. On the empirical side, he examines total factor productivity (TFP) estimates obtained at the firm level for Colombia between 1983 and 1998, and finds that more productive sectors receive more protection within this period. In estimating the effect of productivity on tariffs, he controls for the endogeneity of the two main right-hand-side variables-the inverse import penetration to import demand elasticity ratio and productivity-by using materials prices, the capital to output ratio, a measure of scale economies, and the TFP of the upstream industries as robust instruments. The author also accounts for the large trade liberalization between 1990 and 1992, and finds that the sectors with a higher productivity gain are liberalized less. Finally, he illustrates a system of equations estimation and shows that the positive impact of liberalization on productivity grows stronger when corrected for the endogeneity bias. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/1/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3980
    Parallel Title: Klytchnikova, Irina Trade reforms, farm productivity, and poverty in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Agricultural productivity ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Agricultural productivity ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Bangladesh Rural conditions ; Bangladesh Rural conditions
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes the distributional impacts of trade reforms in rural areas of Bangladesh. The liberalization of trade in irrigation equipment and fertilizer markets during the early 1990s has led to structural changes in the agricultural sector and a significant increase in rice productivity. A resulting increase in output has been associated with a decline in producer and consumer rice prices of approximately 25 percent. Using a combination of ex-post and ex-ante approaches, the authors investigate the implications of the changes in rice productivity and prices for the welfare of households. They find that the net effects of increased rice productivity and lower rice prices have benefited the poor. Regardless of the particular category analyzed, the poorest households emerged as being particularly positively affected by reforms in the 1990s. This mainly reflects the fact that they are predominantly net rice buyers in both urban and rural markets. In contrast, large net sellers of rice, among the better-off households in the rural areas, were the main losers. Since net buyers in rural areas tend to be poorer than net sellers, trade liberalization has benefited the poor. Although the authors are not able to test empirically what has happened to the welfare level of agricultural wage earners, secondary evidence suggests that they have gained from trade liberalization. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 0821363999 , 9780821363997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 246 p) , ill., col. maps , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 363.8/56
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-237) and index
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821363220 , 9780821363225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 389 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/096
    Keywords: Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3804
    Parallel Title: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Disinflation, fiscal sustainability, and labor market adjustment in Turkey
    Keywords: Fiscal policy ; Inflation (Finance) ; Labor market ; Fiscal policy ; Inflation (Finance) ; Labor market
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes the effects of monetary policy and fiscal adjustment on output and unemployment in Turkey. The model on which the analysis is based accounts for rural-urban migration, a large urban informal sector, flexible exchange rates, a dollarized banking system, and interactions between default risk on government liabilities, credibility, and inflation expectations. The short- and long-run effects of a rise in official interest rates and tax increases are analyzed. The results highlight the importance of accounting for the link between default risk and credibility in understanding the real and financial effects of macroeconomic adjustment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3894
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Labor market developments during economic transition
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Systemtransformation ; Osteuropa ; Zentralasien ; GUS-Staaten ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Abstract: "The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3951
    Parallel Title: Eschenbach, Felix Services policies in transition economies
    Keywords: European Union ; World Trade Organization ; European Union ; World Trade Organization ; Free trade ; Service industries ; Free trade ; Service industries
    Abstract: "The authors analyze the extent to which the EU-15 and 16 transition economies used the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to commit to service sector policy reforms. They compare GATS commitments with the evolution of actual policy stances over time. While there is substantial variance across transition economies on both actual policies and GATS commitments, the authors find an inverse relationship between the depth of GATS commitments and the "quality" of actual services policies as assessed by the private sector. In part this can be explained by the fact that the prospect of EU accession makes GATS less relevant as a commitment device for a subset of transition economies. But for many of the non-EU accession candidates, the WTO seems to be a weak commitment device. One explanation is that the small size of the markets concerned generates weak external enforcement incentives. The authors' findings suggest greater collective investment by WTO members in monitoring and the need for transparency to increase the benefits of WTO membership to small countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/28/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3874
    Parallel Title: Olarreaga, M Sugar prices, labor income, and poverty in Brazil
    Keywords: Free trade ; Households Economic aspects ; Sugar trade ; Free trade ; Households Economic aspects ; Sugar trade
    Abstract: "This paper assesses the impact that a potential liberalization of sugar regimes in OECD countries could have on household labor income and poverty in Brazil. The authors first estimate the extent of price transmission from world markets to 11 Brazilian states to capture the fact that some local markets may be relatively more isolated from changes in world prices. They then simultaneously estimate the impact that changes in domestic sugar prices have on regional wages and employment depending on worker characteristics. Finally, they measure the impact on household income of a 10 percent increase in world sugar prices. Results suggest that workers in the sugar sector and in sugar-producing regions have better employment opportunities and experience larger wage increases. More interestingly, households at the top of the income distribution experience larger income gains due to higher wages, whereas households at the bottom of the distribution experience larger income gains due to movements out of unemployment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/5/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3990
    Parallel Title: Coviello, Decio Does aid help improve economic institutions ?
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Institutional economics ; Economic assistance ; Institutional economics
    Abstract: "Aid is expected to promote better living standards by raising investment and growth. But aid may also affect institutions directly. In theory, these effects may or may not work in the same direction as those on investment. The authors examine the effect of aid on economic institutions and find that aid has neither a positive nor a negative impact on existing measures of economic institutions. They find the results using pooled data for non-overlapping five-year periods, confirmed by pooled annual regressions for a large panel of countries and by pure cross-section regressions. The authors explicitly allow for time invariant effects that are country specific and find the results to be robust to model specifications, estimation methods, and different data sets. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3850
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Do regional trade pacts benefit the poor?
    Keywords: Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The main objective of this paper is to provide an ex-ante assessment of the poverty and income distribution impacts of the Central American Free Trade Area agreement on Nicaragua. The authors use a general equilibrium macro model to simulate trade reform scenarios and estimate their price effects, while a micro-module maps these price changes into real income changes at the individual household level. A useful insight from this analysis is that even if the final total impact on poverty is not too large, its dispersion across households-due to their heterogeneity of factor endowments, inputs use, commodity production, and consumption preferences-is significant and should be taken into account when designing compensatory policies. Additionally, growth and redistribution decomposition show that, at least in the short to medium run, redistribution can be as important as growth. The main policy message that emerges from the paper is that Nicaragua should consider enlarging its own liberalization to countries other than the United States to boost trade-induced poverty reductions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3905
    Parallel Title: Galiano, Sebastian Trends in tariff reforms and trends in wage inequality
    Keywords: Free trade ; Income distribution ; Wages ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Wages
    Abstract: "The authors provide new evidence on the impacts of trade reforms on wages and wage inequality in developing countries. While most of the current literature on the topic achieves identification by comparing outcomes before and after one episode of trade liberalization across industries, they propose a stronger identifying strategy. The authors explore the recent historical record of policy changes adopted by Argentina: from significant protection in the early 1970s, to the first episode of liberalization during the late 1970s, back to a slowdown of reforms during the 1980s, to the second episode of liberalization in the 1990s. These swings in trade policy comprise broken trends in trade reforms that they can compare with observed trends in wages and wage inequality. After setting up unusual historical data sets of trends in tariffs, trends in wages, and trends in wage inequality, the evidence supports two well-known hypotheses: trade liberalization, other things being equal, (1) has reduced wages, and (2) has increased wage inequality. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3901
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Do global trade distortions still harm developing country farmers ?
    Keywords: Farm income ; Free trade ; Globalization ; Rural poor ; Farm income ; Free trade ; Globalization ; Rural poor
    Abstract: "The authors estimate the impact of global merchandise trade distortions and services regulations on agricultural value added in various countries. Using the latest versions of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database and the GTAP-AGR model of the global economy, their results suggest real net farm incomes would rise in developing countries with a move to free trade, thereby alleviating rural poverty. This occurs despite a terms of trade deterioration for developing countries that are net food importers or that enjoy preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries. The authors also show, for several large developing countries, the contribution of their own versus other countries' trade policies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/24/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3981
    Parallel Title: Gourdon, Julien Openness, inequality, and poverty
    Keywords: Equality ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Equality ; Free trade ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Using tariffs as a measure of openness, the authors find consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in nontradable activities) is high raises inequality. In the sample, countries with low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3985
    Parallel Title: Almeida, Rita Openness and technological innovations in developing countries
    Keywords: Free trade ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Technology transfer ; Free trade ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Technology transfer
    Abstract: "The authors analyze the role of international technological diffusion for firm-level technological innovations in several developing countries. Their findings show that, after controlling for firm, industry, and country characteristics, exporting and importing activities are important channels for the diffusion of technology. They also find evidence that the majority of foreign-owned firms are significantly less likely to engage in technological innovations than minority foreign-owned firms or domestic-owned firms. The authors interpret this finding as evidence that the technology transferred from multinational parents to majority-owned subsidiaries is more mature than that transferred to minority-owned subsidiaries. This finding supports the idea that equity joint ventures maximize technology transfers to local firms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 0821362747
    Language: English
    Pages: xix, 308 p.
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer ; Globalisierung ; Migration ; Weltwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; International economic relations ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International trade ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Emigration and immigration ; Economic policy ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Globalisierung ; Internationale Migration ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Entwicklungsökonomie ; Welthandel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Globalisierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welthandel ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Internationale Migration ; Globalisierung ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsökonomie ; Globalisierung ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
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  • 60
    ISBN: 0821362682 , 0821362690 , 9780821362686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 41 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.59
    DDC: 362.196/390096761
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Health promotion ; Malnutrition in children ; Economic assistance ; Health promotion ; Malnutrition in children
    Note: Includes bibliography (p. 41)
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  • 61
    ISBN: 082136362X , 9780821363621
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 267 p) , 23 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/091724
    Keywords: Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3541
    Parallel Title: Seshan, Ganesh The impact of trade liberalization on household welfare in Vietnam
    Keywords: Cost and standard of living ; Free trade ; Households ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Free trade ; Households ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "What is the effect of trade liberalization on households in developing countries? To what extent do the poor benefit when local markets are made more accommodative to international trade? The author empirically analyzes the distributional impact of trade policies on households in a low-income country with a large rural economy where labor markets are imperfect. The methodology in this paper, which can be applied to various types of labor market conditions, relates changes in prices attributed to trade reforms to changes in household welfare, income distribution, and poverty using theoretically consistent measures of producer and consumer welfare. The author investigates the effects on poverty and income distribution of national and international market integration in Vietnam's rice sector and fertilizer market between 1993 and 1998, a period of ongoing market reforms when the national poverty rate fell sharply from 59 percent to 37 percent. He finds that when the effects of opening the rice and fertilizer market are isolated, Vietnam's agricultural trade reforms did not contribute to a significant improvement in overall household welfare or decline in poverty over this period. Nonetheless, the liberalization exercise can explain about half of the reduction in poverty incidence among farm households. The results also show that liberalization did not exacerbate income inequality, but did generate gains for rural households across the distribution, particularly the poor, at the expense of urban households. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3587
    Parallel Title: Nogués, Julio J Political economy of antidumping and safeguards in Argentina
    Keywords: Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Abstract: "Beginning in the late 1980s, Argentina implemented a series of reforms that were revolutionary in speed and scope, including trade liberalization. After the implementation of these policies, a record number of antidumping petitions came forward. Under a situation of high inflation, the government reinforced its fiscal and monetary policies by announcing that it would minimize the use of such measures. The flexible disciplines of the existing domestic antidumping regulations facilitated this objective. Later, when the GATT/WTO-sanctioned trade remedies were implemented, the government made a serious attempt to establish discipline by including liberal regulations and creating special institutional arrangements. A presumption built into the construction of the new mechanisms was that adhering to WTO requirements would strengthen the resistance against protection. This presumption turned out to be false. Changing circumstances, including severe peso overvaluation, had significant effects on the number and outcome of antidumping investigations. Regarding safeguards, the government followed the letter and the spirit of the WTO agreement. In relation to the number of petitions, few measures have been implemented. Rejections were based on a concern for consumer costs and on failure of the industry seeking protection to provide a convincing modernization plan. This, plus the fact that some cases were brought to the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, have made safeguards a less attractive instrument for protection-seekers than antidumping. An important positive side of the story is that unlike previous balance of payments adjustments, in spite of the major crisis that followed the recent devaluation, the hard-won liberalization has been maintained. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3744
    Parallel Title: Aroca, Patricio Spatial dimensions of trade liberalization and economic convergence
    Keywords: Free trade ; Free trade ; Mexico Economic conditions 1994- ; Regional disparities ; Mexico Economic conditions 1994- ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "This paper studies the spatial dimension of growth in Mexico over the past three decades. The literature on regional economic growth shows a decrease in regional dispersion from 1970 to 1985, and a sharp increase afterward coinciding with the trade liberalization of the Mexican economy. Using spatial econometric, tools the authors analyze how the process of convergence/divergence has mapped spatially and whether it makes sense to talk about spatial regions in Mexico. Although the rich North-poor South dichotomy has dominated this phenomenon, interesting patterns emerge. Namely the distribution of growth after Mexico's post-liberalization seems to be much less associated with distance to the United States than the authors had initially expected. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3725
    Parallel Title: Rutherford, Thomas Fox The impact on Russia of WTO accession and the DOHA agenda
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991- ; Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991-
    Abstract: "Taking price changes from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade, the authors use a small open economy computable general equilibrium comparative static model of the Russian economy to assess the impact of global free trade and a successful completion of the Doha Agenda on the Russian economy, and especially on the poor. They compare those results with the impact of Russian accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on income distribution and the poor. The model incorporates all 55,000 households from the Russian Household Budget Survey as "real" households. Crucially, given the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization as part of Russian WTO accession, the authors also include FDI and Dixit-Stiglitz endogenous productivity effects from liberalization of import barriers against goods and FDI in services. The authors estimate that Russian WTO accession in the medium run will result in gains averaged over all Russian households equal to 7.3 percent of Russian consumption (with a standard deviation of 2.2 percent of consumption), with virtually all households gaining. They find that global free trade would result in a weighted average gain to households in Russia of 0.2 percent of consumption, with a standard deviation of 0.2 percent of consumption, while a successful completion of the Doha Development Agenda would result in a weighted average gain to households of -0.3 percent of consumption (with a standard deviation of 0.2 percent of consumption). Russia, as a net food importer, loses from subsidy elimination, and the gains to Russia from tariff cuts in other countries are too small to offset these losses. The results strongly support the view that Russia's own liberalization is more important than improvements in market access as a result of reforms in tariffs or subsidies in the rest of the world. Foremost among the own reforms is liberalization of barriers against FDI in business services. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3752
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Spatial dynamics of labor markets in Brazil
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Regional disparities ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "There was substantial spatial variation in labor market outcomes in Brazil over the 1990s. In 2000, about one-fifth of workers lived in apparently economically stagnant municipios where real wages declined but employment increased faster than the national population growth rate. More than one-third lived in apparently dynamic municipios, experiencing both real wage growth and faster-than-average employment growth. These areas absorbed more than half of net employment growth over the period. To elucidate this spatial variation, the authors estimate spatial labor supply and demand equations describing wage and employment changes of Brazilian municipios. They use Conley's spatial GMM technique to allow for instrumental variable estimation in the presence of spatially autocorrelated errors. The main findings include: (1) a very strong influence of initial workforce educational levels on subsequent wage growth (controlling for possibly confounding variables such as remoteness and climate); (2) evidence of positive spillover effects of own-municipio growth onto neighbors' wage and employment levels; (3) an exodus from farming areas; (4) relatively elastic response of wages to an increase in labor supply; and (5) evidence of a local multiplier effect from government transfers. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/26/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3492
    Parallel Title: Quisumbing, Ma. Agnes R How fair is workfare?
    Keywords: Labor market ; Public works ; Sexual division of labor ; Women Economic conditions ; Labor market ; Public works ; Sexual division of labor ; Women Economic conditions ; Ethiopia Rural conditions ; Ethiopia Rural conditions
    Abstract: "Quisumbing and Yohannes use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994--95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Then they analyze public works data collected in 1997, together with program data collected in 2003. FFW operates in a similar fashion with other labor markets in Ethiopia where female participation is low. Gender differences are important in the participation decision, but operate differently in different types of labor markets. Better-educated women are more likely to participate in the wage labor market, while higher livestock holdings diminish participation more for women. Females with more schooling are also more likely to participate in FFW. Men's and women's participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women's participation relative to men's. This paper--a product of the Gender Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to integrate gender issues into economic policy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3524
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Sowing and reaping
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Abstract: "Much of the academic debate on the effectiveness of foreign aid is centered on the relationship between aid and growth. Different aid-growth studies find conflicting results: aid promotes growth everywhere; aid has a zero or negative impact on growth everywhere; or the effect of aid on growth depends on recipient-specific characteristics, such as the quality of institutions and policies. Although these studies fuel an interesting debate, cross-sectional macroeconomic studies cannot be the last word on the topic of aid effectiveness. In this paper, Dollar and Levin introduce microeconomic evidence on factors conducive to the success of aid-funded projects in developing countries. The authors use the success rate of World Bank-financed projects in the 1990s, as determined by the Operations Evaluation Department, as their dependent variable. Using instrumental variables estimation, the authors find that existence of high-quality institutions in a recipient country raises the probability that aid will be used effectively. There is also some evidence that geography matters, but location in Sub-Saharan Africa is a more robust indicator of lower project success rate than tropical climate. The authors proceed to disaggregate the success rate of World Bank projects by lending instrument type and by investment sector, finding that different institutions are more important for different types of projects. The finding of a strong relationship between institutional quality and project success serves to provide further support to the hypothesis that aid effectiveness is conditional on institutions and policies of the recipient country. This paper--a product of Development Policy, Development Economics Senior Vice Presidency--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to examine aid effectiveness"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3561
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Activities, employment, and wages in rural and semi-urban Mexico
    Keywords: Academic achievement ; Labor market ; Wages ; Academic achievement ; Labor market ; Wages ; Mexico Rural conditions ; Mexico Rural conditions
    Abstract: "The author addresses the labor markets in rural and semi-urban Mexico. The empirical analyses show that non-farm income shares increase with overall consumption levels and, also, with time. Rural-dwellers in lower quintiles of the consumption distribution tend to earn a larger share of their nonagricultural incomes from wage labor activities. For the poorest, low-productivity wage labor activities are important. The quantile wage regression analysis for rural Mexico shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the wage distribution on monthly wages. The author's findings reveal that education is key to earning higher wages, and that workers in more dispersed rural areas earn less than their peers in semi-urban rural areas (localities with less than 15,000 inhabitants). The rural non-farm sector is heterogeneous and includes a great variety of activities and productivity levels across non-farm jobs. Moreover it can reduce poverty in a couple of distinct but qualitatively important ways in rural Mexico. The analysis of non-farm employment in rural Mexico suggests that the two key determinants of access to employment and productivity in non-farm activities are education and location. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3658
    Parallel Title: Webb, Richard Antidumping mechanisms and safeguards in Peru
    Keywords: Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Peru Commerce ; Peru Commerce
    Abstract: "Peru's experience in the application of antidumping and safeguard measures is characterized by a radical change in the philosophy and procedures of trade at the beginning of the 1990s, and by an increasing use of these mechanisms. Trade liberalization was accompanied by the liberalization of foreign currency transactions and of financial and labor markets. Also, the internal revenue administration was modernized, institutions for regulation and competition defense were created, and state enterprises were transferred to private owners or concessionaires. New laws and institutions were created to regulate markets, including INDECOPI, a novel government agency charged with antimonopoly regulation and consumer defense, and which houses the Antidumping and Subsidies Commission. This highly autonomous and technical Commission became the central player in the implementation of WTO rules and procedures for fair trade. Since the reform was launched, a total of 81 trade protection cases have been presented, of which 57 were followed by a dumping investigation. The application of antidumping duties was approved for 29 of the cases investigated. Only two cases of safeguard investigations were recorded, one of which (Chinese textile clothing articles) is still in the negotiation phase. This paper reviews that case experience in detail, concluding that Peru has clearly differentiated between unfair competition and dumping on the one hand, and damage and safeguards on the other, and has applied strict technical criteria to the former and broader political considerations to the latter. Despite recent indications of a partial retreat from those principles, the decade-old reform is expected to last. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/19/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3676
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard M Trade and employment
    Keywords: Free trade ; International trade ; Labor market ; Wages ; Free trade ; International trade ; Labor market ; Wages
    Abstract: "The substantial literature investigating the links between trade, trade policy, and labor market outcomes-both returns to labor and employment-has generated a number of stylized facts, but many open questions remain. This paper surveys the subset of the literature focusing on trade policy and integration into the world economy. Although in the longer run trade opportunities can have a major impact in creating more productive and higher paying jobs, this literature tends to take employment as given. A common finding is that much of the shorter run impacts of trade and reforms involve reallocation of labor or wage impacts within sectors. This reflects a pattern of expansion of more productive firms-especially export-oriented or suppliers to exporters-and contraction and adjustment of less productive enterprises in sectors that become subject to greater import competition. Wage responses to trade and trade reforms are generally greater than employment impacts, but trade can only explain a small fraction of the general increase in wage inequality observed in both industrial and developing countries in recent decades. A feature of the literature survey is that the focus is almost exclusively on industries producing goods. Given the importance of service industries as a source of employment and determinants of competitiveness, the paper argues that one priority area for future research is to study the employment effects of services trade and investment reforms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/12/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3702
    Parallel Title: Zhai, Fan Impacts of the Doha development agenda on China
    Keywords: Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Poverty ; China Commercial policy ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; Regional disparities ; China Commercial policy ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "The authors assess the implications of multilateral trade reforms for poverty in China. They do so by combining results from a global modeling exercise with a national CGE model that features disaggregated households in both the rural and urban sectors. They examine two trade reform scenarios: one involving global trade liberalization, and one involving possible Doha Development Agenda reforms. Using the World Bank's
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3799
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "This paper selectively synthesizes much of the research on Latin American and Caribbean labor markets in recent years. Several themes emerge that are particularly relevant to ongoing policy dialogues. First, labor legislation matters, but markets may be less segmented than previously thought. The impetus to voluntary informality, which appears to be a substantial fraction of the sector, implies that the design of social safety nets and labor legislation needs to take a more integrated view of the labor market, taking into account the cost-benefit analysis workers and firms make about whether to interact with formal institutions. Second, the impact of labor market institutions on productivity growth has probably been underemphasized. Draconian firing restrictions increase litigation and uncertainty surrounding worker separations, reduce turnover and job creation, and poorly protect workers. But theory and anecdotal evidence also suggest that they, and other related state or union induced rigidities, may have an even greater disincentive effect on technological adoption, which accounts for half of economic growth. Finally, institutions can affect poverty and equity, although the effects seem generally small and channels are not always clear. Overall, the present constellation of labor regulations serves workers and firms poorly and both could benefit from substantial reform. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3591
    Parallel Title: Monge González, Ricardo Anti-dumping policies and safeguard measures in the context of Costa Rica's economic liberalization
    Keywords: Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Abstract: "This paper reviews the most important changes, both in the economy and in the legal and institutional framework, to deal with unfair trade practices that Costa Rica has experienced during its trade liberalization process. It also evaluates whether the sectors that as a result of such a process have been facing increased foreign competition, and may have attempted to use the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules adopted by Costa Rica as a protectionist instrument. Costa Rica's legal framework against unfair trade practices at the multilateral level emerged when the country adopted the WTO rules on antidumping policies and safeguard measures. That has been reinforced at the bilateral level through the subscription of free trade agreements with Central America, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Chile, and Canada. So far, only six antidumping petitions and five safeguards have been received by the government. In reviewing these petitions, the government has paid particular attention to the impact of any action on the competitiveness of the domestic market and on the possibility that it would support modernization of the industry. Behind the political acceptance of this disciplined approach lies widespread recognition of the social as well as economic progress that liberalization has supported. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3707
    Parallel Title: Nicita, Alessandro Multilateral trade liberalization and Mexican households
    Keywords: Free trade ; Households ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Households ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Empirical evidence suggests that global trade reforms are unlikely to produce analogous results across countries, especially when analyzing their effect on poverty. This implies that the analysis of trade reform on social welfare cannot be generalized and needs to be conducted on a country by country basis. Moreover, even within the same country, geographic areas, households, and individuals are likely to be differentially affected, some of them benefiting more than others, while others might lose. With this in mind, the author provides a quantitative estimate of the effect on Mexican households from the implementation of the Doha development agenda. His analysis uses a two-step approach for which changes in prices and factors are estimated through a CGE model (GTAP) and then mapped into the welfare function of the household using household survey data. The empirical approach the author uses aims to measure the impact of Doha implementation by tracing changes in the household prices of goods and factors and their impact on household welfare, taking particular account the role of domestic price transmission. The findings suggest that multilateral trade liberalization alone would have a negative effect on Mexican households, even though very small. However, when the implementation of the Doha development agenda is complemented by domestic policies aimed at increasing productivity and improving domestic price transmission, the overall effects become positive. The results point to the importance of domestic price transmission in determining the variance of the effects across households. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/6/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3557
    Parallel Title: Heckelman, Jac C Foreign aid and market-liberalizing reform
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Free enterprise ; Free trade ; International trade ; Economic assistance ; Free enterprise ; Free trade ; International trade
    Abstract: "Market-oriented economic policies-reflected in limited economic activity by government, protection of private property rights, sound monetary policy, outward orientation regarding trade and efficient tax and regulatory policy-have been strongly linked to faster rates of economic growth. Foreign aid is often provided in the belief that it encourages liberalizing reforms in these areas. This paper analyzes the impact of aid on market-liberalizing policy reform, correcting for the possible endogeneity of aid. Results indicate that higher aid slowed reform over the 1980-2000 period, as measured by a broad index of policies. Disaggregating policy into five areas, aid is significantly linked to slower reform in some policy areas but not in others. Disaggregating by decade, aid's adverse impact on policy reform is much more pronounced for the 1980s than for the 1990s. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3746
    Parallel Title: Emini, Christian Arnault The poverty impacts of the Doha Round in Cameroon
    Keywords: Free trade ; Poverty ; Taxation ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Taxation
    Abstract: "The authors aim to assess the possible impacts of the Doha Round of negotiations on poverty in Cameroon. During the recent period of economic recovery, Cameroon enjoyed a sharp decline in poverty, with the headcount index falling from 53.3 percent of inhabitants in 1996 to 40.2 percent in 2001, mostly due to economic growth rather than redistribution. Will the current trade negotiations under the Doha Round reinforce or curb this trend? They apply a computable general equilibrium (CGE) microsimulation model that involves 10,992 households in order to address this question. The authors find the Doha Round to be poverty-reducing for Cameroon. For the whole country, the estimate of the net number of people who are lifted out of poverty is 22,000 following this scenario. Further investigations indicate that more ambitious world trade liberalization leads to greater poverty alleviation at the national level, while Cameroon's domestic trade liberalization has adverse poverty and inequality impacts-despite giving rise to higher aggregate welfare. Under the Doha scenario, the cuts in Cameroon's tariffs are very small (the average tariff rate moves from 11.79 percent in the base run to merely 11.66 percent) so that world trade liberalization effects on prices more than offset the adverse own liberalization effects in this scenario. If the rest of the world and Cameroon full trade liberalizations are combined, the adverse impacts of own liberalization outweigh the favorable outcomes of the world trade liberalization. The results suggest furthermore that the choice of tax replacement instrument can have an important bias in poverty impacts: poverty gets worse in the country case study when using an imperfect value-added tax instead of a neutral replacement tax to compensate lost tariff revenue, and gets even worse when using a consumption tax. Key reasons here are the supplementary distortions which are nil in case of a neutral tax and greatest in the case of a consumption tax. In addition, accompanying measures should be considered to avoid poverty increases in the framework of Economic Partnership Agreements currently in negotiation between African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries and the European Union, which propose a drastic dismantlement of ACP tariffs over the next few years. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3616
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Would multilateral trade reform benefit Sub-Saharan Africans?
    Keywords: Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions
    Abstract: "This paper examines whether the Sub-Saharan African economies could gain from multilateral trade reform in the presence of trade preferences. The World Bank's LINKAGE model of the global economy is employed to examine the impact first of current trade barriers and agricultural subsidies, and then of possible outcomes from the WTO's Doha round. The results suggest moving to free global merchandise trade would boost real incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa proportionately more than in other developing countries or in high-income countries, despite a terms of trade loss in parts of the region. Farm employment and output, the real value of agricultural and food exports, the real returns to farm land and unskilled labor, and real net farm incomes would all rise in the region, thereby alleviating poverty. A Doha partial liberalization of both agricultural and nonagricultural trade could significantly benefit the region. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/2/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3504
    Parallel Title: Hazans, Mihails Unemployment and the earnings structure in Latvia
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unemployment ; Labor market ; Unemployment ; Latvia Economic conditions ; Regional disparities ; Latvia Economic conditions ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "Latvia has recorded sustained GDP and productivity growth since 1997. Yet unemployment rates, despite gradual decrease, have remained high. Hazans explores the mysteries of unemployment in Latvia. He analyzes labor flows between employment, unemployment, and nonparticipation and finds the following results: * The type of education and the region of residence appear to be the most important determinants of success in finding jobs by the unemployed. * The unemployed from ethnic minorities have lower chances to find a job within a year, other things equal, while the difference between genders is not significant. However, neither ethnicity nor gender seems to matter as far as the transition from employment to unemployment is concerned. * Regional disparities in job destruction seem to be less sizable than disparities in job creation. * The analysis of job search methods by the unemployed indicates that two target groups of state employment policy (young unemployed and long-term unemployed) appear to make relatively little use of the public employment service. The author also looks at the impact of education, age, gender, ethnicity, and regional factors on individual earnings. The relative position of youth and women in Latvian labor market, compared with prime?age men, is less unfavorable than in many other countries. Yet the gender wage gap has increased recently, and the same is true for regional disparities. Beneficiaries of the so-called "new" education system have a relatively high market value, especially with graduates from universities and general secondary schools. Finally, returns to experience seem to be nonexistent for many adult workers without higher education. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, Europe and Central Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to understand labor market dynamics"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3738
    Parallel Title: Cororaton, Caesar B Doha scenarios, trade reforms, and poverty in the Philippines
    Keywords: Equilibrium (Economics) ; Free trade ; Poor ; Equilibrium (Economics) ; Free trade ; Poor ; Philippines Commercial policy ; Philippines Commercial policy
    Abstract: "Since the early 1980s the Philippines has undertaken substantial trade reform. The current Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations is now likely to bring further reform and shocks to world import prices and export demand. The impact of all these developments on the poor is not very clear and is the subject of intense debate. The authors use a detailed economywide computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to run a series of policy experiments. They find that poverty increases slightly with the implementation of the prospective Doha scenario. These effects are focused primarily among rural households in the wake of falling world prices and demand for the Philippines' agricultural exports. The authors find that the impacts of full liberalization-involving free world trade and complete domestic liberalization-depend strongly on the mechanism the government adopts to offset forgone tariff revenue. If an indirect tax is used, the incidence of poverty falls marginally, but the depth (poverty gap) and severity (squared poverty gap) increase substantially. If, instead, an income tax is used, all measures of poverty increase. In both cases, full liberalization favors urban households, as exports, which are primarily nonagricultural, expand. In separate simulations, the authors discover that free world trade is poverty reducing and favors rural households, whereas domestic liberalization is poverty increasing and favors urban households. Under free world trade, rural households benefit from increasing world agricultural demand. The anti-rural bias of domestic liberalization stems from the fact that import prices fall more for agricultural goods than for industrial goods, as initial import-weighted average tariff rates are higher for the former. In conclusion, the current Doha agreement appears likely to slightly increase poverty, especially in rural areas and among the unemployed, self-employed, and rural low-educated. The Philippines is found to have an interest in pushing for more ambitious world trade liberalization, as free world trade holds out promise for reducing poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/4/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3771
    Parallel Title: Kristensen, Nicolai Labor market distortions in Côte d'Ivoire
    Keywords: Labor market ; Wage differentials ; Labor market ; Wage differentials
    Abstract: "The authors investigate the extent and nature of distortions in the labor market in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire by using quantile regression analysis on employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector. They find that the labor markets in Côte d'Ivoire do not seem to be much distorted. Unions may influence employment through tenure but do not seem to influence wages directly except for vulnerable minorities that seem protected by unions. Establishment-size wage effects are pronounced and highest for white-collar workers. This may be explained by the efficiency wage theory, so that, even in the absence of unions, segmentation and inefficiencies will still be present as long as firms seek to retain their employees by paying wages above the market clearing level. The inefficiency arising from establishment-size wage effects can be mitigated by education. Furthermore, the authors find that the premium to education is highly significantly positive only for higher education, and not for basic education, indicating that educational policies should also focus on higher education. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 0821361503
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 45 p) , ill., 1 col. map , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.51
    DDC: 384/.096
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Information technology ; Telecommunication ; Economic assistance ; Information technology ; Telecommunication
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3607
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Agricultural trade reform and the Doha development agenda
    RVK:
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Agricultural subsidies ; Free trade ; Tariff ; Agricultural subsidies ; Free trade ; Tariff
    Abstract: "Anderson and Martin examine the extent to which various regions, and the world as a whole, could gain from multilateral trade reform over the next decade. They use the World Bank's linkage model of the global economy to examine the impact first of current trade barriers and agricultural subsidies, and then of possible outcomes from the World Trade Organization's Doha round. The results suggest moving to free global merchandise trade would boost real incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (and in Cairns Group countries) proportionately more than in other developing countries or high-income countries. Real returns to farm land and unskilled labor and real net farm incomes would rise substantially in those developing country regions, thereby alleviating poverty. A Doha partial liberalization could take the world some way toward those desirable outcomes, but more so the more agricultural subsidies are disciplined and applied tariffs are cut. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3615
    Parallel Title: Sáez, Sebastián Keeping animal spirits asleep
    Keywords: Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Abstract: "Chilean legislation is quite conservative, especially compared with international practice. However, its application has not been free of criticism, and it proved necessary to seek mechanisms that combine limitations set forth in the GATT/WTO regulations and others self-imposed by Chilean law. Legislation on antidumping measures was introduced in Chile in 1992. The Distortions Commission has recommended and the President has adopted such measures on just six occasions, of which two correspond to extensions of existing measures. Legislation on safeguard measures was introduced in 1999. In the 1999-2002 period, seven safeguard measures were adopted. The traditional agricultural sector was the main user of the measures, and no measure was in place for more than 12 months. The context in which the Commission was created in 1981 and the type of measures adopted by this entity support the idea that the objective of the Commission was to alleviate the political pressures generated by the difficult economic situation rather than to correct problems originated by the price distortions of goods. In the second half of the 1980s, the Commission supported the liberalization process that started in 1985. Adopting safeguard legislation in 1999 helped to gain approval of further tariff reductions from 11 percent to 6 percent. During the decade of the 1990s and until the present day, the philosophy of minimal use to further liberalization has been maintained. The legislation has undergone modifications to adjust the instruments used to support the economic opening and international commitments. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3631
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart Poverty traps, aid, and growth
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The authors examine the empirical evidence in support of the poverty trap view of underdevelopment. They calibrate simple aggregate growth models in which poverty traps can arise due to either low saving or low technology at low levels of development. They then use these models to assess the empirical relevance of poverty traps and their consequences for policy. The authors find little evidence of the existence of poverty traps based on these two broad mechanisms. When put to the task of explaining the persistence of low income in African countries, the models require either unreasonable values for key parameters, or else generate counterfactual predictions regarding the relations between key variables. These results call into question the view that a large scaling-up of aid to the poorest countries is a necessary condition for sharp and sustained increases in growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3717
    Parallel Title: Arndt, Channing The Doha trade round and Mozambique
    Keywords: Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Free trade ; Free trade ; Mozambique Economic conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Economic conditions 1975-
    Abstract: "This paper considers the potential implications of the Doha Development Agenda, as well as other trade liberalization scenarios, for Mozambique. An applied general equilibrium model, which accounts for high marketing margins and home consumption in the Mozambique economy, is linked to results from the GTAP model of global trade. In addition, a microsimulation module is used to consider the subsequent implications of trade liberalization for poverty. The implications of trade liberalization, particularly the Doha scenarios, are found to be relatively small. Presuming that a more liberal trading regime will positively influence growth in Mozambique, an opportunity exists to put in place such a regime without imposing significant adjustment costs. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/16/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3721
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard M Economic policy responses to preference erosion
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Economic assistance ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Economic assistance ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences
    Abstract: "Trade preferences are a central issue in ongoing efforts to negotiate further multilateral trade liberalization. "Less preferred" countries are increasingly concerned about the discrimination they confront, while "more preferred" developing countries worry that WTO-based liberalization of trade will erode the value of current preferential access regimes. This tension suggests there is a political economy case for preference-granting countries to explicitly address erosion fears. The authors argue that the appropriate instrument for this is development assistance. The alternative of addressing erosion concerns through the trading system will generate additional discrimination and trade distortions, rather than moving the WTO toward a more liberal, non-discriminatory regime. They further argue that prospective losses generated by most-favored-nation liberalization should be quantified on a bilateral basis, using methods that estimate what the associated transfer should have been and ignoring the various factors that reduce their value in practice (such as compliance costs or the fact that part of the rents created by preference programs accrue to importers in OECD countries). Given that many poor countries have not been able to benefit much from preference programs, a case is also made that preference erosion should be considered as part of a broader response by OECD countries to calls to make the trading system more supportive of economic development. The focus should be on identifying actions and policy measures that will improve the ability of developing countries to use trade for development. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/19/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3745
    Parallel Title: Antman, Francisca Earnings mobility and measurement error
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Labor market ; Social mobility ; Wages ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Labor market ; Social mobility ; Wages
    Abstract: "The degree of mobility in incomes is often seen as an important measure of the equality of opportunity in a society and of the flexibility and freedom of its labor market. But estimation of mobility using panel data is biased by the presence of measurement error and non-random attrition from the panel. This paper shows that dynamic pseudo-panel methods can be used to consistently estimate measures of absolute and conditional mobility in the presence of non-classical measurement errors. These methods are applied to data on earnings from a Mexican quarterly rotating panel. Absolute mobility in earnings is found to be very low in Mexico, suggesting that the high level of inequality found in the cross-section will persist over time. However, the paper finds conditional mobility to be high, so that households are able to recover quickly from earnings shocks. These findings suggest a role for policies which address underlying inequalities in earnings opportunities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3500
    Parallel Title: Zafar, Ali Revenue and the fiscal impact of trade liberalization
    Keywords: Free trade ; Tariff ; Tax revenue estimating ; Free trade ; Tariff ; Tax revenue estimating
    Abstract: "Using data collected during several missions, Zafar finds that the principal reasons for low revenue mobilization are (1) the adverse fiscal impact of trade liberalization, (2) the defiscalization of agriculture in the 1970s, (3) the collapse of the uranium boom in the 1980s, and (4) the poor record of the VAT in mobilizing revenue. The large reduction in tariffs during the 1980s and 1990s in the context of structural adjustment programs and West African regional integration initiatives had adverse effects on trade tax revenue during the period 1980--2003. But higher import levels after 1994 succeeded in partially mitigating the revenue losses. The experience of Niger shows that without accompanying macroeconomic policies, parallel improvements in tax and customs administration, and success in mobilizing domestic taxes, most notably the VAT, trade reform can have adverse fiscal consequences. Using a SMART model partial equilibrium analysis developed by UNCTAD for researchers and negotiators at multilateral trade rounds, the author simulated three different tariff shocks to test the fiscal and trade implications of additional trade liberalization in Niger. First, the preferred tariff regime in terms of overall fiscal and job creation impact was the harmonized Swiss formula in contrast to a 10 and 15 percent uniform tariff. Second, a possible Regional Economic Partnership Agreement (REPA) between the European Union and l'Union economique et Montaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA) by 2015 that would abolish duties on EU imports to the UEMOA countries would have negative fiscal effects on Niger of more than 1 percent of GDP, positive effects on trade creation of about 1.5 percent of GDP, and ambiguous effects on local industry. While there will be some welfare gains for consumers and importers from lower import tariffs and the possibility of trade creation, the fiscal losses and adjustment costs would be significant, particularly in the machinery and transport sectors. Third, there are asymmetric gains and losses from regional integration and tariff changes, and a 10 percent uniform tariff would have the greatest impact on Benin and Senegal and some impact on Niger and Togo. In sum, further trade liberalization in Niger will have significant fiscal costs, partially offset by trade creation through increased imports. This paper--a product of Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 3, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the reasons for low resource mobilization"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/28/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3493
    Parallel Title: Karacaovali, Baybars The clash of liberalizations
    Keywords: Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences
    Abstract: "There has been an explosion in the number of preferential trade agreements in the past decade. Preferential trade agreements are characterized by liberalization with respect to only a few partners and thus they can potentially clash with and retard multilateral trade liberalization. Despite this important concern with preferential trade agreements, there is almost no systematic evidence on whether they actually affect multilateral trade liberalization. Karacaovali and Limô model the effect of preferential trade agreements on multilateral trade liberalization and show that preferential trade agreements slow down multilateral trade liberalization unless they have a common external tariff and allow for internal transfers. Next, they use detailed data on product-level tariffs negotiated by the European Union in the past two multilateral trade rounds to structurally estimate their model. The authors confirm the main prediction--the European Union's preferential trade agreements have clashed with its multilateral trade liberalization---and find that the effect is quantitatively significant. Moreover, they also confirm several auxiliary predictions of the model and provide new evidence on the political economy determinants of multilateral liberalization in the European Union. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the interaction between preferential and multilateral liberalization"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3684
    Parallel Title: de la Torre, Luz Elena Reyes Antidumping and safeguard measures in the political economy of liberalization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Abstract: "Mexico's creation and use of safeguard and antidumping processes to advance its liberalization illustrate three key points: (1) The country was able to use the instruments without losing political control. In a period of crisis that threatened congressional approval of critical steps in the liberalization-brought on by currency overvaluation and recession, along with unexpected demands from the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement negotiations-the government applied a number of trade defense measures. Once the problems were addressed with adequate instruments the number of measures dropped drastically. The instruments had not been captured by protection-seeking interests; (2) The country adopted a liberalization-accepting measure of international norms. An important innovation that Mexico made operational was the use within World Trade Organization (WTO) rules of prevailing international prices as the measure of competition that industry was expected to meet. The WTO rules would also have allowed the use of other standards-as in traditional antidumping-using countries-that impose less discipline. Moreover, the Mexican standard was consistent with the government-industry understanding that though Mexican industry would be protected against extraordinary circumstances it would be expected to face up to international competition; (3) Political judgment and political courage are essential. While mastery of the technical elements of a safeguard or antidumping investigation is mandatory, sustaining liberalization depends in significant part on the political skills to know when to emphasize the technical elements, when to rely more on the discretion the government retains under the rules, and on the courage to do it. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3763
    Parallel Title: Chang, Roberto Openness can be good for growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Free trade ; Labor market ; Economic development ; Free trade ; Labor market
    Abstract: "The authors study how the effect of trade openness on economic growth depends on complementary reforms that help a country take advantage of international competition. This issue is illustrated with a simple Harris-Todaro model where output gains after trade liberalization depend on the degree of labor market flexibility. In that model, trade protection may ameliorate the problem of underemployment (and underproduction) in sectors affected by labor market distortions. Hence, trade liberalization unambiguously increases per capita income only when labor markets are sufficiently flexible. The authors then present some panel evidence on how the growth effect of openness depends on a variety of structural characteristics. For this purpose, they use a non-linear growth regression specification that interacts a proxy of trade openness with proxies of educational investment, financial depth, inflation stabilization, public infrastructure, governance, labor-market flexibility, ease of firm entry, and ease of firm exit. They find that the growth effects of openness are positive and economically significant if certain complementary reforms are undertaken. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 082135678X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 262 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: MENA development report
    Series Statement: Orientations in development series
    DDC: 331.12/042/0956
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-251) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3186
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen F Donor fragmentation and bureaucratic quality in aid recipients
    Keywords: Altruism ; Bureaucracy ; Civil service ; Economic assistance ; Altruism ; Bureaucracy ; Civil service ; Economic assistance
    Note: "January 15, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 16, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3188
    Parallel Title: Saggi, Kamal Trading market access for competition policy enforcement
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Antitrust law ; Free trade ; Reciprocity (Commerce) ; Tariff ; Antitrust law ; Free trade ; Reciprocity (Commerce) ; Tariff
    Note: "January 16, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 16, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3265
    Parallel Title: Nicita, Alessandro Who benefited from trade liberalization in Mexico?
    Keywords: Free trade ; Free trade ; Mexico Economic conditions ; Regional disparities ; Mexico Economic conditions ; Regional disparities
    Note: "April 7, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 18, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3253
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Firms, jobs, and employment in Moldova
    Keywords: Job creation ; Labor market ; Unemployment ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Unemployment
    Note: "March 18, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 19, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3300
    Parallel Title: Almeida, Rita The labor market effects of foreign-owned firms
    Keywords: Corporations, Foreign ; Labor market ; Skilled labor ; Wages ; Corporations, Foreign ; Labor market ; Skilled labor ; Wages
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3299
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David The increasing selectivity of foreign aid, 1984-2002
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic assistance
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3189
    Parallel Title: Vodopivec, Milan Do market pressures induce economic efficiency?
    Keywords: Competition ; Free trade ; Industrial efficiency ; Industries ; Competition ; Free trade ; Industrial efficiency ; Industries
    Note: "January 15, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 16, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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