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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (295)
  • GBV  (1)
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis  (154)
  • Paris, France : OECD  (141)
  • Economics  (295)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Issues and Social Inclusion in a Sustainable Era : Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSOS 2022), Malang, Indonesia, 1-2 July 2022 (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003360483 , 9781003807582 , 9781032419398 , 9781032419381
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (444 p.)
    Keywords: Society & culture: general ; Civil engineering, surveying & building ; Economics
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the Paris Climate Agreement are examples of initiatives where countries show recognition of their interconnected interests and goals. This is particularly evident in the case of global environmental issues because they require global decision-making. The emergence of global environmental issues such as climate change, marine pollution and biodiversity loss has brought new challenges to governance and requires political support and innovation of global public policies. In addition, many social problems arise because of the environmental crisis. Environmental Issues and Social Inclusion in a Sustainable Era discusses environmental and social inclusion in a socio-economic perspective. The contributions analyse the management of global environmental problems at local, national and international levels, with a special focus on multilevel governance, innovative public policies, and economic development finance and business. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. Funded by Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Local Content Requirements : Promises and Pitfalls (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003415794 , 9781003806912 , 9781032542218 , 9781032542232
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge-ERIA Studies in Development Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Public finance accounting
    Abstract: As anti-globalization and geopolitical tensions continue to rise, the use of local content requirements (LCRs) around the world has become more noticeable than ever before. The reasons for adopting LCRs range from ensuring domestic supply availability, job creation, and increasing value added to safeguarding national security. Ing and Grossman examine country-specific as well as firm-product level exercises to explain how LCRs reduce fair competition, resulting in lower trade and productivity, which ultimately lowers world economic output and overall human welfare. Countries around the world are investigated with specific attention to the US, China, Indonesia, and resource-intensive countries, including mining-intensive ones. The book also presents product- and firm-level analyses, answering the question of why countries adopted LCRs and how LCRs actually affect the world economy. This book is a useful resource that will interest policymakers, researchers, and advanced undergraduates interested in international trade, industrial policy, political economy, labour economics, and development economics
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 10 Sustainability, Public Security, and Privacy Concerns Regarding Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032374932 , 9781032374956
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Keywords: Banking ; Business & management ; Economics ; Finance
    Abstract: Around 100 central banks currently research or develop their own central bank digital currency (further CBDC). Two projects recently moved into the production phase. The introduction of CBDC by at least one major central bank in the coming years seems unavoidable, which would form a tipping point. CBDC would then enter the mainstream of the banking sector. This trend requires assessing CBDC projects broader than the central banks do. This chapter considers concerns regarding the introduction of CBDC and its design criteria. Addressing those issues at an early stage allows us to mitigate them. The most obvious concern concerns the central bank money's public security in the era of growing cyber threats. The other evident concern concerns privacy. However, one particular angle of discussions on CBDC does not get enough attention – sustainability. This chapter assesses whether and how current CBDC projects include sustainability, public security, and privacy. It then addresses areas worth further development to increase the implementation of sustainability by the central banks. Finally, this chapter reconstructs a design of CBDC that would be most desired from the perspective of sustainability, public security, and privacy, showing how taking those perspectives into consideration influences social acceptance of CBDC
    Note: English
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 4 Forms of managing leisure time of European seniors of the 21st century (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032455068 , 9781032455082
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    DDC: 305.26094
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics ; Microeconomics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Labour economics ; Economics of aging; health economics; labour economics; structural change; composition of demand; European Union
    Abstract: This chapter is to demonstrate the challenges related to free time of seniors (especially EU residents) in the 21st century. The starting point for the considerations was to explain the concept of free time and to specify its characteristics, functions, and ways of using it. The structure of the seniors' time budget and leisure activities undertaken by this group were analyzed (based on Eurostat data). Subsequently, one of the important forms of free time management, that is, tourism, was studied. First, the essence of tourist activity was discussed and the reasons for undertaking it in the autumn of life. Second, the functions of senior tourism were distinguished and data on the participation of seniors from EU countries in it were presented. Third, taking into account that the concept of active aging is increasingly the participation in various types of courses, trainings, workshops, etc., the chapter defines the place of seniors in the process of lifelong learning. The tasks of the University of the Third Age (U3A) were systematized and the available data on the participation of European seniors in educational programs were analyzed. The conclusion emphasizes the heterogeneity of the silver head segment.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 37 Global Ageing and Health (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367713324 , 9780367713454
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Additional Information: Enthalten in The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Ageing
    DDC: 305.26
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Economics ; Medicolegal issues ; Population & demography ; Age groups: the elderly ; Healthy Life Expectancy,Universal Health Coverage,Human Development Index,Medium Variant Projections,PLHIV,Lower Middle Income Countries,Healthy Ageing,Demographic Transition,Country Income Groups,ITU,Hypertensive Heart Disease,High Income Countries,Northern America,Age Related Hearing Loss,Lower Respiratory Infection,Population Ageing,Alzheimer’s Disease,WPP,Ageing World,Ischemic Heart Disease,Global Burden,Crude Death Rate
    Abstract: Ageing populations pose some of the foremost global challenges of this century. Drawing on an international pool of scholars, this cutting-edge Handbook surveys the micro, macro and institutional aspects of the economics of ageing. Structured in seven parts, the volume addresses a broad range of themes, including health economics, labour economics, pensions and social security, generational accounting, wealth inequality and regional perspectives. Each chapter combines a succinct overview of the state of current research with a sketch of a promising future research agenda. This Handbook will be an essential resource for advanced students, researchers and policymakers looking at the economics of ageing across the disciplines of economics, demography, public policy, public health and beyond.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambodian Dollarization : Its Policy Implications for LDCs’ Financial Development (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003391418 , 9781000955552 , 9781032489162 , 9781032489179
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Globalization ; Economics
    Abstract: This book is the first study to provide a comprehensive picture of the reality and structure of dollarization in Cambodia, which has been achieving rapid economic and financial development since the end of 1998, when full piece reigned over the kingdom. It uses the micro-level data collected through nationwide surveys conducted jointly by the National Bank of Cambodia and JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute in 2014 and 2017. By applying econometric analysis to collected data, the book analyses in detail the structures and mechanisms of dollarization in households, companies, and financial institutions. It also provides detailed information on the historical development of Cambodian dollarization, international comparisons with various cases of dollarization in countries around the world, and the impact of NBC's issuance of CBDC (particularly Bakong) on the use of local and foeign currencies. The Cambodian case shows that financial development of low- and middle-income countries is promoted mutually by dollarization and that policies to separate the two are necessary to curb dollarization. This book will be of interest to students, researchers and policy-makers concerned with dollarization and economics in Southeast Asia
    Note: English
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  • 7
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    Chapter 12 Social dimension of green finance : Covid-19 shines spotlight on companies’ vulnerable employment in supply chains (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032257228 , 9781032257235
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Environmental economics ; social,sustainable,investment,life-cycle assessment,LCA,Covid-19,supply chain,corporate social responsibility,Vulnerable Employment,GHG Emission,High GHG Emission,Country Industry Level,Climate Transition,Life Cycle Inventories,Electric Vehicles,Life Cycle GHG Emission,Stacked Column Charts,Revenue Breakdown,Low GHG Emission,Supply Chain Impacts,Social Scores,Apparel Sector,Global Trade Analysis Project,Monetary Units,Financial Database,Supply Chain,SHDB,Mining Metals,Multi-regional Input Output Model,UN,Global Sustainable Investment Alliance,Food Manufacturing Sectors,ESG Rating
    Abstract: The speed with which the various economies recover from the Covid-19 pandemic will significantly determine the economic pressure placed on the environment in the medium-to-long-term. Furthermore, the pandemic has highlighted the strong interrelations between natural and societal systems, with societal resilience depending on a resilient environmental support system. In this context, the book argues that the pandemic represents a wake-up call for financial systems to be better prepared for the climate crisis and social risk, and has provided a stimulus to scale down the reliance of the global economy on fossil fuels. The first part of the book provides a deep and creative discussion between leading international researchers and experts on the policy options and financial instruments which can help to catalyze the green finance transition in the post-Covid-19 era. The contributions show that sustainable finance is emerging as a powerful tool to advance the transition towards a more environmentally and socially sustainable economic model. Instruments such as sovereign green bonds, green securities, and other sustainability-related securities can play a significant role in the post-Covid-19 world to fund economic stimulus and to lead the way to new and more sustainable future. The second part of the book supports the debate by highlighting a number of selected case studies on financing transitions in different regional contexts including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The book marks a significant contribution to the literature on environmental economics and finance, climate change, and sustainability transitions
    Note: English
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Sustainable Luxury and Digitalization : Technology Trends and Ethical Challenges in the Swiss Luxury Watch Business (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003397205 , 9781032501772 , 9781003818168
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Luxury Management
    Keywords: Economics ; Sales and marketing ; Fashion and beauty industries ; Business strategy ; Research and development management ; censored luxury;sensored luxury;luxury watch industry;Rolex;counterfeit
    Abstract: This book offers new transdisciplinary perspectives on luxury, exploring the topical phenomenon of digitally retouched (censored) and blockchain-secured (sensored) luxury watches and outlining implications that emerge for the field of luxury studies and managerial practice. Based on a cross-disciplinary approach, the book integrates theoretical and empirical perspectives to advance the readers’ understanding of luxury. With a particular focus on the Swiss luxury watch context, the book thereby draws on qualitative, quantitative, and archival data to shed new light on recent luxury trends, integrating literature on aesthetics of labour, conspicuous consumption, Gestalt theory, ethical theory, functional theories of attitudes, and surveillance studies. Eight chapters take the readers through a range of topical challenges arising with the display and changing moral perceptions of luxury and shifts that the luxury watch sector is facing in light of the digital transformation impacting luxury goods and the luxury management environment. This unique book will be of value for academics, scholars, and upper-level students across management studies with a particular interest in the luxury and fashion industries, luxury management, brand management, business ethics, and digital transformation. With a foreword by Thomaï Serdari, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University
    Note: English
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digital Transformation and the Economics of Banking : Economic, Institutional, and Social Dimensions (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032374932 , 9781032374956 , 9781003340454
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & management ; Finance ; Banking ; Economics ; Business and Management ; Finance and the finance industry ; Banking; digital transformation; digitalization; financial institutions; FinTech; innovation and technology management; Insurance; CBDC, sustainability, privacy, central bank, digital currency, FinTech
    Abstract: Banking; digital transformation; digitalization; financial institutions; FinTech; innovation and technology management; Insurance; CBDC, sustainability, privacy, central bank, digital currency, FinTech
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Ageing (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003150398 , 9780367713324 , 9780367713454
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Routledge International Handbooks
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Population & demography ; Economics ; Medicolegal issues ; Age groups: the elderly ; Population and demography ; Labour / income economics ; economics of ageing,labour economics,generational accounting,health economics,Population Ageing,NTA,Pension Systems,Health Deficits,Pension Reforms,Assortative Matching,Younger Men,Labor Income,Normal Retirement Age,Public Transfers,Income Replacement Rate,OLG Model,Life Cycle Model,Age Profiles,Human Development Index,Retirement Age,Frailty Index,Dependency Ratio,Spousal Health,Differential Mortality,Vice Versa,Public Pension,Effective Retirement Ages,Healthcare Spending,Demographic Transition
    Abstract: Ageing populations pose some of the foremost global challenges of this century. Drawing on an international pool of scholars, this cutting-edge Handbook surveys the micro, macro and institutional aspects of the economics of ageing. Structured in seven parts, the volume addresses a broad range of themes, including health economics, labour economics, pensions and social security, generational accounting, wealth inequality and regional perspectives. Each chapter combines a succinct overview of the state of current research with a sketch of a promising future research agenda. This Handbook will be an essential resource for advanced students, researchers and policymakers looking at the economics of ageing across the disciplines of economics, demography, public policy, public health and beyond
    Note: English
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  • 11
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    Chapter 4 Exploring the environmental and social impact of informal market practices in the apparel industry (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032122687
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Economics ; International economics
    Abstract: This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of environmental impact stems from the production phase of apparel. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and the wide-spread use of informal market practices in the industry, is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security
    Note: English
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  • 12
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    Contemporary Research on Management and Business : Proceedings of the International Seminar of Contemporary Research on Business and Management (ISCRBM 2021), 18 December 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003295952 , 9781032282619 , 9781032282596 , 9781000777840
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (322 p.)
    Keywords: Management & management techniques ; Economics ; Project management ; Civil engineering, surveying & building
    Abstract: This book contains 74 selected papers presented at the 5th International Seminar of Contemporary Research on Business and Management (ISCRBM 2021), which was organized by the Alliance of Indonesian Master of Management Program (APMMI) and held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 18 December 2021. This online conference was hosted by the Master of Management Program of Indonesia University. This year, ISCRBM focused on research related to driving sustainable business through innovation. Business has had to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, so a new approach towards managing business to survive competition is indispensable. Innovation is the key for all organizations in surviving in the new normal and beyond. The Seminar aimed to provide a forum for leading scholars, academics, researchers, and practitioners in the business and management area to reflect on the issues, challenges and opportunities, and to share the latest innovative research and best practices. This seminar brought together participants to exchange ideas on the future development of management disciplines: human resource, marketing, operation, finance, strategic management and entrepreneurship
    Note: English
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  • 13
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    An Economic Philosophy of Production, Work and Consumption : A Transhistorical Framework (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003057017 , 9781000654844 , 9780367522254 , 9780367522247
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in the History of Economics
    Keywords: Accounting ; Economic history ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: An Economic Philosophy of Production, Work and Consumption presents a new transhistorical framework of defining production, work and consumption. It shows that they all share the common feature of intentional physical transformation of something external to the agent, at some point in time. The book opens with a discussion of various theoretical traditions within economics, spanning mainstream and heterodox perspectives, and problems with production definitions in use today. Next, the author outlines various definitions in a more formal manner and provides a discussion on measurement and the production boundary. Unproductive work is redefined as socially reproductive, i.e. such that would not be performed on a Robinson Crusoe Island. Finally, the volume applies the new conceptual framework to various historical cases and discusses the future of production, work and consumption. This essential volume will be of interest to scholars of economic philosophy and methodology, the history of economic thought, economic history and national accounting
    Note: English
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  • 14
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    Chapter 5 Local public goods and public utility services in municipalities (urbanized areas) (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Keywords: Microeconomics ; Public finance ; Economics
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
    Note: English
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  • 15
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    Chapter 11 Liminal Precarity and Compromised Agency : Migrant experiences of gig work in Amsterdam, Berlin, and New York City (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367752903 , 9780367752910
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Keywords: Economic history ; Economics ; Industry & industrial studies ; International economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: This chapter examines what moves migrants in the Global North to take up gig work and stick with it for various periods of time despite its by now well documented precarious conditions, by investigating the role that gig platforms play in their life-building trajectories
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  • 16
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    Chapter 4 Health security as a public good in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Poland (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Keywords: Microeconomics ; Public finance ; Economics
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
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  • 17
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    Chapter 6 Challenges for the education system in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Keywords: Microeconomics ; Public finance ; Economics
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
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  • 18
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    Chapter 12 Individual Work Pricing by Non-fungible Personal Tokens ("NFT Gig Tokens") - a New Opportunity for Gig Workers (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the way people operate in all fields of their activity - individual, social, economic, cultural, civic, to name the most essential spheres. One of the crucial changes to the rules existing within pre-pandemic societies was the modification of the work environment and principles (Ralph et al., 2020; Masood et al., 2022). The patterns developed within the gig economy, which are based on the idea of flexibility and the use of technological communication platforms, proved to be the most common response to the change (Diab- Bahman & Al-Enzi, 2020). When it comes to specific problems that were highlighted by the pandemic, the issue of labour pricing occurred to be of concern. The development of online communication tools created new opportunities to provide services and share results of one's work via the Internet. It is worth noting that even before the COVID-19, the issue of work valuation was crucial for some groups, for example, for artists. The token became an important way of work monetisation both for them and the new services providers. More and more one hears about artists converting their artworks (the results of their work) into non-fungible tokens (NFT tokens). But will only celebrities (artists, actors, and influencers) use this tool in the future? This question occurred to be an extremely relevant matter in a (post)pandemic world. It seems that NFT gig tokens are an answer to the challenges occurring on the labour market, related to the popularisation of the employment model in the gig economy and the issue of valuing work offered by gig workers
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  • 19
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    Urbanizing the Regional Sector to Strengthen Economy and Business to Recover from Recession : Proceedings of the 5th International Research Conference on Economics and Business (IRCEB 2021), Malang, Indonesia, 10–11 November 2021 (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003303336 , 9781000830545 , 9781032300719 , 9781032300702
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (308 p.)
    Keywords: Finance ; Management & management techniques ; Economics ; Civil engineering, surveying & building
    Abstract: This pandemic does not only affect health aspects but also economic aspects. The world today faces a recession resulting from the covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia's economy continues to lead to a recovery, although not very significant. The current government continues to make various recovery efforts. One of the flagship programs includes encouraging and strengthening support for social protection and increasing the purchasing power of households as well as various business sectors, including small and medium-sized micro enterprises (MSMEs). This condition urges the world to create new breakthroughs to rise from this adversity. Academicians and practitioners need to work together to find the necessary solutions and developments. Surely, it will contribute to solve the problems in society by interdisciplinary cooperation. This collaboration will create innovations in science and technology especially business and economic field. This book includes in-depth discussions between academicians and practitioners, especially on how to strengthen the regional sectors to be the strong pillars of the country’s economy. Interestingly, various methods are used to observe the problems, to explore the solutions, and to develop the innovation. This book will be of interest to students, scholars, and practitioners of social empowerment, governance, and other related stakeholders. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license. Funded by State University of Malang
    Note: English
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  • 20
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    Chapter 4 Decisions on saving and investment in the digital era : Empirical evidence (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032508719 , 9781032508733
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Keywords: Finance ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Investment & securities ; Business & management ; Economics
    Abstract: The chapter presents the results of undertaken primary research, which delves into the relationship between economic and psychological factors in the realm of digital finance. The research examines the behavior and preferences of market participants and their relationship with financial literacy. It explores various dimensions such as saving propensity, investment diversification, portfolio selection, profit-risk relationship, typology of financial literacy, self-assessed financial knowledge, post-pandemic changes in trust in different forms of payment, usage of digital payment methods, familiarity with robo-advisory, preferences for AI advisory in different spheres, and preferences for saving and investment robo-advisory recommendations. The research was conducted among an internationally diverse sample from Poland, India and the USA, and took place in the post-pandemic reality. Comparing data from international samples, research conducted for this book shows the current picture of financialization within three contemporary, but culturally and economically diversified societies. The empirical chapter includes models that demonstrate the relationships between economic and psychological variables, as well as characteristics related to decision-making in the digital reality. These models allow for generalization of the research to a wider groups, of international financial markets participants
    Note: English
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    Chapter 7 Made in France and Made in Paris : Luxury branding in the longue durée (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367754976 , 9780367762681
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Keywords: Economic history ; Economics ; Sales & marketing
    Abstract: Made in France examines the long history of the branding of the French nation, from the political imprint of Prime Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert to the present day. The politics of Made in France were articulated at several levels of power, which was centralised by the French state, but also exercised locally, as in Paris and in the wine producing regions. The French government has consistently fostered production that advertised its country-of-origin as a symbol of quality on domestic and international markets. This chapter discusses the luxury industries, especially haute couture. The experiences of this industry, and other luxury industries show that is possible to relocate production outside France, which has resulted in the massification of luxury-item production
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    Chapter Introduction (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
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    ISBN: 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: This book focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changing labour markets and accelerating digitalisation of the workplace in Central and Eastern Europe. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted workplaces substantially. As the lockdowns or stay-at-home measures entered into force, a large proportion of the workforce was instructed to stay home and continue to work remotely if their functions made it possible. This policy accelerated the introduction of many digital solutions, requiring the establishment of new patterns of work, and new institutional logic guiding daily activity for both organisations and individuals. In a relatively short time, remote working has become a kind of commonly accepted new institution with its own new logic, structures, rules, and behaviours (Jacks, 2021). The trends contributing to a shift towards more flexible, digital working patterns were emerging before the pandemic (over the last decade) in response to societal developments, the increasing participation of women, and greater global competition. In 2020, the combined health and economic shocks have only deepened the concerns about technology-driven displacement of jobs, growing income inequality, and rising societal discord towards globalisation
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    Chapter 22 Systemic Governance (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367700454 , 9780367700478
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Keywords: International economics ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: This chapter, being halfway between abstract economic theory and policy analysis, addresses one of the most contested issues in comparative economic studies, namely the role of human deliberation versus spontaneity at the macroeconomic level. To arrive at new insights. It adopts a cross-regional perspective and speculates, if the counter-intuitive practices of China, based on pragmatism and experimentation, trial and error, has indeed been superior to social engineering, as practiced in various forms across Europe. It also highlights the limitations to theoretical generalizations, i.e., making claims that remain valid at any time and any place, as mainstream economics suggests of its own insights
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    Chapter 4 Posting of Workers During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the European Union : The Case of Slovenia (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: The free movement of services, one of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union's (EU) internal market, allows companies to post their employees to other EU Member States. In Slovenia, the concept of cross-border posting became relevant after the country joined the EU in 2004. The number of posted workers in Slovenia has been growing steadily since then and is among the highest in the EU. An increase in posting has also been observed in the EU as well. One of the main reasons for the rapid increase in the number of workers posted to wealthier EU countries is the accession of ten new Member States in 2004, with significant differences in living standards between the `new´ and `old´ Member States. Focusing on Slovenia, an important reason for Slovenia's high numbers of posted workers is also its proximity to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and the strong migrant flows from these countries to the EU via Slovenian companies. As a result, the number of workers posted from Slovenia to other EU Member States has been one of the highest in the EU over the past decade
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    Chapter 4 Elements of an Evolutionary Approach to Comparative Economic Studies (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
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    ISBN: 9780367700454 , 9780367700478
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Keywords: International economics ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: This chapter delineates an evolutionary approach to the comparative analysis of economic systems and illustrates its usefulness via an exemplary application to recent developments in the European Union. The first part of the chapter describes the meta-theoretical foundations of the approach, i.e. its particular ontological and epistemological vantage points. This allows for an easier comparison (and, potentially, triangulation) with other approaches to comparative analyses, and already provides for some practical guidelines for applied work. The second part applies the approach and studies polarization patterns in the European Union. While this application is not meant as a fully self-contained analysis, it not only illustrates how the concepts of the approach can be operationalized and applied in practice, but also the application of several empirical methods that can be used fruitfully within such an evolutionary analysis. The chapter concludes with a non-exhaustive list of concepts and topics that are particularly insightful to consider when conducting an analysis in the spirit of an evolutionary approach to the comparative analysis of economic systems
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    The Informal Sector and the Environment (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003223856 , 9781032122663 , 9781032122687
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Economics ; International economics ; Development economics and emerging economies ; economic incentive policies; environmental regulation; heterodox economics;inclusive growth ; informal economy; pollution abating equipment; pollution fees; sustainable development; Sustainable Development Goals; the green economy
    Abstract: The informal economy - broadly defined as economic activity that is not subject to government regulation or taxation - sustains a large part of the world's workforce. It is a diverse, complex and growing area of activity. However, being largely unregulated, its impact on the environment has not been closely scrutinised or analysed. This edited volume demonstrates that the informal sector is a major source of environmental pollution and a major reason behind the environmental degradation accompanying the expansion of economic activity in developing countries. Environmental regulation and economic incentive policies are difficult to implement in this sector because economic units are unregistered, geographically dispersed and difficult to identify. Moreover, given their limited capital base, they cannot afford to pay pollution fees or install pollution abating equipment. The informal manufacturing units, often operate under unscientific and unhealthy conditions, further contributing to polluting the environment. The book emphasizes and examines these challenges, and solutions, faced by various sectors of the informal economy, including urban waste pickers, small-scale farmers, informal workers, home-based workers, street vendors, and more. If the informal sector is to ""Leave no one behind"" (as the Sustainable Development Goals promise) and contribute to ""Inclusive growth"" (an objective of the green economy), then its impact on the economy as well as the environment has to be carefully considered. This book marks a significant contribution to the literature on both the informal economy and sustainable development, and will be of great interest to readers in economics, geography, politics, environment studies and public policy more broadly
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 27
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    Digital Labour Markets in Central and Eastern European Countries : COVID-19 and the Future of Work (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003326779 , 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Economics ; Labour / income economics ; digitalisation; gig economy; labour market; the future of work
    Abstract: This book examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changing labour markets and accelerating digitalisation of the workplace in Central and Eastern Europe. It provides an innovative and enriching take on the work experience from the pandemic times and discusses the challenges of ongoing changes in labour markets and workplaces in a way that is not covered by the extant literature. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and digitalisation on labour market outcomes is analysed throughout 12 chapters, by 34 labour market experts from various CEE countries. Most chapters are based on empirical methods yet are presented in an easy-to-follow way to make the book also accessible for a non-scientific audience. The volume addresses the three key goals: to better understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the adoption of workplace digitalisation in the selected labour markets in CEE countries and the potential trade-offs facing those who do and do not have access to this benefit; to complement the labour market research by incorporating the outputs of changing demand for skills; to contribute new insight into policies and regulations that govern the future of work. The book argues that the recent COVID-19 pandemic　was a sombre reminder of the relevance and necessity of digital technology for a variety of sectors and market activities. It concludes that to downside the risks of vanishing jobs, as well as to minimise the threats and maximise the opportunities of digitalisation in CEE countries, labour market partners need to consider an effective governance tool in terms of inclusive access to the digital environment, re-skilling, and balanced regulations of the more problematic facets of digital work. The book will be of interest to postgraduate researchers and academics in the fields of labour economics, regional economics, and macroeconomics. Additionally, due to the broader policy implications of the topic, the book will appeal to policymakers and experts interested in labour economics
    Note: English
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    The Routledge Handbook of Comparative Economic Systems (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
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    ISBN: 9781003144366 , 9780367700454 , 9780367700478
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (782 p.)
    Keywords: Economic theory & philosophy ; International economics ; Economics ; Economic theory and philosophy ; economics; international economics; economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: The 2020 pandemic and likely even more the renewed East-West clash epitomized by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the West's reaction to it. The handbook is divided into five parts. Each part deals with an issue of relevance for the discipline. The first and second parts look at the subject, content and approach of the discipline and its comparative method. The third part looks at the idiosyncratic nature of different economic systems and their constituent elements. The fourth part considers the outcomes that different economic systems generate and how these outcomes change following the evolution and transformation of economic systems. The last part takes stock and looks ahead at the challenges, from a theoretical and applied perspective, and the exogenous and endogenous factors promoting the advancement of the discipline, including the interaction between and competition among varied approaches and opposing paradigms
    Note: Chaper 4 Elements of an Exolutionary Approach to comparative economic studies und Chapter 22 Systemic Governance sind verfügbar , English
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  • 29
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    The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
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    ISBN: 9781003161875 , 9780367752910
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (550 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge International Handbooks
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Routledge handbook of the gig economy
    Keywords: Industry & industrial studies ; Labour economics ; Economic history ; Economics ; International economics ; Industry and industrial studies ; Labour / income economics ; digital labour; Globalisation; platform economy; platform economy ; Crowdworking ; Arbeitsverhältnis ; Zeitarbeit ; Flexible Arbeitszeit
    Abstract: digital labour; Globalisation; platform economy; platform economy
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-the-Gig-Economy/Ness/p/book/9780367752903
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  • 30
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    Behavioral Finance in the Digital Era : Saving and Investment Decisions (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003400066 , 9781032508719 , 9781032508733
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Investment & securities ; Business & management ; Economics ; Economic theory and philosophy ; Investment and securities ; Business and Management ; Finance and the finance industry ; Saving and investing; digital finance; finance; financial inclusion
    Abstract: Saving and investing; digital finance; finance; financial inclusion
    Note: English
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  • 31
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    Public Goods and the Fourth Industrial Revolution : Inclusive Models of Finance, Distribution and Production (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003274681 , 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Public finance ; Microeconomics ; Economics ; Public finance and taxation ; fourth industrial revolution; Megatrends; public goods; public utility services
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
    Note: English
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  • 32
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    National Brands and Global Markets : An Historical Perspective (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367754976 , 9780367762681 , 9781003166184
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Perspectives in Economic and Social History
    Keywords: Place marketing ; Brand name products ; Nationalism ; Mass media and nationalism ; Sales & marketing ; Economic history ; Economics ; Sales and marketing ; Brands, Historical, Perspective, National, Markets, Global
    Abstract: Brands, Historical, Perspective, National, Markets, Global
    Abstract: "Between Brexit, efforts to 'Make America great again' and ongoing appeals for patriotic consumption to boost economies, the intersection between national identity, marketing campaigns, and consumer choices has been brought to the fore. This book maps out this terrain and provides a framework for how research on 'Made in' campaigns and programmes in individual countries can be placed into a broader historical context. The book argues that the history of 'Made in' can be used to shed light on society at large: the actors that have promoted it, the institutions that have regulated it, and the cultural environments that have attributed it meaning. At times 'Made in' has been a basic, descriptive trademark while, in other periods, it has been a key component of carefully developed commercial brands, and in yet other instances it has been used in attempts to forge and redefine national identities. The book opens with an introduction to the three key factors which have featured prominently in 'Made in' campaigns - commercial logic, national economic policy, and it's use as an instrument in political discourse - and an overview of the evolution of 'Made in' from a marketing perspective. This is followed by country-specific discussions of 'Made in' through case studies including countries in Western Europe, US, Japan and the antipodes. This book will be of significant interest to students and scholars of economic history, business history and marketing"--
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    Chapter 1 EU’s perspective on the functioning of giant online platforms in the digital economy (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032201597 , 9781032201641
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.)
    DDC: 303.4833094
    Keywords: Economics ; digital levy; Digital Markets Act; Digital Services Act; EU Digital Single Market (DSM); labour market
    Abstract: In the study, the EU’s digital market in light of the new regulation issued by the European Commission: the Digital Market Act has been examined. It will allow regulation of a significant part of the EU digital market activities of giant tech companies to the extent that they will be much more complex and restrictive in comparison to the creation of the traditional internal market in the early 1990s. In view of recent changes occurring in the digital market, including the increased expansion of the biggest companies and problems related to competition, the aim of this study is to capture the change in approach of the EU competition policy to entities, so-called gatekeepers, who offer core online platform services as compared to the existing solutions functioning in the traditional European Single Market.
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  • 34
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    The Economics of Gender in China : Women, Work and the Glass Ceiling (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003307563 , 9781032309941 , 9781032309958 , 9781000728934
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (242 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Gender and Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sung, Sisi The economics of gender in China
    RVK:
    QV 221
    RVK:
    QG 860
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Gender studies: women ; Economics ; Management: leadership & motivation
    Abstract: China's rapid socio-economic development has achieved remarkable equalizing conditions between men and women in the aspects of health, education and labor force participation, but the glass ceiling phenomenon has become more prominent. The book develops a cross-disciplinary paradigm, with economics at its core, to better understand gender in China and women in management in the Chinese business context. The theoretical perspective integrates the knowledge and evidence from cognate disciplinary strands, such as economics, sociology, management studies, and the Chinese literature, into one unified framework. In-depth interviews with managers in China's largest enterprises complement the theoretical perspective with rich empirical details to examine women's managerial experiences and career choices. The book's argument sheds light on the power of stereotypes that specify women's roles in the family, organization, and society. It shows that understanding the socio-psychological and organizational dynamics of stereotyping in the Chinese context, as well as how Chinese women make career decisions, recognizing and deploying these expectations, provides new perspectives on the underrepresentation of women among business leaders in China. The book offers multi-disciplinary evidence on the economics of gender in China that is highly relevant for gender studies in general, and across a number of subject areas, and it can be used in any setting as an introductory reference
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  • 35
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    The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of Working Spaces (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003181163 , 9781032019574 , 9781032014340 , 9781000684537
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (270 p.)
    Series Statement: Regions and Cities
    Keywords: Urban economics ; Economics ; Regional studies
    Abstract: This edited volume presents a compendium of emerging and innovative studies on the proliferation of new working spaces (NeWSps), both formal and informal (such as coworking spaces, maker spaces, fab labs, public libraries, and coffee shops), and their role during and following the COVID-19 pandemic in urban and regional development and planning. This book presents an original, interdisciplinary approach to NeWSps through three features: (i) situating the debate in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has transformed NeWSp business models and the everyday work life of their owners and users; (ii) repositioning and rethinking the debate on NeWSps in the context of socioeconomics and planning and comparing conditions between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (iii) providing new directions for urban and regional development and resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic, considering new ways of working and living. The 17 chapters are co-authored by both leading international scholars who have studied the proliferation of NeWSps in the last decade and young, talented researchers, resulting in a total of 55 co-authors from different disciplines (48 of whom are currently involved in the COST Action CA18214 'The Geography of New Working Spaces and Impact on the Periphery' 2019-2023: www.new-working-spaces.eu). Selected comparative studies among several European countries (Western and Eastern Europe) and from the US and Lebanon are presented. The book contributes to the understanding of multi-disciplinary theoretical and practical implications of NeWSps for our society, economy, and urban/regional planning in conditions following the COVID-19 pandemic
    Note: English
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  • 36
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    Chapter 1 EU's perspective on the functioning of giant online platforms in the digital economy (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003262534 , 9781032201597 , 9781032201641
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In the study, the EU's digital market in light of the new regulation issued by the European Commission: the Digital Market Act has been examined. It will allow regulation of a significant part of the EU digital market activities of giant tech companies to the extent that they will be much more complex and restrictive in comparison to the creation of the traditional internal market in the early 1990s. In view of recent changes occurring in the digital market, including the increased expansion of the biggest companies and problems related to competition, the aim of this study is to capture the change in approach of the EU competition policy to entities, so-called gatekeepers, who offer core online platform services as compared to the existing solutions functioning in the traditional European Single Market
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    Chapter 5 FinTechs, BigTechs and structural changes in capital markets (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003095354 , 9780367558406 , 9780367558345
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Keywords: Banking ; Business innovation ; E-commerce: business aspects ; Economics ; Macroeconomics ; Finance ; Monetary economics
    Abstract: This chapter aims at exploring some theoretical issues associated with the impact of technology companies on the market structure in the financial industry with the special focus on capital markets. Based on the industrial organization theory, as well as on an extensive literature review, research to date, and industry reports, the attempt was made to identify main structural changes resulting from FinTech's activity in this market segment. It was found that, in contrast to the banking sector, BigTechs are not interested in entering into capital markets. This can be explained by complexity of investment services and weak synergies between them and non-financial services offered by technology giants. As a result, digitalization in capital markets is driven rather from inside and supported by FinTechs. In the stock market, the development of high-frequency trading resulted in the increasing centralization of trade that neither facilitated market access nor eliminated the market asymmetry. Nonetheless, FinTech solutions allowed reductions in transaction costs and increase in short-term market efficiency. In the asset management and mutual funds industry digital platforms, developed mostly by incumbents, by lowering transaction costs and reducing communication frictions made investing easier and cheaper for individuals, however their decisions became more speculative
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    COVID-19 in Indonesia : Impacts on the Economy and Ways to Recovery (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003243670 , 9781000583670 , 9781032153377 , 9781032153353
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Economics
    Abstract: This book assesses the impacts of COVID-19 on the Indonesian economy, particularly on employment, education, poverty, trade, and macro economy. The book explains how fiscal and monetary stimulus work and the roles of local governments in managing stimulus. It also presents ways to recovery and lessons learnt from countries that have found success in mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic (China, Germany, Singapore, and Vietnam). This book will be a useful reference for policy makers, scholars, students, and public audience working or having interest in the fields of development economics, trade, health economics, economics, and East Asia
    Note: English
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    Chapter 10 Challenger bank as a new digital form of providing financial services to retail customers in the EU Internal Market : The case of Revolut (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003095354 , 9780367558345 , 9780367558406
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Keywords: Banking ; Business innovation ; E-commerce: business aspects ; Economics ; Macroeconomics ; Finance ; Monetary economics
    Abstract: ‘Challenger banks’ are banks or non-banking start-ups, the operations of which are based on digital technologies and which challenge big, traditional banks. It is a new approach to provide financial services, where an agile organization and new technologies are the key success factors. The aim of the study is to explore the operations of challenger banks and their new digital approaches to provide banking and investment services to retail customers as an innovation in the financial market. The case of Revolut is used as a unit of analysis. The study makes an attempt to identify and explore: (i) What product innovations have been implemented by Revolut in regard to the customers’ access to financial markets? (ii) How does Revolut compete with other challenger banks and traditional financial institutions? (iii) What are socio-economic consequences of innovations introduced by challenger banks? (iv) What is the legal formula of Revolut's operations? From the perspective of management theory, the study identifies the mechanisms of developing and implementing innovations in the financial sector, in the context of digital transformation and the changes in legal regulations
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    Chapter 2 European financial institution physical geolocation and the high-frequency trading potential (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003095354 , 9780367558345 , 9780367558406
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Keywords: Banking ; Business innovation ; E-commerce: business aspects ; Economics ; Macroeconomics ; Finance ; Monetary economics
    Abstract: "The book provides deep insight into theoretical and empirical evidence on information and communication technologies (ICT) as an important factor affecting financial markets. It is focused on the impact of ICT on stock markets, bond markets, and other categories of financial markets, with the additional focus on the linked FinTech services and financial institutions. Financial markets shaped by the adoption of the new technologies are labelled ‘digital financial markets’. With a wide-ranging perspective at both the local and global levels from countries at varying degrees of economic development, this book addresses an important gap in the extant literature concerning the role of ICT on the financial markets. The consequences of these processes had until now rarely been considered in a broader economic and social context, particularly when the impact of FinTech services on financial markets is taken into account. The book’s theoretical discussions, empirical evidence and compilation of different views and perspectives make it a valuable and complex reference work. Information Classification: General The principal audience of the book will be scholars in the fields of finance and economics. The book also targets professionals in the financial industry who are directly or indirectly linked to the new technologies on the financial markets, in particular various types of FinTech services."
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    Chapter 2 Freedom of speech in the age of digitalisation : Opportunities and threats (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032201597 , 9781032201641
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    DDC: 303.4833094
    Keywords: Economics ; digital levy; Digital Markets Act; Digital Services Act; EU Digital Single Market (DSM); labour market
    Abstract: The author analyses one of the ‘Four Freedoms’—the freedom of speech—which is closely connected to political rights. Digitalisation has created a number of opportunities for ‘speech’ and reduced the barriers in human communication and thought transfer. However, digitalisation is also associated with threats to freedom of speech and the wrong use of it. In this chapter, a legal analysis of the contemporary content of freedom of speech is conducted and the opportunities and threats to this freedom in the age of digitalisation are examined. Moreover, representative national regulations of the EU member states and the USA are presented. The standard set by the ‘community of values’ is confronted with Poland’s practice. The DSA and Digital Market Act are assessed in terms of opportunities and threats to the freedom of speech.
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    The Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 on Eastern European Countries (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003211891 , 9781000513868 , 9781032078717 , 9781032078731
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Keywords: Macroeconomics ; Economics
    Abstract: The year 2020 went down in economic history due to the dramatic and drastic changes in economic and social conditions that resulted from the outbreak of the global pandemic of COVID-19. This book offers a multi-level narrative about the pandemic, written from national and international perspectives, enabling the authors to construct several macro- and mega-scenarios. The book consists of six chapters. Four of them discuss the process of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Europe in 2020, i.e. the directions and dynamics of the spread and its socioeconomic consequences, and provide a comparative analysis of fiscal and monetary packages employed by Europe, with an emphasis on Eastern European countries. The remaining two chapters contain forecasts and scenarios. The fifth chapter, dedicated to forecasts, provides readers with a comprehensive description of possible consequences of any epidemic leading to severe social losses such as high percentages of infected and dead, limited interpersonal contacts as a result of lockdown, a lowered level of general individual and social well-being, as well as economic losses, for example a decline in production as a result of the collapse of aggregate demand and a reduction in the supply capacity of the economy, consequently slowing down the pace of capital accumulation. The sixth, final chapter describes possible scenarios of the spread of the pandemic in Poland and Ukraine, depending on measures taken by the governments of those countries. The Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 on Eastern European Countries is designed as a practical reference for scholars, researchers and policymakers
    Note: English
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    The Dynamics of Marginalized Youth : Not in Education, Employment, or Training Around the World (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003096658 , 9781000589801 , 9780367561574 , 9780367561567
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (316 p.)
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Business studies: general ; Economics
    Abstract: This book studies young people who are Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET); a prime concern among policymakers. Moving past common interpretations of NEETs as a homogeneous group, it asks why some youth become NEET, whereas other do not. The authors analyse diverse school-to-work patterns of young NEETs in five typical countries and investigate the role of individual characteristics, countries’ institutions and policies, and their complex interplay. Readers will come to understand youth marginalization as a process that may occur during the transition from school, vocational college, or university to work. By studying longitudinal analyses of processes and transitions, readers will gain the crucial insight that NEETs are not equally vulnerable, and that most NEETs will find their way back to the labour market. However, they will also see that in all countries, a group of long-term NEETs exists. These exceptionally vulnerable young people are sidelined from society and the labour market. The country cases and cross-national studies illustrate that policies intended to help long-term NEETs to find their way in society are very limited. The book provides useful theoretical and empirical insights for scholars interested in the school-to-work transition and marginalized youth. It also provides helpful insights in vulnerability to policymakers who aim to combat youth marginalization
    Note: English
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    Social and Political Issues on Sustainable Development in the Post Covid-19 Crisis : Proceedings of the International Conference on Social and Political Issues on Sustainable Development in the Post Covid-19 Crisis (ICHSOS 2021), Malang, Indonesia, 18-19 June 2021 (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003263586 , 9781000594195 , 9781032204499 , 9781032204444
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (382 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Central government policies ; Society & culture: general ; Civil engineering, surveying & building
    Abstract: As a threat, a pandemic has indirect implications for social, economic and political conditions both at domestic and international levels. Thus, collective and comprehensive efforts are needed in responding to and preventing the expansion of infections caused by the virus, including Covid-19. This international conference provides the discourse on social, economic as well as political issues regarding the condition after the pandemic. Social issues are studied through social welfare, sociology, governance, communication and international relations approaches. Meanwhile, economic problems are discussed through business, economic development and economic management approaches. Under the First International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSOS) 2021, speakers from several countries provided solutions and alternative perspectives in preventing and dealing with problems after the Covid-19 pandemic. This book contains 42 papers presented at the conference
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    Chapter Foreword (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367628048 , 9780367628055
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: New, Green, Deal, Routledge, handbook, Robinson, Tienhaara
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    Corporate Social Responsibility and SMEs : Impacts and Institutional Drivers (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003216483 , 9781032106717 , 9781000523256 , 9781032106724
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (299 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Management, Organizations and Society
    Keywords: Economics ; Sales and marketing ; Business mathematics and systems ; Research and development management ; Environmental science, engineering and technology ; Sales and marketing management ; Small businesses and self-employment ; CSR;government regulation;SME;environmental policy;CSR Initiative;Price competition;CSR Policy;Business culture;Intrinsic Motivations;Women in management;Motivation Crowding Theory;Family Business;Company’s CSR;Innovation;CSR Activity;equal opportunities;Motivation Crowding;Business;Uncertainty Avoidance;Environmental impacts;Business Case;Extrinsic Motivation;Negative Relationship;Technological Competition;CSR Strategy;Innovation Motive;CSR Practice;Company Size;SME Manager;RMSEA Measure
    Abstract: The world’s people and their leaders face a complex and multifaceted set of ‘eco-social questions’. As the productivity of humanity increases, the negative external environmental effects of production and consumption patterns become increasingly problematic and threaten the human welfare. As the regulating power of national and international governments is limited, this challenge has generated a strong interest in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of companies. Firms find it increasingly important to meet the expectations of stakeholders with respect to the company’s contribution to profit, planet, and people. The primary aim of this book is to introduce the reader to the impacts and drivers of CSR, with a special focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Research into the social and environmental impacts of CSR is rare. This is a serious gap because if CSR were to fail to have favourable social and environmental impacts on society, the whole concept may become redundant. If societal impacts of CSR are substantial, it is important to know the drivers of CSR. This book considers (1) factors internal to the company, (2) the competitive environment of the company, (3) institutions external to the company, and (4) how the impacts of institutions are mediated or moderated by company internal factors. This book will fill this gap by estimating various types of models that integrate external and internal factors driving CSR and its impacts on environment, innovation, and reputation, making it a valuable resource for researchers, academics, and students in the fields of business management and CSR
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    Globalisation and its Economic Consequences : Looking at APEC Economies (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003138501 , 9781000432305 , 9780367682668 , 9780367686680 , 9781003138501
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    DDC: 306.091823
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Economics ; Macroeconomics ; APEC economies ; Asia and the Pacific region ; Economic and globalisation
    Abstract: Given the rising criticisms of and growing doubts about globalisation, this timely edited volume looks at globalisation and its economic impact on eight countries in Asia and the Pacific region, namely Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, the United States (US), and Vietnam. The eight selected countries are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and yet the economies of these member countries have benefited differently from globalisation. This book summarises findings from existing academic literature in a coherent framework and reviews them critically to provide a balanced analysis. It also identifies the mechanisms through which globalisation impacts economies and explains how understanding of such mechanisms can be useful for formulating policies, which would benefit from globalisation while achieving inclusive economic growth in the context of rising nationalism and protectionism. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/10.4324/9781003138501, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
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    Chapter 18 The winds of change : The Sioux, Silicon Valley, society, and simple heuristics (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781315658353 , 9781138999381 , 9780367563943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economic history ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Finance
    Abstract: The ongoing process of digitalization seems to be changing our world dramatically. While many of these changes might lead to improvements for human well-being, others might entail profoundly disastrous consequences both for individuals and for societies as a whole. One research program that might be particularly suitable for studying environmental changes is the fast-and-frugal heuristics framework. This theoretical framework adopts an ecological perspective on human behavior, cognition, and performance. In an uncertain world, humans, so the argument goes, can adaptively respond to environmental demands by relying on a repertoire of simple decision strategies, called heuristics. Selecting heuristics that fit the environment results in adaptive behavior. This chapter focuses on the possible negative aspects of digitalization to discuss how the science of heuristic decision making under uncertainty might aid reflection on how individuals navigate their way through sudden, disruptive, and thorough environmental changes. Specifically, it sketches out what aversive future digital environments might look like, and which heuristics individuals and societies might rely upon in order to manage those aversive environments. The chapter concludes by (1) pointing to a series of research questions about how digital environments might differ from other environments that we humans have encountered both in our more recent history and over the course of our evolution, as well as (2) turning to questions about children and education
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    Social Enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe : Theory, Models and Practice (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780429324529 , 9781000367157 , 9780367342197 , 9780367747312
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (326 p.)
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship ; Economic history ; Economics ; Politics & government ; Central government policies ; Business & management
    Abstract: In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project (on which this book is based) was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking conceptualisation efforts to the huge diversity of social enterprises than from an additional and ambitious attempt at providing an encompassing definition. Starting from a hypothesis that could be termed "the impossibility of a unified definition", the ICSEM research strategy relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the social enterprise phenomenon in its local and national contexts. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major social enterprise models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level. Social Enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe – the last volume in a series of four ICSEM-based books on social enterprise worldwide — will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and others who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop in this region
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    Chapter 5 How is consumption changing? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367700423 , 9780367700447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    DDC: 303.4833
    Keywords: Economics ; Information technology industries ; Labour economics ; Sales & marketing ; AI; artificial intelligence; Big Tech; Covid-19; cross-border data flows; datafication; data-first approach; digital business models; digital economy; digital processes; digital transformation; fourth technological revolution; markets of goods and services; network economy; platform economy; tehnological disruption
    Abstract: The unprecedented Covid-19 crisis revealed the scale and scope of a new type of economy taking shape in front of our very eyes: the digital economy. This book presents a concise theoretical and conceptual framework for a more nuanced analysis of the economic and sociological impacts of the technological disruption that is taking place in the markets of goods and services, labour markets, and the global economy more generally. This interdisciplinary work is a must for researchers and students from economics, business, and other social science majors who seek an overview of the main digital economy concepts and research. Its down-to-earth approach and communicative style will also speak to businesses practitioners who want to understand the ongoing digital disruption of the market rules and emergence of the new digital business models. The book refers to academic insights from economics and sociology while giving numerous empirical examples drawn from basic and applied research and business. It addresses several burning issues: how are digital processes transforming traditional business models? Does intelligent automation threaten our jobs? Are we reaching the end of globalisation as we know it? How can we best prepare ourselves and our children for the digitally transformed world? The book will help the reader gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the digital transformation, something that is essential in order to not only reap the plentiful opportunities being created by the digital economy but also to avoid its many pitfalls.
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    Chapter 1 Transformation of the economy : Towards era 5.0 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003219958 , 9781032114460
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics
    Abstract: "This book presents the ways in which three key issues of the modern world – transformation, digitalisation and sustainability – may be combined for the greater good and highlights which activities may be designed to integrate these three directly linked paths. It is an experience-derived and evidence-based analysis of how sustainable development impacts the transformation of the economy and how the business environment influences economic transformation in the light of the sustainable development principles. The book addresses the current challenges and shows how the economy can be transformed further in an organic way that meets the needs of society and the environment, through the use of digital technologies. The multidisciplinary approach to sustainability transformation is one of the core strengths of the book, as it emphasises the need for a holistic approach to the functioning of sustainable development ideas at the micro- and macro-levels. The authors present a fresh perspective, particularly around the regulations stimulating the sustainable development of enterprises, tax systems, and the allocation of capital. Moreover, the book brings together and makes available the results of the latest research on the subject, using a vast amount of primary evidence and both quantitative and qualitative methodology. The authors’ insights go beyond the obvious effects of economic transformation and call attention to ways in which smart technology and digitalisation may help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The book is directed first and foremost towards academics, researchers and students, but also professionals, who would like to expand their knowledge of sustainable development from a scientific perspective."
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    Chapter 1 The foundations of the digital economy (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367700423 , 9780367700447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    DDC: 303.4833
    Keywords: Economics ; Information technology industries ; Labour economics ; Sales & marketing ; AI; artificial intelligence; Big Tech; Covid-19; cross-border data flows; datafication; data-first approach; digital business models; digital economy; digital processes; digital transformation; fourth technological revolution; markets of goods and services; network economy; platform economy; tehnological disruption
    Abstract: The unprecedented Covid-19 crisis revealed the scale and scope of a new type of economy taking shape in front of our very eyes: the digital economy. This book presents a concise theoretical and conceptual framework for a more nuanced analysis of the economic and sociological impacts of the technological disruption that is taking place in the markets of goods and services, labour markets, and the global economy more generally. This interdisciplinary work is a must for researchers and students from economics, business, and other social science majors who seek an overview of the main digital economy concepts and research. Its down-to-earth approach and communicative style will also speak to businesses practitioners who want to understand the ongoing digital disruption of the market rules and emergence of the new digital business models. The book refers to academic insights from economics and sociology while giving numerous empirical examples drawn from basic and applied research and business. It addresses several burning issues: how are digital processes transforming traditional business models? Does intelligent automation threaten our jobs? Are we reaching the end of globalisation as we know it? How can we best prepare ourselves and our children for the digitally transformed world? The book will help the reader gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the digital transformation, something that is essential in order to not only reap the plentiful opportunities being created by the digital economy but also to avoid its many pitfalls.
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    Chapter 3 How is production changing? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367700423 , 9780367700447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    DDC: 303.4833
    Keywords: Economics ; Information technology industries ; Labour economics ; Sales & marketing ; AI; artificial intelligence; Big Tech; Covid-19; cross-border data flows; datafication; data-first approach; digital business models; digital economy; digital processes; digital transformation; fourth technological revolution; markets of goods and services; network economy; platform economy; tehnological disruption
    Abstract: The unprecedented Covid-19 crisis revealed the scale and scope of a new type of economy taking shape in front of our very eyes: the digital economy. This book presents a concise theoretical and conceptual framework for a more nuanced analysis of the economic and sociological impacts of the technological disruption that is taking place in the markets of goods and services, labour markets, and the global economy more generally. This interdisciplinary work is a must for researchers and students from economics, business, and other social science majors who seek an overview of the main digital economy concepts and research. Its down-to-earth approach and communicative style will also speak to businesses practitioners who want to understand the ongoing digital disruption of the market rules and emergence of the new digital business models. The book refers to academic insights from economics and sociology while giving numerous empirical examples drawn from basic and applied research and business. It addresses several burning issues: how are digital processes transforming traditional business models? Does intelligent automation threaten our jobs? Are we reaching the end of globalisation as we know it? How can we best prepare ourselves and our children for the digitally transformed world? The book will help the reader gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the digital transformation, something that is essential in order to not only reap the plentiful opportunities being created by the digital economy but also to avoid its many pitfalls.
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    Chapter 5 The relative importance of selected factors affecting corporate trade credit policy (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032181752 , 9781032181776
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Keywords: Accounting ; Corporate finance ; Economics
    Abstract: Chapter 5 attempts to evaluate the relative importance of the country, industry and size effect in the corporate trade credit policies. This is done by analysing the multi-sectional clustering results based on various sets of variables. The different clustering results are compared to identify the prevailing factors affecting trade credit policies. First, the country effect was juxtaposed with the industry effect, and then with the firm size effect. Then, the relevance of the industry versus size effect was evaluated. The chapter also provides the similarity evaluation of clustering results, as well as the information on the contribution of trade credit variables to the classification results
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    Chapter 1 The role of trade credit in corporate activity (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032181752 , 9781032181776
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Keywords: Accounting ; Corporate finance ; Economics
    Abstract: This chapter describes the role of trade credit in the functioning of enterprises. It presents the essence and the use of this form of finance, as well as placing it in a historical context. The chapter discusses the role of trade credit and the methods of trade credit management in business entities. It also describes the rules of trade credit administration, as well as the common reasons that enterprises use trade credit. Moreover, the chapter discusses the receivables and payables management system in an enterprise. Apart from highlighting the role of trade credit in national economies, it indicates the tools for minimising the level of risk associated with the trade credit granted. Further on, it presents the various objectives that trade credit allows entrepreneurs to achieve. Finally, it reports the legislative regulations introduced to exclude deferred payment contracts, which can be grossly unfair to one of the parties
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    The Economics of Corporate Trade Credit in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003253228 , 9781032181752 , 9781032181776
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Accounting ; Corporate finance ; Economics ; cluster analysis; country and firm size effect;financial crisis; industry; payables management; receivables management; short-term finance;Trade credit; trade credit balance; working capital
    Abstract: This book is a research monograph addressed to a wide range of academics interested in corporate short-term capital. The study shows the role of trade credit in the functioning of economic entities. It constitutes a comprehensive source of knowledge about the role of trade credit in the development of enterprises, as well as the impact of this form of finance on the development of economies. Apart from an extensive review of the theoretical aspects of the role of trade credit in the economy, the study discusses the importance of factors influencing trade credit behaviour. Trade credit, despite its versatility, has not yet been fully described, particularly with regard to the specificity of domestic markets. This study aggregates and supplements the existing sources. The monograph is of an international character, as it covers a substantial group of European countries. Therefore, it is likely to have international appeal. The findings may be of interest to those involved in finance management. Understanding the differences in receivables management resulting from the country specificity can contribute to a better understanding of business finance and its operational functions. This knowledge may support the effective management of receivables and liabilities, especially in companies operating on the global market
    Note: English
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    The Economics of Sustainable Transformation (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032114439 , 9781032114460 , 9781003219958
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics
    Abstract: "This book presents the ways in which three key issues of the modern world – transformation, digitalisation and sustainability – may be combined for the greater good and highlights which activities may be designed to integrate these three directly linked paths. It is an experience-derived and evidence-based analysis of how sustainable development impacts the transformation of the economy and how the business environment influences economic transformation in the light of the sustainable development principles. The book addresses the current challenges and shows how the economy can be transformed further in an organic way that meets the needs of society and the environment, through the use of digital technologies. The multidisciplinary approach to sustainability transformation is one of the core strengths of the book, as it emphasises the need for a holistic approach to the functioning of sustainable development ideas at the micro- and macro-levels. The authors present a fresh perspective, particularly around the regulations stimulating the sustainable development of enterprises, tax systems, and the allocation of capital. Moreover, the book brings together and makes available the results of the latest research on the subject, using a vast amount of primary evidence and both quantitative and qualitative methodology. The authors’ insights go beyond the obvious effects of economic transformation and call attention to ways in which smart technology and digitalisation may help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The book is directed first and foremost towards academics, researchers and students, but also professionals, who would like to expand their knowledge of sustainable development from a scientific perspective."
    Note: English
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    Routledge Handbook of Bounded Rationality (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781315658353 , 9781138999381 , 9780367563943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economic history ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Finance
    Abstract: The ongoing process of digitalization seems to be changing our world dramatically. While many of these changes might lead to improvements for human well-being, others might entail profoundly disastrous consequences both for individuals and for societies as a whole. One research program that might be particularly suitable for studying environmental changes is the fast-and-frugal heuristics framework. This theoretical framework adopts an ecological perspective on human behavior, cognition, and performance. In an uncertain world, humans, so the argument goes, can adaptively respond to environmental demands by relying on a repertoire of simple decision strategies, called heuristics. Selecting heuristics that fit the environment results in adaptive behavior. This chapter focuses on the possible negative aspects of digitalization to discuss how the science of heuristic decision making under uncertainty might aid reflection on how individuals navigate their way through sudden, disruptive, and thorough environmental changes. Specifically, it sketches out what aversive future digital environments might look like, and which heuristics individuals and societies might rely upon in order to manage those aversive environments. The chapter concludes by (1) pointing to a series of research questions about how digital environments might differ from other environments that we humans have encountered both in our more recent history and over the course of our evolution, as well as (2) turning to questions about children and education
    Note: English
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    The Economics of Digital Transformation : The Disruption of Markets, Production, Consumption, and Work (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003144359 , 9780367700423 , 9780367700447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Information technology industries ; Labour economics ; Sales & marketing
    Abstract: The unprecedented Covid-19 crisis revealed the scale and scope of a new type of economy taking shape in front of our very eyes: the digital economy. This book presents a concise theoretical and conceptual framework for a more nuanced analysis of the economic and sociological impacts of the technological disruption that is taking place in the markets of goods and services, labour markets, and the global economy more generally. This interdisciplinary work is a must for researchers and students from economics, business, and other social science majors who seek an overview of the main digital economy concepts and research. Its down-to-earth approach and communicative style will also speak to businesses practitioners who want to understand the ongoing digital disruption of the market rules and emergence of the new digital business models. The book refers to academic insights from economics and sociology while giving numerous empirical examples drawn from basic and applied research and business. It addresses several burning issues: how are digital processes transforming traditional business models? Does intelligent automation threaten our jobs? Are we reaching the end of globalisation as we know it? How can we best prepare ourselves and our children for the digitally transformed world? The book will help the reader gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the digital transformation, something that is essential in order to not only reap the plentiful opportunities being created by the digital economy but also to avoid its many pitfalls
    Note: English
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  • 60
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    The Nordic Economic, Social and Political Model : Challenges in the 21st Century (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9780429026690 , 9780429643446 , 9780367134754 , 9780367724405 , 9780429026690
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (272 p.)
    DDC: 306.0948
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economic history ; Economics ; Politics & government ; Sociology ; democratic peace ; democratic social consensus ; economic history ; egalitarian ; history of welfare states ; Nordic welfare state ; national welfare ; redistribution ; safety net ; social history ; social integration ; social welfare ; welfare economics ; welfare history ; welfare policy ; welfare state
    Abstract: The Nordic Model is the 20th-century Scandinavian recipe for combining stable democracies, individual freedom, economic growth and comprehensive systems for social security. But what happens when Sweden and Finland – two countries topping global indexes for competitiveness, productivity, growth, quality of life, prosperity, and equality – start doubting themselves and their future? Is the Nordic Model at a crossroads? Historically, consensus, continuity, social cohesion, and broad social trust have been hailed as key components for the success and for the self-images of Sweden and Finland. In the contemporary, however, political debates in both countries are increasingly focused on risks, threats, and worry. Social disintegration, political polarization, geopolitical anxieties, and threat of terrorism are often dominant themes. This book focuses on what appears to be a paradox: countries with low income differences, high faith in social institutions, and relatively high cultural homogeneity becoming fixated on the fear of polarization, disintegration, and diminished social trust. Unpacking the presentist discourse of "worry" and a sense of interregnum at the face of geopolitical tensions, digitalization, and globalization, as well as challenges to democracy, the chapters take steps back in time and explore the current conjecture through the eyes of historians and social scientists, addressing key aspects of and challenges to both the contemporary and future Nordic Model. In addition, the functioning and efficacy of the participatory democracy and current protocols of decision-making are debated. This work is essential reading for students and scholars of the welfare state, social reforms, and populism, as well as Nordic and Scandinavian studies.
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  • 61
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    Influencer : The Science Behind Swaying Others (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003037767 , 9780367481162 , 9780367468491 , 9781000317176 , 9781000317862
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 p.)
    DDC: 153.852
    RVK:
    AP 14450
    RVK:
    AP 15840
    RVK:
    MS 7965
    RVK:
    QP 632
    Keywords: Communication studies ; Economics ; Sales & marketing ; Society & culture: general ; Sociology ; NBC Universal;Influencer marketing;Advertising Skepticism;Marketing ecosystem;CVS Pharmacy;Influencer phenomenon;ALS Foundation;Celebrity status;RPD.;Social Listening;Global Web Index;Small Scale Influence;Brand Relationship;Tv Commercial;Key Words;Human Brands;Celebrity Endorsers;Weekly Total Minutes;Pop Star;Tv Rating;Chinese Women’s Volleyball Team;IOC Executive Board;Social Media Monitoring Tools;Fondation De France;Vice Versa;NFL Super Bowl;Philco Television Playhouse
    Abstract: The influential are no longer only those with celebrity status – but until now there has been no authoritative resource on the theory and practice of influencer marketing. This book will educate and inspire decision makers, researchers, students, and influencers themselves. Diving deeper than the many ""how-to"" books on the influencer phenomenon, this book brings in frameworks from marketing, sociology, psychology, and communication studies to redefine the influencer as a persona (related to a person, group of people, or organization) that possesses greater than average sway over others. Cornwell and Katz go on to: introduce the influencers, macro and nano, authentic and inauthentic, ascending and fading; consider their relationship to brands in the marketing ecosystem, along with regulations that set limits on influencer marketing; describe how influence is measured and evaluated and look into the future; and bring together the latest research on influencer marketing and organize it for the reader. The book serves both those who want to understand the science behind influencer marketing and those who want to most effectively employ influencers in brand strategy. Instructors, students, and professionals will appreciate international examples from multiple industries applying theories to the real world
    Note: English
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    Industry 4.0 and Regional Transformations (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (276 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Management & management techniques ; Manufacturing industries ; Urban economics ; Regional & area planning ; Regional studies
    Abstract: This volume brings together expert contributors to explore opportunities and challenges that Industry 4.0 is likely to pose for regions, firms and jobs in Europe. Drawing on theory and empirical cases, it considers emerging issues like servitization, new innovation models for local production systems, and the increase in reshoring
    Note: English
    URL: OAPEN Library: download the publication
    URL: OAPEN Library: description of the publication
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  • 63
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    Challenges and opportunities of India's enhanced participation in the global economy (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1597
    Keywords: Economics ; India ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: India is becoming a key player in the global economy. It performs well in exporting information and technology services, pharmaceuticals and petroleum products. India’s large diaspora is well integrated abroad, helping to develop new export markets and facilitate the transfer of technology and know-how. India could perform better in some domains. These include labour-intensive manufacturing exports and foreign direct investment. Better performance in these areas would boost job creation and thus make growth more inclusive. It would require improving further infrastructure, in particular transport and energy provision, modernising product market regulations, developing skills, and reconsidering barriers to trade and investment. OECD simulations suggest that India would be a major beneficiary were barriers to trade and investment be reduced multilaterally. In the absence of a multilateral agreement, the economy would also gain from a unilateral liberalisation of trade and investment. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of India http://www.oecd.org/economy/india-economic-snapshot/
    DOI: 10.1787/a6facd16-en
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    Housing for all in India (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1612
    Keywords: Economics ; India ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing is key for well-being and for spatial and social mobility. In India, the housing market is characterised by excess demand for affordable dwellings, a small rental market and an oversupply of high-end housing, especially in urban areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/b1e68648-en
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  • 65
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    Enhancing business dynamism and consumer welfare in Costa Rica with regulatory reform (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1615
    Keywords: Economics ; Costa Rica ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Regulations of product markets serve legitimate objectives but, when ill-designed, can impose unnecessary restrictions on competition, and therefore on business dynamism, productivity and ultimately well-being. A recent update of the OECD’s Product Market Regulation indicator for Costa Rica shows that there is ample room to improve regulations. Costa Rica’s economic development is hindered by heavy state involvement and high barriers to entry, compared to both OECD countries and regional peers. This paper discusses options to improve product market regulations, based on international best practices. Regulatory reform can improve consumer welfare by boosting competition and thus lowering prices of key goods and services, which in turn increases the purchasing power of low-income households and reduces poverty. By raising productivity, stronger competition will also allow higher wages. Reducing barriers to entry can facilitate firm creation, boosting investment and jobs.
    DOI: 10.1787/53250d35-en
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  • 66
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    Revisiting the effect of statutory pension ages on the participation rate (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1616
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many OECD governments have enacted, or are contemplating, future increases in statutory pension ages, sometimes provoking vociferous political opposition. Empirical cross-country estimation work consistently finds that coefficients on statutory pension ages are positive and highly statistically significant in explaining labour-force participation at older ages. There is also some consistency in the magnitude of the estimated effects across studies, although this magnitude seems surprisingly modest when translated into the implied effect on average retirement ages: an increase in statutory pension ages by one year is typically estimated to increase the average effective retirement age by only about two months.
    DOI: 10.1787/3f430e2b-en
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    Unpicking Portugal's export performance : a microdata analysis (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1618
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Portugal has notably increased its international openness over recent decades, with exports’ share of GDP rising by 20 percentage points since 1993. This analysis couples microdata with panel regression techniques to investigate the drivers of Portuguese export growth over the 1995-2016 period. The results highlight that there was no one single factor behind the export expansion. While an improvement in price competitiveness played a significant role, the majority of the increase in exports was explained by other factors. These include increases in the quality of export products and weak domestic demand that prompted firms to increase their focus on foreign markets. The empirical results also suggest that the restoration of the health of the Portuguese financial sector and its further development is beneficial for export growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/71df6aa3-en
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    Building an inclusive social protection system in South Africa (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1620
    Keywords: Economics ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: South Africa has an incomplete social protection system without a mandatory pension savings scheme. Designing a universal insurance pension system would allow to reduce the important government funded pension grant system and ensure that the old-age population has decent income. Only 40% of employees are contributing to a form of saving-retirement scheme, with often a low pension. Moreover, South Africa has a dual, public and private, health care system. Half of the country’s health-care spending goes to the private sector, which covers only 16% of the population. Moreover, the health care system fails to deliver affordable quality services. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the unequal distribution of health care services between public and private health providers. Around 70% of critical care beds available were in the private health care sector. Finally, the sizeable unconditional cash transfer system though reaching a large share of the population fail to lift many children in the poorest families above the poverty line.
    DOI: 10.1787/e01d1e09-en
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    Leveraging tourism development for sustainable and inclusive growth in South Africa (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1621
    Keywords: Economics ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: South Africa has turned towards tourism development to jump-start its weak economy. As tourism is a labour intensive sector that can also bring foreign currency into the country, the sector was identified as priority area by the South African government. Indeed, a doubling in international tourist arrivals from 1995 to 2017 was accompanied by a tripling of employment directly related to tourism. Despite South Africa’s rich and diverse natural and cultural assets, tourism development has been challenged by the country’s geographic location and perceived safety and security issues. As the country is a long-haul destination for many large source markets, good accessibility and international openness is key to expand international tourism, but current visa regulations put an administrative burden on potential tourists. While increasing tourist arrivals are necessary for tourism development, tourism growth has to be well planned and managed to be sustainable. Although the recent coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and resulting containment measures have hit the economy and in particular tourism, the sector has good potential to support the South African economy and contribute to employment growth post-COVID-19. Tourism provides job opportunities for different skills and experience levels allowing for greater social integration. For tourism development to translate into inclusive growth, the tourism industry needs to be integrated into the local economy and the benefits of tourism must spread geographically to also create economic opportunities in less travelled and less prosperous regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/457c263d-en
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    What drives firm and sectoral productivity in the United Kingdom and in selected European countries? (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1630
    Keywords: productivity ; firm-level ; sectoral ; barriers to trade and investment ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the link between barriers to trade and investment and productivity performance, in the United Kingdom and selected European countries using both firm-level and sectoral data. Barriers to trade and investment appear to be a robust determinant of productivity in the long term. Control variables such as spending on R&D and human capital also play a role, though their effects depend on the way they are measured or on the sample. The results are robust across a range of productivity measures as well as to changes in the sectoral coverage and the set of controls.
    DOI: 10.1787/36ceb723-en
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    Firm investments in skills and capital in the UK services sector (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1632
    Keywords: Human capital ; physical capital ; training ; EU exit ; Financial Crisis ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investments in both human and physical capital are key drivers of economic growth and productivity gains. The United Kingdom has had a turbulent recent history, being strongly affected by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and more recently voting to leave the European Union, its largest trading partner. We use firm-level survey data for the UK services sector to show that firms were less likely to increase expenditure on worker training in the periods following each event. In the period following the EU Referendum, firms were 9% less likely to increase expenditure on worker training relative to the period before the referendum. The effects were most severe for larger firms and for those located in London and the South East. The impacts also varied across industries, with firms in real estate, professional, scientific and technical activities among those most negatively affected, while administrative activities and accommodation services were least negatively affected. We see similar changes in expenditure on all forms of physical capital available in the data: IT; vehicles, plants and machinery; and land and buildings. Following the EU Referendum, firms were also more likely to reduce training expenditure, although the magnitudes of the changes were smaller than those following the Financial Crisis of 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/c595cf3b-en
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  • 72
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    How effective are automatic fiscal stabilisers in the OECD countries? (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1635
    Keywords: automatic fiscal stabilisers ; fiscal policy ; household disposable income ; cyclical adjustment of government budget balances ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes an approach to assess the extent of automatic fiscal stabilisation of aggregate household disposable income after a specific shock. The approach is based on the national account identity of household disposable income and elements of the OECD methodology to cyclically adjust budget balances. In a stylised scenario assuming a decline in household market income, automatic stabilisers in 23 OECD countries are found to offset on average around 60% of the shock on impact. Direct taxes provide larger stabilisation than social benefits and social security contributions. There are important differences in the effectiveness of automatic stabilisers across the OECD countries. They mainly reflect non-linear interactions among the size of a specific automatic stabiliser, the elasticity of the automatic stabiliser with respect to a relevant economic variable and the specific shock scenario analysed.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1fb9d6a-en
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  • 73
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    Efficiency and risks in global value chains in the context of COVID-19 (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1637
    Keywords: trade ; global value chains ; shocks ; diversification ; relocalisation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting disruptions in supply chains of some manufacturing and medical products have renewed the debate on costs and benefits of globalisation and, particularly, on risks associated with international fragmentation of production in global value chains (GVCs). While GVCs helped addressing supply shortages in several cases already during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the policy debate has concentrated on whether the gains from expanding international specialisation in GVCs are worth the associated risks of transmission of shocks and even whether governments should use policy tools to ‘re-localise’ GVCs. But re-localising may also mean less diversification and thereby limit the scope for cushioning shocks. This paper builds on on-going OECD analysis and aims at providing empirical evidence to inform and guide discussion on these questions. First, it reviews briefly the key issues and lessons learnt from the past, and identifies the main features of world trade and GVC participation that influence exposures to risks in supply chains. Subsequently, it presents key results of a set of economic model simulations conducted using the OECD’s computable general equilibrium (CGE) trade model METRO to shed light on the consequences of a stylised re-localisation policy scenario. In this scenario, countries are less exposed to foreign shocks, but they are also less efficient and less able to cushion shocks through trade. Quantitatively, the latter effect tends to dominate: re-localising GVCs would make the economy in most countries both less efficient and less stable. The economic case for policy-induced reshoring of GVCs is therefore weak. There is nevertheless scope for governments to join efforts with businesses to improve risk preparedness.
    DOI: 10.1787/3e4b7ecf-en
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    Why are some U.S. cities successful, while others are not? : empirical evidence from machine learning (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1643
    Keywords: Labour mobility ; job-to-job flows ; metropolitan areas ; clustering analysis ; United States ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The U.S. population has become increasingly concentrated in large metropolitan areas. However, there are striking differences in between the performances of big cities: some of them have been very successful and have been able to pull away from the rest, while others have stagnated or even declined. The main objective of this paper is to characterize U.S. metropolitan areas according to their labor-market performance: which metropolitan areas are struggling and falling behind? Which ones are flourishing? Which ones are staying resilient by adapting to shocks? We rely on an unsupervised machine learning technique called Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) to conduct this empirical investigation. The data comes from a number of sources including the new Job-to-Job (J2J) flows dataset from the Census Bureau, which reports the near universe of job movements in and out of employment at the metropolitan level. We characterize the fate of metropolitan areas by tracking their job mobility rate, unemployment rate, income growth, population increase, net change in job-to-job mobility and GDP growth. Our results indicate that the 372 metropolitan areas under examination can be categorized into four statistically distinct groups: booming areas (67), prosperous mega metropolitan areas (99), resilient areas (149) and distressed metropolitan areas (57). The results show that areas that are doing well are predominantly located in the south and the west. The main features of their success have revolved around embracing digital technologies, adopting local regulations friendly to job mobility and business creation, avoiding strict rules on land-use and housing market, and improving the wellbeing of the city’s population. These results highlight that cities adopting well-targeted policies can accelerate the return to growth after a shock.
    DOI: 10.1787/7f77c2e7-en
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    The decline in labour mobility in the United States : insights from new administrative data (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1644
    Keywords: job-to-job flows ; labour mobility ; geographic mobility ; ageing ; United States ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Job mobility is essential for a well-functioning market economy and for individual workers to boost their wages. This paper provides a re-assessment of job mobility in the United States during 2000-2018, based on a novel administrative data source covering almost all workers and job flows. First, aggregate job hire and job separation rates have declined over time, especially in the 2000s. This is mainly driven by flows into and out of nonemployment, while job-to-job hires during 2016-2018 had recovered to their peak levels prior to the global financial crisis. Examination of job mobility across different individual and firm-level characteristics shows comparatively higher job-to-job flows for youth, the less educated, non-whites and individuals working in young firms. In addition, observed job movers in these groups experience the largest earnings gain on average from job-to-job changes. Second, a spatial look at job mobility shows net job-to-job flows towards Western and Southern States. The aggregate rate of interstate job-to-job hires has been stable since 2000 and the observed job-to-job movers on average get a substantial boost to earnings by moving farther away and switching industries. Third, the paper briefly considers the influence of demographic changes on job mobility, one important driver identified in previous work. While ageing may explain around half of the downward trend in job hire and separation rates, other factors matter too.
    DOI: 10.1787/9af7f956-en
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    Labour market institutions for an ageing labour force in Slovenia (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1648
    Keywords: Population Ageing ; Labour Participation ; Labour Allocation ; Economics ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Population ageing will lead to a smaller and older workforce. Looking forward, this means that growth will increasingly depend on ensuring the best use of Slovenian workers. This implies keeping older and experience workers longer in employment and better support difficult-to-employ low-skilled job-seekers. In addition, better labour allocation will enable workers to realise their productivity and wage potential. This requires a greater role for social partners in securing individual wages that better reflect efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9eca1535-en
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  • 77
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    Boosting SMEs' internationalisation in Poland (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1654
    Keywords: SMEs ; Global Value Chains (GVCs) ; Productivity ; Digitalisation ; Poland ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rapid internationalisation of the Polish economy has helped develop competitive export-led manufacturing and services sectors fostering robust growth and productivity performance. However, the benefits of this development have been unequal. Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), some regions and social groups have lagged behind. Poland’s integration into world trade has largely focussed on downstream activities of value chains and relatively labour-intensive products that incorporate little domestic value added. The coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis has put additional pressures on SMEs. A broad range of well-coordinated policies is required to boost SMEs’ internationalisation and their productivity, while easing labour reallocation during the ongoing recovery. Providing stronger support for training programmes in smaller firms and within small firms’ networks would help them upgrade the skills of their workforce, notably for their managers, and ease new technology adoption and internationalisation. Streamlining regulations on start-ups and limiting regulatory and tax barriers to firm expansion would raise firm entry and growth. Strengthening post-insolvency second chance policies for honest entrepreneurs would ease resource reallocation and the adaptation of SMEs to an uncertain and rapidly changing international environment. Improving transport and digital infrastructure would lower trade costs and raise productivity. Ensuring that innovation policies adapt to smaller firms would boost their innovativeness and ease their integration in national and international value chains.
    DOI: 10.1787/2e3b6edd-en
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  • 78
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    What policies for greening the crisis response and economic recovery? : lessons learned from past green stimulus measures and implications for the COVID-19 crisis (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 164
    Keywords: Stimulus package ; environmental policy ; policy evaluation ; policy design ; green growth ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper evaluates green stimulus packages that were introduced in response to the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-08 and draws lessons relevant for greening the recovery from the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. The paper underscores the importance of building in policy evaluation mechanisms into green stimulus measures. It also provides evidence that the implementation of sufficiently large, timely and properly designed green stimulus measures can generate economic growth, create jobs and bring about environmental benefits. However, there are also trade-offs between competing economic, environmental and social policy objectives, which underscores the importance of proper policy design.
    DOI: 10.1787/c50f186f-en
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  • 79
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    Policies for a more efficient and inclusive housing market in Luxembourg (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1594
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing prices have been growing strongly in Luxembourg, stoked by population growth, a high rate of household formation and limited use of land available for construction. Increases in price-to-income ratio mainly reflect high valuations of residential real estate, which rise faster than incomes, leading to increasing financial risks related to household indebtedness. Housing affordability has been deteriorating in particular for low-income households who do not profit from highly subsidised social housing. A mix of policies addressing supply-side restrictions, such as land hoarding and resistance to densification, together with policies to increase housing tenure neutrality and better targeted fiscal support will be needed to make the housing market more efficient and inclusive. Measures increasing the opportunity costs of unused land in urbanised areas and unoccupied dwellings could be combined with further reform of land-use planning, including measures involving municipalities in selectively increasing residential density in areas well-connected to the transport network. Housing tenure neutrality could be supported by removing or at least reducing mortgage interest deductibility and other fiscal instruments supporting homeownership and by developing the recurrent taxation of immovable property into a more important fiscal resource based on up-to-date real estate valuations. The supply of social rental housing should be stepped up and access to it made conditional on recurrent means testing ensuring better targeting to those most in need. Private rental sector could be expanded by relaxing the rules on renting parts of housing units and conversion of existing dwellings into rental housing.
    DOI: 10.1787/85ae6967-en
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  • 80
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    Firming up the capital base of the Austrian business sector : consolidating Austria's business sector strengths and its social role in the face of new challenges (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1595
    Keywords: Economics ; Austria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: While small- and medium sized firms in Austria are generally more productive, export more, and engage more in higher technology activities than in comparable countries, they need to adapt better to the knowledge economy to maintain their relative performance levels. The capital structure of Austrian SMEs are biased towards debt-financing and stronger equity, growth and venture capital markets would provide them with further resources for their long-term knowledge based investments. Skills shortages, in particular in advanced digital technologies, should be overcome. As around one third of all SMEs are up for ownership transmissions, ensuring successful business transfers will be crucial for maintaining the broad-based entrepreneurial dynamism. Meeting these challenges would also help to lift constraints on upscaling that many SMEs face and would provide the fruitful soil for future innovative activities. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Austria (http://www.oecd.org/economy/austria-economic-snapshot/)
    DOI: 10.1787/d132d949-en
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  • 81
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    Productivity and finance : the intangible assets channel : a firm level analysis (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1596
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using a cross-country firm level panel dataset from 1995 to 2015, this paper revisits the finance–productivity nexus by looking at the role of intangible assets. It argues that due to their specific characteristics, such as valuation uncertainty and lower pledgeability, financing the purchase of intangible assets is more difficult than that of tangible assets. As a result, financial frictions are expected to be more binding for productivity growth in sectors where intangibles have become a pivotal component in firms production function. The analysis relies on a panel fixed effects econometric approach, several indices to capture financial frictions at the firm level and a new measure of intangible intensity at the industry level. We provide evidence that financial frictions act as a drag on productivity growth and especially so with respect to firms operating in intangible intensive sectors. These findings, which are robust to alternative specifications, shed light on the role of financial factors in explaining the productivity slowdown in OECD countries and provide support for using intangible intensity as a new dimension to proxy the relative exposure of industries to financing frictions.
    DOI: 10.1787/d13a21b0-en
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  • 82
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    The 2018 edition of the OECD PMR indicators and database : methodological improvements and policy insights (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1604
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the latest edition of the OECD indicators of product market regulation (PMR), which measure regulatory stance in 35 OECD and 11 non-OECD countries. This update is based on a new methodology, which has been implemented to ensure that the PMR indicators maintain their relevance in the context of evolving insights from economic theory, modifications in the economic and business environment, and changes in the practice of regulation. The results show that most OECD countries have a regulatory stance that is reasonably competition-friendly, while the 11 non-OECD countries lag behind, though there is considerable variety across them.
    DOI: 10.1787/2cfb622f-en
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  • 83
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    Occupational entry regulations and their effects on productivity in services : firm-level evidence (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1605
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the possible dynamic effects of occupational entry regulations (OER) on productivity. It combines firm-level productivity data with a new cross-country policy indicator measuring the stringency of OER by the presence of administrative burdens, qualifications requirements, and mobility restrictions, for five professional and ten personal services. The evidence suggests that bold reforms easing OER, especially those concerning qualification requirements, could help increase the contribution of personal and professional services to aggregate productivity growth via two channels: the acceleration of their catch up to best global practices (within-firm channel), where firms in regulated sectors could gain up to 2.5 percentage points of productivity on average; and a higher contribution of labour reallocation to firms’ employment growth (between-firm channel), which could increase by up to 10 percent for the most productive firms.
    DOI: 10.1787/c8b88d8b-en
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  • 84
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    Housing and inequality : the case of Luxembourg and its cross-border workers (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1608
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rate of homeownership is close to the OECD average in Luxembourg. However, strong house price increases, mainly driven by population growth and limited housing supply, led to a deterioration in affordability of housing, in particular for the young and added to the wealth gap between homeowners and renters.
    DOI: 10.1787/666babc1-en
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  • 85
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    Technological diffusion and managing the associated economic transitions in Ireland (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1610
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Technological change is transforming Ireland’s economic structures, leading to new jobs and innovative products that benefit consumers. Adoption of new technologies by businesses has been high relative to many other OECD economies, but it has been uneven across industries and the impact on productivity growth in most firms has been modest so far.
    DOI: 10.1787/ca48dd68-en
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  • 86
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    Walking the tightrope : avoiding a lockdown while containing the virus (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1633
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; lockdown ; non-pharmaceutical interventions ; mobility ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Empirical work described in this paper explains the daily evolution of the reproduction rate, R, and mobility for a large sample of countries, in terms of containment and public health policies. This is with a view to providing insight into the appropriate policy stance as countries prepare for a potentially protracted period characterised by new infection waves. While a comprehensive package of containment measures may be necessary when the virus is widespread and can have a large effect on reducing R, they also have effect on mobility and, by extension, economic activity. A wide-ranging package of public health policies – with an emphasis on comprehensive testing, tracing and isolation, but also including mask-wearing and policies directed at vulnerable groups, especially those in care homes – offer the best approach to avoiding a full lockdown while containing the spread of the virus. Such policies may, however, need to be complemented by selective containment measures (such as restricting large public events and international travel or localised lockdowns) both to contain local outbreaks and because implementing some of the recommended public health policies may be difficult to achieve or have unacceptable social costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9cc22d8c-en
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  • 87
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    Automatic fiscal stabilisers : recent evolution and policy options to boost their effectiveness (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1636
    Keywords: automatic fiscal stabilisers ; fiscal policy ; business cycles ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Building on the automatic fiscal stabilisers literature, this paper assesses how automatic stabilisers have evolved over the past two decades by analysing changes in the personal income tax and social benefit systems. In three-quarters of the 35 OECD countries analysed, indicators of the strength of automatic stabilisers (aggregate elasticities of household income after tax with respect to the cycle and aggregate net replacement rates) changed little or moderately over the past two decades, suggesting broadly stable automatic stabilisers of household disposable income. The paper discusses pros and cons of several policy options to strengthen automatic stabilisers in the current environment. The effectiveness and possible side effects, particularly related to disincentives to work, vary across policy options. Consequently, policy reform proposals should be carefully assessed in a country-specific context and take into account other important policy objectives of tax and benefit systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/816b1b06-en
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  • 88
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    Digital technology adoption, productivity gains in adopting firms and sectoral spill-overs : firm-level evidence from Estonia (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1638
    Keywords: Digitalisation ; productivity ; skills ; training ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: With a newly constructed firm-level dataset combining various survey- and registry data from Statistics Estonia, this paper sheds new light on the labour productivity premium from adopting digital technologies and boosting digital skill use. The productivity premium is decomposed into a direct effect benefitting the firms actually increasing their digital intensity, and an indirect effect of belonging to a sector with high digital intensity. The firm-level productivity premium of being an adopting firm is consistently positive and sizeable across different digital technologies and measures of skill intensity. The evidence also suggests positive spill-over effects in manufacturing sectors and sectors with a high routine task content and thus a high automation potential.
    DOI: 10.1787/ba9d00be-en
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  • 89
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    Reducing socio-economic differences between municipalities in Israel (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1645
    Keywords: regional inequality ; municipalities ; fiscal decentralisation ; education ; infrastructure ; housing ; Israel ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite being one of the smallest countries in the OECD, Israel is marked by significant socio-economic disparities, which have a clear spatial dimension. Ethnic and religious groups with weak socio-economic outcomes are not benefitting from the thriving high-tech sector in the centre of the country. As a result, there is a persistent lack of employment opportunities in the peripheral areas alongside skills shortages in the dynamic centre. Inequalities between municipalities are the highest in the OECD. Moreover, the current pandemic has hit poorer Haredi neighbourhoods particularly hard. The government should reduce barriers that prevent segments of the population from fully participating in the economic process and give everyone a similar chance to succeed, regardless of where he or she was born. This will require equal access to high-quality education, affordable housing, reasonable public transportation and improved urban planning in every municipality to reduce spatial divides and segregation of disadvantaged households. Local authorities can play a significant role, since good municipal government and effective policies to achieve national priorities are the best means to improve the outcomes of residents of poor areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/4a8ada63-en
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  • 90
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    Reducing poverty and social disparities in Lithuania (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1649
    Keywords: active labour market policies ; benefits ; education ; healthcare ; long-term care ; pensions ; poverty ; social services ; transfer system ; work incentives ; Lithuania ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across population groups with the elderly, people with disabilities, lone parents, the low-educated and the unemployed being particularly affected. A comprehensive approach is required to ensure an effective transition out of poverty and social exclusion. Reforms should strengthen income protection by ensuring that cash benefits provide adequate and tailored support to those in need. An individual-based approach is also essential for the provision of social services to reduce deficits in important areas such as social housing and long-term care for the elderly. Equity in educational opportunity and outcomes could be strengthened further, starting at the early school years, as not all children benefit from early childhood education and care services. Progress in this domain is also crucial for striking a better work-family balance and improving work incentives. More and better quality jobs in the formal sector, especially for the low-skilled, are crucial for reducing poverty. Enlarged participation in life-long learning programmes can help re-skilling and up-skilling towards higher incomes. Increased spending on well-designed labour market activation policies is also important for tackling poverty effectively.
    DOI: 10.1787/b631de7d-en
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  • 91
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    Enhancing administrative and fiscal decentralisation in the Czech Republic (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1652
    Keywords: local government ; decentralisation ; administrative fragmentation ; municipal mergers ; municipal cooperation ; public services ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is considerable regional variation in incomes and poverty in the Czech Republic and gaps have grown over time. With the highest number of municipalities per head in the OECD, subnational government is very fragmented and the resulting lack of capacity at the local level reduces the quality of public services and impedes the uptake of effective development projects. This paper discusses various policy options to address the challenges faced by Czech subnational governments and proposes reforms to enhance their effectiveness. Mergers of municipalities would be an obvious way towards greater integration, but this may be politically difficult. Mandating inter-municipal co-operation over a legally defined set of public services can be an alternative way of improving efficiency and the quality of service delivery. Tweaking the tax sharing system to disincentivise small size of municipalities and to make subnational governments more autonomous could be steps towards higher efficiency. Improving and consolidating the delivery of education and health services at the local level is also needed in the context of demographic change.
    DOI: 10.1787/c1d0c9bb-en
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  • 92
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    Insolvency and debt overhang following the COVID-19 outbreak : assessment of risks and policy responses (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1651
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Schock ; Verbindlichkeiten ; Kapitalstruktur ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Europa ; COVID-19 ; insolvency ; debt ; equity ; investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the likelihood of corporate insolvency and the potential implications of debt overhang of non-financial corporations induced by economic shock associated with the outbreak of COVID-19. Based on simple accounting models, it evaluates the extent to which firms deplete their equity buffers and increase their leverage ratios in the course of the COVID-19 crisis. Next, relying on regression analysis and looking at the historical relationship between firms’ leverage and investment, it examines the potential impact of higher debt levels on investment during the recovery. Against this background, the discussion outlines a number of policy options to flatten the curve of crisis-related insolvencies, which could potentially affect otherwise viable firms, and to lessen the risk of debt-overhang, which could slow down the speed of recovery.
    DOI: 10.1787/747a8226-en
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  • 93
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    Adaptive trees : a new approach to economic forecasting (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1593
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The present paper develops Adaptive Trees, a new machine learning approach specifically designed for economic forecasting. Economic forecasting is made difficult by economic complexity, which implies non-linearities (multiple interactions and discontinuities) and unknown structural changes (the continuous change in the distribution of economic variables). The forecast methodology aims at addressing these challenges. The algorithm is said to be “adaptive” insofar as it adapts to the quantity of structural change it detects in the economy by giving more weight to more recent observations. The performance of the algorithm in forecasting GDP growth 3- to 12-months ahead is assessed through simulations in pseudo-real-time for six major economies (USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan, Italy). The performance of Adaptive Trees is on average broadly similar to forecasts obtained from the OECD’s Indicator Model and generally performs better than a simple AR(1) benchmark model as well as Random Forests and Gradient Boosted Trees.
    DOI: 10.1787/5569a0aa-en
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  • 94
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    Addressing labour market challenges in Belgium (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1602
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Job creation has lowered unemployment, but the Belgian labour market still faces many challenges. Employment rates remain low, reflecting barriers to finding a job such as low levels of skills and weak work incentives. In addition, the changing nature of work will require faster adaptation of workers. In order to address these challenges, this chapter presents a detailed analysis of policy priorities, drawing notably on insights from the OECD Jobs Strategy. One priority should be that each worker has access to lifelong training, with additional allowances targeted to disadvantaged workers. To improve transitions into work, the use of tools for the profiling of individualised risks should be extended. A better combination of income support and incentives could be achieved through reforming both unemployment and in-work benefits. Reforming some aspects of employment protection legislation, such as those related to collective dismissals, and the wage formation system, would boost flexibility. This Working Paper relates to the 2020 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium http://www.oecd.org/economy/belgium-economic-snapshot/.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a542d68-en
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  • 95
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    Measuring occupational entry regulations : a new OECD approach (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1606
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores cross-country differences in the design and stringency of occupational entry regulations (OER) in five professional services, nine personal services and nurses, based on a new composite indicator. The indicator – which is available for a total of 18 OECD countries, India and South Africa, with Canada and the United States being covered at the province-level or state-level – provides a comparative source of information on the various approaches used across countries to regulate entry into services. It notably distinguishes between different areas of regulation (administrative, qualification and mobility requirements) and different types of regulation (licensing, a situation in which only supervisors require a license, and certification). According to these metrics, the stringency of OER varies significantly across occupations, with stark differences emerging between personal and professional services, which are typically subject to far stricter entry requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/296dae6b-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
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    North Korea : the last transition economy? (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1607
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The North Korean economy has been a statistical black hole for decades but is undergoing substantial transformations. Rapid post-war industrialisation was not sustained beyond the mid-1960s and South Korea’s economy far outpaced North Korea’s during the next three decades, during which trend growth declined and turned negative as Soviet support ended and the terms of trade with China became less friendly. Today, GDP in North Korea is reportedly lower than in 1990, notwithstanding a larger population, and gross national income per capita is probably down to only a tiny fraction of South Korea’s.
    DOI: 10.1787/82dee315-en
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  • 97
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    Assessing the efficiency of environmental policy design and evaluation : results from a 2018 cross-country survey (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1611
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ambitious environmental policies are necessary to enable the transition to a greener economy. However, these policies could impose economic burdens on firms through different channels. They may increase barriers to entry and distort competition. They may also impose transaction and administrative costs related to permitting and licensing. If stringent environmental policies can be designed in a way that minimises such economic burdens, they can facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental goals and a cleaner growth model.
    DOI: 10.1787/482f8fbe-en
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  • 98
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    Rejuvenating Greece's labour market to generate more and higher-quality jobs (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1622
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Greece’s labour market entered the COVID-19 shock following several years of sustained employment growth and with wages picking up. Unemployment remained high and employment rates were low, especially among women, the young and older workers. The shock led to a sharp fall in labour force activity and has stalled new hiring. The improved social protection and temporary support measures have helped to support households’ incomes and protect jobs during the COVID-19 crisis. However, high tax and social security contribution rates, together with little in-work support for the low-paid, continue abetting high structural informality. This heightens insecurity – by excluding many workers from activation policies or social and employment protection – and weakens productivity. Boosting the capacity of employment services and activation policies would support the recovery from the COVID-19 shock, in addition to durably improving employment prospects especially of long-term unemployed. Giving workplaces further flexibility to adapt collective agreements to specific circumstances would help align wage growth with productivity developments and help businesses to weather the COVID-19 shock. Building on the population’s solid education levels by equipping workers with the skills needed by the labour market can support employment and incomes. This will require a substantial boost to professional education and training at all levels and ages. This chapter applies the 2018 OECD Jobs Strategy to Greece to identify reforms that can help to overcome the COVID-19 crisis and create a virtuous cycle between productivity, job creation, and well-being.
    DOI: 10.1787/8ea5033a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 99
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    Anti-competitive and regulatory barriers in the United States labour market (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1627
    Keywords: Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Occupational licensing and non-competition agreements are two important types of labour market regulation in the United States, both covering around one fifth of all workers. While some regulation is needed to protect safety and ensure quality of services, it also creates entry barriers and reduces competition with important costs for job mobility, earnings and productivity growth. Employment opportunities for low-skilled workers and disadvantaged groups tend to be particularly affected by these barriers. The States are mainly responsible for labour market regulation and the variation across States is similar to the variation in the European Union. Harmonising requirements and scaling back occupational licensing as well as restricting the use of non-competition covenants could help to circumvent the secular decline in dynamism. However, attempts to reform often face stiff opposition from associations of professionals. The federal government has limited influence, but can in some cases help by shifting the burden from workers to meet regulatory requirements onto States and employers to show that high and differing regulatory standards are needed.
    DOI: 10.1787/38649656-en
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  • 100
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    Seizing the productive potential of digital change in Estonia (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1639
    Keywords: Digitalisation ; productivity ; skills ; automation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Technologies such as cloud computing, software to automate supplier- and customer relations, online platforms and artificial intelligence seem to offer a vast potential to boost productivity and living standards. However, aggregate productivity growth has declined sharply across the OECD over the past decades. Estonia is no exception, though it is well placed to gain from digital technology diffusion, with strong digital foundations, including advanced and secure physical and digital infrastructure and world-leading e-government services. Turning this potential into a productivity boost necessitates speeding up digital take-up also outside of the ICT sector and fostering the complementarities between digital technologies, skills and policies. Skills are high in general, and the supply of ICT specialists is picking up. There is still potential to improve digital user skills, and notably to put skills to better use by improving management skills and practices. Business-friendly regulations in general and pioneering attempts in some areas will likely spur the adoption of digital technologies. However, insolvencies are too slow and costly, command-and-control regulations relatively frequent and public ownership in network industries is high. Strengthening collaboration between industry associations, labour unions and industry clusters within technology investments, internationalisation, skill supply and management practices could help the country better realise complementarities between technologies, skills and policies, and thereby tap deeper into the productivity potential offered by digital technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/999c7d5a-en
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