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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (153)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (153)
  • Weltkulturen Museum
  • IVB
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
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  • Online-Ressource  (153)
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  • 1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33, III, III S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD development co-operation working papers 17
    Schlagwort(e): Humanitäre Hilfe ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Better financial preparedness against risk is a central part of a comprehensive approach to disaster management. Risk financing and risk transfer are approaches to planning for risks that cannot be reduced or avoided practically or cost-effectively and may include a strategy and practical measures to ensure the availability of funds for post-disaster relief and reconstruction, commensurate with the scale and frequency of anticipated risks. Risk financing is of growing interest to a wide range of development and humanitarian actors searching for solutions to bridge a growing global post-disaster financing gap. This report describes key features of risk financing and risk transfer, examines some of the current challenges at the contextual and programmatic levels as well as institutional challenges donors might face in engaging in risk financing and recommends a set of principles and policy approaches to guide future donor support and engagement.
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  • 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD trade policy papers 175
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for financial services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for commercial banking and insurance services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores in commercial banking range between 0.06 and 0.55, with a sample average of 0.19. The scores in insurance services range between 0.05 and 0.63, with a sample average of 0.20. The results are mainly driven by restrictions on market entry, where significant impediments remain in the form of foreign equity limits, restrictions on legal form, discriminatory licensing criteria and restrictions on cross-border transactions. Barriers to competition, including regulation of products and prices and preferential treatment granted to state-owned financial institutions, also make a substantive contribution to the index values. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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  • 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2014/09
    Schlagwort(e): 1989 - 2012 ; Systemtransformation ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Politische Reform ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Panel ; Transformationsstaaten ; Kasachstan ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Kazakhstan ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Policy complementarities have often been overlooked in transition economies, leading to the exclusion or partial adoption of reforms. This paper examines the key determinants of successful transition strategies, and concludes that an approach exploiting complementary relationships and interactions between policies is most likely to result in a welfare improvement. Based on nine policy areas from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Transition Indicators database, composite indicators measuring reform implementation and complementarity are constructed. Panel data estimates for 30 countries over the period 1989 to 2012 demonstrate a positive association between improvements in reform complementarity and economic growth. Moreover, the effects are found to persist over time for up to two years after the initial policy change, and are robust to the inclusion of a wide range of control variables. Applying these findings to the case of Kazakhstan illustrates that comprehensive reforms to a targeted group of complementary policies generate sustained increases in output growth, whereas a partial reform strategy results in a loss of welfare.
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2014/06
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Sub-national governments (SNGs) are key players for public investment in OECD countries, responsible for nearly two-thirds of it. At the same time, both the well-being of the population and economic performance depend on an adequate provision of public services, which require public facilities and thus public investment. Ensuring that sub-national governments command the resources for necessary public investment is hence important. While in the immediate, the fiscal space of a SNG for public investment is basically determined by its current fiscal capacities, in a longer-term perspective the evolution of fiscal space comes to depend increasingly on the institutional context. This includes the national framework of fiscal relations across levels of government, the nature and characteristics of SNGs’ revenue sources and spending responsibilities, SNGs resilience to crises, and their structural ability to borrow. This paper explores the institutional ability of SNGs to influence their fiscal space for public investment. In this context, it also analyses the main challenges to be faced by SNG finances in the decades to come, as well as recent reforms implemented by SNGs to tackle these specific issues.
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 37
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzintermediation ; Geldpolitik ; Geldsubstitut ; Goldstandard ; Vertrauen ; Bargeldloser Zahlungsverkehr ; Virtuelle Währung ; Payment technology ; Plenary power ; Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The financial crisis has led to a widespread loss of trust in financial intermediaries of all kinds, perhaps helping to open the way towards the general acceptance of alternative technologies. This paper briefly summarises the crypto-currency phenomenon, separating the ‘currency’ issues from the potential technology benefits. With respect to crypto currencies, the paper argues that these can’t undermine the ability of central banks to conduct monetary policy. They do, however, raise consumer protection and bank secrecy issues. The valuation of Bitcoins and price volatility issues are discussed, as well as electronic theft, contract failures, etc., all of which could result in large losses to users and hence ultimate costs to the taxpayer (e.g. the failure to provide adequate private pensions resulting in increased reliance on public pensions). The anonymity features of the crypto-currencies also facilitate tax evasion and money laundering, both of which are major public policy concerns. The technology associated with crypto-currencies, on the other hand, could ultimately shift the entire basis of trust involved in any financial transaction. It is an innovation that creates the ability to carry out transactions without the need for a trusted third party; i.e. a move towards trust-less transactions. This mechanism could work to eliminate the role of many intermediaries, thereby reducing transactions costs by introducing much needed competition to incumbent firms. The generic issues that policy makers need to examine are summarised.
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  • 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (68 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 14
    Schlagwort(e): 1998 - 2012 ; Luftverkehr ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Bergbau ; Erdölindustrie ; Telekommunikationsdienst ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: State-owned and other state-invested enterprises (SIEs) have become more prominent in the global economy over the last decade. A growing role for state-invested enterprises in the marketplace is not in itself onerous. According to an OECD consensus, as expressed through the Organisation’s legal instruments, SOEs can be operated according to similarly high standards of governance, transparency and efficiency as private companies, in which case the ownership issue is moot. However, only some of the world’s most advanced economies, following decades of reform of their SOE sectors, have approached this point. Moreover, when SOEs operate across borders the challenges may multiply. With this background, this paper compares the difference between SIEs and non- SIEs in five sectors: air transportation, electricity, mining, oil & gas and telecommunication. The empirical analysis indicates that, in addition to any financing advantages, large state-invested enterprises also seem to benefit from an unusually favourable position in their home markets. A comparative analysis further shows that, in the course of the last ten years, SIEs have generally enjoyed higher rates of return than comparable private companies. The paper concludes that the growing role of state-invested enterprises in the international marketplace does not yet present a serious macroeconomic challenge. However, since it is likely to keep growing for some time, challenges need to be addressed relatively soon. This makes for a strong case for enhanced policy coordination and information sharing. If legally binding instruments cannot be developed in the near to medium-term to ensure competitive neutrality, consultation mechanisms could be established through which the main players in international trade and investment can exchange views on matters of common concern related to the state in the marketplace. The ultimate purpose would be ensuring that the international trade and investment environment remains open, non-discriminatory and offering a level playing field.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2014/07
    Schlagwort(e): 1995 - 2010 ; Bevölkerungsdichte ; Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Europa ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the spatial patterns of regional economic growth in Europe over the 1995 to 2010 period. It finds that regions, which contain large urban agglomerations, have been growing significantly faster than those that do not. Furthermore, proximity to large urban agglomerations has been positively correlated to economic growth. Halving travel time to a large urban agglomeration is associated with a 0.2 to 0.4 percentage points increase in annual per capita growth. More generally, the study also shows that measures of population density are positively correlated to growth. Among the different measures, by far the best predictor of growth between 1995 and 2010 is the maximum population density of a region.
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 15
    Schlagwort(e): Aktionärsrechte ; Board of Directors ; Gerichtsbarkeit ; Minderheitsaktionäre ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Corporate Governance ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Börse ; Aktienrecht ; Gesellschaftsrecht ; MENA-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Corporate governance frameworks in the Middle East and North Africa region have undergone a substantial evolution in the past decade. Better enforcement of corporate governance rules and regulations has in the past three years emerged as both a policy challenge and a priority for the region. This emphasis on better enforcement reflects a number of trends including political changes in some countries of the region, the global call for better surveillance of the adoption of governance rules as well as low investor engagement in the region. This paper examines key developments in public and private corporate governance enforcement in the region. It highlights the growing level of public enforcement as expertise within the securities regulators is growing. The paper provides policy recommendations on specific aspects of governance frameworks such as the treatment of related party transactions and board member responsibilities which - if better regulated - could result in more effective governance enforcement in the region.
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2014/08
    Schlagwort(e): Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Stadtverkehr ; Kommunale Infrastruktur ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This study aims to assess the degree of institutional fragmentation of transport and land use planning in Chicago and to assess the main challenges related to this institutional fragmentation. It provides an overview of local governments in metropolitan Chicago and mechanisms for metropolitan coordination, including organisations at the metropolitan scale, dealing with planning, land use and transport. Five main challenges related to institutional fragmentation in transport and land use planning are identified: a lack of (1) interconnectivity, (2) coherence across transit modes, (3) regional freight planning, (4) accountability and (5) implementation power of regional planning and transport objectives. These challenges are analysed. The concluding section suggests some avenues for reform that could be explored in order to overcome the challenges of metropolitan fragmentation in transport and land use in Chicago.
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  • 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD environment working papers 67
    Schlagwort(e): 2000 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Investitionspolitik ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Private Investition ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the effects of government policies on flows of private finance for investment in renewable energy (inducement effect). It also examines whether direct provision of public finance for a project increases the volume of private finance raised (“crowding in” effect). A unique dataset of financial transactions for renewable energy projects with worldwide coverage is constructed using the Bloomberg New Energy Finance database. The analysis covers 87 countries, six renewable energy sectors (wind, solar, biomass, small hydropower, marine and geothermal) and the 2000-2011 time-span. Main findings are that, in contrast to quota-based schemes, price-based support schemes are positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance. The paper suggests that, rather than the type of instrument (price vs. quota), it is the specific design of such schemes that is key to providing a predictable signal and an effective incentive to attract private investors. It is also found that public finance supports precisely those projects that have had difficulty raising private finance (co-financed projects), where neither quota-based measures nor price-based support schemes have a significant effect on private finance flows. This raises the concern that in the absence of well-designed policies which incentivise private finance investment, governments wishing to secure project completion have no other choice than to support projects directly through the use of public finance.
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  • 11
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/01
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): bribery ; investor state arbitration ; investment treaties ; environmental law ; labour law ; ISDS ; corruption ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Investment treaty law – which is scattered over 3 000 international investment agreements adopted over a period of 50 years – is a crucial but complex basis for regulating international investment flows. Investment treaties are often thought to be silent on investors’ responsibilities to host societies and on their contributions to sustainable development. The present paper establishes a factual and statistical basis for understanding the relationship between investment treaty law and governments’ ability to advance the sustainable development agenda and promote responsible business conduct. The paper presents survey results of 2 107 investment treaties and 1 113 treaty-based arbitration cases in order to shed light on how (if at all) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor-state arbitration cases based on them.
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  • 12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/03
    Serie: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Schlagwort(e): 2005 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Portfolio-Management ; Übernahme ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 13
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; Übernahme ; Corporate Governance ; Kapitalmarkttheorie ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; SADC-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report is the first known stocktaking of its kind to provide a regional overview of state-owned enterprise (SOE) governance reforms and challenges across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Part One summarises the challenges and governance practices related to state-ownership across SADC economies; it draws conclusions on how to address common regional priorities. Part Two of the report is organised around country profiles providing a fact-based assessment of SOE reform policies and practices in 14 economies. The report was prepared at the request of the Southern Africa Network on Governance of State-Owned Enterprises – a regional cooperation initiative aimed at improving the corporate governance of SOEs, and mainly covering the member economies of the SADC region. The stocktaking was prepared based on information self-reported by authorities in participating economies and supplemented by desk research.
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  • 14
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2014/02
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Sub-national governments are key players for public investment, as they are responsible on average for 62% of total public investment in OECD countries. This article analyses the different factors affecting sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment. It proposes an indicator for measuring this fiscal space and analyses the evolution of its different components over 2007-2012. The article shows that the global financial crisis and the ensuring consolidation drive have reduced sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment, through a downward pressure on revenues, increased expenditure obligations, and constrained capacity to borrow or issue debt on financial markets.
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  • 15
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/02
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): consistency of arbitral decisions ; stockholder remedies ; international economic law ; creditors ; separate legal personality ; arbitrators ; board of directors ; international investment agreements ; investor-state dispute settlement ; shareholder claims ; transferability of shares ; entity shielding ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; bilateral investment treaties ; loan covenant ; reflective loss ; level playing field ; shareholders ; shareholder rights ; corporate law ; judicial economy ; limited liability ; stockholders ; investment treaties ; company law ; consistency ; international arbitration ; access to justice ; derivative injury ; foreign investment ; derivative loss ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; settlement ; international investment ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; derivative action ; comparative law ; shareholder remedies ; international investment law ; reflective injury ; investment arbitration ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss – loss that arises from injury to "their" company (such as a decline in the value of shares). The claim for the loss belongs to the injured company and not to its shareholders. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have been widely permitted under typical investment treaties over the last 10 years. Ongoing OECD-hosted inter-governmental dialogue on investment law is considering whether there are policy reasons justifying the different approaches to shareholder claims for reflective loss. This paper examines shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties in light of comparative analysis of advanced systems of corporate law. The paper considers the impact of allowing shareholder claims for reflective loss on key characteristics of the business corporation. The paper also explores possible responses by different categories of investors to the availability of shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties.
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  • 16
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Serie: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Schlagwort(e): 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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  • 17
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (56 S.)
    Serie: OECD working papers on public governance 25
    Schlagwort(e): 2005 - 2012 ; Good Governance ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Welt ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The paper was prepared by John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, Shawn Grover and Shun Wang in collaboration with Mario Marcel, Martin Forst and Tatyana Teplova. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to review existing studies of the links between good governance and subjective well-being. The second is to bring together the largest available sets of nationallevel measures of the quality of governance, and to assess the extent to which they contribute to explaining the levels and changes in life evaluations in 157 countries over the years 2005-2012, using data from the Gallup World Poll already analysed in some detail in the World Happiness Report 2013. The third objective is to use subjective well-being research to suggest ways in which governance can be changed so as to improve lives in all countries, as measured by peoples’ own evaluations. The paper starts with a summary of the evidence and policy implications. There follow the four main sections of the paper, a statistical appendix containing a broad range of data and results, and an extensive annotated bibliography of empirical literature linking good governance and subjective well-being.
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  • 18
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Serie: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 155
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Eurozone ; Europa ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The question of whether migration can be an equilibrating force in the labour market is an important criterion for an optimal currency area. It is of particular interest currently in the context of high and rising levels of labour market disparities, in particular within the Eurozone where there is no exchange-rate mechanism available to play this role. We shed some new light on this question by comparing pre- and post-crisis migration movements at the regional level in both Europe and the United States, and their association with asymmetric labour market shocks. We find that recent migration flows have reacted quite significantly to the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 and to changes in labour market conditions, particularly in Europe. Indeed, in contrast to the pre-crisis situation and the findings of previous empirical studies, there is tentative evidence that the migration response to the crisis has been considerable in Europe, in contrast to the United States where the crisis and subsequent sluggish recovery were not accompanied by greater interregional labour mobility in reaction to labour market shocks. Our estimates suggest that, if all measured population changes in Europe were due to migration for employment purposes – i.e. an upper-bound estimate – up to about a quarter of the asymmetric labour market shock would be absorbed by migration within a year. However, in the Eurozone the reaction mainly stems from migration of third-country nationals. Even within the group of Eurozone nationals, a significant part of the free mobility stems from immigrants from third countries who have taken on the nationality of their Eurozone host country.
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (75 S.)
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/03
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): investor-state dispute settlement ; foreign investment ; derivative action ; separate legal personality ; reflective loss ; investment treaties ; stockholders ; consistency of arbitral decisions ; access to justice ; shareholder claims ; international economic law ; overlapping claims ; shareholder rights ; creditors ; bilateral investment treaties ; related claims ; international arbitration ; comparative law ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; arbitrators ; international investment law ; settlement ; concurrent claims ; international investment ; reflective injury ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; investment arbitration ; stockholder remedies ; consistency ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; derivative loss ; corporate law ; international investment agreements ; judicial economy ; derivative injury ; shareholders ; shareholder remedies ; level playing field ; company law ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Advanced systems of domestic corporate law generally apply a “no reflective loss” principle to shareholder claims. Shareholder claims are permitted for direct injury to shareholder rights (such as voting rights). But shareholders generally cannot bring claims for reflective loss incurred as a result of injury to "their" company (such as loss in value of shares). Only the directly-injured company can claim. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have consistently been permitted under typical bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in recent years. This paper analyses investment treaty provisions relating to shareholder claims. It addresses (i) treaty regimes for shareholder recovery and company recovery of damages, including their consequences for investor protection and government liability; (ii) the interaction of reflective loss claims with treaty provisions that seek to limit multiple claims; and (iii) treaty provisions applicable to government objections to shareholder claims for reflective loss.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264226173
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 326 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: TALIS
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als New insights from TALIS 2013
    Schlagwort(e): OECD ; Lehrkräfte ; Bildungseinrichtung ; Schule ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD ; Lehrer ; Grundschule ; Sekundarstufe
    Kurzfassung: The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) asks teachers and principals who they are, where they teach and how they feel about their work. The results on lower secondary schools were published in TALIS 2013 Results: An International Perspective on Teaching and Learning. A few countries chose to also conduct the survey in primary and/or upper secondary education. This report presents the results of these options and offers a broader view of teachers and school principals across all levels of compulsory education, and all the similarities and differences in the issues they are facing.
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264214675
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (113 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Apprendre au-delà de l'école ; Rapport de synthèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Postsekundäre Berufsbildung; Synthesebericht
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Competencias más allá de la escuela ; Síntesis
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Skills beyond school
    Schlagwort(e): Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Berufsausbildung ; Bildungspolitik
    Kurzfassung: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? This report synthesises the findings of the series of country reports done on skills beyond school.
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264211933
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 216 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungswesen ; Bewertung ; Niederlande ; Education ; Netherlands ; Niederlande ; Schule ; Evaluation
    Kurzfassung: How can student assessment, teacher appraisal, school evaluation and system evaluation bring about real gains in performance across a country’s school system? This review report for the Netherlands provides, from an international perspective, an independent analysis of major issues facing the Dutch evaluation and assessment framework in education, current policy initiatives and possible future approaches. This series forms part of the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264215689
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 331 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Educational research and innovation
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Measuring innovation in education
    DDC: 370.72/7
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungsforschung ; Bildung ; Innovation ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungsforschung ; Innovation ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: Do teachers innovate? Do they try different pedagogical approaches? Are practices within classrooms and educational organisations changing? And to what extent can change be linked to improvements? A measurement agenda is essential to an innovation and improvement strategy in education. Measuring Innovation in Educationoffers new perspectives on addressing the need for such measurement. This book’s first objective is informative: it gives readers new international comparative information about innovation in education compared to other sectors. And it documents change in a variety of dimensions of school practices between 1999 and 2011. Its second objective is methodological: it assesses two approaches to capturing the extent and type of innovation occurring within and across education systems. The third objective is exploratory: this book showcases a large-scale pilot that presents over 200 measures of innovation in education using existing international data. Last but not least, the fourth objective is prospective: this report proposes new approaches to measuring innovation in education in the future. This book is the beginning of a new journey: it calls for innovations in the field of measurement – and not just of education.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264211377
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 108 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: International summit on the teaching profession
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Schleicher, Andreas, 1964 - Equity, excellence and inclusiveness in education
    Schlagwort(e): Lehrkräfte ; Bildungswesen ; Welt ; Education ; Konferenzschrift ; Schulpolitik ; Chancengleichheit ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: Excellence in education without equity risks leading to large economic and social disparities; equity in education at the expense of quality is a meaningless aspiration. The most advanced education systems now set ambitious goals for all students, focusing on both excellence and equity. They also equip their teachers with the pedagogic skills that have been proven effective and with enough autonomy so that teachers can use their own creativity in determining the content and instruction they provide to their individual students. The fourth International Summit on the Teaching Profession brought together education ministers, union leaders and other teacher leaders from high-performing and rapidly improving education systems, as measured by PISA (the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment ). Their aim was to discuss equity, excellence and inclusiveness in education by exploring three questions: • How are high-quality teachers developed, and how do schools with the greatest need attract and retain them? • How can equity be ensured in increasingly devolved education systems? and • What kinds of learning environments address the needs of all students? To underpin the discussions, this publication identifies some of the steps policy makers can take to build school systems that are both equitable and excellent. The analysis is complemented with examples that illustrate proven or promising practices in specific countries.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264207691
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 202 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungswesen ; Bewertung ; Großbritannien ; Nordirland ; Education ; Ireland ; Nordirland ; Schule ; Evaluation
    Kurzfassung: This book finds that, in many ways, Northern Ireland stands out internationally with its thoughtfully designed evaluation and assessment framework. The major components are well developed, in particular policies for student assessment, school evaluation and school system evaluation. It has been developed using the majority of key design principles recommended by the OECD. The approach to evaluation and assessment combines: central control over policy development and standard setting; transparency over procedures and reporting of results; an increasing responsibility for the implementation of evaluation and assessment among teachers and schools; and central mechanisms to monitor the effectiveness of implementation. For example, while schools and their Boards of Governors are accountable for their educational quality and are accountable to their communities, school development planning processes are also monitored as part of external school evaluation by a central inspectorate. Teachers play a central role in student assessment and their assessment of pupil progress against central standards is moderated by a central agency which engages working teachers in the process. Teachers in primary schools are offered central diagnostic tests to support their assessment of pupil progress. Only teacher appraisal remains entirely school based, but there is a set of common competence standards for teachers.
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264210752
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Musset, Pauline A skills beyond school review of Israel
    Schlagwort(e): Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Israel ; Education ; Israel ; Israel ; Berufsbildung
    Kurzfassung: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. This report on Israel examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how theyshould be linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reports in this series look at these and other questions. They form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264205215
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 368 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Reviews of national policies for education
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Secondary education in Kazakhstan
    Schlagwort(e): Weiterführende Schule ; Kasachstan ; Education ; Kazakhstan ; Kasachstan ; Sekundarstufe ; Schulreform ; Evaluation
    Kurzfassung: This report evaluates the education reform agenda of Kazakhstan – its feasibility and focus – by taking stock of present-day strengths and weaknesses of the secondary education system. The report also provides guidance on adjusting the reform implementation plans in line with international experiences and best practices regarding educational change, and consolidates much of the previously dispersed (national) data on primary and secondary schools in Kazakhstan into a common analytical base of evidence, validated by the education authorities. Chapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the country, it education system and reform plans. Subsequent chapters provide analysis of and recommendations on equity and effectiveness of schooling; assessment and evaluation practices; policies for teachers and principals; expenditure patterns and financing mechanisms; vocational education and training; and a summary of the recommendations.
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264190665
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 199 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Strong performers and successful reformers in education
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Lessons from PISA for Korea (Korean version)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Lessons from PISA for Korea
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungsforschung ; Vergleich ; Südkorea ; Welt ; Education ; Korea, Republic of ; Südkorea ; Bildungsforschung ; PISA-Studie
    Kurzfassung: The story of Korean education over the past 50 years is one of remarkable growth and achievement. Korea is one of the top performing countries in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey and among those with the highest proportion of young people who have completed upper secondary and tertiary education. Korea is continuously exploring ways to improve its education system and has dramatically increased government investment in education over the last decade. Nevertheless, further reforms are needed to spur and sustain improvements. Rapid globalisation and modernisation are also posing new and demanding challenges to equip young people of today and tomorrow with skills relevant to the 21st century. The report Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Korea aims at helping Korea to identify and address education policy challenges in an international perspective. To this end, it examines the Korean education system through the prism of PISA, considers recent policy developments and suggests specific policy options to foster improvements. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of the experience of other high-performing countries.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264211339
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 437 S.
    Ausgabe: Rev. vers.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: TALIS
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résultats de TALIS 2013 ; Une perspective internationale sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als TALIS 2013 results
    DDC: 371.102
    Schlagwort(e): Lehrkräfte ; Bildungseinrichtung ; Schule ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD ; Lehrer ; Lernumwelt ; Unterricht ; Sekundarstufe ; Evaluation ; Fragebogen ; Vergleichende Bildungsforschung
    Kurzfassung: How can countries prepare teachers to face the diverse challenges in today’s schools? The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) helps answer this question by asking teachers and school leaders about their working conditions and the learning environments at their schools. TALIS aims to provide valid, timely and comparable information to help countries review and define policies for developing a high-quality teaching profession. It is an opportunity for teachers and school leaders to provide input into educational policy analysis and development in key areas. This report presents the results of the second cycle of the TALIS survey conducted in 2013.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264211384
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 194 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Educational research and innovation
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: How can mathematics education foster the skills that are appropriate for innovative societies? Mathematics education is heavily emphasised worldwide, nevertheless it is still considered to be a stumbling block for many students. While there is almost a consensus that mathematics problems appropriate for the 21st century should be complex, unfamiliar and non-routine (CUN), most of the textbooks still mainly include routine problems based on the application of ready-made algorithms. The time has come to introduce innovative instructional methods in order to enhance mathematics education and students’ ability to solve CUN tasks. Metacognitive pedagogies can play a key role in this. These pedagogies explicitly train students to “think about their thinking” during learning. They can be used to improve not just academic achievement (content knowledge and understanding, the ability to handle unfamiliar problems etc.) but also affective outcomes such as reduced anxiety or improved motivation. This strong relationship between metacognition and schooling outcomes has implications for the education community and policy makers. This book is designed to assist practitioners, curriculum developers and policy makers alike in preparing today’s students for tomorrow’s world.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264208094
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: PISA 2012 results vol. 6
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: PISA 2012 results
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. VI: Students and money
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This sixth volume of PISA 2012 results examines 15-year-old students’ performance in financial literacy in the 18 countries and economies that participated in this optional assessment. It also discusses the relationship of financial literacy to students’ and their families’ background and to students’ mathematics and reading skills. The volume also explores students’ access to money and their experience with financial matters. In addition, it provides an overview of the current status of financial education in schools and highlights relevant case studies.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264208063
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 250 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: PISA 2012 results vol. 5
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: PISA 2012 results
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. V: Creative problem solving
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This fifth volume of PISA 2012 results presents an assessment of student performance in problem solving, which measures students’ capacity to respond to non-routine situations in order to achieve their potential as constructive and reflective citizens. It provides the rationale for assessing problem-solving skills and describes performance within and across countries and economies. In addition, the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status. The volume also explores the role of education in fostering problem-solving skills.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264208773
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 560 S.
    Ausgabe: rev. ed.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: PISA 2012 results vol. 1
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: PISA 2012 results
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résultats du PISA 2012 ; Savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves (Volume I) ; Performance des élèves en mathématiques, en compréhension de l'écrit et en sciences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Ergebnisse; Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können (Band I, Überarbeitete Ausgabe, Februar 2014); Schülerleistungen in Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. I: What students know and can do
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This first volume of PISA 2012 results summarises the performance of students in PISA 2012. It describes how performance is defined, measured and reported, and then provides results from the assessment, showing what students are able to do in mathematics. After a summary of mathematics performance, it examines the ways in which this performance varies on subscales representing different aspects of mathematics literacy. Given that any comparison of the outcomes of education systems needs to take into consideration countries’ social and economic circumstances, and the resources they devote to education, the volume also presents the results within countries’ economic and social contexts. In addition, the volume examines the relationship between the frequency and intensity of students’ exposure to subject content in school, what is known as “opportunity to learn”, and student performance. The volume concludes with a description of student results in reading and science. Trends in student performance in mathematics between 2003 and 2012, in reading between 2000 and 2012, and in science between 2006 and 2012 are examined when comparable data are available. Throughout the volume, case studies examine in greater detail the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264201163
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 520 S.
    Ausgabe: rev. vers.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: PISA 2012 results vol. 3
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: PISA 2012 results
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résultats de PISA 2012 ; Des élèves prêts à apprendre (Volume III) ; Engagement, motivation et confiance en soi
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. III: Ready to learn
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This third volume of PISA 2012 results explores students’ engagement with and at school, their drive and motivation to succeed, and the beliefs they hold about themselves as mathematics learners. The volume identifies the students who are at particular risk of having low levels of engagement in, and holding negative dispositions towards, school in general and mathematics in particular, and how engagement, drive, motivation and self-beliefs are related to mathematics performance. The volume identifies the roles schools can play in shaping the well-being of students and the role parents can play in promoting their children’s engagement with and dispositions towards learning. Changes in students’ engagement, drive, motivation and self-beliefs between 2003 and 2012, and how those dispositions have changed during the period among particular subgroups of students, notably socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged students, boys and girls, and students at different levels of mathematics proficiency, are examined when comparable data are available. Throughout the volume, case studies examine in greater detail the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA.
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264221819
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (98 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Alvarez Galvan, Jose Luis A skills beyond school review of Kazakhstan
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Alvarez Galvan, Jose Luis A skills beyond school review of Kazakhstan
    Schlagwort(e): Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Kasachstan ; Education ; Kazakhstan
    Kurzfassung: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on Kazakhstan looks at these and other questions.
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264117037
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 162 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungswesen ; Bewertung ; Slowakei ; Education ; Slovak Republic ; Slowakei ; Bildungswesen ; Evaluation
    Kurzfassung: This book provides, from an international perspective, an independent analysis of major issues facing the educational evaluation and assessment framework, current policy initiatives, and possible future approaches in the Slovak Republic.
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264221833
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (115 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Netherlands
    Kurzfassung: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on the Netherlands looks at these and other questions.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264208810
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 580 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Résultats du PISA 2012 vol. 1
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: Résultats du PISA 2012
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Results; What Students Know and Can Do (Volume I, Revised edition, February 2014); Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Ergebnisse; Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können (Band I, Überarbeitete Ausgabe, Februar 2014); Schülerleistungen in Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: L’enquête PISA 2012, dont le domaine majeur d’évaluation est la culture mathématique, mais qui évalue aussi les performances des élèves en compréhension de l'écrit et en sciences, a évalué la capacité des jeunes âgés de 15 ans à se livrer à des raisonnements mathématiques et à utiliser des concepts, procédures, faits et outils pour décrire, expliquer et prévoir des phénomènes, et se comporter en citoyens constructifs, engagés et réfléchis, c’est-à-dire poser des jugements et prendre des décisions en toute connaissance de cause. Ce livre récapitule les résultats.
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264223752
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (130 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Field, Simon A skills beyond school review of South Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Südafrika ; Education ; Employment ; South Africa ; Südafrika ; Berufsbildung
    Kurzfassung: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on South Africa looks at these and other questions.
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  • 40
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1011
    Schlagwort(e): Globalisierung ; Niederländer ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The Netherlands has strongly benefited from globalisation, which boosted international trade, cross-border investment and economic growth over the latest decades. Looking ahead, the Netherlands needs to shift the trade and investment orientation from traditional slow-growing markets to faster growing emerging economies, in order to keep reaping the benefits from globalisation. In addition, the ongoing globalisation will push companies to become more innovative and search for new activities. Against this backdrop, the government is reforming its policies for the business sector. This includes a targeted approach, where the government is attempting to strengthen key sectors to become even stronger players on the international scene. This approach, however, carries some of the risks of more traditional industrial policy, making careful policy design and evaluation important elements for successful implementation. The other building block of the new policies is a strengthening of framework conditions, which promises a more market-based development of comparative advantages, and which could be further strengthened by broadening the approach to include other policies, such as competition policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/netherlands).
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1015
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Although job creation has improved, since the end of the 2007-08 recession, the effects of the recession on the labour market remain severe. Unemployment duration is still extremely high, and many have withdrawn from the labour market altogether. Because the weakness is largely cyclical in nature, policy makers should place a high priority on supporting aggregate demand in the short term. Even so, policies are needed to help individuals return to work, as there is a risk that high long-term unemployment and weak labour market participation could evolve into structural problems. Greater emphasis should be put on activation measures that help individuals search for jobs more effectively or find adequate training programmes. In the longer run, education and training are key to raising the skills and wages of the workforce. In this regard, educational reforms are needed to increase student achievement at all levels. High-quality vocational training can also be used to advance the skills of high-school graduates. College completion rates could be improved by reducing financial and other barriers to education, and enhancing the community college system would be a cost-effective way to provide more individuals with an affordable way to obtain tertiary education. Disability insurance reforms are needed to reduce dependency on these programmes and encourage participation in the workforce. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on sovereign borrowing and public debt management 6
    Schlagwort(e): Schuldenmanagement ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper summarizes and discusses results from a survey conducted by the Department of Finance Canada and the Bank of Canada in July 2012 regarding an overview of investor relations (IR) and communications practices of members of the OECD Working Party on Debt Management (WPDM). The survey contained both quantitative and qualitative questions pertaining to IR, grouped into three themes: Definition and Development; Communications Strategy and Relationship Management; and Governance and Sustainability. Survey responses from 26 countries were collected and analyzed under these themes. While the extent of formalization and governance varies, all respondents with outstanding debt indicated that they perform IR activities; comments received suggest a general expansion of IR activities as the function evolves, both as a best practice and for directed, strategic purposes. Responses were collected regarding the most useful IR activities and communication methods conducted by countries, key stakeholder relationships relative to the IR function, and key challenges that include the difficulty in measuring the value of IR, particularly under changing circumstances. Despite the challenges, on-going IR is viewed as an important and effective component of the overall debt management function.
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  • 43
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on sovereign borrowing and public debt management 7
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentliche Anleihe ; Indexanleihe ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Großbritannien ; Finance and Investment ; United Kingdom ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Sovereign index-linked bond issuance has grown significantly since the early 1980s, with nearly $2.5 trillion USD in bonds now in issue. Index-linked bonds have become a widely accepted part of the set of instruments that sovereign debt managers use for funding purposes and so the question of how to assess their cost effectiveness relative to other financing options is of increasing importance. This paper sets out a methodology for conducting such an analysis, the rationale behind it and ways in which such an approach could be further developed.
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (75 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2013/01
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Internationales Investitionsrecht ; China ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This working paper examines China’s investment policy since the publication of the 2008 OECD Investment Policy Review of China. China remains the largest recipient of FDI among developing countries and FDI continues to play a disproportionately large role in promoting China’s trade, investment and tax revenue generation, albeit not as large as before. A number of structural changes occurred in recent years, including a slight revival of equity joint ventures, faster growth in services-sector FDI than in manufacturing, and a reorientation of FDI from the Eastern Region to the Central and Western Regions. In addition, China has been rapidly becoming an important source of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), a trend that was reinforced by the global financial and economic crisis. While foreign investor confidence is maintained by China’s economic strength, it is being undermined by rising labour costs and shortages of skilled labour and by greater competition (especially from Chinese companies). In addition, there are fears that an investment protectionist trend may be emerging in China, as evidenced by, for example, perceived discrimination against foreign-owned companies in government procurement. The Chinese government has taken a number of measures to streamline and decentralise FDI administration and strengthen enforcement. The emphasis has been on aligning inward FDI flows more closely with national priorities, including upgrading industrial sophistication, supporting innovation, setting up outsourcing industries and developing poorer hinterland regions. The most important change is the three-fold raising of the ceiling on provincial examination and approval authority over foreign investment projects in the “permitted catalogue”. Merger notification discrimination against foreign investors has been removed and a national security review process for cross-border M&As has been announced. The Chinese government should continue its efforts to liberalise and increase the transparency and predictability of the framework for both inward and outward FDI.
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  • 45
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2013/02
    Schlagwort(e): Länderfinanzen ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Recent crises and national consolidation packages affected sub-national finances. In many OECD countries, central governments introduced reductions in transfers to sub-national governments, and established expenditure and/or deficit objectives to be met by local or regional authorities. Such measures have reduced the financial room of sub-national governments for implementing key public services or investments. In parallel, borrowing conditions deteriorated for many sub-national governments, as banks and financial markets became increasingly reluctant to lend. Since late 2008, financial markets started discriminating between high- and low-quality SNG bonds, and yields reached record-high levels for sub-national governments perceived as less creditworthy. Facing degraded finances, upward pressure on expenditures and deteriorated borrowing conditions, many sub-national governments have used public investment as an adjustment variable to reduce their budget deficits and preserve their spending on welfare, health or education. However, such policies may hinder long-term growth perspectives.
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  • 46
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2013/04
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentliche Investition ; Dezentralisierung ; Regionalentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Growth and jobs are top concerns for policy makers confronting difficult economic conditions in many OECD countries. Sub-national governments are important contributors to national growth, but in many cases their economies are struggling as well. Faced with tight fiscal conditions, all levels of government must achieve policy goals with fewer resources. This is particularly true for public investment, a potentially growth-enhancing form of public expenditure which numerous governments are reducing to meet other (current) financial obligations. Even where public investment is stable or increasing, governments may want to improve returns to public and private investment. On average, nearly two-thirds of public investment in OECD countries occurs at the sub-national level. Clearly then, any discussion of improving returns to investment must address the capacities of sub-national governments to invest effectively. Unfortunately, the implementation of recovery packages across OECD countries revealed that both national and sub-national actors may lack the appropriate tools and governance arrangements to make the best use of investment funds. Taking this finding as its starting point, this paper seeks to 1) identify capacities that enable sub-national governments to design and implement sound public investment strategies for regional development, and 2) provide practical guidance for assessing and strengthening these capacities in a context of multi-level governance.
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  • 47
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2013/05
    Schlagwort(e): 2007 - 2009 ; Finanzkrise ; Regionalregierung ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Schuldenübernahme ; Finanzpolitik ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The paper explores interrelations between the fiscal situation of sub-national and central governments, or – put differently – whether and how sub-national and central governments contribute to each other’s fiscal difficulties. The first part of the paper examines sub-national government policies that may negatively affect the fiscal situation of the central government. Based on a new cross-country data-set at the level of individual regions, it examines structural factors that increase the probability of sub-national entities accumulating amounts of debt that may ultimately turn out to be unsustainable. The underlying idea is to explore to what degree such debt levels could result from moral hazard-driven behaviour at the regional level. The second part of the paper examines whether and how national governments hand the burden of fiscal adjustment down to sub-national levels, mainly looking at examples from the wave of fiscal adjustments in the wake of the 2007-09 global financial crisis.
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (75 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2013/06
    Schlagwort(e): Ballungsraum ; Mehrebenen-System ; Stadtentwicklung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Technologiepolitik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Klimawandel ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Illinois ; Wisconsin ; Indiana ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This working paper assesses opportunities and policies for green growth in the Chicago Tri-State Metropolitan Area. It first examines the Chicago metro-region's economic and environmental performance and potential constraints to regional growth, and identifies emerging regional specialisations in green products and services. This is followed by a review of sector-specific policies that can contribute to green jobs, green firms and urban attractiveness, with particular attention to energy-efficient buildings, the wind energy industry, public transportation, and the water and waste sectors. Finally, the working paper considers the role of workforce, innovation and governance policies, focusing on skill shortages and skill mismatches in the regional labour market, ways to make the most of the region's innovation assets, and opportunities for regional institutional co-ordination.
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  • 49
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD regional development working papers 2013/11
    Schlagwort(e): Regionales Wachstum ; Produktivität ; Strukturpolitik ; Räumliche Wirkung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This papers aims to understand the impact of nation-wide structural policies such as product market regulation in six upstream sectors and employment protection legislation and that of macroeconomic factors on the productivity growth of OECD regions. In particular we explore how this effect varies with the productivity gap of regions with their country’s frontier region. We use a policy-augmented growth model that allows us to simultaneously estimate the effects of macroeconomic and structural policies on regional productivity growth controlling for region-specific determinants of growth. We estimate our model with an unbalanced panel dataset consisting of 217 regions from 22 OECD countries covering the period 1995 to 2007. We find a strong statistical negative effect of product market regulation on regional productivity growth in five of the six upstream sectors considered and the effects are differentiated with respect to the productivity gap. Our estimates also reveal that dispersion of policies hurts regional productivity growth suggesting that policy complementarity can boost productivity growth. The effects of employment protection legislation are negative overall and are especially detrimental to productivity growth in lagging regions. The three macroeconomic factors we consider also influence regional performance: inflation has a negative effect on regional growth and government debt has a positive effect on average. When differentiating the effects by the distance to the frontier, trade-openness is more beneficial to lagging regions and the negative effects of inflation are less negative in lagging regions. These results reveal a strong link between nation-wide policies and the productivity of regions, which carries important policy implications, mainly that these effects should be taken into account in the policy design.
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Serie: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2013/10
    Serie: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2013/10
    Schlagwort(e): Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: How to stimulate growth and support job creation are two critical challenges that countries and localities confront and limited resources require lateral thinking about how actions in one area, such as employment and training, can have simultaneous benefits in others, such as creating new jobs and better supporting labour market inclusion. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme has developed an international cross-comparative study, which examines the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment. Each country review examines the capacity of employment services and training providers to contribute to a long-term strategy which strengthens the resiliency of the local economy, increases skills levels and job quality. In the United States, the study has looked at the range of institutions and bodies involved in workforce and skills development in two states – California and Michigan. In-depth fieldwork focused on two local Workforce Investment Boards in each state: the Sacramento Employment and Training Agency (SETA); the Northern Rural and Training and Employment Consortium (NoRTEC); the Southeast Michigan Community Alliance (SEMCA); and the Great Lakes Bay Michigan Works. The working paper concludes with a number of recommendations and actions to promote job creation at the federal/state and local levels.
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  • 51
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on public governance 21
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentlicher Dienst ; Personalplanung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Strategic workforce planning is gradually becoming a key priority and core management practice for public sector employees in OECD countries. In times of limited resources, governments are required to demonstrate workforce planning capability to meet current and future challenges for service delivery and to produce efficiency gains. Since experience in workforce planning remains limited, a simple but pragmatic approach that takes into account the national context is recommended. To send consistent messages about financial and human capital resources required to achieve government‘s programmatic goals, workforce planning should be aligned with the budget process. Its success depends on the cooperation between the finance authority, the central Human Resource Management (HRM) body, and line managers in individual ministries and agencies. The implementation of workforce planning continues to present difficulties for practitioners. Therefore, management flexibility, incentives to engage managers, developing workforce planning capability, and revisions to the HRM process are critical to pave the way for a successful implementation. Monitoring and evaluating progress of the workforce plan and its contribution to the programmatic goals should be conducted systematically.
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  • 52
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 9
    Schlagwort(e): Corporate Governance ; Unternehmenspublizität ; Geldwäsche ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Aktionäre ; Indonesien ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Indonesia ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: A good corporate governance framework should combine transparency, accountability and integrity and this requires knowledge of beneficial ownership. The protection of minority investors and other stakeholder protection will be challenging without access to reliable information about the ownership, including the identity of the controlling owners, and control structures of listed companies. This report assesses the costs, benefits and practicalities of different approaches, suggesting policy options to better identify ultimate beneficial ownership in Indonesia. This report was requested by the Capital Market and Financial Institution Supervisory Agency in Indonesia, Bapepam-LK, in the context of the OECD-Indonesia corporate governance policy dialogue launched in 2011. The objective is to support policy makers and regulators in their efforts to enhance disclosure and enforcement of beneficial ownership and control as part of overall efforts to improve corporate governance standards and practices in Indonesia.
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on public governance 23
    Schlagwort(e): Politische Instabilität ; Staatskrise ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Governments are confronted with crises that may spread beyond national borders and trigger significant economic knock-on effects. Managing crises is a key responsibility for governments, which have a crucial role to play to strengthen the resilience of their population, communities and critical infrastructure networks. The paper highlights the changing landscape of crises with which governments are confronted today, discussing new approaches to deal with both traditional and novel crises. The paper invites a reflection on how best governments can adapt to change while still maintaining capabilities to deal with more classic crises. It concludes with identifying five cross-cutting issues in crisis management where government should pay attention when framing their policies and practices: an overall crisis governance framework, the role of science and expertise, leadership issues, the governance of response networks, and international cooperation. International exchange of experiences among governments and the development of shared best practices are core objectives for the OECD High Level Risk Forum under which the paper was prepared.
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  • 54
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 34
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Financial inclusion is an international policy priority and demand-side initiatives including financial education have an important role to play in helping individuals to access and use appropriate, formal financial products. In 2010, under the support of the Russian Trust Fund for Financial Literacy and Education, the OECD/INFE launched a project on the role of financial education in financial inclusion. The results of this work show that low levels of financial inclusion are associated with lower levels of financial literacy. Recent research, including a broad stock take of INFE members, permitted to identify various ways in which policy makers are developing financial education policies for financial inclusion. Based on a review of approaches taken to deliver financial education for financial inclusion, this report highlights challenges faced and solutions found, and discusses the main lessons learnt and potential way forward.
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 36
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The economic downturn is likely to have a lasting impact on the fund management industry and on long term asset allocation strategies of institutional investors. On one hand, in promoting more cautious investment strategies and a greater focus on portfolio risk management in the coming years. On the other hand, the prolonged low-yield environment has heightened the need for return-enhancing strategies, pushing some investors to invest in alternative assets. More fundamentally, the role of institutional investors in long term financing is constrained by the short-termism increasingly pervasive in capital markets as well as structural and policy barriers such as regulatory disincentives, lack of appropriate financing vehicles, limited investment and risk management expertise, transparency, viability issues and a lack of appropriate data and investment benchmarks for illiquid assets such as infrastructure.
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  • 56
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2013/04
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): bilateral investment treaty ; international investment law ; international investment ; investment treaties ; foreign investment ; investment law ; comparative law ; international investment agreements ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: International investment agreements (IIAs) almost universally define their temporal validity and thus set conditions for States’ exit from these treaties. This study presents the results of the survey of language that determines the temporal validity of 2,061 bilateral investment agreements that the 55 economies participating in the OECD-hosted Freedom of Investment Roundtables have concluded with any other economy. The paper summarises in its first part past and current treaty practice in this regard: how do States design the parameters that define the temporal validity of their treaties and the duration of the obligations contained therein? How has this design evolved over time? Do different kinds of IIAs take different approaches to this matter? Have individual States developed distinct practices or policies? The second part of the paper presents key findings that result from the analysis of treaty practice in a large number of agreements. It highlights characteristics of the provisions on temporal validity employed in IIAs; emphasises the collective engagement that results from the clauses in IIAs and the consequences of country-specific practice; and suggests questions on intriguing policy choices that a large comparative study reveals.
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  • 57
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2013/01
    Schlagwort(e): Umweltbewertung ; Zufriedenheit ; Europa ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: While environmental economics studies using stated life satisfaction data have been gaining attention, much of this body of work remains exploratory. In this study we contribute to this emerging body of research by combining OECD survey data from four European countries on life satisfaction and perceptions of environmental quality with independent (i.e. mechanical) measurements of air quality and urbanity, from the European Environment Agency, to provide a broad picture of the environmental determinants of life satisfaction, and monetary valuation of air quality improvements. We also estimate that the value of a 1% reduction in air pollution (measured as mean annual PM10 concentrations) is worth the same on average as a 0.71% increase in per capita income. We find that environments which respondents perceive as noisy and lacking in access to green space have a significantly detrimental impact on life satisfaction. However, controlling for these negative factors (air, noise, and lack of green space), we also find a large positive residual impact of urban environments on life satisfaction. The use of independent, GIS-based measures of urbanity (proportion of urban surface area around households), as opposed to survey-based stated perceptions of urbanity, increases the precision of estimated air quality impacts on life satisfaction. Taken as a whole, our analysis highlights the need for conducting LS-based environmental assessment and valuation exercises using a broad array of independent data sources, in order both to obtain unbiased regression estimates and to facilitate interpretation of these estimates.
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 8
    Schlagwort(e): Corporate Governance ; Börsengang ; Aktionäre ; Institutioneller Investor ; Kapitalstruktur ; Eigentümerstruktur ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: There are two main sources of confusion in the public corporate governance debate. One is the confusion about the role of public policy intervention. The other is a lack of empirical knowledge about the corporate landscape where rules are supposed to be implemented and the functioning of today’s equity markets, where voting rights and cash flow rights are traded. To mitigate some of this confusion, this paper provides both an analytical framework for the role of public policy and a description of the empirical context that influences the conditions for that policy. It underlines the importance of focusing on the overall economic outcome and, in particular, how rules and regulations impact the conditions for companies to grow and create value by accessing public equity markets. In terms of the empirical context, we point to fundamental changes in the functioning of equity markets that may call for a fresh look at the economic effectiveness of corporate governance regulations. Among other things, we document a dramatic shift in listings from developed to emerging markets over the last decade, which means that concentrated ownership at company level has become the dominant form of ownership in listed companies worldwide. We also discuss whether the lack of new listings of smaller companies in developed markets is related to excessive regulatory burdens and unintended consequences of a decade of profound stock market deregulation. The discussion about listings illustrates that corporate governance rules and regulations do not only affect companies that are already listed. From a policy perspective, it is equally important to assess the implications for unlisted companies that may, in the future, require access to public equity markets for growth and job creation. We also document how the lengthened and ever more complex chain of intermediaries between savers and companies may influence the efficiency of capital allocation and the willingness of investors to take an active long-term interest in the companies that they own. It is shown that institutional investors are a highly heterogeneous group and that their willingness and ability to engage in corporate governance primarily depend on the economic incentives that follow from their different business models, investment strategies and trading practices. We provide examples of how regulatory initiatives to increase shareholder engagement may have unintended consequences, and note that the diversity and complexity of the investment chain can render general policies or regulation ineffective.
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  • 59
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD trade policy papers 147
    Schlagwort(e): Auslandsinvestition ; Internationales Investitionsrecht ; WTO-Recht ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Außenhandel ; Eigentümerstruktur ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: With a growing integration via trade and investment, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that have traditionally been oriented towards domestic markets increasingly compete with private firms in the global market place. Three principal questions emerge from the international trade perspective: (1) How important is state ownership in the global economy; (2) What types of advantages granted to SOEs by governments (or disadvantages afflicting them) are inconsistent with the key principles of the non-discriminatory trading system; and (3) What policies and practices support effective competition among all market participants? Using a sample of world‘s largest firms and their foreign subsidiaries, this paper shows that the extent of state presence in various countries and economic sectors is significant. Moreover, many of the countries with the highest SOE shares and economic sectors with strong SOE presence are intensely traded. The potential for economic distortions is hence large, if some of these SOEs benefit from unfair advantages granted to them by governments–an allegation that is often raised in political and business circles. Existing information on such advantages is often either anecdotal or limited to individual cases. As a groundwork for future analysis and building on the existing information and literature, this paper presents a conceptual discussion of how potential SOE advantages can generate cross-border effects. It also describes several cases when actions of SOEs as well as advantages allegedly granted to them by governments have been contested as inconsistent with national or international regulations, albeit with varying degree of success. This may be partially explained by the fact that existing regulatory frameworks that discipline some forms of anti-competitive behaviour of SOEs have been designed with domestic objectives in mind or were conceived at times when the state sector was oriented primarily towards domestic markets. The survey of existing rules at the national, bilateral and multilateral levels presented in this paper is a first step in determining whether there is a need to fill any gaps and in finding the most constructive ways of doing so.
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 11
    Schlagwort(e): Eigentümerstruktur ; Institutioneller Investor ; Corporate Governance ; Aktive Aktionäre ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a framework for analysing the character and degree of ownership engagement by institutional investors. It argues that the general term “institutional investor” in itself doesn’t say very much about the quality or degree of ownership engagement. It is therefore an evasive “shorthand” for policy discussions about ownership engagement. The reason is that there are large differences in ownership engagement between different categories of institutional investors. There are also differences in ownership engagement within the same category of institutional investors such as hedge funds, investment funds, etc. These differences arise from the fact that the degree of ownership engagement is determined by a number of different features and choices that together make up the institutional investor’s “business model”. When ownership engagement is not a central part of the business model, public policies and voluntary standards aiming to improve the quality of ownership engagement among institutional investors are likely to have limited effect. Based on an empirical overview of the relative size of different categories of institutional investors, the paper identifies a set of 7 features and 19 choices that in different combinations define the institutional investor’s business model. These features and choices are then used to establish a taxonomy for identifying different degrees of ownership engagement ranging from “no engagement” to “inside engagement”.
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  • 61
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (53 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Corporate Governance working papers 6
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The overarching question for the government owners of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is why these companies need to be owned by the state. The OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises provides a “blueprint” for the corporatisation and commercialisation of such enterprises, but it may be assumed that the reason for continued state ownership is that they are expected to act differently from private companies. A relatively clear case occurs when SOEs are established with the purpose of pursuing mostly non-commercial activities. In many cases, their activities might otherwise be carried out by government institutions; the SOE incorporation has been chosen mostly on efficiency grounds.A number of other rationales for public ownership of enterprises have been offered, including: (i) monopolies in sectors where competition and market regulation is not deemed feasible or efficient; (ii) market incumbency, for instance in sectors where competition has been introduced but a state-owned operator remains responsible for public service obligations; (iii) imperfect contracts, where those public service obligations that SOEs are charged with are too complex or malleable to be laid down in service contracts; (iv) industrial policy or development strategies, where SOEs are being used to overcome obstacles to growth or correct market imperfections...
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  • 62
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 150
    Schlagwort(e): 2002-2010 ; Umverteilung ; USA ; Europa ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Working-age individuals and their families have experienced increases in relative income poverty before the Great Recession (GR), and they have also seen significant income losses since the beginning of the downturn in 2007/8. This paper examines the effects of benefit and tax reforms on the distribution of incomes of non-elderly individuals in Europe and in the United States both before and after the GR. We aim to place recent policy responses in context of both the broader trends in redistribution patterns observed since the 1980s, and the immediate crisis-related challenges, including a much greater need for government support, and large and rapidly growing government debt. Analysis of historical household income data confirms the common finding that redistribution reduces income inequalities by much less in the US than in much of Europe. Since more redistributive tax-transfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps, redistribution in the US was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the market-income inequality in the 2-3 decades leading up to the GR. Focussing on more recent policy changes, we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the GR at different points in the earnings spectrum. The results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the US have significantly narrowed the pre-GR gap between the equalising capacities of US and European redistribution measures, and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income. We argue, however, that this is unlikely to signify any longer-term convergence, and that Europe/US comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels. In our view, an equally important question is how well redistribution measures respond and adapt to evolving social and fiscal challenges at different points in the economic cycle.
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (79 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 10
    Schlagwort(e): Aktienmarkt ; Marktstruktur ; Börsengang ; Allokation ; Börse ; Corporate Governance ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This study provides critical observations on the state of key global equity markets as recent developments have put into question their efficiency and effectiveness in facilitating capital formation. It covers the top 26 initial public offering (IPO) producing nations, with a particular focus on stock markets in the United States.
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 319
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.319
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungspolitik ; Bildungsfinanzierung ; Bildungsertrag ; Bildungsfinanzierung ; Öffentliche Güter ; Hochschule ; Sozialkapital ; Lateinamerika ; Education ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: A key higher education policy question is about the financing of this sector. Who, why and how higher education should be paid for are debated around the world by governments, the academic community, students, experts and civil society. This is true of Ibero-America. The meetings of their heads of state or governments have, on various occasions, pronounced on this issue. And within the institutions themselves and on the streets of the principal cities in the region, students and professors have voiced their demands for greater funding. This document advocates the need for shared higher education funding – between the state and the private sector, (including students and their families), in a proportion that corresponds approximately to the private and social benefits generated. The proposed public/private cost allocation (1:1) is based on econometric calculations of the respective benefits generated by tertiary education, with approximately one half of the total being private benefits and the other half social benefits and public externalities. From this it follows that HEIs should be funded in the same proportion, diversifying their sources so that the state (taxpayers) and the private sector (households or families, students and graduates) provide 50% each. But the above only makes sense if higher education can ensure that it provides the anticipated private and social benefits and public externalities. The bottlenecks that stand in the way of achieving these expectations have to be removed. So the State should allocate resources in terms of reaching these objectives, and implement policies that encourage institutions to reach the proposed outcomes and standards.
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  • 65
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 320
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.320
    Schlagwort(e): 1995 - 2010 ; Kapitalmobilität ; Kapitalverkehrskontrolle ; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The Asia-Pacific region has long been prone to volatile capital flows that have posed a challenge for authorities to cope with and occasionally led to payment difficulties dragging down exchange rates and spilling over to the real economy. The recent global crisis repeated past history, although most economies hard hit by the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis have learnt a lesson and are now better prepared to face volatile capital flows. Asian and Pacific countries have strengthened capital controls over 1995-2010, in particular those targeting portfolio flows. Now more countries impose some sort of control on outflows of all types of capital than 15 years ago and controls on outflows appear more stringent than on inflows. Notwithstanding the controls, most Asia-Pacific economies experienced at least one spell of large capital flows. To effectively curb capital inflow bonanzas, the measures need to be targeted. Portfolio inflow surges can be curbed by controlling bond inflows in general and in the case of very large surges, by limiting collective investment inflows. Controls on credit inflows appear effective in reducing the probability of cross-border lending booms. Furthermore, measures targeting residents appear more effective in reducing the probability of capital inflow bonanzas. Beside control measures, other conditions also appear to have a bearing on the probability of occurrence and on the length of the capital inflow spell. Previous inflows appear to be an important determinant of future booms in all asset categories, while global risk appetite increases the probability of overall inflows and cross border credit bonanzas. Domestic growth only explains the occurrence of equity portfolio inflow booms. A more lenient stance on outflows could shorten the duration of capital inflow bonanzas and hence reduce their cumulative impact on the economy.
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 33
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Macroeconomic stability and growth in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region have allowed governments to focus on public policies that build on the complementarities between financial education, inclusion and the development of social capital. Financial education programmes can support the needs of emerging middle classes in managing their finances and benefitting from access to more sophisticated financial markets. They can also be a valuable tool to ensure a more effective financial inclusion of the most vulnerable sectors of the population, and help fight poverty and inequality.
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2013/02
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): investment policy reform ; segyehwa ; South Korea ; FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index ; foreign direct investment ; Finance and Investment ; Korea, Republic of ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: As more and more countries seek to liberalise their foreign investment regimes to attract global flows of foreign direct investment (FDI), an essential question for policy-makers is no longer just what to reform but also how to reform. How is a reformist government to sell the idea of reform to the general public and to counter any opposition to reform? How are those who lose from reform in the short term to be compensated? Does sequencing of reforms matter? Korea offers a particularly interesting case study because its reforms beginning in the 1990s were both rapid and far-reaching. Based on the OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index, Korea was the biggest reformer of its policies towards FDI between 1997 and 2010 among a sample of 40 developed and emerging countries. The objective of this study is to document the liberalisation of the FDI regime in Korea and to examine how and why it came about. What were the main obstacles and what were the main drivers? How did FDI liberalisation relate to other reforms (trade policy and regulatory reform, policies towards outward investment)? The paper does not ask what more Korea needs to do but rather what lessons can we draw from the Korean experience about how to achieve rapid and sustainable reforms? The insights from Korean liberalisation are useful for other countries, particularly non-OECD members in Asia and elsewhere, which still have high levels of statutory restrictions as measured by the FDI Index. Many of these countries are eager to attract more investment and recognise that they will need to reform their investment regime but are unsure how best to proceed. Each country?s reform path is unique, and this study will not provide a roadmap for other countries to follow, but it will nevertheless serve as a useful model for reformers in other countries and provide evidence that successful reform is accompanied by rising inflows of direct investment.
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  • 68
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (99 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 35
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report is structured in three chapters. The first chapter examines the channels through which institutional investors can access green infrastructure, assesses the extent to which this is currently happening, and identifies the barriers to scaling up these investment flows. The second chapter presents four case studies: on utility-scale solar PV power generation in the United States, sustainable agriculture in Brazil, off-shore wind energy in the United Kingdom, and the securitisation of on-shore wind farms in Germany and France. The third chapter uses the conclusions on the case studies to draw out broader lessons for governments on the policy settings which may support investment in green infrastructure by institutional investors. These include, inter alia, ensuring a stable and integrated policy environment, addressing market failures, providing an infrastructure road map, facilitating the development of appropriate green financing vehicles, and promoting market transparency and improved data collection.
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  • 69
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment 2013/03
    Serie: OECD working papers on international investment
    Schlagwort(e): shareholders ; stockholders ; shareholder claims ; shareholder rights ; shareholder remedies ; stockholder remedies ; reflective loss ; reflective injury ; derivative action ; derivative loss ; derivative injury ; consistency ; consistency of arbitral decisions ; double recovery ; double jeopardy ; multiple claims ; judicial economy ; settlement ; corporate law ; company law ; creditors ; creditors’ rights ; investor-state dispute settlement ; international arbitration ; arbitrators ; international economic law ; comparative law ; domestic impact of investment law ; international arbitration ; investment arbitration ; foreign investment ; international investment ; international investment law ; access to justice ; level playing field ; competitive neutrality ; treaty shopping ; internationalinvestment agreements ; investment treaties ; bilateral investment treaties ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Claims by company shareholders seeking damages from governments for so-called "reflective loss" now make up a substantial part of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) caseload. (Shareholders’ reflective loss is incurred as a result of injury to “their” company, typically a loss in value of the shares; it is generally contrasted with direct injury to shareholder rights, such as interference with shareholder voting rights.) This paper considers the consistency issues raised by shareholder claims for reflective loss in ISDS. The paper first compares the approach to shareholder claims in ISDS with advanced systems of national corporate law (and other international law). ISDS arbitrators have consistently found that shareholders can claim individually for reflective loss in ISDS under typical BITs. This can be seen as a success story from the point of view of consistency of legal interpretation and improves investor protection for potential claimant shareholders in many cases. In contrast, however, advanced national systems and international law generally apply what has been called a "no reflective loss" principle to shareholder claims. Second, the paper analyses the policy issues relating to consistency that are raised by shareholder claims for reflective loss in ISDS. National and international law barring shareholder claims for reflective loss is often explicitly driven by policy considerations relating to consistency, predictability, avoidance of double recovery and judicial economy. Limiting recovery to the company is seen as both more efficient and fairer to all interested parties. In contrast, ISDS tribunals and commentators have generally given limited consideration to the policy consequences of allowing shareholder claims for reflective loss. The third part of the paper addresses the issue of company recovery (including two different existing systems which expand the ability of foreign-controlled companies to recover in ISDS) and its relevance to shareholder claims for reflective loss. The paper also contains a series of questions for discussion and has been discussed by governments participating in an OECD-hosted investment roundtable.
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  • 70
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (102 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD corporate governance working papers 12
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Corporate Governance ; OECD-Staaten ; Kolumbien ; Governance ; Colombia ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report evaluates the corporate governance practices of Colombian SOEs against the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). The assessment was prepared based on information provided by the Colombian authorities, an analysis of the available literature and interviews with authorities, consultants, academics, and company as well as stakeholder representatives. Following a brief introduction, Part A of the report provides information about the context in which Colombian SOEs operate, including the main aspects of the regulatory framework and its key actors. Part B refers successively to the different chapters of the Guidelines, evaluating Colombian norms and practices in their light. The final section sets out the report’s conclusions and recommendations. Complementary information can be found in the five annexes. The review was prepared at the request of the Colombian authorities and approved by the OECD Working Party on State Ownership and Privatisation Practices.
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  • 71
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 S.)
    Serie: OECD working papers on public governance 24
    Schlagwort(e): Politische Instabilität ; Katastrophe ; Krisenmanagement ; Social Web ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report highlights the changing landscape of risk and crisis communications and in particular how social media can be a beneficial tool, but also create challenges for crisis managers. It explores different practices of risk and crisis communications experts related to the use of social media and propose a framework for monitoring the development of practices among countries in the use of social media for risk and crisis communications. The three step process spans passive to dynamic use of social media, and provides governments a self-assessment tool to enable cross country comparison to monitor and track progress in the uptake of effective use of social media by emergency services or crisis managers.
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  • 72
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (64 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 31
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates policyholder protection schemes in OECD member countries and selected non-OECD countries. It is selective in its scope: it examines the rationale for a policyholder protection scheme; the relationship between certain design features and moral hazard; the role of a policyholder protection scheme within the overall resolution framework; and some cross-border features of these schemes. While the paper focuses on protection schemes for policyholders, it seeks to draw lessons from compensation schemes in the banking and occupational pension fund sectors, while recognising sectoral differences.
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  • 73
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (53 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 32
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastrukturinvestition ; Pensionskasse ; Australien ; Kanada ; Finance and Investment ; Australia ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Australian and Canadian pension funds have been pioneers in infrastructure investing since the early 1990s. They also have the highest asset allocation to infrastructure around the globe today. This paper compares and contrasts the experience of institutional investors in the two countries looking at factors such as infrastructure policies, the pension system, investment strategies and governance of pension funds. The ‘Canadian model’ and the ‘(new) Australian model’ of infrastructure pose a challenge to the ‘private equity model’, dominant in Europe and the USA. Important lessons can be learnt by both policy makers and investors.
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  • 74
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on public governance 22
    Schlagwort(e): E-Government ; Informationsmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives, and in particular the development of OGD portals, have proliferated since the mid-2000s both at central and local government levels in OECD and non OECD countries. Understanding the preconditions that enable the efficient and effective implementation of these initiatives is essential for achieving their overall objectives. This is especially true in terms of the role played by OGD in relation to Open Government policies in general. This paper highlights the main principles, concepts and criteria framing open government data initiatives and the issues challenging their implementation. It underlines the opportunities that OGD and data analytics may offer policy makers, while providing a note of caution on the challenges this agenda poses for the public sector. Finally, the overall analysis of key concepts and issues aims to pave the way for an empirical analysis of OGD initiatives. So far, little has been done to analyse and prove the impact and accrued value of these initiatives. The paper suggests a methodology comprising an analytical framework for OGD initiatives (to be applied to ex post and ex ante analysis of initiatives) and a related set of data to be collected across OECD countries. The application of the analytical framework and the collection of data would enable the acquisition of a solid body of evidence that could ultimately lead to mapping initiatives across OECD countries (i.e. a typography of initiatives) and developing a common set of metrics to consistently assess impact and value creation within and across countries.
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  • 75
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD trade and environment working papers 2013/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energiemarkt ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Handelshemmnisse ; Europa ; Energy ; Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The uptake of renewable energy (RE) has been identified by a number of governments as a primary means for mitigating CO2 emissions from the electricity sector, and for making the transition to a low-carbon economy. The electric power output of some RE technologies, however, including those based on intermittent wind and solar energy, can vary considerably over short periods of time and thereby introduce instability into the electricity system. The risk of instability increases with higher shares of intermittent power sources connected to the electrical grid. Different means have been used to deal with this intermittency problem. Cross-border trade in electricity appears to be one of them since it enables countries to gain access to a more diversified portfolio of plants, producing over a wider geographic area. Preliminary results from an examination of the European electricity market confirm the importance of cross-border electricity trade in increasing the effective capacity factor of intermittent plants in the context of a growing share of intermittent renewables in the power sector. There are a number of policy issues that must first be addressed though, with some financial and administrative incentives provided to variable RE technologies discouraging RE producers from fully participating in electricity market operations and exerting downward pressure on wholesale electricity prices. The positive contribution that cross-border trade in electricity can make to address the variability problem not only depends on addressing challenges that renewable-energy technologies pose to electricity markets, but also necessitates the existence of an efficient cross-border electricity trading regime. Addressing those regulatory and administrative measures that are inhibiting growth in cross-border trade and the smooth operation of regional electricity markets would therefore help increase the potential for trade in electricity to facilitate growth in renewable energy.
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  • 76
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Corporate Governance working papers 7
    Schlagwort(e): Corporate Governance ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Geldwäsche ; Aktionäre ; Unternehmenspublizität ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Investor confidence in financial markets depends in large part on the existence of an accurate disclosure regime that provides transparency in the beneficial ownership and control structures of publicly listed companies. This is particularly true for corporate governance systems that are characterised by concentrated ownership. On the one hand, large investors with significant voting and cash-flow rights may encourage long-term growth and firm performance. On the other hand, however, controlling beneficial owners with large voting blocks may have incentives to divert corporate assets and opportunities for personal gain at the expense of minority investors.The paper focuses particularly on the misuse of corporate vehicles, which arguably poses a major challenge to good corporate governance. Stakeholder rights (e.g. employees and creditors) cannot be properly exercised if ultimate decision- be identified. The accountability of the board may also be seriously endangered if stakeholders and the general public are unaware of decision-making and ultimate control structures. Finally, regulators and supervisory agencies have a strong interest in knowing beneficial owners – in order to determine the origin of investment flows, to prevent money laundering and tax evasion and to settle issues of corporate accountability.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264188914
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (273 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: Higher education in regional and city development
    Schlagwort(e): Hochschule ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Polen ; Education ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Poland
    Kurzfassung: In less than a decade Wroclaw has transformed itself into one of Poland’s economic power houses that attracts students, mobile investment and tourism. How can Wroclaw move up in the value chain and unleash the potential of its universities for economic, social and cultural development? This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional reforms to mobilise higher education for regional development.
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264172579
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 202 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Chile
    Kurzfassung: This book provides, from an international perspective, an independent analysis of major issues facing teacher evaluation, current policy initiatives, and possible future approaches in Chile.
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264190641
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 670 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: How can assessment and evaluation policies work together more effectively to improve student outcomes in primary and secondary schools? Countries increasingly use a range of techniques for student assessment, teacher appraisal, school evaluation, school leader appraisal and education system evaluation. However, they often face difficulties in implementing evaluation and assessment policies. This may arise as a result of poor policy design, lack of analysis of unintended consequences, little capacity for school agents to put evaluation procedures into practice, lack of an evaluation culture, or deficient use of evaluation results. This report provides an international comparative analysis and policy advice to countries on how evaluation and assessment arrangements can be embedded within a consistent framework to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education. It builds upon a major 3-year review of evaluation and assessment policies in 28 countries, the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes. As well as analysing strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, the report provides recommendations for improvement including how results should be incorporated into policy and practice.
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264062665
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (106 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? This report on Switzerland looks at these and other questions.
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264204898
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 104 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD skills studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Time for the US to reskill?
    Schlagwort(e): Bildungsniveau ; Analphabetismus ; Erwachsenenbildung ; USA ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Statistik ; USA ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Funktionaler Analphabetismus
    Kurzfassung: The ‘basic skills’ of literacy and numeracy are among the most fundamental attributes of human beings and their civilization, lying at the root of our capacity to communicate and live and work together, to develop and share knowledge, science and culture. Their contribution to workforce skills have increasingly been recognized as critical to economic success, while evidence on gaps in adult basic skills and the link with economic and social outcomes has also been growing, both at national and international level (e.g. International Survey of Adult Skills of 1994-98 and Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey of 2003-2007). Most tellingly, there has been a belated realization that despite universal basic education in advanced countries, some adults have slipped through the net, leaving them with very weak literacy and numeracy. All of these factors underline the importance of the OECD’s new international Survey of Adult Skills. This report on skills in the US draws out the policy implications of the Survey for the US, while also making use of some additional data collected for the Survey on the US alone. The study does not directly evaluate relevant US policies and programs – such as schooling and adult education. Instead it identifies in the results of the Survey some key lessons about the strategic objectives and directions which should form a frame for policy development in the US, including policy on adult learning and schooling.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264176713
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (59 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: Quality matters in early childhood education and care
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Norway
    Kurzfassung: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) can bring a wide range of benefits – for children, parents and society at large. However, these benefits are conditional on “quality”. Expanding access to services without attention to quality will not deliver good outcomes for children or long-term productivity benefits for society. This series of country reports focuses on quality issues. Each report tackles a specific theme that was selected by the country reviewed. These reports suggest strengths and point to areas for further reflection on current policy initiatives.
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264207578
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 101 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Strong performers and successful reformers in education
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Strong performers and successful reformers in education
    Schlagwort(e): Schulpolitik ; Bildungsniveau ; Vergleich ; USA ; Education ; United States ; USA ; Mathematik ; PISA-Studie ; Lernerfolg
    Kurzfassung: This report compares the performance of 15-year-olds in the United States in PISA against the global patterns and trends. But it goes beyond the aggregate level analysis that have so far been published in the PISA 2012 reports, to give analysis of student performance on individual mathematics test items in order to reveal students’ strengths and weaknesses. Considering this also in the context of the relationship between PISA and the Common Core Standards for Mathematics can help connect these results to what the United States aspires to teach in classrooms and help inform teaching practices that can support performance improvement.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264180772
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 266 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Educational research and innovation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'art pour l'art ? ; L'impact de l'éducation artistique
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. ¿El arte por el arte? ; La influencia de la educacíon artística
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Winner, Ellen, 1947 - Art for art's sake?
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    Schlagwort(e): Kunst ; Bildung ; Education ; Kunsterziehung ; Kreativität ; Kognitive Entwicklung ; Sozialkompetenz ; Ästhetische Erziehung ; Musische Erziehung
    Kurzfassung: Arts education is often said to be a means of developing critical and creative thinking. Arts education has also been argued to enhance performance in non-arts academic subjects such as mathematics, science, reading and writing, and to strengthen students’ academic motivation, self-confidence, and ability to communicate and co-operate effectively. Arts education thus seems to have a positive impact on the three subsets of skills that we define as “skills for innovation”: subject-based skills, including in non-arts subjects; skills in thinking and creativity; and behavioural and social skills. This report examines the state of empirical knowledge about the impact of arts education on these kinds of outcomes. The kinds of arts education examined include arts classes in school (classes in music, visual arts, theatre, and dance), arts-integrated classes (where the arts are taught as a support for an academic subject), and arts study undertaken outside of school (e.g. private music lessons; out-of-school classes in theatre, visual arts, and dance). The report does not deal with education about the arts or cultural education, which may be included in all kinds of subjects.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264200418
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (87 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Austria
    Kurzfassung: This report examines vocational education and training programmes in Austria, covering how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions are engaged.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264190528
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 261 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: PISA
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cadre d'évaluation et d'analyse du cycle PISA 2012 ; Compétences en mathématiques, en compréhension de l'écrit, en sciences, en résolution de problèmes et en matières financières
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: Are students well prepared to meet the challenges of the future? Can they analyse, reason and communicate their ideas effectively? Have they found the kinds of interests they can pursue throughout their lives as productive members of the economy and society? The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) seeks to answer these questions through the most comprehensive and rigorous international assessment of student knowledge and skills. PISA 2012 Assessment and Analytical Framework presents the conceptual framework underlying the fifth cycle of PISA. Similar to the previous cycles, the 2012 assessment covers reading, mathematics and science, with the major focus on mathematical literacy. Two other domains are evaluated: problem solving and financial literacy. Students respond to a background questionnaire and, as an option, to an educational career questionnaire as well as another questionnaire about Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Additional supporting information is gathered from the school authorities through the school questionnaire and from the parents through a third optional questionnaire. Sixty-six countries and economies, including all 34 OECD member countries, are taking part in the PISA 2012 assessment.
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264185760
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 204 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: Educational Research and Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Leadership for twenty-first century learning
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Education Research ; Educational psychology ; Education ; Electronic books ; Lernen ; Lernorganisation ; Schulverwaltung
    Kurzfassung: Foreword; Table of contents; Executive summary; Learning leadership; Concluding orientations; Learning leadership for innovative learning environments: The overview; The aims and background to this report; Building on earlier OECD analyses; The "why" of learning leadership; The "what" of learning leadership; The "how" of learning leadership; The "who" of learning leadership; The "where" of learning leadership; The "when" of learning leadership; Concluding orientations on learning leadership; Note; References; The practice of leading and managing teaching in educational organisations
    Kurzfassung: IntroductionTeaching: the essence of leadership work; Focusing in on the practice of leading teaching; Diagnosis and design: organisational infrastructure and practice; Conclusion; Note; References; Leading learning in a world of change; Introduction; The character of leadership; Five principles of leadership for learning; Changing contexts for learning; Learning beyond schooling; Note; References; Leadership for 21st century learning in Singapore's high‑performing schools; Introduction; The context of the Singapore school system; A 21st century leadership model
    Kurzfassung: Case studies of transformation in two schoolsConclusion; References; Approaches to learning leadership development in different school systems; Introduction; A network of change agents: Lerndesigners as teacher leaders in Austria; The Lerndesigner network; Innovative learning environments: Developing leadership in British Columbia; Developing and nurturing leadership for learning in New York City; Developing learning leadership in Norway; Learning leadership in South Australia; Learning leadership for innovation at the system level: Israel; Notes; References; Online references
    Kurzfassung: Promoting learning leadership in Catalonia and beyondInternationalising educational innovation in Catalonia; Learning Leadership - the research study; Note; References
    Kurzfassung: This is the latest of the influential series of OECD reports on Innovative Learning Environments. ""Learning leadership"" is fundamental because it is about setting direction, taking responsibility for putting learning at the centre and keeping it there. This becomes increasingly complex in 21st century settings, calling for innovation and going beyond the heroics of individual leaders. Many need to be involved, bringing in diverse partners at different levels. This is all explored in this volume. It clarifies the concepts and the dimensions of learning leadership, relating it to extensive int
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264193857
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 125 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: International summit on the teaching profession
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Teachers for the 21st century
    Schlagwort(e): Lehrkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Unterricht ; Bildungsforschung ; Education ; OECD ; Lehrerbeurteilung ; Evaluation ; Bildungswesen ; Lehrer ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Wissensvermittlung
    Kurzfassung: In some countries the concept – not to mention the use – of teacher appraisal sparks discussion whenever it is mentioned. According to what criteria? Who decides? And what should the results of teacher appraisals be used for? But education stakeholders are beginning to find some agreement in the idea that teacher appraisal can be a key lever for focusing more on teaching quality and continuous professional development for teachers, in keeping with the growing recognition that the quality of teaching affects student learning outcomes. Teacher appraisal also provides opportunities to incentivise, recognise and reward teaching competence and high performance, which, in turn, may help to address concerns about the attractiveness of teaching as a career choice and about the image and status of teachers, including teachers’ feelings that their work is not sufficiently valued. The third International Summit on the Teaching Profession, hosted by the Netherlands, the OECD and Education International, brings together education ministers, union leaders and other teacher leaders from high-performing and rapidly improving education systems, as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), to discuss how teacher quality is defined and what standards are set and by whom; what systems are in place for teacher evaluation and how evaluations are conducted; and how teacher evaluation contributes to school improvement and teacher self-efficacy.
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264203594
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (100 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This book examines vocational education and training programmes in England, including coverage of how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions are involved.
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264202153
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (149 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This book examines vocational education and training programmes in the United States, including coverage of how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions are involved.
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264202146
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (106 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Postsekundäre Berufsbildung in Deutschland
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: This report examines vocational education and training programs in Germany including how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions can be engaged.
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264175297
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 160 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD skills studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Skills development and training in SMEs
    Schlagwort(e): KMU ; Qualifikation ; Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: The report discusses the results of the OECD “Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMEs” (TSME) project which examines access to training by SMEs across seven regions in six OECD countries: New Zealand, Poland, Belgium, UK, Turkey and Canada. The book analyses the policy issues related to both low access by SMEs, and how to recognise the increasing importance of informal training and skills development methods. The book looks at how both formal and alternative ways of training and skills development interact and identifies impacts at three levels; for the firm and employees; for the industry; and for the local area where the firm is located. The report pays special attention to the development of entrepreneurial skills and the emerging area of “green skills”. This focus is not just because ‘green skills’ represent the next new training opportunity – the de-carbonisation of economies that will occur over the coming decades represents an industrial transformation on the scale of the microelectronics revolution - but in many ways the response to the green economy is at an emerging stage- this means we have the opportunity to implement lessons from previous successful practices into a skill development area that will have enormous reach.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264176744
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (59 S.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: Quality matters in early childhood education and care
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Sweden
    Kurzfassung: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) can bring a wide range of benefits – for children, parents and society at large. However, these benefits are conditional on “quality”. Expanding access to services without attention to quality will not deliver good outcomes for children or long-term productivity benefits for society. This series of country reports focuses on quality issues. Each report tackles a specific theme that was selected by the country reviewed. These reports suggest strengths and point to areas for further reflection on current policy initiatives.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264201125
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 330 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: PISA 2012 results vol. 2
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: PISA 2012 results
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résultats du PISA 2012 ; L'équité au service de l'excellence (Volume II) ; Offrir à chaque élève la possibilité de réussir
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Ergebnisse; Exzellenz durch Chancengerechtigkeit (Band II); Allen Schülerinnen und Schülern die Voraussetzungen zum Erfolg sichern
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. II: Excellence trough equity
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This second volume of PISA 2012 results defines and measures equity in education and analyses how equity in education has evolved across countries between PISA 2003 and 2012. The volume examines the relationship between student performance and socio-economic status, and describes how other individual student characteristics, such as immigrant background and family structure, and school characteristics, such as school location, are associated with socio-economic status and performance. The volume also reveals differences in how equitably countries allocate resources and opportunities to learn to schools with different socio-economic profiles. Case studies,examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264201149
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 542 S.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Serie: PISA 2012 results vol. 4
    Serie: PISA
    Serie: PISA 2012 results
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résultats du PISA 2012 ; Les clés de la réussite des établissements d'enseignement (Volume IV) ; Ressources, politiques et pratiques
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. IV: What makes schools successful?
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: This fourth volume of PISA 2012 results examines how student performance is associated with various characteristics of individual schools and of concerned school systems. It discusses how 15-year old students are selected and grouped into different schools, programmes, and education levels, and how human, financial, educational and time resources are allocated to different schools. The volume also examines how school systems balance autonomy with collaboration, and how the learning environment in school shapes student performance. Trends in these variables between 2003 and 2012 are examined when comparable data are available, and case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are presented throughout the volume.
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  • 96
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 16
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzwissen ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: In both developing and developed economies, the awareness of the importance of financial education led to the development of an increasing number of tailored national strategies for financial education. These frameworks promote a smoother and more sustainable co-operation between interested parties and stakeholders, avoid duplication of resources and allow the development of articulated and tailored roadmaps with measurable and realistic objectives based on dedicated national assessments. The comparative analysis shows how countries overcame a series of challenges such as lack of resources, the identification a leading institution, gathering all stakeholders around common objectives and move efficiently to the operational phase. The experiences analysed in this report provide a global picture of the situation in 2011/12 and a selection of relevant solutions and tools to address these issues in a replicable way. This comparative report should be seen as a background document and as a complement to High-level Principles on National Strategies for Financial Education prepared by the OECD and its International Network on Financial Education (INFE).
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  • 97
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 20
    Schlagwort(e): Private Altersvorsorge ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: To adapt pension systems to demographic trends, many countries are reducing pay-as-you-go public pension levels and lifting retirement ages. In this context, funded pensions could play a major role to avoid adequacy gaps. Yet, as this paper shows, the coverage of funded private pensions, as measured by enrolment rates, is highly uneven across countries and between individuals, especially in voluntary systems. Some countries have made funded pensions compulsory (e.g. Australia, Chile) or quasimandatory (e.g. Denmark, the Netherlands) to ensure that most workers are covered and therefore have access to a sufficiently high complementary pension. However, in other countries with relatively low pay-as-you-go public pension benefits, funded private provision remains voluntary. The low level of funded pensions’ coverage in such countries should be a major policy concern. Recent policy initiatives in Germany and New Zealand, involving the introduction of financial incentives (and auto enrolment in New Zealand) have been effective in raising coverage to the highest levels among voluntary pension arrangements, but coverage gaps remain that need to be addressed.
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 24
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Definition ; Messung ; Portfolio-Management ; Institutioneller Investor ; Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This definitional, stocktaking paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the concepts and definitions related to “green” investments that are currently used in the market place. The purpose of this research is not to take a position on a specific definition but rather to explore what is being generally used, whether there are commonalties and inconsistencies, and what lessons can be drawn from this analysis. The paper examines how “green” investments are defined across different asset classes (equities, bonds and alternative investments), as well as providing some estimates of the size of these markets. The paper concludes that, given the lack of consensus on the usage and definition of the term “green”, the most productive approach could be to take an open and dynamic stance towards definitions and standards, with international institutions and governments adopting a “governance approach to green investment”.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 27
    Schlagwort(e): Altersvorsorge ; Kapitaldeckungsverfahren ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Russian Federation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the recent development of the funded pension system in the Russian Federation and considers it role in the context of the overall retirement income system. By describing current OECD practices and policy recommendations and comparing them with the current Russian pension system, the report aims to facilitate ongoing discussions between the OECD and the Russian Federation regarding the latter’s pension system. The report is based to a large extent on existing OECD published material, in particular the latest edition of OECD Pensions at a Glance (2011) and the OECD Pensions Outlook 2012. It also draws on the OECD review of labour and social policy published in December 2011.
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  • 100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD taxation working papers 11
    Schlagwort(e): Sozialversicherungsbeitrag ; Verbrauchsteuer ; Niedriglohn ; Anreiz ; Sozialreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Europa ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the merits of increasing work incentives for low-income workers by shifting part of the tax burden from social security contributions (SSC) to consumption taxes (specifically VAT) in 13 European OECD countries. Simulation results based on household budget survey microdata show that such reforms will increase work incentives for low-income workers at both participation and hours-worked margins. However, these increases will generally be small as part of the VAT increase will still be borne by low-income workers. This, combined with difficulty targeting the reforms and potential equity concerns regarding increasing the tax burden on non-workers, suggests that alternate funding sources to a VAT increase should also be considered to fund SSC reductions.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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