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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (131)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
  • 2000-2004  (131)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2002  (60)
  • 2000  (71)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (126)
  • New York : Palgrave Macmillan
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
  • Economics  (115)
  • Bildband
  • Europa
  • Hochschulschrift
  • United States
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (131)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
Material
Language
Years
  • 2000-2004  (131)
  • 1945-1949
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833031341 , 0833033832 , 0833031341 , 9780833033833
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 91 pages)
    Edition: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Parallel Title: Print version Intelligent giving
    Keywords: Education, Higher Finance ; Benefactors Charitable contributions ; Universities and colleges Endowments ; Education, Higher ; Benefactors ; Universities and colleges ; Electronic books ; SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Philanthropy & Charity ; Benefactors ; Charitable contributions ; Education, Higher ; Finance ; Universities and colleges ; Endowments ; United States ; EDUCATION ; Higher ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Provides an intellectual framework for guiding prospective major donors in giving more effectively to higher education. Although most major gifts are profoundly motivated by charitable intentions, the noble impulse to give to higher education can quickly generate complicated choices. Which school? Which program? Under what terms or conditions? Even very talented people who have enjoyed exceptionally successful careers in business and other fields can become disoriented by academe's idiosyncrasies
    Abstract: Provides an intellectual framework for guiding prospective major donors in giving more effectively to higher education. Although most major gifts are profoundly motivated by charitable intentions, the noble impulse to give to higher education can quickly generate complicated choices. Which school? Which program? Under what terms or conditions? Even very talented people who have enjoyed exceptionally successful careers in business and other fields can become disoriented by academe's idiosyncrasies
    Note: "MR-1427 , Includes bibliographical references , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833031495 , 0833032577 , 083303149X , 9780833032577
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xx, 89 pages)
    Edition: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Series Statement: Conference proceedings 176
    Parallel Title: Print version Protecting emergency responders
    Keywords: Industrial safety Congresses ; Employees Congresses Safety measures ; Protective clothing ; Industrial safety ; Employees ; Protective clothing ; Rescue Work ; Risk Management ; Terrorism ; Protective Devices ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Occupational Health ; Social Welfare & Social Work - General ; Social Welfare & Social Work ; Technology - General ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Fire Science ; MEDICAL ; Occupational & Industrial Medicine ; Employees ; Safety measures ; Industrial safety ; Protective clothing ; Engineering & Applied Sciences ; Social Sciences ; Conference papers and proceedings ; United States ; Electronic books ; Congress
    Abstract: Preface; Executive Summary; Acknowledgments; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Chapter One: INTRODUCTION; Chapter Two: THE TERRORIST INCIDENTS; Chapter Three: PERFORMANCE AND AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; Chapter Four: INFORMATION AND TRAINING; Chapter Five: SITE MANAGEMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION; Chapter Six: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOVING FORWARD; Chapter Seven: CONCLUDING REMARKS; Appendix A:; Appendix B:; Appendix C:; Appendix D
    Abstract: Preface; Executive Summary; Acknowledgments; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Chapter One: INTRODUCTION; Chapter Two: THE TERRORIST INCIDENTS; Chapter Three: PERFORMANCE AND AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; Chapter Four: INFORMATION AND TRAINING; Chapter Five: SITE MANAGEMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION; Chapter Six: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOVING FORWARD; Chapter Seven: CONCLUDING REMARKS; Appendix A:; Appendix B:; Appendix C:; Appendix D
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833032072 , 0833032232 , 0833032070 , 9780833032232
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Print version Karasik, Theodore William Toxic warfare
    DDC: 358/.3
    Keywords: Terrorism ; Biological warfare ; Radioactive wastes War use ; Hazardous substances War use ; Toxins War use ; Poisons War use ; Terrorism ; Biological warfare ; Radioactive wastes ; Hazardous substances ; Toxins ; Poisons ; Chemical Warfare Agents ; Hazardous Substances ; Environmental Exposure ; Weapons ; Poisons ; Environmental Pollutants ; Environmental Pollution ; Armed Conflicts ; Weapons of Mass Destruction ; Violence ; Social Problems ; Crime ; Manufactured Materials ; Toxic Actions ; Specialty Uses of Chemicals ; Noxae ; Public Health ; Chemical Actions and Uses ; Criminology ; Environment and Public Health ; Sociology ; Technology, Industry, and Agriculture ; Social Sciences ; Chemicals and Drugs ; Delivery of Health Care ; Technology, Industry, Agriculture ; Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena ; Chemical Warfare ; Chemical Warfare Agents adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure adverse effects ; Hazardous Substances adverse effects ; Terrorism ; Electronic books ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; International Relations ; Arms Control ; Biological warfare ; Terrorism ; Military Engineering ; Military & Naval Science ; Law, Politics & Government ; HISTORY ; Military ; Biological & Chemical Warfare ; United States ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Since the 1990s there has been an increase in the use of toxic weapons; for example, inexpensive and easily acquired chemicals and industrial waste. This work examines the implications of toxic weapon use for military planning and concludes that such weapons merit further analysis
    Abstract: Since the 1990s there has been an increase in the use of toxic weapons; for example, inexpensive and easily acquired chemicals and industrial waste. This work examines the implications of toxic weapon use for military planning and concludes that such weapons merit further analysis
    Note: "MR-1572 , Includes bibliographical references (pages 45-52)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833032799 , 0833034057 , 0833032798 , 9780833034052
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxvii, 143 pages)
    Parallel Title: Print version Baer, Walter S Electricity requirements for a digital society
    DDC: 333.79/6
    Keywords: Electric power consumption Forecasting ; Telecommunication systems Power supply ; Electric power consumption ; Telecommunication systems ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Industries ; Energy ; SCIENCE ; Energy ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Environmental Policy ; Electric power consumption ; Forecasting ; Telecommunication systems ; Power supply ; Electrical & Computer Engineering ; Engineering & Applied Sciences ; Telecommunications ; United States ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Power Resources ; General ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Increasing use of the Internet and other information and communications technologies (ICTs) marks a U.S. transition toward a "digital society" that may profoundly affect electricity supply, demand and delivery. RAND developed four 20-year scenarios of ICT evolution (2001?2021) for the U.S. Department of Energy and assessed their implications for future U.S. electricity requirements. Increased power consumption by ICT equipment is the most direct and visible effect, but not necessarily the most important. Over time, the effects that ICTs have on energy management, e-commerce, telework, and related trends will likely be much more consequential. Even large growth in the deployment and use of digital technologies will only modestly increase U.S. electricity use over the next two decades. The more pressing concern for an emerging digital society will be how to provide the higher-quality and more-reliable power that ICTs demand
    Abstract: Increasing use of the Internet and other information and communications technologies (ICTs) marks a U.S. transition toward a "digital society" that may profoundly affect electricity supply, demand and delivery. RAND developed four 20-year scenarios of ICT evolution (2001?2021) for the U.S. Department of Energy and assessed their implications for future U.S. electricity requirements. Increased power consumption by ICT equipment is the most direct and visible effect, but not necessarily the most important. Over time, the effects that ICTs have on energy management, e-commerce, telework, and related trends will likely be much more consequential. Even large growth in the deployment and use of digital technologies will only modestly increase U.S. electricity use over the next two decades. The more pressing concern for an emerging digital society will be how to provide the higher-quality and more-reliable power that ICTs demand
    Note: "Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 129-150
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 129-150
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA, the Results Act) established a performance management framework for federal departments and agencies. The framework consists of agency Strategic Plans, Annual Performance Plans and Annual Performance Reports. Additionally, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) annually prepares a Government-wide Performance Plan. Approximately 100 Cabinet departments, independent agencies and government corporations prepare these plans and reports. These departments and agencies comprise nearly the entire Executive branch of government. (The Central Intelligence Agency is statutorily exempted, and OMB has exempted about 15 very small agencies from having to comply with GPRA requirements.)
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264196285
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial; Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas; Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial: Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas: Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264176201
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication describes the OECD PISA 2000 international database. The PISA 2000 database comprises micro-level data on student performance for 32 countries collected in 2000 and processed during the second half of 2000 and 2001, together with students' responses to the questionnaires and the test questions. The first results were released in December 2001 and presented in the publication Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results of PISA 2000 (OECD, 2001). The purpose of this publication is to provide all the information required to understand the PISA 2000 database and perform analyses in accordance with the complex methodologies used to collect and process the data. It does not provide detailed information regarding these methods but rather directs readers to the publications which cover these aspects. The PISA 2000 database can be downloaded from www.pisa.oecd.org
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.329
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents empirical evidence on the role that policy and institutional settings in both product and labour market play for productivity and firm dynamics. It exploits a new firm-level database for ten OECD countries and industry-level data for a broader set of countries, together with a set of indicators of regulation and institutional settings in product and labour markets. Aggregate productivity patterns are largely the result of within-firm performance. But, the contribution from firm dynamic processes should not be overlooked, most notably in high-tech industries where new firms tend to play an important role. Industry productivity performance is negatively affected by strict product market regulations, especially if there is a significant technology gap with the technology leader. Likewise, high hiring and firing costs seem to hinder productivity, especially when these costs are not offset by lower wages and/or more internal training. Moreover, burdensome regulations ...
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.345
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper analyses the main features of Sweden’s public expenditure and addresses some key policy issues. Public spending is high relative to GDP, reflecting the wide support for the Swedish welfare state. The institutional framework within which spending decisions are made has both strengths and weaknesses: the expenditure ceilings need to be reinforced, more prioritisation of expenditure is needed, and state agencies need to become more accountable for their performance. Outlays and outcomes are examined for childcare and education, health, caring for the elderly, and social insurance, where some aspects function very well and others need considerable improvement. Some tools and techniques for getting better results from public spending are also considered, including contracting out and user charges. More could be done to clearly set out the costs as well as the benefits of social choices ...
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.336
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: This paper analyses the Hungarian public expenditure system and develops policy-oriented recommendations for its improvement. Despite substantial progress achieved in the management of public finances over the 1990s, the level of public expenditure and taxation relative to national income has been comparatively high while the budget process has continued to be driven by short-term considerations and remains input- rather than output-oriented. The government’s economic pre-accession programme submitted to the European Commission for the time period 2002-04 needs to be complemented by a thorough public expenditure reform in order to achieve its ambitious targets, implying significant fiscal tightening. This reform entails the development of a medium-term, output-oriented expenditure framework characterised by transparent and comprehensive budget procedures for all fiscal activities of the general government. Effective spending in areas critical for future growth performance -- ...
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.343
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Public spending is very high in Norway, partly reflecting an extensive coverage of the welfare system and ambitious regional development objectives. Moreover, several institutional features contribute to dampening the cost-effectiveness of many public-spending programmes. Abundant oil revenues have so far mitigated strains on public finance. However, coping with the depletion of oil resources and the fiscal consequences of ageing would require to increase the cost-effectiveness of many public spending programmes, while leaving some room to cut the high tax-to-GDP ratio. This paper identifies the main sources of inefficiencies and suggests policy options. These include: supplementing the existing deficit rule by an expenditure rule; increasing flexibility in public sector wages and job tenure; reforming the funding system of local governments; raising the contestability of public service provision; intensifying the use of price signals and improving incentives to reduce the ...
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.315
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first reviews a number of stylised facts concerning OECD country business cycles over the past four decades. In general, the amplitude of business cycles has fallen, driven mainly by declining fluctuations of domestic demand. As a result, international divergencies of cyclical positions have diminished but, outside the euro area, there is little evidence of increased synchronisation of cycles. The paper then reviews a number of influences on business cycles. The evidence suggests that, on balance, features of macroeconomic policies may have tended to reduce cyclical volatility and structural changes, notably the increased share of the service sector in the economies, have also tended to dampen the cycle. More recently, there are signs that financial market prices have increasingly moved in sympathy across countries, and the final section of the paper illustrates how this could affect the international transmission of cyclical shocks and the associated need for policy ...
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.326
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the importance of aggregation bias in the analysis of wage shares developments over time and across countries. We focus on five European countries and the United States and show that the trend decline in the aggregate wage share observed in these countries over much of the 1980s and 1990s partly reflects changes in the sectoral composition of the economy. The application of a fixed-weight aggregation method changes the profile of the observed wage share in a significant way: in particular there is no longer sign of an overshooting of the wage share levels of the early-1970s. Error-correction wage equations based on the adjusted wage shares generally have a better regression fit and show long-run elasticities of real wages to unemployment that vary less across countries and are substantially lower than those obtained with observed shares. These results are broadly confirmed by wage regressions using sectoral data and the Pooled Mean Group estimator ...
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.327
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In several OECD countries, investment rates in the business sector grew strongly in the second half of the 1990s. In some cases, the strength of private investment relative to output growth had raised concerns about the risk of capital overhang and the prospect of a prolonged period of slow capital formation in order to bring investment levels back to more sustainable levels. It is possible that the stock market boom has contributed to a rise of investment demand to an excessive level, not only in the United States, but also in the United Kingdom, Canada, Scandinavia and Greece. The purpose of this paper is to assess the contribution of fundamental determinants to the change in investment in the second half of the 1990s, based on the estimation of panel cointegration equations for gross business investment for 18 OECD countries from 1970 to 1999. In addition to the levels of real GDP and a measure of the cost of capital, the set of explanatory variables includes four alternative ...
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264064744
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken. List of themes: Agricultural prospects and policies Rural industries Implications for the rural economy Overview of industry prospects Priorities for industry reorganisation and restructuring Technology challenges for China’s industries Challenges to the banking industry The development of the insurance industry Prospects for the distribution sector Foreign direct investment: prospects and policies An OECD perspective on regulatory reform in China The role of competition law and policy Establishing effective governance for China's enterprises Developing the financial system and financial regulatory policies Priorities for development of China’s capital markets Labour market and social benefit policies Environmental priorities for China’s sustainable development The current tax system and priorities for reform Public sector budget management issues Issues concerning central-local government fiscal relations China's regional development: prospects and policies Macroeconomic policy priorities Annex 1 : Summary of China’s commitments under WTO Annex 2 : Summary of studies of the impact of WTO on China This publication is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264296275
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (934 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La Chine dans l'économie mondiale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage analyse les défis auxquels l’économie chinoise est confrontée en matière de libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement. Après plus de deux décennies de réforme de ses marchés et de libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement, la Chine aborde, en entrant à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, une nouvelle étape de son intégration dans l’économie mondiale. Cette étude, qui sera appelée à faire date, se fonde sur l’expérience acquise par les pays Membres de l’OCDE au cours des 50 dernières années et sur les importants travaux menés par l’OCDE en coopération avec les économies non membres du monde entier. On y trouvera un panorama exhaustif des multiples enjeux de la politique économique intérieure chinoise ainsi qu’une série de recommandations spécifiques. Liste des thèmes : La politique agricole et ses perspectives L’industrie en milieu rural Les répercussions sur l’économie rurale Le panorama des perspectives industrielles Les priorités de réorganisation et de restructuration de l’industrie Les défis technologiques de l’industrie Les défis du secteur bancaire Le développement du secteur de l’assurance Les perspectives du secteur de la distribution La politique de l’investissement direct étranger et ses perspectives La réforme réglementaire du point de vue de l’OCDE Le rôle de la politique et de la législation en matière de concurrence L’élaboration d’un système de gouvernance efficace pour les entreprises Le développement du système financier et de la réglementation financière Les priorités du développement des marchés de capitaux Le marché du travail et le système de prestations sociales Les priorités environnementales pour un développement durable Le système fiscal et les priorités de réforme La gestion des budgets publics Les relations fiscales entre l’administration centrale et les collectivités locales La politique du développement régional et ses perspectives Les priorités de la politique macro-économique Annexe 1 : Résumé des engagements de la Chine vis-à-vis de l’OMC Annexe 2 : Résumé des études de l’incidence de l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC sur l’économie chinoise Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l'OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264175778
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques ; Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indices des prix à la consommation et à la production Volume 2002 Supplément 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Principaux indicateurs économiques: Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indices des prix à la consommation et à la production Volume 2002 Supplément 2
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of price indicators. It focuses on data comparability in the context of international statistical guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international agencies. This publication complements two other OECD publications, Main Economic Indicators (MEI), and Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264196452
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services ; L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS; Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services : L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS: Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This study recall the economic case that underpins the GATS, addresses concerns over the effects of the GATS, and points out some of the key negotiating challenges of the current GATS round.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.319
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: This paper reviews the Finnish tax system and the scope for further tax reform. Finland is among the most egalitarian countries in the OECD and a high tax burden is required to finance the associated public spending. Nevertheless, capital and corporate income taxation was substantially and effectively reformed in the early 1990s, through significant rate cuts cum base broadening measures. But, despite income tax cuts since the mid-1990s, high taxes, especially on labour income, still hamper growth potential and distort economic behaviour. In this respect, the poor performance of the Finnish labour market is revealing. Tax reforms have a major role to play in improving the long-term performance of the Finnish economy. Though the scope is limited, the tax burden should be shifted as much as possible from labour to property and consumption, while the earned-income tax allowance should play a smaller role, enabling cuts in statutory rates. Redesigning social security contributions to ...
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264099074
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This book presents the proceedings of the 25th CIRET Conference, entitled "Business Surveys and Empirical Analysis of Economic and Social Survey Data" was hosted by OECD and INSEE in Paris, France in 2000.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.320
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: This paper analyses of some the key aspects of public expenditure policy in Denmark. The public expenditure to GDP ratio has abated markedly since the mid-1990s, reflecting both cyclical gains and the return on structural reforms. Nevertheless, the underlying upward pressure on government spending, notably from the demand for personal services, is generally perceived to be significant and expected to persist. The origins of such pressure, as well as means of containing it in the future, are discussed. With public consumption being very high by international standards, the paper advocates greater competition in the provision of services to individuals and more reliance on market signals such as client choice and user charges to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation. A particular feature of the Danish public sector is the fact that counties and municipalities have been assigned a wider range of responsibilities than in any other OECD country as well as extensive taxing ...
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.332
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Switzerland is a highly decentralised country with large spending and revenue-raising powers devolved to cantons and municipalities. The federal system, in combination with an extensive use of direct democracy, has contributed to keep public spending at a relatively low level in international comparison. It has also made it possible to tailor the provision of public services to citizens’ needs and willingness to pay and to experiment with a variety of policies. At the same time, several tensions have emerged and effective control of spending deteriorated during the 1990s. After identifying these tensions, this paper reviews recent policy initiatives and proposes options for further enhancing public spending effectiveness. These entail implementing a new fiscal rule which will allow the free play of the automatic stabilisers at the federal level and ensuring its consistency with other government levels’ behaviour; increasing transparency in public spending costs and ...
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2002/02
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a general overview of recent work on sustainable development indicators in OECD countries. It provides an overview of on-going work for developing “agreed” indicators that measure progress across the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental). The paper then takes a more specific look at the approaches to sustainable development indicators adopted by different countries and highlights the challenges of having one set of standard international indicators across the various countries ...
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.321
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: The health status of the Japanese is one of the best in the world. The healthcare system has no doubt contributed to this, though the current state of research in health economics does not permit the determination of the extent of such contribution. The Japanese system, based on social insurance, has provided both basic care and free choice of doctors to every citizen at affordable costs. It has, however, become increasingly clear that the Japanese system has failed to allocate resources properly, ensure financial equity and adapt to changing patterns of demand. This paper first explains how a system that once seemed to function well has become inappropriate, then how policies have tried to overcome some of the problems. The paper concludes with key considerations shaping future reform ...
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.324
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper aims to identify structural reforms for better public spending management in Italy –in turn a critical need in view of the country's high debt and tax burdens, notwithstanding significant progress in the past decade. The analysis proceeds on two distinct levels. At the central government level, a misallocation of public resources is suggested by excessive pension spending against inadequate spending in infrastructure, labour market and human capital areas, as well as by high and inefficient government employment. These problems can be traced in large part to the incentive structures built into the public institutions charged with the planning, implementation, and control of spending policies. The main recommended policy actions are to pursue further pension reform while strengthening other income transfers, make the budget process more transparent and accountable, undertake deeper reform of the public administration, and to make greater use of market instruments in areas ...
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.334
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The unprecedented 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States caused massive casualties and damage, and ushered in an era of greater uncertainty. While a prompt and vigorous policy response helped limit the immediate economic impact of the aggression, the heightened terrorist threat has some long-lasting, if diffuse, macroeconomic repercussions. Three channels of influence are explored in this paper: shrinking insurance coverage stemming from the perception of greater risk, higher trade costs possibly affecting international trade, and stepped-up security spending partially rolling back the “peace dividend” of the 1990s. It is argued that, in the absence of new large-scale terrorist attacks, and provided terrorism risk is dealt with efficiently, the net long-run macroeconomic impact is probably tangible but limited ...
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.331
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the extent to which OECD countries have opened the provision of publicly funded services to competition among public and private suppliers. The paper lays out an analytical framework identifying the inherent incentive and efficiency issues associated with the provision of publicly funded services and outlines how they may be addressed via performance-related funding, benchmarking, contracting-out by public agencies and voucher schemes which allow users to choose among suppliers while maintaining public funding. Also, the empirical literature on contracting-out of technical and support services and on school choice is reviewed. In compulsory education, the provision mode is relatively uniform across OECD countries with most students by far attending public schools. However, the involvement of private institutions increase with education level and orientation towards occupational skills, and in many countries funding arrangements for public institutions are being ...
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.339
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: The Mexican banking crisis of 1994/95 necessitated a major government rescue operation - estimated to have cost about 20 per cent of GDP. Since then, financial sector reforms have been implemented and the performance of the Mexican financial system has markedly improved, as shown by indicators of the solidity and profitability of the banking sector. This has also been helped by a large infusion of foreign capital, as international banks entered the Mexican market through mergers and/or acquisitions. Nevertheless, several challenges remain. The banking sector is still relatively inefficient and the level of non-performing loans, though fully provisioned, remains quite high by international standards. The stateowned financial intermediaries, either in the form of development banks or trust funds, still play a large role, overlapping with commercial banks in some parts of the market. And the regulatory framework is often complex and characterised by a high cost of compliance. All ...
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.333
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that such human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy-related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the paper indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally the paper notes that students ...
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir de l'argent
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Money's destiny is to become digital. Throughout the ages physical money in the form of objects, coins and notes has increasingly been replaced by more abstract means of payment such as bills of exchange, cheques and credit cards. In the years to come that trend to virtual money will continue apace. As technological advances in ICT and biometrics come on-stream, as intangibles progressively become the primary source of value-added in the burgeoning knowledge economy, and as the public at large come to grasp the advantages of digital transactions, virtual forms of payment will dominate. How quickly will this happen on a major scale, and will cash disappear altogether? How will it affect our daily lives? Will it deepen already existing rifts in society? Does virtual money threaten control of the money supply, raising the spectre of greater inflationary risks? Or will it put central banks out of business? This book tackles these and many other critical questions, offering timely suggestions on why and how to make the transition to the world of digital money.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.328
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This paper reviews the public expenditure system in the Czech Republic and the scope for its reform. In recent years much progress has been made in improving the transparency and management of government finances. Nevertheless, the budget and policy planning process retains a single-year and inputoriented focus. Moreover, with the recent introduction of a regional level of government and the expansion and proposed introduction of new extra-budgetary funds, the government’s capacity to manage the macroeconomy has been weakened. In this regard, establishing a multi-year budgetary process should be made a government-wide priority. Such a system would allow extra-budgetary funds to be re-integrated into the State Budget. Moreover, it would reduce the potential for expenditure creep and facilitate macroeconomic policy making, as would the establishment of mechanisms for co-ordinating sub-national spending programmes. Such a medium-term budgetary framework should evolve, over time, into a ...
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.330
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Currency boards have been portrayed as an extreme way of creating currency quality and improving monetary policy credibility in emerging market economies. Yet the link between currency board operations and credibility is far from obvious. Indeed, under the heading of currency boards, there is in fact a number of significantly diverse institutional arrangements. Furthermore, currency boards can only be viewed as part of a wider policy framework encompassing fiscal sustainability and flexibility in the real economy. Along these lines, this paper describes as precisely as possible what constitutes, in theory, a currency board. It highlights the specificities of money multiplier and balance sheet issues in currency board frameworks. The paper offers an in-depth review of the actual institutional arrangements underlying existing currency boards in Eastern Europe and Asia (as well as that of Argentina until 2001) and derives a synthetic indicator of institutional pre-commitment. The ...
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.323
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This paper reviews first the fiscal policy recommendations by the EU, the IMF and the OECD for Finland, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. All these countries had inflation above the euro area average in early 2001, some by a considerable margin. The fiscal policy prescriptions deviate little, the EU, the IMF and the OECD generally recommending an active use of fiscal policy. There are some exceptions, however. The next section examines indicators of excess demand in these countries. This is followed by a review of the factors that help or hinder market-based adjustment, including simulations to gauge their effect. Market-based adjustment to demand shocks depends critically on whether the effect of a lower real interest rate is strong relative to the loss in competitiveness, on the size of wealth effects, on wage and price setting behavior, on the supply response and on the strength of trade integration. Simulations suggest that market-based ...
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264296466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators; Comparative Methodological Analysis; Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators: Comparative Methodological Analysis: Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette publication compare les aspects clés des méthodologies statistiques utilisées par les pays membres de l’OCDE pour compiler les indicateurs de l’industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction. Elle met l’accent sur la comparaison des données dans le contexte de normes statistiques internationales et de recommandations publiées par l’OCDE et d’autres organismes internationaux. Cette publication complète deux autres publications de l'OCDE, Principaux indicateurs économiques (PIE) et Principaux indicateurs économiques : Sources et définitions.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.344
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this ...
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.340
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil’s public pension expenditure is about 9 per cent of GDP, above the OECD average. Given that OECD countries are generally not only wealthier, but also significantly older, Brazil’s pension expenditures are clearly excessive, draining resources away from other areas, such as much needed social investment in health and education. Beyond its fiscal impact, the Brazilian pension system is also unjust. About half of total pension expenditure is paid to former civil servants, which account for only 5 per cent of total retirees. Given the demographic challenges Brazil is likely to face in the next decades, authorities have started to implement a series of reforms. The general regime available to private sector workers underwent major changes in 1999, which will help ensure its long-term actuarial and financial balance. However, problems remain concerning the growth of the informal economy, the weight of non-pension benefits financially imputed to the regime and the mechanisms for ...
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.318
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using new cross-country data on industry-specific product market regulations, this paper investigates the relationship between wage premia and some of the policy determinants of product market rents. Hourly wage premia in 2-digit manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries are estimated from detailed data on wage earnings in (or around) 1996 by category of worker (age, sex, education and type of contract) in 12 European and North-American countries. The effects of regulation on these wage premia are estimated by panel data regression techniques. We find that product market regulation restricting competition has a significant positive impact on wage premia in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. However, in the latter industries, this effect is offset by a negative effect of legal public monopolies on wage premia. Since public ownership per se shows no relation to premia, we interpret this result as evidence of either a low-productivity trap due to x-inefficiency ...
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.316
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper we present comparative evidence from OECD countries concerning the impact of product and labour market regulations on innovation. While product and labour market policies usually aim at objectives other than innovation, they may have important consequences for the profitability of firms’ innovative strategies. Our regression analysis provides some cross-country evidence that enhancing competition in the product market -- while guaranteeing intellectual property rights -- seems to have a positive impact on the innovation performance of a country. Conversely, the relationship between innovation and job protection does not seem to be univocal. The sign and magnitude of the effect of the latter crucially depends on the systems of industrial relations and the specific characteristics of each industry. Indeed, the larger the scope for resorting to internal labour markets, the lower the adjustment costs imposed by labour market regulation. Moreover, in industries with a ...
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Population ageing will reduce economic growth and increase the amount of resources that need to be transferred to the elderly, putting pressure on retirement-income- and healthcare insurance systems. The Netherlands is better placed than most OECD countries to meet these pressures because it has a large, funded occupational pension system in place. This advantage will be reinforced if the government adopts the policy that it is considering of pre-funding ageing-related budget outlays, which would entail paying off government debt over the next quarter century. Increasing labour force participation, notably for older persons would also attenuate the economic pressures associated with population ageing. In this regard, it will be important to reduce incentives for economic inactivity, especially by reforming early retirement schemes and disability insurance. Finally, raising productivity growth could also help ease these pressures by facilitating a de-coupling of government ...
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.322
    Keywords: Economics ; Austria
    Abstract: This document analyses the economic impacts of selected environmental policies in Austria with an emphasis on the use of economic instruments and incentives versus command-and-control measures. An important theme in a federation like the Austrian is the institutional complexity involved in many aspects of environmental policy, requiring a high degree of co-ordination between various layers of government, which could be furthered by a coherent ex ante and ex post evaluation system. Such a system could also be useful in the setting of abatement objectives and minimizing their associated cost. Greater use of properly designed instruments, examples being a unified taxation of fuels and the introduction of a CO2 tax, would improve the cost-effectiveness of policies to reach Austria’s ambitious CO2 emission reduction target. This would particularly be the case if economic instruments replace the widespread use of subsidies and command-and-control type measures. Such measures are found to ...
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.341
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The UK medium-term budgetary framework introduced in 1997 addressed a number of weaknesses of the former regime, notably a bias against capital expenditure and, more generally, poor conditions for longerterm planning adversely affecting central government spending departments, local authorities and public enterprises. Departmental spending was indeed characterised by pronounced swings and capital spending was squeezed to very low levels. These weaknesses are considered the major cause for the poor performance of crucial public services. The present paper discusses the new budgetary framework and examines the scope for further improvement ...
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.346
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper assesses the public expenditure system in Poland and the scope for its reform. Though a number of important steps to control the future evolution of spending, such as pension reform and healthcare reform, have already made in Poland, much more needs to be done. Indeed budget consolidation and the government’s goal of increasing the economy’s potential rate of growth can best be achieved by a far ranging re-evaluation and reorientation of spending away from personal transfers that contribute to inactivity traps. In this regard, it is important to expand the scope of the State Budget to include much more of general government spending, abolishing the extrabudgetary funds, and improving the co-ordination of the budget planning process among different levels of government. Moreover, the authorities need to increasingly move towards a multi-year budgeting framework. Not only will this allow for better management of investment projects, but it will also help policymakers to ...
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264295926
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Money
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: L’argent a vocation à devenir numérique. Au fil du temps, les objets, les pièces et les billets qui ont constitué les différentes formes matérielles de la monnaie ont peu à peu cédé la place à des moyens de paiement plus abstraits comme les lettres de change, les chèques et les cartes de crédit. Dans les années à venir, cette marche vers la monnaie virtuelle se poursuivra inéluctablement. A mesure que progresseront les technologies de l’information et des communications et la biométrie, à mesure que les actifs incorporels deviendront la principale source de valeur ajoutée dans une économie du savoir en pleine expansion, et à mesure que le public dans son ensemble se rendra compte des avantages offerts par les transactions numériques, les formes de paiement virtuelles s’imposeront. Combien de temps faudra-t-il pour que ce phénomène se généralise, et l’argent liquide disparaîtra-t-il définitivement ? Quel en sera l’impact sur notre vie quotidienne ? Faut-il craindre une aggravation des clivages qui marquent déjà nos sociétés ? La monnaie virtuelle risque-t-elle de compromettre le contrôle de la masse monétaire, et par conséquent de faire resurgir le spectre de l’inflation ? Que vont devenir les banques centrales ? Cet ouvrage apporte des réponses à toutes ces questions et bien d’autres encore, tout aussi essentielles, éclairant ainsi de façon opportune les raisons et les modalités du passage de l’argent à l’ère du numérique.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.338
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: This paper examines economic challenges posed by the combination of an ageing and declining population in Hungary and develops policy-oriented recommendations for addressing them. The authors identify the scale and specific properties of the demographic problem in Hungary where the population started to decline earlier than in any other OECD country. Public support for the elderly is provided by the social-security pension system and the healthcare system. While the former was reformed with partial success in the late 1990s, the latter developed less successfully, threatening to generate massive deficits in the long run. Projections indicate that even the public pension system may become unsustainable, unless the authorities restore the parameters of the original reform and encourage successfully higher labour force participation. In this context, measures to improve employability of the numerically strong and growing Roma minority are particularly pertinent. The healthcare sector ...
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264196278
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (816 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This book analyses the domestic policy challenges facing China in the context of trade and investment liberalisation. The entry of China into the WTO marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-members, this landmark study provides readers with a comprehensive view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations. It is an essential reference book for policy makers, governments, international organisations and researchers.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264196469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques ; Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques : Analyse méthodologique comparative : Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of industry, retail and construction indicators. It focuses on data comparability in the context of international statistical guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international agencies. This publication complements two other OECD publications, Main Economic Indicators (MEI), and Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264191976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United States
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of US energy policies and programmes. It finds that US energy policy has an influence on energy policy throughout the world. The 2001 National Energy Policy is an important development. The US is taking unilateral action as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. This report urges consideration of legislation on carbon dioxide and adoption of policies allowing international trading in emissions. Strengthening fuel economy standards is an encouraging approach to energy use in transport. Different standards for cars and light trucks should be addressed as a priority. Policies to promote new sources of energy supply should be balanced by continuing effort to enhance efficient use of energy. Regional Transmission Operators are a sensible means of ensuring access to transmission and the functioning of a competitive wholesale market. The power crisis in California has slowed progress on market reform; confidence should be restored to reactivate reform and to create certainty for new investment. Harmonised electricity industry standards and regulations could help promote competition and encourage investment. Barriers to exploration for oil and gas need to be addressed. Drilling in new onshore and offshore areas, meeting acceptable environmental standards, is necessary or imports must rise. Refineries are operating at full capacity; pressure could be eased by reducing the range of products they are required to produce to meet regional standards. Coal use will remain important and could be environmentally sustainable with advanced clean coal technology. Re-licensing of existing nuclear plants, consistent with safety standards, could ensure nuclear power plays a continuing role, even if new plants remain uneconomic. The decision on the Yucca Mountain repository will be important for the future of nuclear power worldwide.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.337
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This paper reviews public expenditure in New Zealand and the scope for further progress. Since the mid-1980s, New Zealand has been a world leader in public management reforms. Government agencies have been transformed by delegating managerial responsibility to them and replacing input controls with an output-based budgeting and management approach. The adoption of a medium-term top-down fiscal management framework contributed to a large reduction in public debt. But while the system is good at producing outputs cheaply and often in innovative, responsive, and customer-driven ways, it is not as good at choosing what to produce in the first place (i.e. technical versus allocative efficiency). This reflects insufficient evaluation of programmes, not enough focus on managing for outcomes, and a budget that is excessively fragmented. The quality of spending could also be improved by a greater willingness to extend the use of market-based mechanisms, including usercharges, competition ...
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.317
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent studies on the links between competition, innovation and productivity growth in the long run. From a long-run perspective, one can see that gains from competition-enhancing regulatory reform are likely to exceed static gains observed in the short run since firms will continue to innovate in ways they would not have under regulation. By taking a dynamic perspective on competition and efficiency, one can also understand better the new modes of competition observed in “dynamically competitive” industries. This paper also attempts to cover some of relatively new research areas including: i) measuring welfare gains from product innovation; ii) competition and efficiency in e-commerce, education, and health care; and iii) interactions between product- and factor-market competition ...
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.335
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: It is often claimed that tax and welfare reforms that aim at enhancing efficiency may come at the cost of cyclical stabilisation. Reducing the generosity of welfare systems and lowering taxes may boost efficiency and output, and improve market adjustment to shocks. But, by reducing the size of automatic stabilisers, it may also imply less cyclical smoothing. This would be unwelcome in EMU given the loss of national monetary autonomy and the well-known pitfalls of active fiscal management. This paper argues that the alleged trade-off between efficiency/flexibility and stabilisation may not exist. We show that, if the initial level of the tax burden is high, reducing it may lead to higher output stabilisation in the event of a supply shock and higher inflation stabilisation in the event of a demand shock. The threshold level of taxation depends on the preferences of the central bank over inflation and output. Econometric and numerical simulations show that European countries — ...
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.342
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We analyse the impact of innovation activity and product and labour market institutions on multi-factor productivity in a panel of 23 industries in 18 OECD countries using a novel harmonised database. First, we provide evidence of convergence in productivity levels within most industries across OECD countries. Convergence is however stronger in services than in manufacturing and, in the latter sector, it is weaker for high-tech industries. We also find evidence that the impact of innovation activity (proxied by R&D expenditure) on productivity depends on market structure and technological characteristics, with a stronger impact for technological leaders in high-tech industries. In addition, anti-competitive product market regulations are negatively associated with productivity performance. The negative effect is larger the further a country is from the technological frontier, because such regulations hinder the process of technology adoption. Finally, there is also evidence in the ...
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264275775
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators; Comparative Methodological Analysis; Consumer and Producer Price Indices Volume 2002 Supplement 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators: Comparative Methodological Analysis: Consumer and Producer Price Indices Volume 2002 Supplement 2
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette publication compare les aspects clés des méthodologies statistiques utilisées par les pays membres de l’OCDE pour compiler les indices des prix. Elle met l’accent sur la comparaison des données dans le contexte de normes statistiques internationales et de recommandations publiées par l’OCDE et d’autres organismes internationaux. Cette publication complète deux autres publications de l'OCDE, Principaux indicateurs économiques (PIE) et Principaux indicateurs économiques : sources et définitions.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264596450
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS; The Case for Open Services Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services ; L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS: The Case for Open Services Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services : L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Das Allgemeine Abkommen über den Handel mit Dienstleistungen (GATS) zählt zu den bedeutendsten Leistungen der multilateralen Handelsdiplomatie des späten 20. Jahrhunderts, steht aber auch im Mittelpunkt der handelspolitischen Kontroversen zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Mit dieser Untersuchung werden drei Ziele verfolgt: Erstens gilt es, die wirtschaftlichen Argumente für Reformen des Dienstleistungssektors sowie die politischen Beweggründe für eine Öffnung der Dienstleistungsmärkte durch Liberalisierung von Handel und Investitionen in Erinnerung zu rufen. Zweitens sollen die Bedenken über die Auswirkungen des GATS zerstreut werden, indem die Wirkungsweise des Übereinkommens, die damit von den WTO-Mitgliedern eingegangenen Verpflichtungen sowie die ihnen im Rahmen des Übereinkommens offen stehenden Optionen erläutert werden. Und drittens sollen einige besonders wichtige Verhandlungsthemen im Rahmen der derzeitigen GATS-Runde aufgezeigt werden, wobei den Interessen und Sorgen der Entwicklungsländer besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt und erneut auf die Chancen verwiesen wird, die das GATS für die Umsetzung entwicklungsfördernder Reformen auf den Dienstleistungsmärkten bietet.
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264199040
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 ; Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling statistics. This updated edition contains improved guidelines adjusted for changes in OECD economies, including measurement of service-sector R&D, R&D globalisation, and R&D human resources.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264296459
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS; The Case for Open Services Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS; Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS: The Case for Open Services Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS: Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: L'Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS) est l’un des principaux succès de la diplomatie commerciale multilatérale de la fin du 20ème siècle, mais il est au centre des controverses que suscite la politique commerciale en ce début du nouveau millénaire. Comme le prévoyait le « programme incorporé » du cycle d’Uruguay, les négociations menées à l’OMC dans le domaine des services ont officiellement repris le 1er janvier 2000. A mesure que les négociations sur les services ont progressé, l’AGCS est devenu le point de mire d’un certain nombre de groupes de la société civile représentant des intérêts divers. Les arguments avancés à l’encontre de l’AGCS concernent principalement la menace qu’il ferait prétendument peser sur le droit souverain des pays de réglementer la production, la vente, la distribution ou l’importation de services, et d’assurer eux-mêmes la fourniture de services au plan international. Si, pour la plupart, ces arguments reposent sur des malentendus que cette étude vise à corriger, les préoccupations suscitées par l’AGCS, par ses effets sur les services publics et ses conséquences pour la souveraineté nationale et pour le pouvoir de réglementation des autorités n’en sont pas moins bien réelles et ne doivent pas être ignorées. Les négociations en cours offrent précisément aux gouvernements l’occasion de donner à toutes les parties concernées des informations sur le contenu de l’AGCS et sur ce qu’il implique pour les objectifs économiques et sociaux au niveau national. Pour être utile, toutefois, il est indispensable que le débat soit fondé sur des faits et non sur des malentendus. Cette étude a un triple objectif. Premièrement, rappeler les raisons économiques qui sous-tendent la réforme des secteurs de services et le bien-fondé de l’action menée par les pouvoirs publics pour ouvrir les marchés de services par le biais d’une libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement. Deuxièmement, répondre aux préoccupations suscitées par les effets de l’AGCS en expliquant le fonctionnement de l’accord, les obligations auxquelles souscrivent les membres de l’OMC et les options qui s’ouvrent à eux dans ce contexte. Troisièmement, mettre en lumière quelques-uns des principaux enjeux du cycle actuel de négociations au titre de l’AGCS, en attirant particulièrement l’attention sur les intérêts et les préoccupations des pays en développement et en rappelant les possibilités qu’offre l’AGCS pour jeter les bases d’une réforme des marchés de services propre à favoriser le développement.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264693999
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: Temi speciali : Politiche per accrescere l'efficacia della spesa pubblica Riforme strutturali innalzare il potenziale di crescita
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264296282
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La Chine dans l'économie mondiale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial; Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas; Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial: Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas: Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage présente une synthèse des conclusions et des recommandations de La Chine dans l’économie mondiale : les enjeux de politique économique intérieure. Après plus de deux décennies de réforme de ses marchés et de libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement, la Chine aborde, en entrant à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, une nouvelle étape de son intégration dans l’économie mondiale. La Chine dans l’économie mondiale se fonde sur l’expérience acquise par les pays Membres de l’OCDE au cours des 50 dernières années et sur les importants travaux menés par l’OCDE en coopération avec les économies non membres du monde entier. On trouvera dans cette synthèse un panorama des multiples enjeux de la politique économique intérieure chinoise ainsi qu’une série de recommandations spécifiques. Liste des thèmes : La politique agricole et ses perspectives L’industrie en milieu rural Les répercussions sur l’économie rurale Le panorama des perspectives industrielles Les priorités de réorganisation et de restructuration de l’industrie Les défis technologiques de l’industrie Les défis du secteur bancaire Le développement du secteur de l’assurance Les perspectives du secteur de la distribution La politique de l’investissement direct étranger et ses perspectives La réforme réglementaire du point de vue de l’OCDE Le rôle de la politique et de la législation en matière de concurrence L’élaboration d’un système de gouvernance efficace pour les entreprises Le développement du système financier et de la réglementation financière Les priorités du développement des marchés de capitaux Le marché du travail et le système de prestations sociales Les priorités environnementales pour un développement durable Le système fiscal et les priorités de réforme La gestion des budgets publics Les relations fiscales entre l’administration centrale et les collectivités locales La politique du développement régional et ses perspectives Les priorités de la politique macro-économique Annexe 1 : Résumé des engagements de la Chine vis-à-vis de l’OMC Annexe 2 : Résumé des études de l’incidence de l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC sur l’économie chinoise Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l'OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264294516
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual; Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual; Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Le Manuel – Mesurer la productivité – est le premier ouvrage couvrant de façon complète les différentes mesures de productivité. Il s’adresse aux statisticiens, chercheurs et analystes impliqués dans l'élaboration d'indicateurs de mesure de productivité au niveau des industries. Le Manuel présente les bases théoriques relatives à la mesure de la productivité et examine les problèmes afférents de mise en œuvre et de mesure statistique. Le texte est accompagné d'exemples de la pratique des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que d'exemples chiffrés afin de faciliter la lecture. Le Manuel présente également une brève discussion sur l’interprétation et l’utilisation des mesures de productivité.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264198845
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Forum 2002 ; Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Forum 2002 : Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2002
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication summarises each of the sessions held at OECD Forum 2002.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 332.67/3/0951
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Electronic books ; China ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: This book provides a selection of papers presented at the Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Regional Development Conference, organised in Xian on 11-12 October 2001 at the request of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation. The book reviews regional patterns of FDI inflows in China, investment requirements, opportunities in and comparative advantages of China’s regions, and details the types of FDI sought for the Chinese hinterland. It offers business perspectives with regard to what needs to be done. Lessons learned from experiences in Canada, Turkey, Germany and Brazil are discussed, with a particular focus on investment promotion and linkages with local enterprise development. The book concludes with policy messages relevant not only to China but also to other countries striving to improve conditions for investment in their less-developed regions.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833043276 , 0833043277 , 9780833025616 , 058538391X , 9781282451490 , 1282451499 , 9780585383910 , 0833025619
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xl, 271 pages)
    Edition: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Parallel Title: Print version Improving student achievement
    RVK:
    Keywords: School improvement programs Government policy ; States ; Academic achievement Government policy ; States ; Academic achievement States ; Evaluation ; Educational tests and measurements Statistics States ; School improvement programs ; Academic achievement ; Academic achievement ; Educational tests and measurements ; EDUCATION ; Evaluation ; STUDY AIDS ; Tests ; EDUCATION ; Testing & Measurement ; Educational tests and measurements ; U.S. states ; Leistungssteigerung ; Schulleistung ; Schulpolitik ; Theory & Practice of Education ; Education ; Social Sciences ; USA ; United States ; Statistics ; Electronic books ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Why do students have different achievement levels across states? Is math achievement improving across states? Differences in average achievement levels across states are mainly traceable to differing family characteristics. However, students from similar families also score differently across states. These differences are related to differences in resource levels and in how resources are spent. States with high spending per pupil, lower pupil-teacher ratios, higher participation in public prekindergarten and higher reported teacher resources have higher achievement. Disadvantaged children are the most sensitive to low resource, and additional resources could substantially their scores. Between-state, rather than within-state, differences in resources appear to be the main reason for inequitable resource levels for students of lower socioeconomic status. The conclusion is that significant math gains are occurring across most states that cannot be traced to resource changes, that the rate of gain varies significantly by state, and that reform efforts are the likely cause of these gains. The results certainly challenge the traditional view of public education as "unreformable
    Abstract: Why do students have different achievement levels across states? Is math achievement improving across states? Differences in average achievement levels across states are mainly traceable to differing family characteristics. However, students from similar families also score differently across states. These differences are related to differences in resource levels and in how resources are spent. States with high spending per pupil, lower pupil-teacher ratios, higher participation in public prekindergarten and higher reported teacher resources have higher achievement. Disadvantaged children are the most sensitive to low resource, and additional resources could substantially their scores. Between-state, rather than within-state, differences in resources appear to be the main reason for inequitable resource levels for students of lower socioeconomic status. The conclusion is that significant math gains are occurring across most states that cannot be traced to resource changes, that the rate of gain varies significantly by state, and that reform efforts are the likely cause of these gains. The results certainly challenge the traditional view of public education as "unreformable
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (pages 257-271) , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data, summarised by means of factor analysis show that i) regulations affecting the air industry vary heavily across countries and routes; ii) in most markets, air services are still provided by a few carriers, generally dominated by an incumbent flag-carrier or by an airline alliance between incumbents; iii) only in a few cases new entrant airlines play a significant role; iv) in a large number of airports, a single airline controls more than half of the available slots; v) as a result, few international routes are truly open to ...
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.235
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: International trade is a principle transmission mechanism by which developments in one country can have repercussions in others and how it is modelled is an important part of any multi-country model. This paper describes recent estimation work carried out by the OECD, which respecifies and updates the equations which determine manufactures export volumes in the OECD INTERLINK model. An important feature of this estimation work is that the relevant equations are estimated as a consistent system, allowing data acceptable parameter restrictions to be imposed across countries. For a number of countries and regions allowance is also made for the possible influence of supply-side factors on market share performance over and above that explained by changes in price competitiveness, using non-linear trend variables. The paper reports both estimation results and the simulation properties of the equations both in isolation and as part of corresponding country models and the fully linked ...
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264182127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une nouvelle économie ? ; Transformation du rôle de l'innovation et des technologies de l'information dans la croissance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une nouvelle économie ? : Transformation du rôle de l'innovation et des technologies de l'information dans la croissance
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: What is driving recent growth in OECD countries? Why is it that their levels of GDP per capita are no longer converging? Why is it that some countries, operating at the technological frontier, where advances are difficult, appear to be widening the gap? Whether or not it is appropriate to speak of a "new economy", innovation and technology play crucial roles. This study shows that success requires not some silver bullet, but a range of complementary factors that support the innovation-intensive growth exemplified by new information and communication technologies such as the Internet and Internet applications like electronic commerce. Supportive policies include those favourable to innovative start-ups and to financial systems able to support them, those that facilitate the reorganisation required to reap the full benefits of ICT, regulatory and institutional frameworks that facilitate links between science and industry, and efforts to train and obtain the necessary human capital, as well as public support for basic scientific research. While this study is far from exhaustive, it represents an important step in understanding the conditions under which economies flourish.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.269
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This paper reviews the performance of French health care system from an economic viewpoint. It also provides some policy recommendations. The health system in France is regarded as delivering high quality services, with freedom of choice and generally no waiting lists for treatments. Access to medical services is equal among the population and, unlike in some other countries, people can get the treatments they need irrespective of their social status or work situation. It is therefore not surprising that the French population is relatively satisfied with the health system. As this paper points out, however, this high quality comes at a price: health expenditure in relation to GDP is among the highest in the OECD and risks increasing further in the future in the absence of adequate measures. Past reform efforts, which have shifted the cost to the patient through higher out-of-pocket payments, have proved ineffective and raised equity questions. A new approach is therefore ...
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.261
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper examines the underpinnings of the successful performance of the US economy in the late 1990s. Relative to the early 1990s, output growth has accelerated by nearly two percentage points. We attribute this to rapid capital accumulation, a surge in hours worked, and faster growth of total factor productivity. The acceleration of productivity growth, driven by information technology, is the most remarkable feature of the US growth resurgence. We consider the implications of these developments for the future growth of the US economy ...
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.249
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    Abstract: The recent tax reforms have improved incentives to work and removed barriers to the internationalisation of Spanish firms, and have helped to make the tax system simpler and more neutral, especially as regards saving. However, the structure of tax wedges, combined with significant labour market rigidities, continues to inhibit job creation, and particularly job creation for the unskilled. Furthermore, certain tax privileges, in particular incentives favouring owner-occupied housing, and the multiplicity of tax rates and systems applying to business profits, hamper economic efficiency and/or weaken income redistribution. Also, while the territorial authorities’ taxing powers have been increased considerably since 1997, they remain modest by comparison with their prerogatives as regards spending. The absence of adequate mechanism for controlling expenditure at the territorial level, plus the tax revenue guarantees extended to the regions by central government, could jeopardize ...
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.252
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: E-commerce -- an application of the Internet -- has expanded exponentially over the past 5 years and is widely expected to continue to develop rapidly in the medium-term. Much, however, remains to be done to fully exploit the opportunities offered by e-commerce. And as e-commerce develops, it could have profound impacts in individual sectors of the economy as well as for macroeconomic performance and economic policies. This paper assesses the potential outcomes and economic impacts of e-commerce in the business to business and business to consumer spheres; the forces underlying its expansion and the possible implications for structural and macroeconomic policy management ...
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.250
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The structural rate of unemployment and associated non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (the NAIRU) are of major importance to the analysis of macro and structural economic developments, although in practice these concepts are not well defined and there is considerable uncertainty and controversy concerning their measurement and policy use. The present paper reviews a range of conceptual and analytical issues and related empirical studies to examine the usefulness and limitations of such concepts. A reduced-form Phillips curve approach is found the most suitable conceptual framework for representing the NAIRU as currently used by the OECD in its policy analysis and surveillance work. Three distinct classes of NAIRU concept are identified, distinguished by the time-frame in which they are defined, which map directly into the broad requirements for macro and structural policy analysis. In line with a number of recent empirical studies, this general approach is applied ...
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  • 70
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. New York's School for the Physical City: Architectural Design Concerns
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: La School for the Physical City a été installée dans un immeuble de bureaux dans le centre financier et commercial de Manhattan pour 500 élèves de la sixième à la terminale, qui se servent de l’infrastructure de la ville pour étudier les disciplines scolaires traditionnelles. Il s’agit de l’une des petites écoles thématiques inaugurées en 1993/94 par le Conseil des écoles de New York avec l’aide de quatre organisations à but non lucratif, au titre d’un programme intitulé « Visions nouvelles pour l’école » qui relève de l’administration fédérale.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.257
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper reviews the performance of Polish health care system from an economic perspective. High on the reform agenda of the government for several years, a new national health insurance system entered into force on 1 January 1999. This reform marked an important shift from a centrally controlled, budget-based system to a decentralised insurance-based system, operating through multiple regional funds and a special fund with nation-wide coverage. The reform is also intended to encourage the development of primary care services and in this context to promote the role of family doctors. However, the new system suffers from certain deficiencies and has not so far attracted active public support. This paper examines some of the efficiency problems, costs issues and equity concerns that remain to be addressed. It presents a series of policy options for further improvement of the system, including ways of enforcing harder budget constraints on health funds and better defining minimum ...
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.267
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of what is known about the determinants of output growth based on studying microeconomic data sets. It starts with a summary of the theoretical explanations which help reconcile heterogeneous performance observed across establishments in the same sector. The related theoretical literature on creative destruction models of growth is also discussed. This is followed by a review of the recent empirical literature on the relationship between microeconomic and macroeconomic productivity growth. The final section discusses the main empirical findings, the caveats of interpretation and the main issues of interpretation underlying the relationship between reallocation and growth ...
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.264
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and growth have long been a subject of considerable controversy among economists. In the early post-World War II period, many economic leaders concluded that protective trade policies stimulated growth, and import substitution policies were widely adopted by developing countries. By the 1980s, however, country-specific and general cross-country analyses had demonstrated the failure of the import substitution approach, and consequently export-oriented policies were widely adopted. While subsequent cross-country studies have generally indicated the growth effectiveness of outward-looking policies, recent criticisms of these studies (by Rodriguez and Rodrik, 1999, in particular) have called this conclusion into question ...
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.266
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the robustness of explanatory variables in cross-country economic growth regressions. It employs a novel approach, Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE), which constructs estimates as a weighted average of OLS estimates for every possible combination of included variables. The weights applied to individual regressions are justified on Bayesian grounds in a way similar to the well-known Schwarz criterion. Of 32 explanatory variables we find 11 to be robustly partially correlated with long-term growth and another five variables to be marginally related. Of all the variables considered, the strongest evidence is for the initial level of real GDP per capita ...
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.271
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The tax burden in Korea is among the lowest in the OECD area, mainly reflecting that the social safety net is at an early stage of development. The low tax burden implies limited tax induced economic distortions but as expenditure pressures will mount in the future, neutrality and efficiency of the tax system will have to be substantially improved if more sizeable deadweight losses are to be avoided. Some progress have been made over the past decades in terms of broadening parts of the tax base and lowering rates along the lines followed in many other OECD countries, but a number of weaknesses remain. These include overly generous allowances for individuals, large-scale and wide-ranging tax preferences for enterprises, an inappropriate taxation of property and a lack of strong and uniform tax enforcement. Main directions for reform should include a significant broadening of the bases for personal and corporate taxation as well as in the VAT system; increasing holding taxes on real estate while reducing ...
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.229
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: This document examines Finland’s policy on natural and environmental resource management. In many fields, progress has been made and pollution curbed. However, there is still room for improvement with regard to cost-effectiveness. Economic evaluation of the measures planned in various fields should accordingly be more systematic. Until now, pollution abatement has been achieved largely through regulation; given the likelihood that very few least-cost options remain, it will be even more important to make wider use of economic instruments to minimise the cost of future measures. In order to ensure that Finnish enterprises remain competitive, energy and fuel taxes are heavier on households than on businesses (in particular the more energy-intensive ones, such as the wood and paper-pulp industries and the electricity sector). Restoring the balance in this area would bring about a marked improvement in the costeffectiveness of Finland’s policy to reduce CO2 emissions, and foster ...
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.239
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper reviews some of the difficult challenges facing debt managers in the years to come. In countries experiencing a rapidly diminishing gross debt, particularly the United States, this raises the issue of whether private-sector securities can serve as a substitute for the traditionally important government debt market. In the euro area, following the creation of the common currency, the issue is how to avoid that independent debt management strategies hamper the creation of a more efficient euro-area financial market. Turning to Japan, the level of debt is projected to rise rapidly and there is a need to improve the liquidity of the Japanese government bond market. To this end, a number of measures could be introduced to make debt management more efficient, yielding significant cost saving ...
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.272
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Using plant level panel data on Korean manufacturing during the 1990-98 period, this study tries to assess the role of entry and exit in enhancing aggregate productivity, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main findings of this study are summarised as follows. First, plant entry and exit rates in Korean manufacturing seem quite high: they are higher than in both the United States and several developing countries for which comparable studies exist. Second, in line with existing studies on other countries, plant turnover reflects underlying productivity differentials in Korean manufacturing, with the “shadow of death” effect as well as selection and learning effects all present. Third, plant entry and exit account for as much as 45 and 65 per cent in manufacturing productivity growth during cyclical upturn and downturn, respectively. This study also shows that plant birth and death are mainly a process of resource reallocation from plants with relatively low and declining ...
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.268
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of direct investment by foreign-owned companies on technical progress and hence labour productivity in the UK manufacturing sector. Using an industry-level panel data set we find that foreign-owned firms have a significant positive effect on the level of technical efficiency in domestic firms. There is evidence of significant intra-industry and inter-industry spillovers from inward investment. These findings remain robust even when other factors such as imports and domestic R&D expenditures are allowed for. Inward investment appears to be a much more important source of technical progress than foreign trade ...
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.265
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We attempt to identify and explain the broad patterns of financial development in developed countries over the twentieth century. We find that, contrary to the predictions of most existing theories, indicators of financial development do not seem monotonic over time. In particular, we find that by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and that a major reversal took place between 1913 and 1950. To explain this we outline a simple theory of the political economy of financial development. Empirically, our analysis suggests that the forces opposing financial development will be weaker when a country is open to international trade and capital flows. We find this to be true both in the cross-section and over time. In periods of free capital movement world-wide, a country’s level of financial development is directly related to its openness to trade. Similarly, the low frequency movements of financial development over time appear to be correlated ...
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  • 81
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.256
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Health services are largely tax-financed in the United Kingdom and account for 14 per cent of general government spending. This paper analyses how the National Health Service (NHS) has been dealing with the associated expenditure pressures in the pre-1990 set-up and during the “quasi-market” years and how it is to cope with them under the “co-operative” arrangements put in place since 1997. While the budget constraint was traditionally tight in the NHS, leading to pervasive rationing and queuing as well as diversion towards the private sector, it has been relaxed somewhat with the budgetary boost announced by the Government in March 2000. The challenge is now to make the best use of the new-found financial room for improvement ...
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264180871
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Système de comptabilité nationale, 1993 - Glossaire
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The System of National Accounts, 1993 (SNA) was a joint publication by the United Nations Statistical Division, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, Eurostat and the OECD. It provides a detailed framework for producing national accounts statistics and is intended for worldwide use. However, Because of the detailed nature of the SNA, it is often difficult to identify precise definitions of the terms commonly used in national accounting. As a result, the OECD has now produced this glossary which provides a quick reference to terms commonly found in the national accounts.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. New York : une école adaptée à la réalité physique de la ville - Aspects de l'architecture
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: The School for the Physical City was built in an office building in the central business district of Manhattan for 500 students, in grades 7 through 12, who use the city’s infrastructure as a vehicle for studying traditional academic disciplines. It is one of the new, small theme schools inaugurated in 1993/94 by the New York City (NYC) Board of Education with support from four nonprofit organisations, initiated under the New Visions School Programme by the federal government.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the noncompetitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentive-based regulatory approaches based on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal ...
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.240
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economists often seek to estimate unobserved variables, representing “equilibrium” or “expected” values of economic variables, as benchmarks against which observed, realised values of these variables may be evaluated. Such comparisons are often used as economic policy indicators, for example the output gap, as measured by the ratio of actual to potential GDP, is commonly used as a measure of excess demand in assessing inflation pressures. To estimate these unobserved variables, a popular approach is the so-called semi-structural approach which includes: the Hodrick Prescott multivariate filter (developed by Laxton and Tetlow, 1992) and the Kalman filter (see, among others Harvey, 1992 and Cuthberson et al., 1992). This paper shows that the two approaches are closely linked, and specifically, it explains how to reproduce theHodrick Prescott multivariate filter using the Kalman filter. Being able to do so has at least two possible advantages. First, while the traditional HPMV filter ...
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.248
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses growth performance in the OECD countries over the past two decades. Special attention is given to developments in labour productivity, allowing for human capital accumulation, and multifactor productivity (MFP), allowing for changes in the composition and quality of physical capital. The paper suggests wide (and growing) disparities in GDP per capita growth, while differences in labour productivity have remained broadly stable. These patterns are explained by different employment growth rates across countries. In the most recent years, a rise in MFP growth in ICT-related industries has boosted aggregate growth in some countries (e.g. the United States) ...
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.241
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: This paper examines within an international context, the healthcare system in Hungary. While the system resembles in many of its broad features those of other OECD countries, Hungarians have the lowest life expectancy in the OECD and its rate of increase over the last 20 years has been much slower than in the rest of the area. The Hungarian health system is relatively resource intensive and is characterised by high hospitalisation rates, an excess supply of specialists and perverse incentives both for doctors and hospital administrators. Budgetary rules prevent hospitals from properly amortising investments and limit their capacity to manage labour costs. Furthermore inadequate supervision of billing by the state administrator has led to a fraudulent inflation in both the number and the “seriousness” of treatments. Recent reforms have concentrated on containing costs but efforts to improve service delivery and health outcomes have been plagued by problems of institutional conflict ...
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 105 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.246
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the recent literature on economic growth with a focus on policy issues and evidence relevant to OECD countries. The review begins with an overview of developments in the theory of economic growth and also comments generally on the nature of evidence exploring the influences on growth. This is followed by an examination of issues relating to the link between growth and factors of production (physical and human capital). The third section of the paper assesses the evidence linking a number of other factors (or ‘framework conditions’) to growth, namely: macroeconomic policy; finance; trade and competition policy; ‘social capital’; and, population and health issues ...
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264187948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This book gives detailed information about the methods and data sources used to estimate one of the most important statistics for China – the national accounts. For the first time detailed information of this kind is published outside China. The introduction summarises the strengths and weaknesses of the methods used.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.255
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse regulatory developments in the road freight and retail distribution industries of OECD Member countries. For each industry, the analysis is divided into four parts. First, structural developments in the industry are outlined. Second, the main features of the regulatory framework are reviewed. The third part compares regulatory approaches on the basis of quantitative indicators of the degree of restrictions placed on market mechanisms. The last part summarises the main outcomes of regulatory reform. The data on regulation and market structure are taken primarily from the OECD International Regulation Database. The main findings of the analysis are the following: Both industries are currently undergoing sweeping changes, with, in particular, the rapid growth of new forms of competition; The pace and scale of liberalisation vary widely from one country and one industry to another, and in many countries there are still regulatory impediments to ...
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper investigates the information content of yield curves regarding future inflation, using the example of the G-7 countries. The empirical results show substantial variation of results across countries, and a significant information content is identified for the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Canada. The results also vary with the choice of the sample period. Nevertheless, the relationship appears to be structurally stable in Germany and Canada. By contrast, there is evidence for structural instability in the United States and the United Kingdom, possibly reflecting changes in their monetary policy regimes ...
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.236
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past two years, the key trading economies in SE Asia experienced major economic crises, involving financial turbulence, large capital outflows and currency depreciations. These, in turn, resulted in severe financial constraints and business failures and required major domestic adjustments and massive swings in their currentaccount balance of payments positions. The associated economic recessions had major effects on the economies in question and, because of constraints on their capacity to invest and import, a significant impact on the rest of the world, so that world trade and output growth slowed significantly and world commodity markets weakened substantially over the period. This paper looks at the wider macroeconomic consequences of the Asia crisis and their predictability from the perspective of the OECD countries. In doing so it examines some of the major aspects of the Asia crisis, its effects on the world situation and their predictability, assisted by the OECD’s ...
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.263
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find ...
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.260
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a summary of an OECD workshop on the causes of economic growth, held 6-7 July 2000. The topics covered include the recent growth resurgence in the United States, the potential importance of ICT and the Internet, and the part played by continual reallocation and restructuring. The paper also discusses the growth role of education, institutions, social capital, the financial sector, international trade and foreign direct investment, and indicates how research on these topics might inform policy ...
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264180635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: On the surface there is agreement, sustainable development refers to a broad set of issues, going beyond the relationship between the economy and the environment to encompass human and social concerns. Scratch the surface and you open a Pandora's box of differing notions of sustainability and means of achieving it. How can progress towards sustainable development be measured then? The major difficulty in developing indicators to track progress towards sustainable development is not the lack of data but rather the lack of frameworks to organise and synthesize existing information. This volume brings together a number of approaches to this question pursued in academia, national administrations and international organisations, as presented at an expert workshop held at the OECD headquarters in September 1999. These approaches include developments of the traditional national accounts system, construction of synthetic measures of sustainability such as "genuine savings", physical measures of material flows, and selections of indicators based on variants of the "pressure, state, response" model. This volume also reviews a number of initiatives undertaken within the OECD to monitor trends in the sustainability of specific sectors and sub-national areas.
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.253
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This paper sets out a framework to analyse the interdependence of reforms in different policy areas during the transition process. It identifies four broad policy blocks related to liberalisation, stabilisation, exit and entry. The transition process in Slovakia is a case study of the striking interdependence between these different policies. Along these lines, the paper analyses the reform programme that was implemented in the Slovak Republic during 1999-2000, focusing on macroeconomic stabilisation and structural reforms in the banking and enterprise sectors. It appears that success in making up for a period where economic reform had stagnated and even been reversed depends on being able to reform on a broad front. In particular, this means addressing the difficult situation of financial deadlock between all major players in the economy and the large costs associated with restructuring. Fostering deep restructuring in the large enterprise sector is the main structural challenge ...
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the accuracy of the OECD Economic Outlook projections — both “current year” and “year ahead” — for output growth, inflation and current account balances (as a percentage of GDP) for the major seven countries, as well as projections for world trade growth. The sample period differs somewhat between the variables, depending on data availability, but it runs until 1998 in all cases. Several evaluation criteria were used to assess the accuracy of the OECD Economic Outlook projections. These include an inspection of projection error summary statistics; comparisons with “naive” alternative forecasts; statistical tests for unbiasedness and efficiency; and testing for directional accuracy. In addition, the paper provides an examination of the performance of OECD Economic Outlook projections over different time periods. The findings suggest that, on the basis of the conventional statistical criteria, the current year projections outperform the year ahead projections ...
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.245
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This paper discusses the tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. Viewed in international context, the Czech system is broadly similar to those operated in other OECD countries. Like them, it exhibits a number of non-neutral features, some of which reflect the economy’s command and control past and others which reflect compromises between the desire to minimise economic distortions and the need to implement a system that is administratively and politically practical. The evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggests that the main priorities for reform should include: eliminating the tax bias in favour of self-employed work forms; substantially reducing the number of goods and services subject to the reduced VAT rate; lowering social security contributions and increasing reliance on the personal income tax system. In addition, more use of property taxes, in particular real estate, might be warranted from the points of view of revenue enhancement ...
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, tax reforms have profoundly changed the shape of OECD tax systems and rekindled interest in measuring effective tax burdens. Indeed, in order to understand past reforms or to evaluate the tax policies of particular countries, it is necessary to go beyond statutory rates since these sometimes bear little relation to rates actually paid. This paper updates and extends the Mendoza et al. estimates of average effective tax rates (AETRs) and presents new estimates based on modifications to the methodology to make some of the underlying assumptions more realistic. In particular, the assumption that all income from self-employment is capital income is dropped in favour of assuming that the self-employed earn both labour and capital income. This change raises estimates of the AETR on capital and reduces the estimated AETR on labour but does not alter the trends observed in the updated Mendoza et al. estimates. Both sets of estimates show that, on average, the ...
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.238
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact the performance measures in a statistically significant way ...
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