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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (85)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
  • Online Resource  (85)
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (85)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2000  (85)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (84)
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
  • Economics  (61)
  • Transport  (15)
  • Bildband
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  • Hochschulschrift
  • United States
  • Urban, Rural and Regional Development
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (85)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
Material
  • Online Resource  (85)
Language
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (85)
  • 1945-1949
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833043276 , 0833043277 , 9780833025616 , 058538391X , 9781282451490 , 1282451499 , 9780585383910 , 0833025619
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xl, 271 pages)
    Edition: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Parallel Title: Print version Improving student achievement
    RVK:
    Keywords: School improvement programs Government policy ; States ; Academic achievement Government policy ; States ; Academic achievement States ; Evaluation ; Educational tests and measurements Statistics States ; School improvement programs ; Academic achievement ; Academic achievement ; Educational tests and measurements ; EDUCATION ; Evaluation ; STUDY AIDS ; Tests ; EDUCATION ; Testing & Measurement ; Educational tests and measurements ; U.S. states ; Leistungssteigerung ; Schulleistung ; Schulpolitik ; Theory & Practice of Education ; Education ; Social Sciences ; USA ; United States ; Statistics ; Electronic books ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Why do students have different achievement levels across states? Is math achievement improving across states? Differences in average achievement levels across states are mainly traceable to differing family characteristics. However, students from similar families also score differently across states. These differences are related to differences in resource levels and in how resources are spent. States with high spending per pupil, lower pupil-teacher ratios, higher participation in public prekindergarten and higher reported teacher resources have higher achievement. Disadvantaged children are the most sensitive to low resource, and additional resources could substantially their scores. Between-state, rather than within-state, differences in resources appear to be the main reason for inequitable resource levels for students of lower socioeconomic status. The conclusion is that significant math gains are occurring across most states that cannot be traced to resource changes, that the rate of gain varies significantly by state, and that reform efforts are the likely cause of these gains. The results certainly challenge the traditional view of public education as "unreformable
    Abstract: Why do students have different achievement levels across states? Is math achievement improving across states? Differences in average achievement levels across states are mainly traceable to differing family characteristics. However, students from similar families also score differently across states. These differences are related to differences in resource levels and in how resources are spent. States with high spending per pupil, lower pupil-teacher ratios, higher participation in public prekindergarten and higher reported teacher resources have higher achievement. Disadvantaged children are the most sensitive to low resource, and additional resources could substantially their scores. Between-state, rather than within-state, differences in resources appear to be the main reason for inequitable resource levels for students of lower socioeconomic status. The conclusion is that significant math gains are occurring across most states that cannot be traced to resource changes, that the rate of gain varies significantly by state, and that reform efforts are the likely cause of these gains. The results certainly challenge the traditional view of public education as "unreformable
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (pages 257-271) , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data, summarised by means of factor analysis show that i) regulations affecting the air industry vary heavily across countries and routes; ii) in most markets, air services are still provided by a few carriers, generally dominated by an incumbent flag-carrier or by an airline alliance between incumbents; iii) only in a few cases new entrant airlines play a significant role; iv) in a large number of airports, a single airline controls more than half of the available slots; v) as a result, few international routes are truly open to ...
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.235
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: International trade is a principle transmission mechanism by which developments in one country can have repercussions in others and how it is modelled is an important part of any multi-country model. This paper describes recent estimation work carried out by the OECD, which respecifies and updates the equations which determine manufactures export volumes in the OECD INTERLINK model. An important feature of this estimation work is that the relevant equations are estimated as a consistent system, allowing data acceptable parameter restrictions to be imposed across countries. For a number of countries and regions allowance is also made for the possible influence of supply-side factors on market share performance over and above that explained by changes in price competitiveness, using non-linear trend variables. The paper reports both estimation results and the simulation properties of the equations both in isolation and as part of corresponding country models and the fully linked ...
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187733
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.112
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et vieillissement de la population
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Advances in medicine make the ageing of populations in developed countries inevitable. These populations, however, will exhibit new and different characteristics, particularly in the transport sector as, unlike previous generations, they will have made widespread use of the car. How will they meet their travel needs in the future? Until now rail transport, unlike car or bus transport, has been losing its elderly clientele. Can this trend be reversed? For the frail elderly, whose needs are similar to those of the disabled, suitable services have yet to be set up. How can the mobility needs of the frail elderly, whose population is destined to grow, be met in the future? The dispersal of residential areas and the concentration of businesses and shops in large malls on the outskirts of cities will also pose serious problems as the population starts to age. Road safety, too, could suffer the adverse effects of declining driving skills among the elderly. The mobility of ageing populations undoubtedly has many implications that can no longer be ignored. Round Table 112 reviews the experiences of various countries and makes a number of recommendations for policy-makers who wish to adopt a comprehensive approach to this issue.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264182127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une nouvelle économie ? ; Transformation du rôle de l'innovation et des technologies de l'information dans la croissance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une nouvelle économie ? : Transformation du rôle de l'innovation et des technologies de l'information dans la croissance
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: What is driving recent growth in OECD countries? Why is it that their levels of GDP per capita are no longer converging? Why is it that some countries, operating at the technological frontier, where advances are difficult, appear to be widening the gap? Whether or not it is appropriate to speak of a "new economy", innovation and technology play crucial roles. This study shows that success requires not some silver bullet, but a range of complementary factors that support the innovation-intensive growth exemplified by new information and communication technologies such as the Internet and Internet applications like electronic commerce. Supportive policies include those favourable to innovative start-ups and to financial systems able to support them, those that facilitate the reorganisation required to reap the full benefits of ICT, regulatory and institutional frameworks that facilitate links between science and industry, and efforts to train and obtain the necessary human capital, as well as public support for basic scientific research. While this study is far from exhaustive, it represents an important step in understanding the conditions under which economies flourish.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.111
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et loisirs
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Leisure-related transport is a poorly known and widely underestimated phenomenon. And yet, it generates more traffic than journey-to-work travel. Indeed, the great number of leisure activities that involve transport range from shopping, visiting family or friends and sporting activities to local and international tourism. This book sets out to describe and analyse leisure-related transport in terms of flow size, points of concentration, modes of transport, temporal trends and structural changes. It then examines the consequences that growth in leisure activities could have for transport policy: integrating local and long-distance transport, increasing the use of environmentally-friendly means of transport, promoting local recreational trips or improving the living environment. This may be seen as a genuine opportunity for policymakers: in responding to the challenge posed by leisure-related transport they can indeed respond to the challenges posed by any kind of transport.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.269
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This paper reviews the performance of French health care system from an economic viewpoint. It also provides some policy recommendations. The health system in France is regarded as delivering high quality services, with freedom of choice and generally no waiting lists for treatments. Access to medical services is equal among the population and, unlike in some other countries, people can get the treatments they need irrespective of their social status or work situation. It is therefore not surprising that the French population is relatively satisfied with the health system. As this paper points out, however, this high quality comes at a price: health expenditure in relation to GDP is among the highest in the OECD and risks increasing further in the future in the absence of adequate measures. Past reform efforts, which have shifted the cost to the patient through higher out-of-pocket payments, have proved ineffective and raised equity questions. A new approach is therefore ...
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.261
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper examines the underpinnings of the successful performance of the US economy in the late 1990s. Relative to the early 1990s, output growth has accelerated by nearly two percentage points. We attribute this to rapid capital accumulation, a surge in hours worked, and faster growth of total factor productivity. The acceleration of productivity growth, driven by information technology, is the most remarkable feature of the US growth resurgence. We consider the implications of these developments for the future growth of the US economy ...
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.249
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    Abstract: The recent tax reforms have improved incentives to work and removed barriers to the internationalisation of Spanish firms, and have helped to make the tax system simpler and more neutral, especially as regards saving. However, the structure of tax wedges, combined with significant labour market rigidities, continues to inhibit job creation, and particularly job creation for the unskilled. Furthermore, certain tax privileges, in particular incentives favouring owner-occupied housing, and the multiplicity of tax rates and systems applying to business profits, hamper economic efficiency and/or weaken income redistribution. Also, while the territorial authorities’ taxing powers have been increased considerably since 1997, they remain modest by comparison with their prerogatives as regards spending. The absence of adequate mechanism for controlling expenditure at the territorial level, plus the tax revenue guarantees extended to the regions by central government, could jeopardize ...
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.252
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: E-commerce -- an application of the Internet -- has expanded exponentially over the past 5 years and is widely expected to continue to develop rapidly in the medium-term. Much, however, remains to be done to fully exploit the opportunities offered by e-commerce. And as e-commerce develops, it could have profound impacts in individual sectors of the economy as well as for macroeconomic performance and economic policies. This paper assesses the potential outcomes and economic impacts of e-commerce in the business to business and business to consumer spheres; the forces underlying its expansion and the possible implications for structural and macroeconomic policy management ...
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.250
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The structural rate of unemployment and associated non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (the NAIRU) are of major importance to the analysis of macro and structural economic developments, although in practice these concepts are not well defined and there is considerable uncertainty and controversy concerning their measurement and policy use. The present paper reviews a range of conceptual and analytical issues and related empirical studies to examine the usefulness and limitations of such concepts. A reduced-form Phillips curve approach is found the most suitable conceptual framework for representing the NAIRU as currently used by the OECD in its policy analysis and surveillance work. Three distinct classes of NAIRU concept are identified, distinguished by the time-frame in which they are defined, which map directly into the broad requirements for macro and structural policy analysis. In line with a number of recent empirical studies, this general approach is applied ...
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  • 12
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. New York's School for the Physical City: Architectural Design Concerns
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: La School for the Physical City a été installée dans un immeuble de bureaux dans le centre financier et commercial de Manhattan pour 500 élèves de la sixième à la terminale, qui se servent de l’infrastructure de la ville pour étudier les disciplines scolaires traditionnelles. Il s’agit de l’une des petites écoles thématiques inaugurées en 1993/94 par le Conseil des écoles de New York avec l’aide de quatre organisations à but non lucratif, au titre d’un programme intitulé « Visions nouvelles pour l’école » qui relève de l’administration fédérale.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.257
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper reviews the performance of Polish health care system from an economic perspective. High on the reform agenda of the government for several years, a new national health insurance system entered into force on 1 January 1999. This reform marked an important shift from a centrally controlled, budget-based system to a decentralised insurance-based system, operating through multiple regional funds and a special fund with nation-wide coverage. The reform is also intended to encourage the development of primary care services and in this context to promote the role of family doctors. However, the new system suffers from certain deficiencies and has not so far attracted active public support. This paper examines some of the efficiency problems, costs issues and equity concerns that remain to be addressed. It presents a series of policy options for further improvement of the system, including ways of enforcing harder budget constraints on health funds and better defining minimum ...
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.267
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of what is known about the determinants of output growth based on studying microeconomic data sets. It starts with a summary of the theoretical explanations which help reconcile heterogeneous performance observed across establishments in the same sector. The related theoretical literature on creative destruction models of growth is also discussed. This is followed by a review of the recent empirical literature on the relationship between microeconomic and macroeconomic productivity growth. The final section discusses the main empirical findings, the caveats of interpretation and the main issues of interpretation underlying the relationship between reallocation and growth ...
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.264
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and growth have long been a subject of considerable controversy among economists. In the early post-World War II period, many economic leaders concluded that protective trade policies stimulated growth, and import substitution policies were widely adopted by developing countries. By the 1980s, however, country-specific and general cross-country analyses had demonstrated the failure of the import substitution approach, and consequently export-oriented policies were widely adopted. While subsequent cross-country studies have generally indicated the growth effectiveness of outward-looking policies, recent criticisms of these studies (by Rodriguez and Rodrik, 1999, in particular) have called this conclusion into question ...
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.266
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the robustness of explanatory variables in cross-country economic growth regressions. It employs a novel approach, Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE), which constructs estimates as a weighted average of OLS estimates for every possible combination of included variables. The weights applied to individual regressions are justified on Bayesian grounds in a way similar to the well-known Schwarz criterion. Of 32 explanatory variables we find 11 to be robustly partially correlated with long-term growth and another five variables to be marginally related. Of all the variables considered, the strongest evidence is for the initial level of real GDP per capita ...
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.271
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The tax burden in Korea is among the lowest in the OECD area, mainly reflecting that the social safety net is at an early stage of development. The low tax burden implies limited tax induced economic distortions but as expenditure pressures will mount in the future, neutrality and efficiency of the tax system will have to be substantially improved if more sizeable deadweight losses are to be avoided. Some progress have been made over the past decades in terms of broadening parts of the tax base and lowering rates along the lines followed in many other OECD countries, but a number of weaknesses remain. These include overly generous allowances for individuals, large-scale and wide-ranging tax preferences for enterprises, an inappropriate taxation of property and a lack of strong and uniform tax enforcement. Main directions for reform should include a significant broadening of the bases for personal and corporate taxation as well as in the VAT system; increasing holding taxes on real estate while reducing ...
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.229
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: This document examines Finland’s policy on natural and environmental resource management. In many fields, progress has been made and pollution curbed. However, there is still room for improvement with regard to cost-effectiveness. Economic evaluation of the measures planned in various fields should accordingly be more systematic. Until now, pollution abatement has been achieved largely through regulation; given the likelihood that very few least-cost options remain, it will be even more important to make wider use of economic instruments to minimise the cost of future measures. In order to ensure that Finnish enterprises remain competitive, energy and fuel taxes are heavier on households than on businesses (in particular the more energy-intensive ones, such as the wood and paper-pulp industries and the electricity sector). Restoring the balance in this area would bring about a marked improvement in the costeffectiveness of Finland’s policy to reduce CO2 emissions, and foster ...
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.239
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper reviews some of the difficult challenges facing debt managers in the years to come. In countries experiencing a rapidly diminishing gross debt, particularly the United States, this raises the issue of whether private-sector securities can serve as a substitute for the traditionally important government debt market. In the euro area, following the creation of the common currency, the issue is how to avoid that independent debt management strategies hamper the creation of a more efficient euro-area financial market. Turning to Japan, the level of debt is projected to rise rapidly and there is a need to improve the liquidity of the Japanese government bond market. To this end, a number of measures could be introduced to make debt management more efficient, yielding significant cost saving ...
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.272
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Using plant level panel data on Korean manufacturing during the 1990-98 period, this study tries to assess the role of entry and exit in enhancing aggregate productivity, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main findings of this study are summarised as follows. First, plant entry and exit rates in Korean manufacturing seem quite high: they are higher than in both the United States and several developing countries for which comparable studies exist. Second, in line with existing studies on other countries, plant turnover reflects underlying productivity differentials in Korean manufacturing, with the “shadow of death” effect as well as selection and learning effects all present. Third, plant entry and exit account for as much as 45 and 65 per cent in manufacturing productivity growth during cyclical upturn and downturn, respectively. This study also shows that plant birth and death are mainly a process of resource reallocation from plants with relatively low and declining ...
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.268
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of direct investment by foreign-owned companies on technical progress and hence labour productivity in the UK manufacturing sector. Using an industry-level panel data set we find that foreign-owned firms have a significant positive effect on the level of technical efficiency in domestic firms. There is evidence of significant intra-industry and inter-industry spillovers from inward investment. These findings remain robust even when other factors such as imports and domestic R&D expenditures are allowed for. Inward investment appears to be a much more important source of technical progress than foreign trade ...
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.265
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We attempt to identify and explain the broad patterns of financial development in developed countries over the twentieth century. We find that, contrary to the predictions of most existing theories, indicators of financial development do not seem monotonic over time. In particular, we find that by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and that a major reversal took place between 1913 and 1950. To explain this we outline a simple theory of the political economy of financial development. Empirically, our analysis suggests that the forces opposing financial development will be weaker when a country is open to international trade and capital flows. We find this to be true both in the cross-section and over time. In periods of free capital movement world-wide, a country’s level of financial development is directly related to its openness to trade. Similarly, the low frequency movements of financial development over time appear to be correlated ...
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.256
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Health services are largely tax-financed in the United Kingdom and account for 14 per cent of general government spending. This paper analyses how the National Health Service (NHS) has been dealing with the associated expenditure pressures in the pre-1990 set-up and during the “quasi-market” years and how it is to cope with them under the “co-operative” arrangements put in place since 1997. While the budget constraint was traditionally tight in the NHS, leading to pervasive rationing and queuing as well as diversion towards the private sector, it has been relaxed somewhat with the budgetary boost announced by the Government in March 2000. The challenge is now to make the best use of the new-found financial room for improvement ...
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180819
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Los sistemas productivos locales no son recientes, pero están siendo anunciados por muchos como la solución a la crisis de las estructuras industriales tradicionales. Conforme el desempleo aumenta, estas agrupaciones de empresas han demostrado ser notablemente exitosas en la retención e incremento de su participación en el empleo. Muchos países de la OCDE cuentan con regiones innovadoras donde las empresas han aprendido a sacar provecho de los beneficios mutuos hechos posibles por la densidad de los vínculos verticales y horizontales. ¿El éxito de estas agrupaciones representará acaso la existencia de una nueva y valiosa herramienta para crear empleo, o son únicamente las condiciones económicas, sociales y de un zona en particular las que explican este fenómeno? Esta publicación analiza las experiencias de trabajo en redes y concentraciones en una amplia variedad de países. ¿Serán capaces estas experiencias de ser aplicadas en otros lugares? Mucho depende de la respuesta a esta pregunta.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264180871
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Système de comptabilité nationale, 1993 - Glossaire
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The System of National Accounts, 1993 (SNA) was a joint publication by the United Nations Statistical Division, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, Eurostat and the OECD. It provides a detailed framework for producing national accounts statistics and is intended for worldwide use. However, Because of the detailed nature of the SNA, it is often difficult to identify precise definitions of the terms commonly used in national accounting. As a result, the OECD has now produced this glossary which provides a quick reference to terms commonly found in the national accounts.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. New York : une école adaptée à la réalité physique de la ville - Aspects de l'architecture
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: The School for the Physical City was built in an office building in the central business district of Manhattan for 500 students, in grades 7 through 12, who use the city’s infrastructure as a vehicle for studying traditional academic disciplines. It is one of the new, small theme schools inaugurated in 1993/94 by the New York City (NYC) Board of Education with support from four nonprofit organisations, initiated under the New Visions School Programme by the federal government.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the noncompetitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentive-based regulatory approaches based on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal ...
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.240
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economists often seek to estimate unobserved variables, representing “equilibrium” or “expected” values of economic variables, as benchmarks against which observed, realised values of these variables may be evaluated. Such comparisons are often used as economic policy indicators, for example the output gap, as measured by the ratio of actual to potential GDP, is commonly used as a measure of excess demand in assessing inflation pressures. To estimate these unobserved variables, a popular approach is the so-called semi-structural approach which includes: the Hodrick Prescott multivariate filter (developed by Laxton and Tetlow, 1992) and the Kalman filter (see, among others Harvey, 1992 and Cuthberson et al., 1992). This paper shows that the two approaches are closely linked, and specifically, it explains how to reproduce theHodrick Prescott multivariate filter using the Kalman filter. Being able to do so has at least two possible advantages. First, while the traditional HPMV filter ...
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.248
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses growth performance in the OECD countries over the past two decades. Special attention is given to developments in labour productivity, allowing for human capital accumulation, and multifactor productivity (MFP), allowing for changes in the composition and quality of physical capital. The paper suggests wide (and growing) disparities in GDP per capita growth, while differences in labour productivity have remained broadly stable. These patterns are explained by different employment growth rates across countries. In the most recent years, a rise in MFP growth in ICT-related industries has boosted aggregate growth in some countries (e.g. the United States) ...
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  • 30
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.241
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: This paper examines within an international context, the healthcare system in Hungary. While the system resembles in many of its broad features those of other OECD countries, Hungarians have the lowest life expectancy in the OECD and its rate of increase over the last 20 years has been much slower than in the rest of the area. The Hungarian health system is relatively resource intensive and is characterised by high hospitalisation rates, an excess supply of specialists and perverse incentives both for doctors and hospital administrators. Budgetary rules prevent hospitals from properly amortising investments and limit their capacity to manage labour costs. Furthermore inadequate supervision of billing by the state administrator has led to a fraudulent inflation in both the number and the “seriousness” of treatments. Recent reforms have concentrated on containing costs but efforts to improve service delivery and health outcomes have been plagued by problems of institutional conflict ...
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 105 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.246
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the recent literature on economic growth with a focus on policy issues and evidence relevant to OECD countries. The review begins with an overview of developments in the theory of economic growth and also comments generally on the nature of evidence exploring the influences on growth. This is followed by an examination of issues relating to the link between growth and factors of production (physical and human capital). The third section of the paper assesses the evidence linking a number of other factors (or ‘framework conditions’) to growth, namely: macroeconomic policy; finance; trade and competition policy; ‘social capital’; and, population and health issues ...
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264187948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This book gives detailed information about the methods and data sources used to estimate one of the most important statistics for China – the national accounts. For the first time detailed information of this kind is published outside China. The introduction summarises the strengths and weaknesses of the methods used.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.255
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse regulatory developments in the road freight and retail distribution industries of OECD Member countries. For each industry, the analysis is divided into four parts. First, structural developments in the industry are outlined. Second, the main features of the regulatory framework are reviewed. The third part compares regulatory approaches on the basis of quantitative indicators of the degree of restrictions placed on market mechanisms. The last part summarises the main outcomes of regulatory reform. The data on regulation and market structure are taken primarily from the OECD International Regulation Database. The main findings of the analysis are the following: Both industries are currently undergoing sweeping changes, with, in particular, the rapid growth of new forms of competition; The pace and scale of liberalisation vary widely from one country and one industry to another, and in many countries there are still regulatory impediments to ...
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper investigates the information content of yield curves regarding future inflation, using the example of the G-7 countries. The empirical results show substantial variation of results across countries, and a significant information content is identified for the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Canada. The results also vary with the choice of the sample period. Nevertheless, the relationship appears to be structurally stable in Germany and Canada. By contrast, there is evidence for structural instability in the United States and the United Kingdom, possibly reflecting changes in their monetary policy regimes ...
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.236
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past two years, the key trading economies in SE Asia experienced major economic crises, involving financial turbulence, large capital outflows and currency depreciations. These, in turn, resulted in severe financial constraints and business failures and required major domestic adjustments and massive swings in their currentaccount balance of payments positions. The associated economic recessions had major effects on the economies in question and, because of constraints on their capacity to invest and import, a significant impact on the rest of the world, so that world trade and output growth slowed significantly and world commodity markets weakened substantially over the period. This paper looks at the wider macroeconomic consequences of the Asia crisis and their predictability from the perspective of the OECD countries. In doing so it examines some of the major aspects of the Asia crisis, its effects on the world situation and their predictability, assisted by the OECD’s ...
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.263
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find ...
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  • 37
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.260
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a summary of an OECD workshop on the causes of economic growth, held 6-7 July 2000. The topics covered include the recent growth resurgence in the United States, the potential importance of ICT and the Internet, and the part played by continual reallocation and restructuring. The paper also discusses the growth role of education, institutions, social capital, the financial sector, international trade and foreign direct investment, and indicates how research on these topics might inform policy ...
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264180635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: On the surface there is agreement, sustainable development refers to a broad set of issues, going beyond the relationship between the economy and the environment to encompass human and social concerns. Scratch the surface and you open a Pandora's box of differing notions of sustainability and means of achieving it. How can progress towards sustainable development be measured then? The major difficulty in developing indicators to track progress towards sustainable development is not the lack of data but rather the lack of frameworks to organise and synthesize existing information. This volume brings together a number of approaches to this question pursued in academia, national administrations and international organisations, as presented at an expert workshop held at the OECD headquarters in September 1999. These approaches include developments of the traditional national accounts system, construction of synthetic measures of sustainability such as "genuine savings", physical measures of material flows, and selections of indicators based on variants of the "pressure, state, response" model. This volume also reviews a number of initiatives undertaken within the OECD to monitor trends in the sustainability of specific sectors and sub-national areas.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.253
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This paper sets out a framework to analyse the interdependence of reforms in different policy areas during the transition process. It identifies four broad policy blocks related to liberalisation, stabilisation, exit and entry. The transition process in Slovakia is a case study of the striking interdependence between these different policies. Along these lines, the paper analyses the reform programme that was implemented in the Slovak Republic during 1999-2000, focusing on macroeconomic stabilisation and structural reforms in the banking and enterprise sectors. It appears that success in making up for a period where economic reform had stagnated and even been reversed depends on being able to reform on a broad front. In particular, this means addressing the difficult situation of financial deadlock between all major players in the economy and the large costs associated with restructuring. Fostering deep restructuring in the large enterprise sector is the main structural challenge ...
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  • 40
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the accuracy of the OECD Economic Outlook projections — both “current year” and “year ahead” — for output growth, inflation and current account balances (as a percentage of GDP) for the major seven countries, as well as projections for world trade growth. The sample period differs somewhat between the variables, depending on data availability, but it runs until 1998 in all cases. Several evaluation criteria were used to assess the accuracy of the OECD Economic Outlook projections. These include an inspection of projection error summary statistics; comparisons with “naive” alternative forecasts; statistical tests for unbiasedness and efficiency; and testing for directional accuracy. In addition, the paper provides an examination of the performance of OECD Economic Outlook projections over different time periods. The findings suggest that, on the basis of the conventional statistical criteria, the current year projections outperform the year ahead projections ...
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  • 41
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.245
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This paper discusses the tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. Viewed in international context, the Czech system is broadly similar to those operated in other OECD countries. Like them, it exhibits a number of non-neutral features, some of which reflect the economy’s command and control past and others which reflect compromises between the desire to minimise economic distortions and the need to implement a system that is administratively and politically practical. The evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggests that the main priorities for reform should include: eliminating the tax bias in favour of self-employed work forms; substantially reducing the number of goods and services subject to the reduced VAT rate; lowering social security contributions and increasing reliance on the personal income tax system. In addition, more use of property taxes, in particular real estate, might be warranted from the points of view of revenue enhancement ...
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, tax reforms have profoundly changed the shape of OECD tax systems and rekindled interest in measuring effective tax burdens. Indeed, in order to understand past reforms or to evaluate the tax policies of particular countries, it is necessary to go beyond statutory rates since these sometimes bear little relation to rates actually paid. This paper updates and extends the Mendoza et al. estimates of average effective tax rates (AETRs) and presents new estimates based on modifications to the methodology to make some of the underlying assumptions more realistic. In particular, the assumption that all income from self-employment is capital income is dropped in favour of assuming that the self-employed earn both labour and capital income. This change raises estimates of the AETR on capital and reduces the estimated AETR on labour but does not alter the trends observed in the updated Mendoza et al. estimates. Both sets of estimates show that, on average, the ...
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  • 43
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.238
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact the performance measures in a statistically significant way ...
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  • 44
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.231
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: The Japanese tax system applies relatively low marginal tax rates on most economic activities which, in combination with moderate tax elasticities of the bases, indicate that the overall distortion from the tax system (the excess burden) is probably modest compared with other OECD countries. Recent sizeable reductions in statutory marginal tax rates in both the personal and the corporate tax system have strengthened this feature. However, significant loopholes and non-neutralities are in place in key parts of the tax system, leading to potentially substantial efficiency losses once the tax-to-GDP ratio starts rising to accommodate the restoration of public finances as well as the expenditure needs related to the ageing population. There is thus an immediate need to start broadening the tax base in major parts of the system, including reducing the vast allowances and credits in the personal income tax system; incorporating bonuses in the base for social security ...
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  • 45
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.232
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: One year ago most economic observers predicted that "fundamentals" were such that the euro was set to appreciate. In the event, the opposite has occurred. This has rekindled a debate on how well foreign exchange markets reflect fundamental determinants and led to calls for greater exchange rate stability, possibly through the introduction of formal exchange rate target zones. The first part of the paper focuses on these issues. It also looks at the euro’s prospects as an international currency. To give a better sense of perspective, the paper compares recent exchange rate movements and measures of volatility with longerterm trends. The article argues that the difference in cyclical conditions in the United States and the euro area seems to have been a dominant factor driving the sizeable euro depreciation since early 1999, although when evaluated against longer term trends it appears much less dramatic; the euro is presently at about its past 5-year average level expressed in nominal effective terms ...
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187696
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques de transport durable
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: - Substantial progress has been made in improving the sustainability of transport in Europe in a number of areas and is reported in this paper. Nevertheless there remain important problems and challenges: - unsustainable rates of traffic growth, locally and in some cases at regional or international scales; - sometimes severe noise, severance and intimidation nuisances from traffic in built up areas; - persistent growth in emissions of greenhouse gases from road and air transport; - poor air quality in specific locations despite major improvements in vehicle emissions controls; - destruction and fragmentation of protected landscapes and habitats. - The European Conference of Ministers of Transport is working to improve policies and move towards solutions in many of these areas. This free brochure sets out a common approach to working towards sustainable transport systems endorsed by Ministers from ECMT’s Member and Associate countries at their Council meeting in Prague in May 2000. It is a summary of a number of detailed reports which are currently being prepared for publication.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Services are transforming OECD economies on a massive scale, but are still impeded by regulations and policies that stifle innovation and competition. Comprehensive reforms need to be pursued internationally as well as in individual OECD countries. These are the principal conclusions reached by participants in a Business and Industry Policy Forum organised by the OECD on 28 September 1999. The Forum was organised by the Industry Committee, partly to address the mandate of the OECD Ministerial to explain the differences which have emerged in growth performance among OECD countries. It brought together senior government officials, experts, and business and trade union leaders from 30 countries to address issues related to “Realising the Potential of the Service Economy: Facilitating Growth, Innovation and Competition”.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.243
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Monetary policy affects activity, and ultimately inflation, in a number of ways. The most important of these is generally considered to be through the effect of interest rates directly on the demand for goods by households and firms. However, monetary policy can also influence activity through its impact on the value of assets that, in turn, will influence the behaviour of households and firms; e.g. by changing wealth and, through an impact on balance sheets, borrowing costs. Recent financial market developments may have made these effects of monetary policy more important but at the same time less easy to predict. In particular, the size of financial markets has risen relative to activity and readily tradable assets are becoming increasingly important relative to other financial assets. Prices of such assets tend to be sensitive to shifts in market expectations about the future course of general economic developments and in particular interest rates. With these changing financial ...
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264182479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La société créative du XXIe siècle
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die kreative Gesellschaft des 21. Jahrhunderts
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: How can growing social diversity be harnessed to make for more creative societies in the future? Three powerful forces are simultaneously shaping the social foundations of the future: deep-seated change in underlying economic systems, rapid global integration, and growing social diversity itself. The question is whether the three will combine constructively and lead to social progress or whether another, grimmer scenario lies ahead. Does growing diversity, commendable in itself, mean we are headed for more inequality across the world's populations? Will access to and use of new knowledge and advanced technologies alleviate or aggravate the differences? What steps can policy makers take to ensure that growing differentiation within and among societies gives rise to increased creativity instead of mounting tensions? This book asks some hard questions about our changing world, and examines the policy opportunities that need to be grasped if we are to foster sustainable social foundations for the 21st century.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.259
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper we present an international comparison of growth trends in the OECD countries, with a special attention to developments in labour productivity - allowing for human capital accumulation – and multifactor productivity (MFP) - allowing for changes in the composition of fixed capital. An attempt is also made to identify both the embodied (in particular in ICT equipment) and disembodied components of technical progress. The possible relation between improvements in MFP and the accumulation of knowledge (as proxied by R&D expenditures) is discussed, and some tentative policy considerations are advanced, mainly with reference to general framework conditions that might have a bearing in fostering technological changes. The main conclusions are that some “traditional” factors lay behind the disparities in growth patterns across the OECD countries. In particular, they refer to the ability of countries to employ their labour force. There also seem to be some new factors behind ...
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.228
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper aims at providing an overview of the theoretical considerations and a review of the empirical literature on the relationship between finance and growth. Section I describes the role of financial development in economic growth at the macro level, both theoretically and empirically. Section II examines the role of corporate finance in firm-level performance, especially focusing on the role of “internal funds” and “internal capital markets”. Section III presents a comparative analysis of financial systems, and analyses both the Asian crisis and the US venture capital phenomenon from this perspective. Section IV presents some policy implications and conclusions ...
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.237
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses an original international database on regulation, market structure and performance in the telecommunications industry to investigate the effects of entry liberalisation and privatisation on productivity, prices and quality of service in long-distance (domestic and international) and mobile cellular telephony services in 23 OECD countries over the 1991-1997 period. The data on regulation and market structure is analysed by means of factor analysis techniques in order to group countries according to their policy and market environments. Controlling for technology developments and differences in economic structure, panel data estimates show that prospective competition (as proxied by the number of years remaining to liberalisation) and effective competition (as proxied by the share of new entrants or by the number of competitors) both bring about productivity and quality improvements and reduce the prices of all the telecommunications services considered in the analysis ...
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.226
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a database on indicators of product market regulations and employment protection legislation for most of the OECD countries and illustrates a methodology for aggregating these detailed indicators into summary indicators of the strictness of regulations. The summary indicators are obtained by means of factor analysis, in which each component of the regulatory framework is weighted according to its contribution to the overall variance in the data. These indicators are used to assess the regulatory approaches across countries as well as the interrelations between various sets of regulatory provisions. While regulatory provisions can be classified and assessed from a variety of standpoints, this paper focuses exclusively on the relative friendliness of regulations to market mechanisms: there is no attempt to assess the overall quality of regulations or their aptness in achieving their stated public policy goals. The guiding principle inspiring the conception of the ...
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  • 54
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.244
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper reviews tax policy initiatives and the scope for further reform in Norway. Norway faces the challenge of containing expenditure to at least avoid future increases in the tax burden, which is already above the OECD average. The favourable tax regimes for some industries imply that the fully taxed sectors carry a comparatively higher burden, distorting resource allocation. Norway has made considerable progress in easing the distortions that are typically associated with a high tax burden. The introduction in 1992 of a dual income tax system, taxing all capital income at a low flat rate and labour incoming at higher and progressive rates, has been the centrepiece of the reform process. However, the wide difference in marginal tax rate between imputed labour and capital income of self-employed and small business owners has prompted extensive tax planning by these groups. Moreover, the differences in the valuation of assets for the wealth and property tax leads to distortions ...
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.233
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: The Mexican tax system encompasses a number of commendable features and disincentives to work, save and invest appear less severe than in most other OECD countries. However, the system also contains major deficiencies, which hampers the efficiency and equity of the system and contribute to the fact that Mexico has by far the lowest level of tax revenues in relation to GDP among the OECD countries. The main priorities for reform should be base broadening measures such as eliminating the tax preferences for agriculture, fisheries, publishing and land transportation; substantially reducing the vast number of zero-rated and exempted goods and services in the VAT system; and broadening the income base of individuals by taxing fringe benefits and eliminate the fiscal subsidy. Furthermore, increased taxation of property, in particular real estate, would be warranted from both a revenue-raising and distributional point of view. Finally, administration could be further improved through a ...
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  • 56
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.270
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The Kyoto Protocol covers emissions of a range of greenhouse gases. Yet, most attempts to quantify the economic impact of implementing the Protocol’s emission targets for the period 2008-12 have focused exclusively on CO2 emissions. This paper extends previous OECD analysis confined to CO2 alone so as to cover also emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The paper concludes that the economic costs of implementing the targets in the Kyoto Protocol are lower than suggested by an analysis confined to CO2 alone. However, over the longer term, when larger cuts in greenhouse gas emissions are required in order to have any material effect on climate, most abatement will likely have to come from CO2 and the inclusion of other gases in the analysis may not substantially alter estimates of economic costs ...
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.262
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We construct a revised version of the Barro and Lee (1996) data set for a sample of OECD countries using previously unexploited sources and following a heuristic approach to obtain plausible time profiles for attainment levels by removing sharp breaks in the data that seem to reflect changes in classification criteria. It is then shown that these revised data perform much better than the Barro and Lee (1996) or Nehru et al. (1995) series in a number of growth specifications. We interpret these results as an indication that poor data quality may be behind counterintuitive findings in the recent literature on the (lack of) relationship between educational investment and growth. Using our preferred empirical specification, we also show that the contribution of TFP to cross-country productivity differentials is substantial and that its importance relative to differences in factor stocks increases over time ...
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.247
    Keywords: Economics ; Turkey
    Abstract: This Working Paper presents a cross-Directorate Report on the economic, budgetary, regulatory and urbanpolicy implications of the earthquakes which struck the Marmara and Bolu areas of Turkey on 17 August and 12 November 1999. The earthquakes caused high casualties and significant material damage to property, with severe effects on economic activity. The Report traces the factors underlying Turkey’s vulnerability to earthquake damage, along a known active fault line, to deficiencies in risk identification procedures and risk-reduction methods, as well as to the absence of risk transfer and financing techniques. It suggests that these deficiencies may stem from the nature of recent Turkish economic development, which has been driven by the need to assimilate a mass migration from the countryside to the cities and has been associated with extremely high and variable inflation. Ensuring a more orderly future development requires both an overhaul of governance structures in ...
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  • 59
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.230
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent some components of government budgets affected by the macroeconomic situation operate to smooth the business cycle in individual OECD countries. It is shown that these automatic fiscal stabilisers have generally reduced cyclical volatility in the 1990s. However, in some countries the need to undertake fiscal consolidation in order to improve public finances has forced governments to take discretionary actions that have reduced, or even offset, the effect of automatic fiscal stabilisers. This paper also shows that, by preventing sharp economic fluctuations, fiscal stabilisers may raise long-term economic performance and avoid frequent changes in spending or tax rates. However, they should be employed symmetrically over the cycle in order to avoid costly debt accumulation ...
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  • 60
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.234
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: The Polish tax system has commendable features, in particular a capacity to generate strong revenue on a continuous basis. But it also has a number of less desirable features, which could hamper growth in the future and come under increased criticism both domestically and internationally. The authorities have introduced in 2000 an ambitious tax reform package that addresses some of these weaknesses. The present working paper reviews the main features of the Polish tax system, the forces shaping tax policy, and the recently introduced reforms. It also suggests areas where further reform could be beneficial. One such reform relates to the personal income tax and to social security contributions, which are particularly high in Poland and lead, together with the rigid labour market, to a low employment rate and an oversized underground economy. Secondly, the paper argues that the various tax rates on capital incomes should be unified in order to reduce possible distortions in the ...
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.273
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan ; United States
    Abstract: In many industries, competition is far from perfect and managerial efficiency (or a fixed cost) varies among firms. However, traditional measurement of technological progress assumes perfect competition and no fixed cost. This paper incorporates these two factors in the technological-progress measurement and investigates the biases caused by their omission. We show that if capital growth exceeds non-capital-input growth and that firms earn a positive pure profit, then traditional measurement underestimates the true technological progress. We apply this methodology to Japanese and US industries, and find that imperfect competition and managerial efficiency are important. However, the magnitude of the bias is not large ...
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264282124
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A New Economy?; The Changing Role of Innovation and Information Technology in Growth
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A New Economy?: The Changing Role of Innovation and Information Technology in Growth
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Quel est le moteur de la croissance dans les pays de l’OCDE ? Pourquoi les niveaux de PIB par habitant ne convergent-ils plus ? Pourquoi certains pays, déjà à la pointe du progrès technologique, où les avancées sont par nature plus difficiles, semblent-ils creuser encore leur écart avec le reste du peloton ? Que l’expression « nouvelle économie » corresponde ou non à une réalité, l’innovation et la technologie jouent sans conteste un rôle crucial. Cette étude montre que la réussite passe, non par d’hypothétiques remèdes miracles, mais par toute une gamme de facteurs complémentaires qui favorisent une croissance basée sur l’innovation telle qu’on l’observe dans les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication comme l’Internet, et dans les applications de l’Internet telles que le commerce électronique. Les politiques de soutien peuvent prendre la forme de dispositions favorables aux jeunes pousses innovantes et aux structures financières capables de les accompagner. Il peut également s'agir de mesures facilitant les réorganisations nécessaires pour profiter pleinement des bienfaits des TIC, de cadres réglementaires et institutionnels favorisant les relations entre recherche scientifique et industrie, d’efforts de formation et de recrutement des ressources humaines adaptées, ou bien encore d’un soutien public à la recherche scientifique fondamentale. A défaut d'être exhaustive, cette étude franchit une nouvelle étape dans la compréhension des conditions propices à la prospérité.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264187702
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Creative Society of the 21st Century
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La société créative du XXIe siècle
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Drei fundamentale Antriebskräfte bestimmen die Grundlagen der Gesellschaft von morgen: - zunehmende soziale Diversität - tiefgreifende Umwälzungen der Wirtschaftsstrukturen - rasche Globalisierung.Wird das Zusammenspiel dieser Kräfte für eine positive gesellschaftliche Entwicklung sorgen oder liegt eine düstere Zukunft vor uns? Das hier bestehende Potential zu nutzen, ist eine vordringliche Aufgabe der Politik, denn Unsicherheit und Antagonismen stellen eine reale Gefahr dar. Wird mehr Diversität - eine an sich positive Entwicklung - weltweit zu grösserer Ungleichheit führen? Wird der Zugang zu neuem Wissen und neuen Technologien die Kluft vertiefen oder verringern? Welche Weichenstellungen sollte die Politik treffen, damit die zunehmende Differenzierung innerhalb und zwischen Gesellschaften die Kreativität fördert, und nicht etwa wachsende Spannungen entstehen lässt? Diese Veröffentlichung setzt sich mit unserer sich schnell wandelnden Welt auseinander, und untersucht die Politikansätze, die erforderlich sein werden, um den Übergang zu einem langfristig tragfähigen gesellschaftlichen Fundament zu erleichtern.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264580350
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy; Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain ; vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy: Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain : vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Die Welt steht heute an der Schwelle zu einer neuen Ära, in der die Chance einer lang anhaltenden Phase der Hochkonjunktur in den ersten Jahrzehnten des neuen Jahrtausends zum Greifen nahe sein wird. Das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Einflüsse – insbesondere der Übergang zu einer wissensbasierten Gesellschaft, die Globalisierung der Wirtschaft und das Streben nach ökologischer Nachhaltigkeit – könnte gewaltige Verbesserungen sowohl in bezug auf die Kapazitäten zur Schaffung von Wohlstand als auch für das weltweite Wohlergehen der Menschen mit sich bringen.Welche Weichenstellungen sind notwendig, damit diese Chance nicht ungenützt bleibt? Neue Institutionen werden gebraucht, um die internationalen Regeln und Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, die den Übergang zur wissensbasierten Gesellschaft erleichtern. Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die fundamentalen Antriebskräfte des gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Wandels von morgen. Er schätzt die Plausibilität des Eintretens in ein „Goldenes Zeitalter“ ein und analysiert die Politikerfordernisse, die zu seiner Verwirklichung notwendig sind.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264281714
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 2000
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281202
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU; One Year on
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU: One Year on
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: La monnaie unique européenne a été lancée il y a un peu plus d'un an dans onze des quinze pays de l'Union. Cette étude évalue les tendances et politiques économiques durant l'année inaugurale du nouveau régime. Elle analyse la performance et les perspectives économiques de la zone euro dans son ensemble, soulignant dans quelle mesure les évolutions au niveau agrégé sont influencées par les convergences ou divergences nationales ou régionales. Cet ouvrage fournit un examen approfondi des politiques macroéconomiques. La politique monétaire commune menée par l'Eurosystème et son cadre analytique et institutionnel sont passés au crible, comme l'est la coordination des politiques budgétaires nationales dans le contexte du Pacte de stabilité et de croissance. Un chapitre spécial est consacré aux liens entre caractéristiques et politiques structurelles d'une part, et performance macroéconomique de l'autre. Il en ressort que des réformes structurelles amples et bien conçues renforceraient notablement le potentiel économique de l'Europe et rendraient moins douloureux certains arbitrages de politique macroéconomique. Ce livre aborde des questions qui sont au coeur de l’actualité : - Quelles sont les perspectives d'accélération de la croissance et de chute du chômage dans la zone euro? - Pourquoi l'euro s'est-il affaibli en 1999 et cela a-t-il une importance? - La politique monétaire a-t-elle été menée de façon efficace ? - Quel sera le degré de prudence budgétaire requis dans les années à venir ? - Quelles sont les rigidités qui continuent de limiter la croissance en Europe ? * Il s’agit de la seconde étude de l'OCDE sur l'UEM. La première fut publiée début 1999 sous le titre UEM: faits, défis et politiques.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264287693
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Transport Policies
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Des progrès réels ont été réalisés dans l’amélioration des transports durables en Europe dans plusieurs domaines, et ils sont signalés dans cette brochure. Il faut reconnaître qu’il subsiste encore d’importants problèmes et défis à surmonter, consistant en: - une croissance de la circulation routière qui est incompatible avec la durabilité, que ce soit à l’échelle locale et dans certains cas régionale ou internationale ; - parfois de graves nuisances sonores, ainsi que des effets de coupure et de gêne provoqués par la circulation dans les zones construites ; - une augmentation persistante des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur des transports routiers et aériens; - une qualité de l’air médiocre dans certaines localités malgré des progrès considérables dans le contrôle des émissions des véhicules ; - des atteintes aux paysages et à la biodiversité. - La Conférence Européenne des Ministres des Transports travaille à l’amélioration des politiques et tend vers des solutions dans beaucoup de ces domaines. Cette brochure gratuite présente une approche commune destinée à faire évoluer les politiques vers des systèmes de transport durable. Son contenu, approuvé par les Ministres de la CEMT lors de sa session ministérielle à Prague en mai 2000, présente une synthèse de plusieurs rapports détaillés qui seront publiés prochainement.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'UEM ; An 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'UEM : An 1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Europe's single currency was launched a bit more than a year ago for eleven of the fifteen countries of the Union. This study assesses economic developments and policies during the inaugural year of the new regime. It analyses the economic performance and prospects of the euro area as a whole, and highlights to what extent aggregate trends are shaped by convergence or divergence at national or regional levels. Macroeconomic policies are discussed in depth. The common monetary policy carried out by the Eurosystem and the underlying framework are scrutinised, as is the co-ordination of national fiscal policies against the background of the Stability and Growth Pact. A special chapter is devoted to the links between structural features and policies on the one hand and macroeconomic performance on the other. It argues that broad-based and properly designed structural reforms would boost Europe's economic potential significantly and ease macroeconomic policy trade-offs. A number of highly topical issues are addressed, such as: - How fast is growth picking up and unemployment declining in the euro area? - Why did the euro weaken in 1999 and does it matter? - How effectively was monetary policy conducted? - What degree of fiscal prudence is needed over the next few years? - Which rigidities continue to stunt growth in Europe? This is the second OECD study on EMU, following the one published in early 1999 under the title EMU: Facts, Challenges and Policies.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: More than 27% of total carbon dioxide emissions in OECD countries is produced by the transport sector, and there are still few signs that transportation energy use is peaking. Without new action, the prospects for reductions in CO2 emissions from this sector look bleak. This report reviews transport-related CO2 abatement policies in six IEA countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The report focuses on past, recent and potential future policies and the policy context in each country. It provides a comprehensive description of selected key policy elements. A separate IEA report, which will be published early next year, will offer quantitative estimates of a major element in transport climate-change policy – the potential for reducing CO2 emissions by improving the fuel efficiency of passenger cars.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264281578
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Safety in Road Traffic for Vulnerable Users
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Circulation routière
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Radfahrer ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Fußgänger ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Mopedfahrer ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Motorradfahrer
    Abstract: De 1997 à 1999, la CEMT a consacré trois rapports et trois résolutions à la sécurité des usagers vulnérables, à savoir les cyclistes, les piétons et les utilisateurs de deux-roues motorisés (cyclomoteurs et motocyclettes). Ces études s’inscrivent dans un cadre plus large que celui de la seule sécurité routière puisqu’elles prennent en compte aussi bien l’évolution démographique des pays Membres de la CEMT -- vieillissement de la population -- que les problèmes désormais d’actualité de mobilité, d’aménagement du territoire, d’environnement et de santé publique. Les mesures préconisées (qu’elles soient globales ou spécifiques à chaque catégorie d’usagers concernée) montrent qu’il reste encore beaucoup à faire en faveur de la sécurité des usagers vulnérables. Il s’agit toutefois de ne pas promouvoir un modèle unique, mais de s’efforcer de développer plusieurs stratégies qui intègrent les particularités de chaque pays. Cette publication devrait permettre à chacun d'évaluer les différentes approches développées dans les pays de la CEMT et de s’inspirer de ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler les "bonnes pratiques".
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T: Safety in road traffic for vulnerable users , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T: Safety in road traffic for vulnerable users
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264182356
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer les transports pour les personnes à mobilité réduite ; Guide de bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer les transports pour les personnes à mobilité réduite
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Behinderter Mensch ; Verkehrsplanung
    Abstract: A large number of people with mobility handicaps have difficulty using transport systems and this number will increase significantly over the coming decades. It is therefore essential that transport infrastructure and systems are designed and built to cater for their needs. This publication sets out key principles and guidelines for making all transport modes and related infrastructure more accessible. In addition, it provides examples and illustrations of good practice from many different countries. It is intended to help policy makers, planners, architects, and others working in this field, improve accessibility for people with mobility handicaps.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264180277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assainir le parc automobile ; Programmes de renouvellement et de mise à la casse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cleaner cars
    DDC: 363.738/7
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kraftfahrzeug ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Schrott ; Europa ; Welt ; Transport ; Wirtschaftskreislauf ; Recyclinggerechte Konstruktion ; Verwertung ; Kraftfahrzeug
    Abstract: Pollution from transport is being cut substantially through exhaust emissions regulations and vehicle manufacturers’ investments in cleaner technologies. The benefits of these improvements, however, are delayed as car fleet renewal takes a decade on average in Europe. Car scrappage schemes can be used to accelerate the uptake of new, cleaner vehicles. This publication analyses the effectiveness of these programmes in protecting the environment and reviews the schemes introduced to date in Europe and North America. Three complementary issues are addressed to help make pragmatic recommendations:- What are the effects of scrapping schemes on the car market and the national economy?- What are the effects of these programmes on the environment?- And can scrappage schemes be useful in former socialist countries?
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264287730
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.112
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport and Ageing of the Population
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Avec les progrès de la médecine, le vieillissement des populations est inéluctable dans les pays développés. Or, ces populations présenteront des caractéristiques nouvelles, notamment dans le domaine des transports où, à la différence des générations précédentes, elles auront fait un large usage de l'automobile. Comment satisferont-elles à l'avenir leurs besoins de déplacement ? Jusqu'à présent, le transport ferroviaire a perdu la clientèle du troisième âge, contrairement à la voiture et même aux autobus. Pourra-t-on inverser cette tendance ? Pour le quatrième âge, dont les besoins sont proches de ceux de personnes souffrant de handicaps, il n'existe pas encore de services adaptés. Comment satisfaire à l'avenir les besoins de mobilité de cette tranche d'âge dont la population ne fera qu‘augmenter ? L'habitat dispersé, la concentration du commerce dans les hypercentres à la périphérie des villes, soulèveront également des problèmes aigus avec le vieillissement des populations. La sécurité routière elle-même pourra souffrir de l'inaptitude croissante des personnes âgées à conduire… Incontestablement, le problème de la mobilité des populations vieillissantes présente de multiples facettes qu'il n'est plus possible d'ignorer. Cette Table Ronde fait le point sur l'expérience de divers pays et formule des recommandations utiles aux décideurs politiques soucieux d'aborder le problème dans toute sa plénitude.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Transport and ageing of the population
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281431
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Public Employment Service in the United States
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; United States ; USA ; Arbeitsverwaltung
    Abstract: Depuis le début des années 1990, la politique du marché du travail traverse une période de profonde restructuration aux États-Unis. On demande au service public de l'emploi (SPE) d'être plus efficace tout en faisant face à des ressources limitées, dans un contexte de réforme de la protection sociale, de chômage persistant, de recul du revenu réel dans certaines couches de la population (notamment chez les moins qualifiés) et d'expansion économique durable. Quel bilan tirer des réformes menées jusqu'ici -- lesquelles semblent réussir et lesquelles marchent moins bien ? Parmi ces nouvelles approches lesquelles faudrait-il revoir en cas de ralentissement économique ? Dans quels domaines les ajustements peuvent-ils conduire à davantage d'efficacité ? Cet ouvrage répond à ces questions et offre une analyse approfondie du SPE des États-Unis et des initiatives récentes prises en la matière. Il expose les sujets de préoccupation soulevés par les réformes récentes ainsi que les options pour rendre les politiques plus efficaces.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The public employment service in the United States
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182332
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les entreprises sociales
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Unternehmen ; Sozialeinrichtung
    Abstract: Social enterprises straddle the border between the public and the private sector and break new ground in the allocation and management of economic resources, forming what the European Commission calls the "third system". While they all take a broadly similar approach across countries, these enterprises operate along very different lines. They do, however, seek to achieve the same goals, re-integrating disadvantaged groups into the labour market and providing goods and services. Social enterprises take an entrepreneurial approach and draw on the local environment to enhance their economic and social performance. Their emergence has aroused both enthusiasm and controversy. In the interests of rational debate, this report looks at how they are likely to develop, taking stock of existing social enterprises and highlighting the more advanced experiments.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264180895
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les transports dans la ville ; Réconcilier les dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les transports dans la ville : Réconcilier les dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales
    RVK:
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Stadtverkehr ; Infrastruktur ; Straßenbenutzungsgebühr
    Abstract: Congestion in cities is a problem of growing importance. New infrastructure for transport however often gives rise to conflicts about how the cost of new services will be met by the public, and about how the demand for travel can be reconciled with efforts to improve the social and environmental quality of life in cities. Unless these conflicts can be managed, public-private partnerships for investment in new infrastructure will be handicapped. The way forward requires a mix of strategies involving better information and communication with the public, better design of projects to take social and environmental objectives into account, a more comprehensive approach to urban development rather than a sectoral strategy, and a better exchange of expertise between private and public sectors. This book is based on a series of case studies of both successes and failures in countries such as Australia, Japan, the United States, France and the United Kingdom. To inform this major debate and help design new strategies for transport integration in the city, this book puts forward the most promising ways to: - respond to urban travel problems; - enhance public/private partnership; and - raise social acceptability of urban transport infrastructure and road tolls.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264181694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégration des marchés des transports terrestres européens
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Integration of European inland transport markets
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Güterverkehr ; Personenverkehr ; Grenzüberschreitender Verkehr ; Verkehrsrecht ; Rechtsangleichung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Osteuropa ; Europa ; Schienengüterverkehr ; Europa ; Asien ; Transport ; Europe Economic integration ; Congresses ; Europa ; Transportmarkt ; Integration
    Abstract: The integration of European inland transport markets is a topical issue that has generated a great deal of activity in recent years. The integration of transport markets is a fundamental condition for the development of trade relations and economic activity.This book is an essential tool for all transport professionals. It looks at the most recent transport and investment trends. It then examines the pan-European process of legal harmonisation and adjustment of transport systems and analyses emerging trade and transport links between Europe and Asia. Obstacles at border crossings for international road and rail goods transport are also dealt with along with ways of combating crime in transport. Lastly, the topical issue of public-private partnerships in transport infrastructure financing is tackled and conclusions are presented.
    Note: Franz. Ausg.u.d.T.: Intégration des marchés des transports terrestres européens
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264187832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Méthodes d'analyses comparatives dans les transports ; Méthodologies, applications et données nécessaires
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Transport benchmarking
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Benchmarking ; Verkehrssektor ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Hafenwirtschaft ; Luftfrachtverkehr ; Europa ; Welt ; Schienenverkehr ; Transport ; Benchmarking (Management) ; European Union countries ; Transportation and state ; European Union countries ; Benchmarking ; Transport
    Abstract: This conference proceedings defines transport benchmarking, analyzes its usefulness to policy makers and discusses what lessons can be drawn at the national and international level for policy makers. The first part examines the different methodological aspects raised by benchmarking methods. The conference clarified the multiple concepts included in this type of mechanism and identified different practices which range from the simple statistical tool to a genuine policy lever. The second part describes several concrete examples of benchmarking applications in the transport sector. These examples relate in particular to topics such as road safety, rail transport, the environment, public and urban transport, seaports and air cargo, etc. Each chapter of this publication may be read independently. A fundamental message, common to all the examples presented, emerges: it is essential to improve the quality of statistics in order to ensure more reliable transport benchmarking results.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264188174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique dans le secteur des transports
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strategic environmental assessment for transport
    RVK:
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrsplanung ; Umweltbewertung ; Europa ; Welt ; Environmental impact analysis ; Transportation Environmental aspects ; Europe ; Environment ; Transport ; Verkehrspolitik ; Güterverkehr ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: Environmental impact assessments are an essential component of making decisions on transport infrastructure investments. Traditional procedures have proved ineffective for impacts that go beyond the scope of projects in isolation. Strategic environmental assessment has emerged in response, to address large scale effects including impacts on traffic across networks, impacts on climate change and biodiversity and the impacts of policy decisions as opposed simply to individual projects. This report examines recent experience in developing environmental assessment internationally and makes recommendations on maximising the effectiveness of this new tool.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264282377
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.111
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport and Leisure
    Keywords: Transport ; Öffentlicher Verkehr ; Freizeitverkehr
    Abstract: Les transports liés aux loisirs sont une réalité méconnue et leur importance est largement sous-estimée. Ces transports sont pourtant plus importants que les mouvements pendulaires domicile-travail. En effet, il y a une très grande diversité d’activités de loisirs qui génèrent des déplacements : shopping, visites à des parents ou amis, activités sportives ou encore tourisme local et international. L’objectif de cet ouvrage est de décrire et d’analyser les transports liés aux loisirs : importance des flux, localisation, modes de transport, profils temporels et évolutions structurelles. A partir de cette analyse, le livre s’attache à définir les conséquences du développement des loisirs sur la politique des transports. Sont ainsi examinées des questions telles que la nécessité d'intégrer les transports locaux et les transports à longue distance, le recours accru à des modes de déplacement respectueux de l'environnement, la promotion des déplacements d'agrément de proximité ou le besoin d’améliorer le cadre de vie quotidien. Relever le défi posé par les transports liés aux loisirs constitue en fait une véritable opportunité, car les solutions trouvées à ce niveau permettront d'améliorer tous les transports, quelle que soit la finalité de leur usage.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264273986
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in the United States 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: Depuis un quart de siècle, les États-Unis jouent un rôle de pionnier dans le domaine de la réforme de la réglementation à l'échelle mondiale. Contrairement à l'opinion courante, les États-Unis ne sont pas moins réglementés que les autres pays mais ils sont réglementés différemment eu égard à l'orientation favorable à la concurrence des régimes réglementaires fédéraux, et à l'ouverture et à la contestabilité des processus de réglementation. Une déréglementation économique de grande envergure associée à des efforts pour améliorer la qualité de la réglementation sociale ont contribué à l'édification de l'une des économies les plus innovantes, les plus flexibles et les plus ouvertes de la zone OCDE, tout en maintenant des normes relativement élevées dans les domaines de la santé, de la sécurité et de l'environnement. Pourtant, d'importants problèmes liés à la réglementation persistent aux États-Unis. Un défi fondamental pour assurer sa qualité consiste à améliorer le rapport coût-efficacité et la performance de réglementations sociales et de formalités publiques coûteuses. En un mot, il s'agit moins de réglementer plus que de bien réglementer. Les États-Unis sont un des premiers pays à avoir demander à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires et des réformes de la réglementation menées à l'échelon national. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l'évaluation approfondie menée par l'OCDE et d'un examen par ses pays Membres. Il présente une évaluation sans équivalent de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines aussi essentiels que le contexte macro-économique, la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en oeuvre, ainsi que l'intégration des principes d'ouverture du marché dans les processus réglementaires et dans des secteurs tels que l'électricité et les télécommunications. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à plus long terme fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l'échelon international. Pour en savoir plus A lire dans la même collection : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon, La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas, La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique. L'analyse de fond dont découlent ces premiers examens par pays est présentée dans le Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Rapport de synthèse et dans les deux volumes du Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Études sectorielles et Études thématiques, publiés en 1997.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180901
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 361.60941
    RVK:
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Electronic books ; Belfast ; Stadtentwicklung
    Abstract: Belfast is at a turning point in its history. If it is to succeed as the peace process advances, the achievements of past urban regeneration efforts need to be evaluated in order to set in place effective policies and strategies for the future. Beginning with environmental priorities, Laganside Corporation, a limited life public body responsible for the regeneration of derelict and abandonned land adjacent to the River Lagan, has facilitated enormous physical, economic and social change right in the centre of Belfast. This book identifies strategies that can help local agencies and actors better meet the challenges they face, including that of involving the private sector more effectively in regeneration. Although the problems of Belfast are in many ways unique, they also have elements that are fairly typical of cities facing major economic change, environmental problems and social fragmentation.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le service public de l'emploi aux Etats-Unis
    DDC: 331.12/8/0973
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; United States ; USA ; Arbeitsverwaltung
    Abstract: Over the last decade, labour market policy in the United States has been undergoing a period of significant restructuring. In the face of welfare reform initiatives, persistent unemployment and declines in real income among some groups (particularly the less skilled), and continued economic expansion, there is pressure on the public employment service (PES) to improve effectiveness. But, it must also come to terms with resource limitations. How have reforms fared so far -- what seems to be working well or not so well? Which of the new approaches may require revision in the event of an economic downturn? Where might adjustments lead to improved effectiveness? While considering such questions, this publication provides an in-depth look at the PES and recent policy initiatives in the United States. Areas of concern about recent reforms are outlined and options for making policies more effective are presented.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789164180292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The agro-food processing sector in China
    RVK:
    Keywords: 00.10.1999 ; Agroindustrie ; Agrarprodukt ; Ernährungsindustrie ; China ; Agricultural industries China ; Congresses ; Food industry and trade China ; Congresses ; Produce trade China ; Congresses ; Agriculture and Food ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China Foreign economic relations ; Congresses ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lebensmittelindustrie ; China ; Agrarprodukt ; Industrie ; China ; Agrarproduktion
    Abstract: China’s food processing sector has arrived at a decisive stage. While primary agriculture has continued to expand at an astounding pace and final consumers have experienced an extended period of rapid income growth, progress at the intermediary stage, the agro-processing sector, has remained limited. Today, a growing need to catch up with these developments has become manifest, but a number of challenges have emerged simultaneously. They include the need to adjust to increasingly diversified consumer demands, to improve the quality and nutritional content of foods, to introduce new food products, to shift to more sophisticated processing methods, to adopt innovative packaging methods, and to comply with new labelling requirements. These developments give rise to a number of questions. What do these changes mean for China’s food processors? Is China’s agriculture adequately prepared for these changes? How can farmers take advantage of these changes? What structural adjustments are needed to meet the challenges arising from the changes in domestic and international food markets? The papers in this Proceedings document try to answer these and many other important questions revolving around changes in, and challenges for, China’s agro-processing sector.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789228280890
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Transport in the City; Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Transport in the City: Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Stadtentwicklung ; Verkehrsentwicklung
    Abstract: Les transports entraînent des problèmes de congestion urbaine de plus en plus préoccupants. Les nouvelles infrastructures de transport font par ailleurs naître des différends sur la façon d'imputer au public le coût des services nouveaux et de concilier la demande de déplacement avec les efforts pour améliorer la qualité de la vie urbaine dans ses dimensions sociale et environnementale. Si ces contradictions ne sont pas surmontées, les partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé auront du mal à se développer. La solution passe par la mise en oeuvre de toute une panoplie de stratégies reposant sur une politique d’information et de communication renforcée à destination du public, des projets mieux conçus pour prendre en compte les objectifs sociaux et environnementaux, une approche de l’aménagement urbain holistique plutôt que sectorielle et des échanges de compétences plus intenses entre les secteurs public et privé. Ce livre s’inspire d’une série d’études de cas, montrant aussi bien des réussites que des échecs, menées dans des pays tels que l'Australie, les Etats-Unis, la France, le Japon ou le Royaume-Uni. Afin d'éclairer ce débat majeur et faciliter la conception de nouvelles stratégies d'intégration des transports dans la ville, ce livre expose les voies les plus prometteuses pour : - répondre aux problèmes du transport urbain ; - améliorer les partenariats public/privé ; et - rendre socialement plus acceptables les nouveaux projets d'infrastructures et les péages routiers.
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