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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,094)
  • HU Berlin
  • Archive of Refuge
  • 2005-2009  (1,094)
  • World Bank  (1,094)
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Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxii, 119 p) , ill., col. map , 26 cm
    Edition: Online edition s.l.
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    Series Statement: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 305.2350982
    Keywords: Youth / Argentina / Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-119)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxix, 188 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online edition s.l.
    Series Statement: Latin American development forum series
    Series Statement: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 305.23109729
    Keywords: Child development / Caribbean Area ; Child development / Latin America ; Child welfare / Caribbean Area ; Child welfare / Latin America ; Children / Caribbean Area / Social conditions ; Children / Latin America / Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-173) and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxi, 420 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online edition s.l.
    Series Statement: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 302.23
    Keywords: Democracy ; Journalism / Political aspects ; Mass media / Political aspects ; Press and politics ; Representative government and representation
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction : framing the debate. Evaluating media performance / Pippa Norris and Sina OdugbemiDiagnostic tools and performance indicators / Andrew Puddephatt -- The democratic roles of media systems : agenda setters, setting priorities. Media coverage of natural disasters and humanitarian crises / Susan D. Moeller -- Media agenda setting and donor aid / Douglas A. Van Belle -- Watchdogs : guarding governance. Corruption and the watchdog role of the news media / Sheila S. Coronel -- The media, government accountability, and citizen engagement / Katrin Voltmer -- Gate keepers : inclusive voices. Election campaigns, partisan balance, and the news media / Holli A. Semetko -- Limits on press freedom and regime support / Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart -- Media in the peace-building process : Ethiopia and Iraq / Monroe E. Price, Ibrahim Al-Marashi, and Nicole A. Stremlau -- Regional case studies of media roles. Central and Eastern Europe / Marius Dragomir -- Sub-Saharan Africa / Wisdom J. Tettey -- Latin America / Silvio Waisbord -- Arab States / Lawrence Pintak -- Asia / Angela Romano -- Conclusions : summing up the evidence, identifying effective policy options. Assessing the extent to which the news media act as watchdogs, agenda setters, and gatekeepers / Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris -- Policy recommendations / Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris.
    Note: "Originated with a workshop held in May 2007 at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government"--Pref. - Includes bibliographical references (p. 411-415) and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821377825 , 0821377833 , 9780821377826 , 9780821377833
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 171 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Health, nutrition, and population series
    DDC: 362.109597
    Keywords: Health care reform ; Health insurance ; Medical care Finance ; Medical policy ; Health care reform ; Health insurance ; Medical care Finance ; Medical policy ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Care Costs ; Health Care Reform ; Health Expenditures ; Health Policy ; Insurance, Health ; Health care reform ; Health insurance ; Medical care ; Medical policy ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Care Costs ; Health Care Reform ; Health Expenditures ; Health Policy ; Insurance, Health
    Description / Table of Contents: Vietnam's health system since DOI MOIRecent trends in Vietnam's health sector performance -- Health insurance -- Reforming health insurance -- Service delivery -- Reforming service delivery -- Decentralization and government stewardship.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-164) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    ISBN: 082137818X , 9780821378182
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (x, 67 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 166
    DDC: 362.1
    Keywords: Health promotion ; Integrated delivery of health care ; World health ; Health promotion ; Integrated delivery of health care ; World health ; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated ; World Health
    Description / Table of Contents: IntroductionMethodology -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-67)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821380214 , 0821380222 , 9780821380215 , 9780821380222
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 142 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available online
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 382/.60984
    Keywords: Exports ; Exports ; Exports ; Bolivia ; Bolivia ; Bolivia ; Bolivia Commerce ; Bolivia Commercial policy ; Bolivia Economic policy ; Bolivia Commerce ; Bolivia Commercial policy ; Bolivia Economic policy
    Abstract: The publication investigates how Bolivia can achieve success in non-traditional exports by increasing the competitiveness of exporting firms.--Publisher's description
    Description / Table of Contents: The role of trade in Bolivia's development strategyBolivia's integration into the world economy -- Linkages between trade and the economy -- Export competitiveness and transport logistics -- A firm-level analysis of the factors affecting export performance.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Also available online.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821380060 , 0821380079 , 9780821380062 , 9780821380079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxix, 167 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Human development
    DDC: 338.4/33621009598
    Keywords: Health care reform ; Medical economics ; National health insurance ; Health care reform ; Medical economics ; National health insurance ; Financing, Government ; Health Care Reform economics ; Insurance, Health economics ; National Health Programs economics ; Population Dynamics ; Health care reform ; Medical economics ; National health insurance ; Financing, Government ; Health Care Reform ; Insurance, Health ; National Health Programs ; Population Dynamics
    Description / Table of Contents: Socioeconomic and health systems contextIndonesia's health financing system -- Assessment of health financing performance -- Key policy issues, options, and costs -- Policy options : finding resources for health -- Conclusions and next steps.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-159) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821380141 , 0821380168 , 9780821380147 , 9780821380161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xv, 61 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available online
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 338.6/420820984
    Keywords: Businesswomen ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Sex discrimination against women ; Small business Management ; Sex differences ; Women-owned business enterprises Management ; Businesswomen ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Sex discrimination against women ; Small business Management ; Sex differences ; Women-owned business enterprises Management ; Businesswomen ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Sex discrimination against women ; Small business ; Women-owned business enterprises
    Abstract: Bolivia's informal economic sector is the largest in Latin America, and women-owned businesses tend to be overrepresented in the informal sector and to be less profitable than firms in the formal sector. This study seeks to better understand gender-based differences in firms' tendencies toward formality, the impact of formality on profits, and the productivity of small informal firms. Using data from firm surveys, national household surveys, and qualitative data from focus groups, the study conducts a gender analysis of formality and productivity in six different sectors in Bolivia. The findings shed new light on how gender-based differences contribute to a firm's decision to become formal and the consequences of this decision for profitability. The outcomes of the study suggest that policies should focus on increasing the productivity and scale of women-owned businesses. Two general priorities emerge: promoting women's access to productive assets to facilitate growth and productivity and providing an enabling environment for women's entrepreneurship by expanding women's choices and capacity to respond to market opportunities.--Publisher's description
    Description / Table of Contents: Men and women in Bolivia's informal sectorGender, formality, and profitability -- Gender-specific constraints to productivity -- Implications of policies to increase the formalization and productivity of female owners of small and micro firms.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Also available online.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 082138077X , 9780821380772
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxx, 100 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Human development
    DDC: 363.8/56
    Keywords: Malnutrition ; Nutrition policy ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition policy ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Health Resources economics ; Malnutrition economics ; Malnutrition prevention & control ; Nutrition Policy economics ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition policy ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Health Resources ; Malnutrition ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Policy
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction : why scale up?Methodology : estimating the costs -- What will it cost and what are the potential benefits? -- Phasing the scale-up.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-92) and index
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821374443 , 9780821377406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 308 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 362.1/042
    Keywords: Equality Health aspects ; Health services accessibility ; Poor Cross-cultural studies Medical care ; World health ; Equality Health aspects ; Health services accessibility ; Poor Cross-cultural studies Medical care ; World health ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Developing Countries ; Health Policy ; Health Status Disparities ; Healthcare Disparities ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Equality ; Health services accessibility ; Health aspects ; Poor ; World health ; Medical care ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Cross-cultural studies ; Developing Countries ; Health Policy ; Health Status Disparities ; Healthcare Disparities ; Socioeconomic Factors
    Description / Table of Contents: An unacceptable realityApproaching a complex and persistent problem -- The importance of "listening" -- A menu of pro-poor policies -- Brazil, filling the cracks in universal coverage -- Cambodia: contracting with nongovernmental organizations to serve the poor -- Cambodia: health equity fund for the poor -- Chile: integrated services program for the poor -- Colombia: expanding health insurance for the poor -- India: community-based health care services -- Indonesia: health cards for the poor -- Kenya: expanding immunization reach through campaigns -- The Kyrgyz Republic: health financing reform and the poor -- Mexico: paying the poor to use health services -- Mexico: providing subsidized health insurance to the poor -- Nepal: participatory planning -- Rwanda: community-based health insurance -- Tanzania: social marketing for malaria prevention -- Vigilance.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-294) and index
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  • 11
    ISBN: 0821381652 , 0821381660 , 9780821381656 , 9780821381663
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 76 p) , ill. (some col.) , 28 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.9009172/4
    Keywords: Economic development ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Economic development ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Economic development ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions 21st century ; Developing countries Economic conditions 21st century
    Description / Table of Contents: IntroductionThe crisis -- Questioning the growth strategies -- Openness and financial development -- Resilience -- Concluding thoughts.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821379348 , 0821379550 , 9780821379349 , 9780821379554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 282 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 331.1209172/4
    Keywords: International trade Social aspects ; Labor Social aspects ; Labor market ; International trade Social aspects ; Labor Social aspects ; Labor market ; International trade ; Labor ; Labor market ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview: the promises and perils of globalization / Raymond Robertson ... [et al.]A review of the globailization literature: implications for employment, wages, and labor standards / Drusilla Brown -- Globalization and working conditions : a framework for county studies / Raymond Robertson -- Globalization and working conditions : evidence from Cambodia / Samsen Neak and Raymond Robertson -- The effect of globalization on working conditions: El Salvador, 1995-2005 -- Globalization and working conditions : evidence from Honduras / Douglas Marcouiller and Raymond Robertson -- Globalization and working conditions: evidence from Indonesia / Raymond Robertson ... [et al.] -- Export processing zones in Madagascar: the impact of the dismantling of clothing quotas on employment and labor standards / Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto, and François Roubaud.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821381472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Abstract: The World Bank Annual Report 2009, Year in Review, explores the impact of the global financial and economic crisis in developing countries, and fast-track funding and programs that can help member countries withstand the debacle. In addition, new and ongoing programs and projects in health, climate change, infrastructure, and several other areas are highlighted. A new feature this year is personal-impact stories for each region, relaying the positive effects of World Bank assistance on individuals
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821381366
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2009 presents evidence on the World Bank’s efforts in two areas. Part I tracks the outcomes of Bank projects and country programs and the evolution of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Part II examines the Bank’s support for environmentally sustainable development compatible with economic growth and poverty reduction. The Bank’s project performance rebounded in 2008, allaying concerns about the weakened performance in 2007. As previous ARDEs have shown, project performance has been improving gradually for 15 years according to the traditional measure -- percent of projects with satisfactory (versus unsatisfactory) outcomes. But IEG ratings of M&E quality for completed projects indicate considerable room for progress. Information to assess impacts continues to be lacking although preliminary data suggests improvements in baseline data collection. Bank support for the environment has recovered since 2002 due to new sources of concessional finance. The outcomes of environment projects have improved in recent years. A growing number of regional projects are addressing the shared use of water resources. New global partnerships are deepening the Bank’s involvement in climate change issues. But M&E remains weak: three-quarters of environment-related projects - those managed by sectors other than environment - lack reporting of environmental outcomes
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  • 15
    ISBN: 0821377205 , 0821377213 , 9780821377208 , 9780821377215
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 257 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Africa human development series
    DDC: 372.16096
    Keywords: Community organization ; Education Parent participation ; Education, Primary Aims and objectives ; Rural development projects ; School buildings Design and construction ; Community organization ; Education Parent participation ; Education, Primary Aims and objectives ; Rural development projects ; School buildings Design and construction ; Community organization ; Education ; Education, Primary ; Rural development projects ; School buildings
    Note: "Education For All Fast Track Initiative , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4806
    Parallel Title: Byrd, William A Public finance, security, and development
    Keywords: Economic development ; Finance, Public ; Internal security ; Economic development ; Finance, Public ; Internal security
    Abstract: "Security is increasingly viewed as a key condition for economic growth and development. The authors argue that the work and impact of all development partners would be enhanced if the multiple linkages between public finance, security, and development were explicitly taken into account. At the extreme, in some cases better public finance management could have more impact on security than would more troops. The paper first outlines three core linkages between security and development-through the investment climate, human and social capital, and institutions. The authors then propose three complementary tools to analyze the security sector from the point of view of public finance management, service delivery, and governance. This conceptual framework is applied to the case of Afghanistan. The paper closes by drawing some conclusions about possible entry points for dialogue in this difficult area. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4809
    Parallel Title: Urdapilleta, Eduardo Banking in Brazil
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Banks and banking
    Abstract: " The objective of this paper is to analyze the industry structure of banking services in Brazil in order to shed light on financial performance and its drivers at a disaggregated level. The study illustrates how differences across market segments - which tend to be averaged out in aggregate analysis - need to be taken into account when analyzing performance and designing public policy for the banking sector. In particular, retail banking is found to be less sensitive to price competition and to exhibit considerably higher returns than corporate banking. The authors identify and discuss the factors underlying revenues, costs, and risks in each market segment, and conclude with policy implications. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4814
    Parallel Title: Chen, Dandan Vocational schooling, labor market outcomes, and college entry
    Keywords: Education, Secondary ; Vocational education ; Education, Secondary ; Vocational education
    Abstract: "This paper examines the differentiated outcomes of vocational and general secondary academic education, particularly in terms of employment opportunities, labor market earnings, and access to tertiary education in Indonesia. With data from a panel of two waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey in 1997 and 2000, the paper tracks a cohort of high school students in 1997 to examine their schooling and employment status in 2000. The findings demonstrate that: (1) attendance at vocational secondary schools results in neither market advantage nor disadvantage in terms of employment opportunities and/or earnings premium; (2) attendance at vocational schools leads to significantly lower academic achievement as measured by national test scores; and (3) There is no stigma attached to attendance at vocational schools that results in a disadvantage in access to tertiary education; rather, it is the lower academic achievement associated with attendance at vocational school that lowers the likelihood of entering college. The empirical approach of this paper addresses two limitations of the existing literature in this area. First, it takes into account the observation censoring issue due to college entry when evaluating labor market outcomes of secondary school graduates. Second, using an instrumental variable approach, the paper also treats endogeneity of household choice of vocational versus academic track of secondary education, teasing out the net effect of secondary school choice on labor market and schooling outcomes. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4815
    Parallel Title: Zaidi, Salman Main drivers of income inequality in Central European and Baltic countries
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Present levels of income inequality in Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia remain considerably higher than their pre-transition levels, although the relative pace of change over time has varied quite a bit across countries. Using data from the 2006 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions, this paper finds that prevailing levels of income inequality in these countries continue to be low by international standards, and that this is in large part due to the very high redistributive impact of direct taxes and public transfers. In addition to the instrumental role of tax and transfer policies in redistributing income, the paper highlights the important role played by differences in education levels and labor market participation rates in explaining observed inequalities across people and across different regions (although not in explaining observed differences across countries). The paper includes an analysis of key factors that help explain observed variation across countries in the level of public support for redistribution, including peoples' economic background and relative success in life, whether they perceive poverty to be associated with factors within or outside the control of those it afflicts (for example, laziness/lack of willpower vs. injustice in society). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4819
    Parallel Title: Mitra, Pradeep Convergence in institutions and market outcomes
    Keywords: Economics ; Economics
    Abstract: "This paper uses firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys to study the process of convergence of transition countries with developed market economies. The study focuses on competition and market structure, finance and the structure of lending to firms, and how firms respond to the economic environment by restructuring. The authors find substantial evidence of convergence in a number of dimensions. The pattern of growth at the country, sector, and firm levels shows rapid growth of the new private sector and of the micro and small-firm sectors, with the size distribution of firms moving toward the pattern observed in the surveys of developed market economies. In finance, increasing reliance on retained earnings in transition countries reflects a maturation of the sector as new firms come to rely less on informal and family sources of finance. The authors find evidence of an inverse-U pattern, with the peak of restructuring activity taking place in 2002, the middle of the period analyzed. Throughout, the regional patterns suggest greater convergence in the transition countries that joined the European Union in 2004 than in the other, lower-income transition economies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4822
    Parallel Title: V. Del Carpio, Ximena Leveling the intra-household playing field
    Keywords: Child labor ; Transfer payments ; Child labor ; Transfer payments
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes changes in the allocation of child labor within the household in reaction to exogenous shocks created by a social program in Nicaragua. The paper shows that households that randomly received a conditional cash transfer compensated for some of the intra-household differences, as they reduced child labor more for older boys who used to work more and for boys who were further behind in school. The results also show that households that randomly received a productive investment grant, in addition to the basic conditional cash transfer benefits, both targeted at women, show an increased specialization of older girls in nonagricultural and domestic work, but no overall increase in girls' child labor. The findings suggest that time allocation and specialization patterns in child labor within the household are important factors to understand the impact of a social program. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4824
    Parallel Title: Delavande, Adeline Measuring subjective expectations in developing countries
    Keywords: Social surveys ; Social surveys
    Abstract: "The majority of economic decisions taken by individuals are forward looking and thus involve their expectations of future outcomes. Understanding the expectations that individuals have is thus of crucial importance to designing and evaluating policies in health, education, finance, migration, social protection, and many other areas. However, the majority of developing country surveys are static in nature and do not contain information on the subjective expectations of individuals. Possible reasons given for not collecting this information include fears that poor, illiterate individuals do not understand probability concepts, that it takes far too much time to ask such questions, or that the answers add little value. This paper provides a critical review and new analysis of subjective expectations data from developing countries and refutes each of these concerns. The authors find that people in developing countries can generally understand and answer probabilistic questions, such questions are not prohibitive in time to ask, and the expectations are useful predictors of future behavior and economic decisions. The paper discusses the different methods being tried for eliciting such information, the key methodological issues involved, and the open research questions. The available evidence suggests that collecting expectations data is both feasible and valuable, suggesting that it should be incorporated into more developing country surveys. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4827
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frédéric Measuring skilled migration rates
    Keywords: Brain drain States, Small ; Migration, Internal ; States, Small Emigration and immigration ; Brain drain States, Small ; Migration, Internal ; States, Small Emigration and immigration
    Abstract: "Recent changes in information and communication technologies have contributed to a dramatic increase in the degree of integration and interdependency of countries, markets, and people. Against this background, one aspect of particular concern for small states is the international movement of people. This paper focuses on this particularly important aspect of globalization, with emphasis on the movement of skilled people and its relationship with country size. In addition to overall skilled migration, it provides evidence that controls for migration age in order to distinguish between those educated in the home country and those educated abroad. The authors discuss the growth implications of the brain drain from small countries and policies that may help control it. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4828
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice W North-south trade-related technology diffusion, brain drain and productivity growth
    Keywords: Brain drain ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity ; Brain drain ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity
    Abstract: "The economies of small developing states tend to be more fragile than those of large ones. This paper examines this issue in a dynamic context by focusing on the impact of the brain drain on North-South trade-related technology diffusion and total factor productivity growth in small and large states in the South. There are three main findings. First, productivity growth increases with North-South trade-related technology diffusion and education and the interaction between the two, and decreases with the brain drain. Second, the impact of North-South trade-related technology diffusion, education, and their interaction on productivity growth in small states is more than three times that for large countries, with the negative impact of the brain drain thus more than three times greater in small than in large states. And third, the greater loss in productivity growth in small states has two brain drain-related causes: a substantially greater sensitivity of productivity growth to the brain drain, and brain drain levels that are more than five times greater in small than in large states. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4833
    Parallel Title: Ferre, Celine Age at first child
    Keywords: Education ; Fertility, Human ; Teenage pregnancy ; Education ; Fertility, Human ; Teenage pregnancy
    Abstract: "Completing additional years of education necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life. This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan education reform as an instrument for years of education. The authors find that adding one more year of education decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of having one's first child before age 20, when having at least completed primary education, is about 65 percent; therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and decision makers who set up health and educational policies. This paper shows that investing in education can have positive spillovers on health. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4835
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Democracy and reforms
    Keywords: Democracy ; Economic policy ; Democracy ; Economic policy
    Abstract: "The authors use a sample of 147 countries to investigate the link between democracy and reforms. Democracy may be conducive to reforms, because politicians have the incentive to embrace growth-enhancing reforms to win elections. By contrast, authoritarian regimes do not have to worry as much about public opinion and may undertake reforms that are painful in the short run but bring future prosperity. This paper tests these hypotheses, using data on micro-economic reforms from the World Bank's Doing Business database. These data do not suffer the endogeneity issues associated with other datasets on changes in economic institutions. The results provide robust support for the claim that democracy is good for growth-enhancing reforms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4839
    Parallel Title: Fink, Guenther Determinants of international emergency aid
    Keywords: Disaster relief ; Natural disasters ; Disaster relief ; Natural disasters
    Abstract: "The authors use an original data set covering more than 400 recent natural disasters to analyze the determinants of international emergency aid. Although humanitarian need is a major determinant of emergency relief payments, the results imply that political and strategic factors play a crucial role in the emergency aid allocation. On average, donor governments favor smaller, geographically closer, and oil exporting countries, and display significant biases in favor of politically less aligned countries as well as toward their former colonies. The authors also test and reject the independence of donors' aid decisions, finding strong evidence for bandwagon effects in humanitarian assistance. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4841
    Parallel Title: Anós Casero, Paloma What drives firm productivity growth ?
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Industrial productivity
    Abstract: "This paper presents new evidence on the causal links between changes in the business environment and firm productivity growth. It contributes to the literature in three important aspects. First, it constructs a unique database merging information from two large firm-level databases. The samples of both databases are merged on four criteria-country, sub-national location, firm size, and year-producing a panel of 22,004 firms in eight economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia,, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. Second, the paper addresses shortcomings of earlier studies, namely reverse causation, multicollinearity, and unreliable productivity estimates. Firm productivity growth is estimated drawing on corporate financial data from manufacturing firms included in the AMADEUS database. Changes in the business environment are estimated from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005. Multicollinearity problems in the full model regression are mitigated by constructing a set of six aggregate indicators of the business environment (using principal component analysis). The paper finds that, over the period 2001 to 2004, an increase of one standard deviation in infrastructure quality, financial development, governance, labor market flexibility, labor quality, and market competition raises the total factor productivity of the average firm by 9.8, 7.8, 3.2, 3.4, 5.8, and 3 percent, respectively. Lastly, the paper decomposes firm productivity growth and ranks the relative impact of changes in these six aspects of the business environment by country, by firm size, and by industry. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4846
    Parallel Title: Das Gupta, Monica Is there an incipient turnaround in Asia's "missing girls" phenomenon ?
    Keywords: Sex of children, Parental preferences for ; Sex ratio ; Sex of children, Parental preferences for ; Sex ratio
    Abstract: "The apparently inexorable rise in the proportion of "missing girls" in much of East and South Asia has attracted much attention amongst researchers and policy-makers. An encouraging trend was suggested by the case of South Korea, where child sex ratios were the highest in Asia but peaked in the mid-1990s and normalized thereafter. Using census data, we examine whether similar trends have begun to manifest themselves in the two large populous countries of this region, China and India. The data indicate that child sex ratios are peaking in these countries, and in many sub-national regions are beginning to trend towards less masculinization. This suggests that, with continuing vigorous efforts to reduce son preference, the "missing girls" phenomenon could be addressed in Asia. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4847
    Parallel Title: Rogers, F. Halsey No more cutting class?
    Keywords: Education ; Teachers Leaves of absence ; Education ; Teachers Leaves of absence
    Abstract: "Expanding and improving basic education in developing countries requires, at a minimum, teachers who are present in the classroom and motivated to teach, but this essential input is often missing. This paper describes the findings of a series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher absence and incentives for performance. Surprise school visits reveal that teachers are absent at high rates in countries such as India, Indonesia, Uganda, Ecuador, and Zambia, reducing the quality of schooling for children, especially in rural, remote, and poor areas. More broadly, poor teacher management and low levels of teacher accountability afflict many developing-country education systems. The paper presents evidence on these shortcomings, but also on the types of incentives, management, and support structures that can improve motivation and performance and reduce avoidable absenteeism. It concludes with policy options for developing countries to explore as they work to meet Education for All goals and improve quality. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4851
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Inclusive growth analytics
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Zambia Economic conditions 1964- ; Zambia Economic conditions 1964-
    Abstract: "This paper argues that inclusive growth analytics has a distinct character focusing on both the pace and pattern of growth. Traditionally, applied country-specific poverty and growth analyses have been done separately. This paper describes the conceptual elements for an analytical strategy aimed to integrate these two strands of analyses, and to identify and prioritize country-specific constraints to sustained and inclusive growth. The authors apply the framework to the case of Zambia. The analysis suggests that income growth in Zambia is constrained by poor access to domestic and international markets, inputs, extension services, and information. High indirect costs - mostly attributable to infrastructure service-related inputs in production including energy, transport, telecom, water, but also insurance, marketing, and professional services - undermine Zambia's competitiveness, limit job creation, and therefore serve as a major constraint to inclusive growth. Improving the quality and access to secondary and tertiary education is essential if the poor are to benefit from future growth of the non-farm economy. Weak governance and, in particular, poor government effectiveness are factors behind the market coordination failures and the identified government failures, and are as such major obstacles to inclusive growth in Zambia. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4852
    Parallel Title: Toto Same, Achille Transforming natural resource wealth into sustained growth and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Natural resources Government policy ; Natural resources Government policy
    Abstract: "Oil and mineral revenues raise national savings and hence facilitate investment, capital accumulation, and sustained growth; thus, there are benefits of owning large natural resources. There can be a significant spillover effect from the oil sector to the non-oil sector particularly if governments are committed to bridge the infrastructure gap and promote the non-oil economy and foremost the non-oil tradable sector. Consequently, the capacity for coordinated policy formulation and execution is fundamental as well as sound windfall management mechanisms and institutions. This conceptual framework uses the case of Indonesia and the example of Norway to argue that the resource paradox is avoidable. Abundance should not be a curse, but rather a blessing for Sub-Saharan Africa's oil and mineral exporting countries. The country context and political economy matter a great deal but should not be the main driving forces behind windfall management, to avoid excessive rent-seeking activities, inefficiency, and wasteful spending. The EITI++ implementation can contribute to make a difference, mostly through capacity building, implementation assistance, and coordination support. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4864
    Parallel Title: Lloyd, P. J How do agricultural policy restrictions to global trade and welfare differ across commodities ?
    Keywords: Agricultural subsidies ; Agriculture and state ; Agricultural subsidies ; Agriculture and state
    Abstract: "For decades the world's agricultural markets have been highly distorted by national government policies, but very differently for different commodities. Hence a weighted average across countries of nominal rates of assistance or consumer tax equivalents for a product can be misleading as an indicator of the trade or welfare effects of policies affecting that product's global market. This is especially the case when some countries tax and others subsidize its production or consumption. This article develops a new set of more-satisfactory indicators for that purpose, drawing on the recent literature on trade restrictiveness indexes. It then exploits a global agricultural distortions database recently compiled by the World Bank to generate the first set of estimates of those two indicators for each of 28 key agricultural commodities from 1960 to 2004, based on a sample of 75 countries that together account for more than three-quarters of the world's production of those agricultural commodities. These reveal the considerable extent of reforms in agricultural policies of developing as well as high-income countries over the past two decades. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4867
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector
    Keywords: Transportation Environmental aspects ; Transportation Environmental aspects
    Abstract: "This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4868
    Parallel Title: Van Kooten, G. C Wind power development
    Keywords: Wind power ; Wind power
    Abstract: "This study reviews the prospects of wind power at the global level. Existing studies indicate that the earth's wind energy supply potential significantly exceeds global energy demand. Yet, only 1 percent of the global electricity demand is currently derived from wind power despite 40 percent annual growth in wind generating capacity over the past 25 years. More than 98 percent of total current wind power capacity is installed in the developed countries plus China and India. It has been estimated that wind power could supply 7 to 34 percent of global electricity needs by 2050. However, wind power faces a large number of technical, economic, financial, institutional, market, and other barriers. To overcome these barriers, many countries have employed various policy instruments, including capital subsidies, tax incentives, tradable energy certificates, feed-in tariffs, grid access guarantees and mandatory standards. Besides these policies, climate change mitigation initiatives resulting from the Kyoto Protocol (e.g., CO2-emission reduction targets in developed countries and the Clean Development Mechanism in developing countries) have played a significant role in promoting wind power. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/19/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4871
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in South Africa
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unskilled labor ; Labor market ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: "In this paper, the authors use a highly disaggregate general equilibrium model to analyze the feasibility of a wage subsidy to unskilled workers in South Africa, isolating and estimating its potential employment effects and fiscal cost. They capture the structural characteristics of the labor market with several labor categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results on relative prices, wages, and employment to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities in order to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences of the policy. The impact of a wage subsidy on employment, poverty, and inequality in South Africa depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labor are complements in production. The desired results are attainable only if there is sufficient flexibility in the labor market. Although the impact in a low case scenario can be improved by supporting policies that relax the skill constraint and increase the production capacity of the economy especially towards labor-intensive sectors, the gains from a wage subsidy are still modest if the labor market remains very rigid. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4873
    Parallel Title: Coolidge, Jacqueline G Small businesses in South Africa
    Keywords: Small business Taxation ; Small business Taxation
    Abstract: "The authors use firm-level survey data on 998 small and medium enterprises registered for tax in South Africa regarding tax compliance costs to investigate the use of outsourcing to complete tax compliance tasks. Overall, about 43 percent of the enterprises do all their tax compliance work in-house, 11 percent outsource all their tax compliance work, and the remaining 46 percent use a combination of both ("partial outsourcing"). The data display an inverted-U shape for outsourcing of tax compliance tasks: the smallest firms (those under R 300,000 turnover or well under US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4879
    Parallel Title: Allcott, Hunt The performance of decentralized school systems
    Keywords: Schools Decentralization ; Schools Decentralization
    Abstract: "This program evaluation estimates the effects on standardized test scores of graduating from the Fe y Alegria private school system in Venezuela. The authors find an Average Treatment Effect on the order of 0.1 standard deviations (approximately 16 percent of the average score), using a control group of public school students. These effects are significantly larger for households at the bottom of the distribution, and smaller for those at the top. The authors posit that the better performance of the Fe y Alegria system stems from their labor contract flexibility and decentralized administrative structure. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4891
    Parallel Title: Neagu, Ileana Cristina Career placement of skilled migrants in the U.S. labor market
    Keywords: Foreign workers ; Skilled labor ; Foreign workers ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "The initial occupational placements of male immigrants in the U.S. labor market vary significantly by country of origin even when education and other factors are taken into account. Does the heterogeneity persist over time? Using data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Censuses, this study finds that the performance of migrants from countries with lower initial occupational placement levels improves at a higher rate compared with that of migrants originating from countries with higher initial levels. Nevertheless, the magnitude of convergence suggests full catch-up is unlikely. Country specific attributes are found to have less direct impact on the rate of assimilation than on the initial performance. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4893
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Stockpiles of obsolete pesticides and cleanup priorities
    Keywords: Pesticides Risk mitigation ; Pesticides Risk mitigation
    Abstract: "Obsolete pesticides have accumulated in almost every developing country or economy in transition over the past several decades. Public health and environmental authorities are eager to reduce health threats by removing and decontaminating stockpile sites, but there are many sites, cleanup can be costly, and public resources are scarce. Under these conditions, it seems sensible to develop a methodology for prioritizing sites and treating them sequentially, as budgetary resources permit. This paper presents a methodology that develops cleanup priority indices for Tunisia. The approach integrates information on populations at risk, their proximity to stockpiles, and the relative toxic hazards of the stockpiles. The robustness of this approach is tested by varying model parameters widely and testing for stability in the rank-ordering of results. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4911
    Parallel Title: Abe, Kazutomo Weathering the storm
    Keywords: Harbors ; Harbors
    Abstract: "The world economic crisis of 2008 presents clear challenges to prospects for economic growth in developing countries. This is particularly true for emerging economies in East Asia that have relied to a great extent over the past decade on export-led growth. What steps to facilitate trade promise a relatively strong return on investment for East Asia to help sustain trade and growth? The authors examine how port infrastructure affects trade and the role of transport costs in driving exports and imports for the region. They find that port congestion has significantly increased the transport costs to East Asia from both of the United States and Japan. The analysis suggests that cutting port congestion by 10 percent could cut transport costs in East Asia by up to 3 percent. This translates into a 0.3 to 0.5 percent across-the-board tariff cut. In addition, the estimates suggest that the trade cost reduction of investment in port infrastructure in East Asia that translates into higher consumer welfare would far outweigh the cost for physical expansion of the ports in the region. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4912
    Parallel Title: Yepes, Tito Making sense of Africa's infrastructure endowment
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "The paper's objective is to explain factors underlying Africa's weak infrastructure endowment and to identify suitable infrastructure goals for the region based on benchmarking against international peers. The authors use a dataset covering the stocks of key infrastructure-including information and communication technology (ICT), power, roads, and water-across 155 developing countries over the period 1960 to 2005. The paper also examines subregional differences within Africa. They make use of regression techniques to control for a comprehensive set of economic, demographic, geographic, and historic conditioning factors, as well as adjusting for potential endogeneities. Results show that Africa lags behind all other regions of the developing world in its infrastructure endowment, except in ICT. By far the largest gaps arise in the power sector, with generating capacity and household access to electricity at half the levels observed in South Asia. While it is often assumed that Africa's infrastructure deficit is largely a reflection of its relatively low income levels, the authors find that African countries have much more limited infrastructure than income peers in other parts of the developing world. Countries that face the most challenging environment, with low population density, weak governance, and history of conflict, have the poorest infrastructure endowments. At the outset of the data series, Africa was doing significantly better than other developing regions for road density, generation capacity, and fixed-line telephones, but Africa's relative position has deteriorated over time. The most dramatic loss of ground has come in electrical generating capacity, which has stagnated since 1980. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4919
    Parallel Title: Bell, Clive AIDS and dualism
    Keywords: AIDS (Disease) Economic aspects ; AIDS (Disease) Economic aspects
    Abstract: "An AIDS epidemic threatens Ethiopia with a long wave of premature adult mortality, and thus with an enduring setback to capital formation and economic growth. The authors develop a two-sector model with three overlapping generations and intersectorally mobile labor, in which young adults allocate resources under rational expectations. They calibrate the model to the demographic and economic data, and perform simulations for the period ending in 2100 under alternative assumptions about mortality with and without the epidemic. Although the epidemic does not bring about a catastrophic economic collapse, which is hardly possible in view of Ethiopia's poverty and high background adult mortality, it does cause a permanent, downward displacement of the path of output per head, amounting to 10 percent in 2100. An externally funded program to combat the disease is socially very profitable. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4920
    Parallel Title: Andriamananjara, Soamiely Assessing the economic impacts of an economic partnership agreement on Nigeria
    Keywords: European Union countries Foreign economic relations ; Nigeria Foreign economic relations ; European Union countries Foreign economic relations ; Nigeria Foreign economic relations
    Abstract: "This study discusses potential economic implications for Nigeria of an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union. It uses the World Bank's Tariff Reform Impact Simulation Tool to assess the effects of preferential tariff liberalization with respect to the European Union. The results suggest that the impact of an Economic Partnership Agreement on total imports into Nigeria will be slight. This is in part because the Agreement will likely allow the most protected sectors to be excluded from liberalization, and also because where substantial tariffs are involved much of the increase in imports from the European Union will occur at the expense of other suppliers of imports. It is this trade diversion, arising from the discriminatory nature of the EPA, which generates a negative welfare impact of the tariff reforms. One way for Nigeria to limit these losses is to pursue non-preferential trade liberalization before implementing an EPA. The paper looks at the large number of import bans in Nigeria and argues that the positive impact on welfare of removing these import bans is likely to be substantial. Their removal would undermine a major reason for cross border smuggling and pave the way for a return to normal regional trade flows. The paper shows how an Economic Partnership Agreement presents an opportunity for accelerating the reforms that are needed to support a strategy to increase regional and global trade integration. Such an agreement is more likely to have positive and significant impacts when integrated into a comprehensive strategy toward competitiveness and alleviation of the supply constraints that have stifled the impact of previous trade agreements. Key issues that should be addressed include liberalization and regulatory strengthening of services sectors to ensure that all firms in Nigeria have access to efficiently produced backbone services and initiatives to address the country's poor trade logistics performance. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4925
    Parallel Title: Beine, Michel International migration, transfers of norms and home country fertility
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Soziale Norm ; Fertilität ; Bildungsverhalten ; Migranten ; Welt ; Emigration and immigration ; Fertility, Human ; Emigration and immigration ; Fertility, Human
    Abstract: "This paper examines the relationship between international migration and source country fertility. The impact of international migration on source country fertility may have a number of causes, including a transfer of destination countries' fertility norms and an incentive to acquire more education. It provides provide a rigorous test of the diffusion on of fertility norms using original and detailed data on migration. The results provide evidence of a significant transfer of fertility norms from migrants to their country of origin: a one percent decrease in the fertility norm to which migrants are exposed reduces home country fertility by about 0.3 percent for origin countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4929
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip When do legislators pass on "pork"?
    Keywords: Economic development projects Finance ; India ; Economic development projects Finance ; India
    Abstract: "The authors examine a unique public spending program that is proliferating across developing countries, the constituency development fund, to investigate when legislators exert more effort on behalf of their constituents. Using data from India, they find that legislator effort is significantly lower in constituencies where voters are more attached to political parties. They are also lower in constituencies that are reserved for members of socially disadvantaged groups (lower castes), specifically in those reserved constituencies that are candidate strongholds. This result is robust to controls for alternate explanations and implies that legislators pass on pork when voters are more attached to political parties or influenced by identity issues. These findings have implications for the evaluation of constituency development funds. They also provide a new answer to a central issue in political economy, the conditions under which legislators seek to "bring home the pork" to constituents, that attaches great importance to the role of political parties. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4931
    Parallel Title: Rosendahl, Knut Einar Simple model frameworks for explaining inefficiency of the clean development mechanism
    Keywords: Greenhouse gas mitigation ; Greenhouse gas mitigation
    Abstract: "The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an offset mechanism designed to reduce the overall cost of implementing a given global target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in industrialized "Annex B" countries of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses various ways in which CDM projects do not imply full offset of emissions, thus leading to an overall increase in global GHG emissions when considering the Annex-B emissions increase allowed by the offsets. The authors focus on two ways in which this may occur: baseline manipulation; and leakage. Baseline manipulation may result when agents that carry out CDM projects have incentives to increase their initial (or baseline) emissions in order to optimize the value of CDM credits. Leakage occurs because reductions in emissions under a CDM project may affect market equilibrium in local and/or global energy and product markets, and thereby increase emissions elsewhere. Remedies against these problems are discussed. Such remedies are more obvious for the baseline problem (where one is simply to choose an exogenous baseline independent of the project) than for the leakage problem (which is difficult to prevent, and where a prediction of the effect must rely on information about overall market equilibrium effects). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4934
    Parallel Title: De Mel, Suresh Innovative firms or innovative owners?
    Keywords: Small business ; Technological innovations ; Small business ; Technological innovations
    Abstract: "Innovation is key to technology adoption and creation, and to explaining the vast differences in productivity across and within countries. Despite the central role of the entrepreneur in the innovation process, data limitations have restricted standard analysis of the determinants of innovation to consideration of the role of firm characteristics. The authors develop a model of innovation that incorporates the role of both owner and firm characteristics, and use this to determine how product, process, marketing, and organizational innovations should vary with firm size and competition. They then use a new, large, representative survey from Sri Lanka to test this model and to examine whether and how owner characteristics matter for innovation. The survey also allows analysis of the incidence of innovation in micro and small firms, which have traditionally been overlooked in the study of innovation, despite these firms comprising the majority of firms in developing countries. The analysis finds that more than one-quarter of the microenterprises are engaging in innovation, with marketing innovations the most common. As predicted by the model, firm size has a stronger positive effect, and competition a stronger negative effect, on process and organizational innovations than on product innovations. Owner ability, personality traits, and ethnicity have a significant and substantial impact on the likelihood of a firm innovating, confirming the importance of the entrepreneur in the innovation process. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4938
    Parallel Title: MacCracken, Michael C Beyond mitigation
    Keywords: Climatic changes Risk management ; Environmental geotechnology ; Greenhouse gases ; Climatic changes Risk management ; Environmental geotechnology ; Greenhouse gases
    Abstract: "Global climate change is occurring at an accelerating pace, and the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are forcing climate change continue to increase. Given the present pace of international actions, it seems unlikely that atmospheric composition can be stabilized at a level that will avoid "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system, as called for in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Complicating the situation, as GHG emissions are reduced, reductions in the offsetting cooling influence of sulfate aerosols will create an additional warming influence, making an early transition to climate stabilization difficult. With significant reductions in emissions (mitigation) likely to take decades, and with the impacts of projected climate change-even with proactive adaptation-likely to be quite severe over the coming decades, additional actions to offset global warming and other impacts have been proposed as important complementary measures. Although a number of possible geoengineering approaches have been proposed, each has costs and side effects that must be balanced against the expected benefits of reduced climate impacts. However, substantial new research is needed before comparison of the relative benefits and risks of intervening is possible. A first step in determining whether geoengineering is likely to be a useful option is the initiation of research on four interventions to limit the increasing serious impacts: limiting ocean acidification by increasing the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and upper ocean; limiting the increasing intensity of tropical cyclones; limiting the warming of the Arctic and associated sea level rise; and sustaining or enhancing the existing sulfate cooling influence. In addition, in depth consideration is needed regarding the governance structure for an international geoengineering decision-making framework in the event that geoengineering becomes essential. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821379879 , 9780821379875
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 417 p) , col. ill., col. maps , 27 cm
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Keywords: Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Environmental aspects ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Economic geography
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview: Changing the climate for development. 1. Understanding the links between climate change and development.2. Reducing human vulnerability: Helping people help themselves. -- 3. Managing land and water to feed nine billion people and protect natural systems. --- 4. Energizing development without compromising the climate. -- 5. Integrating development into the global climate regime. -- 6. Generating the funding needed for mitigation and adaptation. -- 7. Accelerating innovation and technology diffusion. -- 8. Overcoming behavioral; and institutional inertia.
    Note: " ... a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank."--Verso of title page , Includes bibliographic references and index
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2009, Zambia joined the Russia Education Aid for Development (READ) trust fund program, the goal of which is to help countries improve their capacity to design, carry out, analyze, and use assessments for improved student learning. As part of the READ trust fund program, and in order to gain a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of its existing assessment system, Zambia participated in a formal exercise to benchmark this system under The World Bank's Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) program. SABER is an evidence-based program to help countries systematically examine and strengthen the performance of different aspects of their education systems. SABER-student assessment is a component of the SABER program that focuses specifically on benchmarking student assessment policies and systems. The goal of SABER-student assessment is to promote stronger assessment systems that contribute to improved education quality and learning for all. The importance of assessment is linked to its role in: providing information on levels of student learning and achievement in the system; monitoring trends in education quality over time; supporting educators and students with real-time information to improve teaching and learning; and holding stakeholders accountable for results. The SABER-student assessment framework is built on the available evidence base for what an effective assessment system looks like. The framework provides guidance on how countries can build more effective student assessment systems. The framework is structured around two main dimensions of assessment systems: the types/purposes of assessment activities and the quality of those activities. Assessment systems tend to be comprised of three main types of assessment activities, each of which serves a different purpose and addresses different information needs. These three main types are: classroom assessment, examinations, and large scale, system level assessments. This report focuses specifically on policies in the area of student assessment
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The purpose of this handbook is to provide policy makers with a framework to assess a tax system in its entirety, measure its various parameters and how it is administered, and defines best practices for tax policy and administration that will yield a tax system that is simple and predictable and does not create an undue burden on private enterprise. This handbook is primarily designed for policy makers and tax practitioners. The goal is to analyze the impact of income tax, the value added tax (VAT), and other local taxes that are imposed on business. This handbook does not analyze the effects of trade and labor taxes such as social security. The administration of the customs duty is unique and has been addressed extensively in the literature on customs modernization. Labor taxes primarily imposed on salaried individuals are not covered by this handbook, even though their incidence affects business. VAT has been included even though it is a tax on consumption because the administrative burden to comply with it is primarily on business
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper focuses on core aspects of the political economy of reform, drawing on case studies of three economies transitioning to stronger business environments (Hungary, the Republic of Korea, and Mexico) and three countries with well-developed business environments (Australia, Italy, and the United Kingdom). The purpose is threefold: first, to identify so-called drivers of reform among successfully reforming countries; second, to explore how a reform strategy can make optimal use of the opportunities provided by the drivers of change; and third; to suggest how these lessons can be proactively used by other reformers to design and guide reforms. The case study findings suggest that, regardless of the content of reform, success is influenced by an evolving mix of seven drivers of change: i) globalization or competitiveness; ii) crisis; iii) political leadership; iv) unfolding reform synergies; v) technocrats; vi) changes in civil society, and vii) external pressure. The case studies suggest that reformers can influence the direction and pace of change by mobilizing and exploiting drivers of it. Rather than a cause-and-effect scenario in which a single driver-such as a crisis-creates and defines the success of a body of reforms, what happens is an unfolding series of events in which various drivers become more and less important in defining phases of the reform process
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: China is experiencing rapid and large scale urbanization, and the resulting local and global urban environmental challenges are unprecedented. The Chinese Government has fully recognized these challenges and is aiming to promote more sustainable urbanization in line with the objectives of the eleventh five year plan, which calls for 'building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society'. Various initiatives are being pursued to support this objective, both at the national and local levels. At the local level, cities have responded by developing 'eco-cities', which aim to promote a more sustainable urbanization model. More than one hundred eco-city initiatives have been launched in recent years. One such initiative is the Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city. The purpose of this report is to review the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) project from a comprehensive perspective with a view to achieving the following principal objectives: (i) create a detailed knowledge base on the project; (ii) provide policy advice on key issues, especially those related to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) project; (iii) estimate SSTEC's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction potential; and (iv) contextualize the project among the broader ecological urban development initiatives in China. Broadening the World Bank's engagement beyond the GEF was assessed as important given the project's complexity, and its potential to shed light on China's sustainable urban development challenges
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This assessment of Zambia's investment climate highlights some of the impediments to growth and export diversification in the current business environment in the country. It is based on an analysis of enterprise survey data specifically collected for the purpose, namely, the World Bank's Zambia Enterprise Survey of 2008. The report is in two volumes. Volume I is an overview, while Volume II is the final report, whose introductory chapter sets the stage for the analysis of microeconomic aspects of business environment in the following chapters. Chapter 2 analyzes manufacturing productivity in an international perspective as a proximate determinant of manufactured exports. Chapter 3 discusses key business environment variables as underlying factors in manufacturing employment and productivity, and draws the main policy implications of the assessment. Chapter 4 is a more in-depth analysis of disparity in access to finance across firms and sectors as a major source of market distortions and allocative inefficiency. Chapter 5 discusses labor market issues with a focus on labor regulation, wage formation and on-the-job training
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem in Mongolia reports on a study carried out under the auspices of the World Bank and the Government of Mongolia. The goal of the study was to improve understanding about the economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem for Ulaanbaatar's water supplies and how this might be affected by different land and resource management options in the future. The study also aims to develop and apply ecosystem valuation methods that can be used more widely in the country, to generate information about the contribution of the environment to the Mongolian economy, and to make the case for improved budget allocations for the conservation of the Upper Tuul. Integrating eco-hydrological and economic valuation techniques, the study traces through the biophysical effects and socioeconomic impacts of future land and resource degradation, and ecosystem conservation, in the upper watershed
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank | [Tunisia] : Infrastructure Consortium for Africa | [Washington, D.C.] : Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility
    ISBN: 0821377302 , 0821377310 , 9780821377307 , 9780821377314
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 111 pages) , color illustrations , 23 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 658.15/224
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Investments, Foreign ; Public works Finance ; Public-private sector cooperation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-104) and index
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821376683 , 9780821376683
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 145 pages) , illustrations , 26 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 337.611
    Keywords: Economic forecasting ; Tunisia Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-145)
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 082137799X , 9780821377994
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 180 pages) , illustrations , 27 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic forecasting ; Economic forecasting ; Economic history 1990- ; International economic relations ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9780821376454 , 9780821378250
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxiii, 160 pages) , illustrations, maps , 27 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Water resources development ; Water-supply
    Abstract: Introduction -- Water scarcity in China : current situation -- Water resources management in China : an overview of determinant variables -- Improving water governance -- Deepening water rights administration and developing water markets -- Improving efficiency and equity in water pricing -- Protecting ecosystems in river basins through market-oriented eco-compensation instruments -- Controlling water pollution -- Preventing water pollution disasters -- Summary, action plan and issues for the future.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-152) and index
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821378601
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (219 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Global Monitoring Report
    Abstract: A Development Emergency: the title of this year's Global Monitoring Report, the sixth in an annual series, could not be more apt. The global economic crisis, the most severe since the Great Depression, is rapidly turning into a human and development crisis. No region is immune. The poor countries are especially vulnerable, as they have the least cushion to withstand events. The crisis, coming on the heels of the food and fuel crises, poses serious threats to their hard-won gains in boosting economic growth and reducing poverty. It is pushing millions back into poverty and putting at risk the very survival of many. The prospect of reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, already a cause for serious concern, now looks even more distant. A global crisis must be met with a global response. The crisis began in the financial markets of developed countries, so the first order of business must be to stabilize these markets and counter the recession that the financial turmoil has triggered. At the same time, strong and urgent actions are needed to counter the impact of the crisis on developing countries and help them restore strong growth while protecting the poor. Global Monitoring Report 2009, prepared jointly by the staff of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, provides a development perspective on the global economic crisis. It assesses the impact on developing countries, their growth, poverty reduction, and other MDGs. And it sets out priorities for policy response, both by developing countries themselves and by the international community. This report also focuses on the ways in which the private sector can be better mobilized in support of development goals, especially in the aftermath of the crisis
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821378588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: This new addition to the 'Little DataBook' series presents at-a-glance tables for over 140 economies showing the most recent national data on key indicators of information and communications technology (ICT), including access, quality, affordability, efficiency,sustainability, and applications
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821378694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank Country Briefs
    Abstract: The World Bank is in the initial stages of developing a new annual series of World Bank Country Briefs. Tanzania- the second report in the series - will be published in the winter of 2009. These short, country-specific reports examine the economic, social, environmental, and business landscape of developing countries, focusing on issues critical to development. Overview; People and Poverty; Environment; Economy; Governance and Business Environment; Global Links; Statistical Appendix
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821378406 , 0821378422 , 9780821378403 , 9780821378427
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (v. 〈1〉) , ill., tables , 28 cm
    Edition: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 336.3/435/091724
    Keywords: Debts, External Statistics ; Finance ; International finance ; Investments, Foreign ; Debts, External Statistics ; Finance ; International finance ; Investments, Foreign ; Debts, External ; Finance ; International finance ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Statistics ; Investments, Foreign
    Description / Table of Contents: v. 1: Review, analysis, and outlookv. 2: Summary and country tables.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 0821378740 , 0821378759 , 9780821378748 , 9780821378755
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxii, 451 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 336.3/435091724
    Keywords: Debt relief ; Debt relief ; Debt relief
    Note: "This book is the outcome of a conference titled 'Debt relief and beyond: a World Bank conference on debt and development,' held in October 2008 at the World Bank in Washington, D.C."--Preface , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : Africa Region Human Development Department/World Bank
    ISBN: 0821381245 , 0821381253 , 9780821381243 , 9780821381250
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 45 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Africa human development series
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 175
    DDC: 344.67/074
    Keywords: Education, Higher Law and legislation ; Private universities and colleges Law and legislation ; Education, Higher Law and legislation ; Private universities and colleges Law and legislation ; Education, Higher ; Private universities and colleges
    Note: "William Saint and Christine Lao, March 2009 : This paper expands on an initial survey completed by Christine Lao in April 2007. Both authors served as consultants to the Africa Region Human Development Department of the World Bank. However, the findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or of the governments they represent"---publisher's galley , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 67
    ISBN: 0821380486 , 9780821380482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 222 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.951/132
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Beijing (China) ; Shanghai (China) ; Beijing (China) Economic policy ; Shanghai (China) Economic policy ; Beijing (China) Economic policy ; Shanghai (China) Economic policy
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction and overviewChina's development and its megacities -- Manufacturing industry: locomotive for innovation and growth -- Pitfalls of early deindustrialization -- Economic composition, resources, and the emerging innovation potentials in Beijing and Shanghai -- Making industries innovative.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 68
    ISBN: 0821381261 , 082138127X , 9780821381267 , 9780821381274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xii, 114 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Environment and development
    DDC: 363.738/74
    Keywords: Climatic changes ; Conservation of natural resources ; Ecosystem management ; Climatic changes ; Conservation of natural resources ; Ecosystem management ; Climatic changes ; Conservation of natural resources ; Ecosystem management
    Description / Table of Contents: The world bank and biodiversity conservation: a contribution to action for climate changeNatural ecosystems and mitigation -- Ecosystem-based adaptation: reducing vulnerability -- Biodiversity conservation and food, water, and livelihood security: emerging issues -- Implementing ecosystem-based approaches to climate change.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 69
    ISBN: 0821379526 , 082137964X , 9780821379523 , 9780821379646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xii, 187 p) , ill., maps , 28 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Agriculture and rural development
    Keywords: Agricultural industries ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agricultural industries ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agricultural industries ; Agriculture
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821378786 , 9780821379370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 194 p) , ill. , col. maps , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Keywords: Forest policy ; Forests and forestry ; Rain forests Management ; Forest policy ; Forests and forestry ; Rain forests Management ; Forest policy ; Forests and forestry ; Rain forests
    Description / Table of Contents: The historic and environmental contextThe advent of forest reform -- Objectives and content of the reforms -- A summary of impacts -- In-depth analysis of impacts -- Ten years of forest sector reform.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821378708 , 9780821378700
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (ix, 42 p) , ill., map , 28 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 330.9881
    Keywords: Namibia ; Namibia ; Namibia ; Namibia Economic conditions ; Namibia Politics and government 1990- ; Namibia Social conditions ; Namibia Economic conditions ; Namibia Politics and government 1990- ; Namibia Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-39)
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821381571 , 9780821381588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xv, 200 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 307.1/2160981
    Keywords: Regional economics ; Regional planning ; Urban economics ; Regional economics ; Regional planning ; Urban economics ; Regional economics ; Regional planning ; Urban economics ; Brazil ; Brazil ; Brazil Economic policy 2003- ; Brazil Economic policy 2003-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-190) and index
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  • 73
    ISBN: 0821375407 , 0821375415 , 9780821375402 , 9780821375419
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 251 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Development practice in education
    DDC: 372.12/06
    Keywords: Education and state Case studies ; Education, Elementary Case studies Costs ; School enrollment Case studies ; Education and state Case studies ; Education, Elementary Case studies Costs ; School enrollment Case studies ; Education and state ; Education, Elementary ; School enrollment
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821377531 , 0821379399 , 9780821377536 , 9780821379394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxii, 142 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    DDC: 338/.0640951
    Keywords: Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Technology transfer ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Technology transfer ; Technological innovations ; Technology transfer
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-134) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821378533
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book on External Debt provides a quick reference for users interested in external debt stocks and flows, major economic aggregates, key debt ratios, and the currency composition of long-term debt for all countries reporting through the Debtor Reporting system. A pocket edition of the Global Development Finance 2009, Volume II: Summary and Country Tables, it contains statistical tables for 135 countries as well as summary tables for regional and income groups
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821378519
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821380230 , 0821380249 , 9780821380239 , 9780821380246
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 117 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available online
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 338.6/420984
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Small business Management ; Industrial productivity ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Small business Management ; Industrial productivity ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Small business
    Abstract: This book presents qualitative and quantitative analyses on Bolivia's informal sector, the reasons why firms are informal, and the impact of normalization on their profitability. The analysis finds that the impact of tax registration on profitability depends on firm size and the ability to issue tax receipts, and presents a set of prioritized policy implications for policy makers. In the short term, the first priority should be to increase the benefits of formalization through training, access to credit and markets, and business support. The second is to increase information on how to formalize and its benefits. In the medium term, the priority is to simplify formalization, regulatory and taxation procedures and reduce their costs. Increasing even-handed enforcement of taxation and regulation is also important but not a priority for micro and small firms. Measures to boost the productivity of micro and small firms in general will both help overall economic growth, employment, and, formalization.--Publisher's description
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction : increasing formality and productivity of Bolivian firmsThe informal sector in Bolivia today -- The productivity of micro and small firms -- Informality and profitability in micro and small firms -- Policy recommendations.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Also available online.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 0821381679 , 0821381687 , 9780821381670 , 9780821381687
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 106 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 179
    DDC: 333.3/24
    Keywords: Petroleum Prospecting ; Petroleum industry and trade ; Petroleum Prospecting ; Petroleum industry and trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [100]-106)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : Agence Française de Développement
    ISBN: 0821380419 , 0821380834 , 9780821380413 , 9780821380833
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxii, 355 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Africa development forum
    DDC: 363.6096
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Description / Table of Contents: Africa's infrastructure : a time for transformationThe Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic -- Meeting Africa's infrastructure needs -- Closing Africa's funding gap -- Dealing with poverty and inequality -- Building sound institutions -- Facilitating urbanization -- Deepening regional integration -- Information and communication technologies : a boost for growth -- Power : catching up -- Transport : more than the sum of its parts -- Roads : broadening the agenda -- Railways : looking for traffic -- Ports and shipping : landlords needed -- Airports and air transport : the sky's the limit -- Water resources : a common interest -- Irrigation : tapping potential -- Water supply : hitting the target? -- Sanitation : moving up the ladder.
    Note: "Presents the findings of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD)"--P. [4] of cover , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 80
    ISBN: 0821382535 , 9780821382530
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (viii, 173 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 184
    Keywords: European Parliament ; European Parliament ; Securities ; Securities ; Securities ; Securities
    Description / Table of Contents: Regulatory framework and oversightScope of the securities regualtions -- Objectives of the securities regulations in Europe and the United States -- Implementation of the different objectives -- Post-financial crisis lessons -- Conclusion and areas for future research.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-173)
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  • 81
    ISBN: 0821378503 , 9780821378502
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxix, 127 p) , ill. (some col.), map , 28 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Energy policy Environmental aspects ; Environmental policy ; Greenhouse gas mitigation ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Energy policy Environmental aspects ; Environmental policy ; Greenhouse gas mitigation ; World Bank ; Climatic changes ; Climatic changes ; Economic development ; Energy policy ; Environmental policy ; Economic aspects ; Government policy ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental aspects ; Greenhouse gas mitigation
    Note: "Kenneth Chomitz was the evaluation manager and main author for this study"--P. xiii , At head of title: IEG World Bank , Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-127)
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4807
    Parallel Title: Demirgüç-Kunt, Aslı Are all the sacred cows dead?
    Keywords: Economic policy ; Financial crises ; Economic policy ; Financial crises
    Abstract: "The recent global financial crisis has shaken the confidence of developed and developing countries alike in the very blueprint of financial and macro policies that underlie the western capitalist systems. In an effort to contain the crisis from spreading, the authorities in the US and many European governments have taken unprecedented steps of providing extensive liquidity, giving assurances to bank depositors and creditors that include blanket guarantees, and structuring bail-out programs that include taking large ownership stakes in financial institutions, in addition to establishing programs for direct provision of credit to non-financial institutions. Emphasizing the importance of incentives and tensions between short term and longer term policy responses to crisis management, this paper draws on a large body of research evidence and country experiences to discuss the implications of the current crisis for financial and macroeconomic policies going forward. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4808
    Parallel Title: Gorodnichenko, Yuriy Globalization and innovation in emerging markets
    Keywords: Globalization ; Technological innovations ; Globalization ; Technological innovations
    Abstract: "Globalization brings opportunities and pressures for domestic firms in emerging markets to innovate and improve their competitive position. Using data on firms in 27 transition economies, the authors test for the effects of globalization through the impact of increased competition and foreign direct investment on domestic firms' efforts to innovate (raise their capability) by upgrading their technology, improving the quality of their product or service, or acquiring certification. They find that competition has a negative effect on innovation, especially for firms further from the efficiency frontier, and we do not find support for an inverted U effect of competition on innovation. The authors show that the supply chain of multinational enterprises and international trade are important channels for domestic firms' innovation. They detect no evidence that firms in a more pro-business environment are more likely to display a positive or inverted U relationship between competition and innovation, or that they are more sensitive to foreign presence. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4811
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Effects of privatization and ownership in transition economies
    Keywords: Privatization ; Privatization
    Abstract: "The paper evaluates the effects of privatization in the post-communist economies and China. In post-communist economies privatization to foreign owners results in a rapid improvement in performance of firms, while performance effects of privatization to domestic owners are less impressive and vary across regions, coinciding with differences in policies and institutional development. In China relatively more estimates suggest that privatization to domestic owners improves the level of performance. Concentrated private ownership has a stronger positive effect on performance than dispersed ownership in the post-communist economies, but foreign joint ventures rather than wholly owned foreign firms have a positive effect in China. Worker or collective ownership does not have a negative effect. In the post-communist economies new firms are equally or more efficient than firms privatized to domestic owners, and foreign start-ups are more efficient than domestic ones. Privatization is not associated with lower employment. When accompanied by complementary reforms, privatization has a positive effect on economic growth. Three factors appear to drive the more positive effect of privatization to foreign than domestic owners. Domestic managers have more limited skills and access to world markets, domestically privatized firms have been more subject to tunneling and in some countries new large shareholders artificially decreased performance. The important policy implication is that privatization per se does not guarantee improved performance, at least not in the short- to medium-run. Type of private ownership, corporate governance, access to know-how and markets, and the legal and institutional system matter for firm performance. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4812
    Parallel Title: Kudo, Ines Measuring beginner reading skills
    Keywords: Education ; Reading ; Education ; Reading
    Abstract: "Based on analysis of reading performance data from 475 third-graders in Peru, this study makes recommendations on improving reading tests, choice of reading standards, and how to present the results at the school and individual levels. The paper reviews the literature on using reading skills measurement in the early grades to guide policymaking, strengthen accountability, and improve education quality. It uses data generated from the same students using two common approaches to measuring reading skills: an individually-administered oral fluency test, and a group-administered written comprehension test designed by the Ministry of Education for the 2006 universal standard test of second grade reading comprehension. These two approaches have sometimes been presented as competing alternatives, but the paper shows that it is better if they are used together, as complements. Based on psychometric analysis, the paper shows that both the oral and written tests adequately measured students' reading abilities. The results show that reading fluency and comprehension are correlated: fluent readers are more likely to understand what they read than non-fluent readers. The strength of the fluency-comprehension relationship depends on the level of fluency, the difficulty of the questions, and social characteristics of the school. The paper recommends using improved versions of both tests to evaluate early grade reading skills, as a central element of a system of accountability for results. It proposes a model for reporting test results desgned to highlight the importance of reading standards, mobilize the education community to reach them, track progress, and identify students in need of extra support. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4816
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin The developing world's bulging (but vulnerable) "middle class
    Keywords: Middle class ; Middle class
    Abstract: "The "developing world's middle class" is defined here as those who are not poor when judged by the median poverty line of developing countries, but are still poor by US standards. The "Western middle class" is defined as those who are not poor by US standards. Although barely 80 million people in the developing world entered the Western middle class over 1990-2002, economic growth and distributional shifts allowed an extra 1.2 billion people to join the developing world's middle class. Four-fifths came from Asia, and half from China. Most of the new entrants remained fairly close to poverty, with incomes now bunched up just above
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4818
    Parallel Title: Vollmer, Sebastian Political institutions and human development
    Keywords: Democracy Economic aspects ; Economic development ; Democracy Economic aspects ; Economic development
    Abstract: "Institutions are a major field of interest in the study of development processes. The authors contribute to this discussion concentrating our research on political institutions and their effect on the non-income dimensions of human development. First, they elaborate a theoretical argument why and under what conditions democracies compared to autocratic political systems might perform better with regards to the provision of public goods. Due to higher redistributive concerns matched to the needs of the population democracies should show a higher level of human development. In the following they analyze whether our theoretical expectations are supported by empirical facts. The authors perform a static panel analysis over the period of 1970 to 2003. The model confirms that living in a democratic system positively affects human development measured by life expectancy and literacy rates even controlling for GDP. By analyzing interaction effects they find that the performance of democracy is rather independent of the circumstances. However, democracy leads to more redistribution in favor of health provision in more unequal societies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4820
    Parallel Title: Kuegler, Alice A curse of comparison?
    Keywords: Income ; Income
    Abstract: "This paper proposes that individuals care about the relative income of proximate reference groups. Making use of self-reported life satisfaction as a proxy for unobservable utility, the relative income of siblings is tested for relevance as a reference point for new sample data from Venezuela. Having greater perceived income than one's siblings is found to be positively linked to individual life satisfaction. This evidence supplements the scarce economic research on reference groups, supporting the hypothesis that individuals with proximate characteristics and resembling opportunities in life serve as points of comparison. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4823
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles Why do people die in earthquakes?
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Earthquakes
    Abstract: "Every year, around 60,000 people die worldwide in natural disasters. The majority of the deaths are caused by building collapse in earthquakes, and the great majority occurs in the developing world. This is despite the fact that engineering solutions exist that can almost completely eliminate the risk of such deaths. Why is this? The engineering solutions are both expensive and technically demanding, so that the benefit-cost ratio of such solutions is often unfavorable compared with other interventions designed to save lives in developing countries. Nonetheless, a range of public disaster risk-reduction interventions (including construction activities) are highly cost effective. The fact that such interventions often remain unimplemented or ineffectively executed points to a role for issues of political economy. Building regulations in developing countries appear to have limited impact in many cases, perhaps because of limited capacity and the impact of corruption. Public construction is often of low quality - perhaps for similar reasons. This suggests approaches that emphasize simple and limited disaster risk regulation covering only the most at-risk structures and that (preferably) can be monitored by non-experts. It also suggests a range of transparency and oversight mechanisms for public construction projects. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4825
    Parallel Title: Obermaier, Andreas J Cross-border purchases of health services
    Keywords: Medical care ; Medical care ; Medical care ; Medical care
    Abstract: "This paper explores the structure of cross-border health purchasing between Austria and Hungary and determines the size of this phenomenon as well as the barriers to a further increase. Austrian patients may receive health care treatment in Hungary in three different ways. First, patients may receive benefits in the context of the European Community Regulations 1408/71 and 574/72 (Category I patients). Second, outside those regulatory structures, Austrian patients travel to Hungary to receive medical treatment, especially dental treatment, and then seek reimbursement from their Austrian insurance (Category II patients). Third, some patients receive medical treatment in Hungary outside both schemes (Category III patients). There are about 42,500 Category I patients per year; and 58,000 Category II patients world-wide per year. An unknown but supposedly greater number of patients travel to Hungary to receive mainly dental treatment and cosmetic surgery (Category III). Most health actors in both Austria and Hungary do not regard cross-border purchasing of health services as having cost-saving effects. They put forward major legal, institutional, political, and psychological barriers, which inhibit public and private Austrian providers, to facilitate trade in health care and which inhibit individual patients to realize cost savings through capitalizing on lower health care prices in Hungary. Therefore, for the time being, trade in health care and patient mobility between Austria and Hungary is a circumscribed phenomenon in terms of quantities, and it will most probably remain so in the near future. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4826
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice W The regional dimension of North-South trade-related r&d spillover
    Keywords: Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity. i ; International trade ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity. i ; International trade
    Abstract: "This paper examines the impact of trade with Japan, North America, and the European Union on technology diffusion and total factor productivity growth in Korea, Mexico, and Jordan. Measures of foreign research and development are constructed based on industry-specific research and development in the North, North-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. The findings show that technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional. Jordan benefits mainly from trade with the European Union, Korea from trade with Japan, and Mexico from trade with North America. In other words, the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis holds for these countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4829
    Parallel Title: Hostland, Doug Low-income countries' access to private debt markets
    Keywords: Debts, External ; Loans, Foreign ; Debts, External ; Loans, Foreign
    Abstract: "Private debt flows to developing countries surged to record levels over the period 2003-07. A few low-income countries have gained access to the international bond market but the bulk of the flows have continued to go to just a few large middle-income countries. Most low-income countries still heavily depend on concessional loans and grants from the official sector to meet their financing needs. The paper provides an overview of low-income countries' access to cross-border bank lending and bond issuance in the international market over the past few decades. It highlights some stylized facts that characterize salient features of low-income countries' experience in external borrowing from the private sector and discusses the various factors that influence governments' and corporations' decisions to seek external financing along with creditors' decisions to provide the financing. The paper concludes by assessing the prospects for low-income countries' access to private debt markets over the medium term. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4834
    Parallel Title: Gawande, Kishore S Foreign informational lobbying can enhance tourism
    Keywords: Lobbying ; Lobbying ; Tourism ; Lobbying ; Lobbying ; Tourism
    Abstract: "There exist legal channels for informational lobbying of U.S. policymakers by foreign principals. Foreign governments and private sector principals frequently and intensively use this institutional channel to lobby on trade and tourism issues. This paper empirically studies whether such lobbying effectively achieves its goal of trade promotion in the context of Caribbean tourism, and suggests the potential for using foreign lobbying as a vehicle for development. Panel data are used to explore and quantify the association between foreign lobbying by Caribbean principals and U.S. tourist arrivals to Caribbean destinations. A variety of sensitivity analyses support the finding of a strong association. The policy implications are obvious and potentially important for developing countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4836
    Parallel Title: Barrera Osorio, Felipe The use and misuse of computers in education
    Keywords: Computer-assisted instruction ; Computer-assisted instruction
    Abstract: "This paper presents the evaluation of the program Computers for Education. The program aims to integrate computers, donated by the private sector, into the teaching of language in public schools. The authors conduct a two-year randomized evaluation of the program using a sample of 97 schools and 5,201 children. Overall, the program seems to have had little effect on students' test scores and other outcomes. These results are consistent across grade levels, subjects, and gender. The main reason for these results seems to be the failure to incorporate the computers into the educational process. Although the program increased the number of computers in the treatment schools and provided training to the teachers on how to use the computers in their classrooms, surveys of both teachers and students suggest that teachers did not incorporate the computers into their curriculum. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4843
    Parallel Title: Lall, Somik V Connecting lagging and leading regions
    Keywords: Labor mobility ; Manpower policy ; Migration, Internal ; Labor mobility ; Manpower policy ; Migration, Internal
    Abstract: "How can policies improve the welfare of people in economically lagging regions of countries? Should policies help jobs follow people? Or should they enable people to follow jobs? In most countries, market forces have encouraged the geographic concentration of people and economic activEities - policies that try to offset these forces to encourage balanced economic growth have largely been unsuccessful. However, policies that help people get closer to economic density have improved individual welfare. In this paper, the authors examine the migration decisions of working-age Brazilians and find that the pull of higher wages in leading regions has a strong influence on the decision to migrate. However, many people are also "pushed" to migrate, starved of access to basic public services such as clean water and sanitation in their hometowns. Although migration is welfare-improving for these individuals, the economy may end up worse off as these migrants are more likely to add to congestion costs in cities than to contribute to agglomeration benefits. Encouraging human capital formation can stimulate labor mobility for economic gain; and improving access to and quality of basic services in lagging regions will directly improve welfare as well as reduce the type of migration motivated by the search for life-supporting basic services. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4844
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Weakly relative poverty
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Prevailing measures of relative poverty put an implausibly high weight on relative deprivation, such that measured poverty does not fall when all incomes grow at the same rate. This stems from the (implicit) assumption in past measures that very poor people incur a negligible cost of social inclusion. That assumption is inconsistent with evidence on the social roles of certain private expenditures in poor settings and with data on national poverty lines. The authors propose a new schedule of "weakly relative" lines that relax this assumption and estimate the implied poverty measures for 116 developing countries. The authors find that there is more relative poverty than past estimates have suggested. In 2005, one half of the population of the developing world lived in relative poverty, half of whom were absolutely poor. The total number of relatively poor rose over 1981-2005, despite falling numbers of absolutely poor. With sustained economic growth, the incidence of relative poverty becomes less responsive to further growth. Slower progress against relative poverty can thus be seen as the "other side of the coin" to success against absolute poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4845
    Parallel Title: Farchy, Emily The impact of EU accession on human capital formation
    Keywords: Brain drain ; Human capital ; Brain drain ; Human capital
    Abstract: "Can a brain drain be good for development? Many studies have established the theoretical possibility of such a brain gain. Yet it is only recently that the relaxation of data constraints has allowed for sound empirical assessments. In utilizing the dramatic policy change that accompanied European Union accession as a natural experiment, this paper is able to assuage fears of reverse causality between migration and human capital formation. The results highlight a significant impact of European Union accession on human capital formation indicating that the prospect of migration can indeed fuel skill formation even in the context of middle-income economies. And, if accompanied by policies to promote return migration, as well as a functioning credit market to enable private investment, international labor mobility could represent a powerful tool for growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4848
    Parallel Title: Portugal-Pérez, Alberto Assessing the impact of political economy factors on rules of origin under NAFTA
    Keywords: Certificates of origin ; Certificates of origin
    Abstract: "Rules of origin are legitimate policy instruments to prevent trade deflection in a preferential trade agreement short of a customs union. Trade deflection takes place when a product imported into the preferential trade agreement through the member with the lowest external tariff is transhipped to a higher-tariff member, while yielding a benefit for the re-exporter. Yet, when captured by special interest groups, rules of origin can restrict trade beyond what is needed to prevent trade deflection. By how much do political economy factors account for the stringency of rules of origin? This study quantifies the impact of both determinants - those considered "justifiable" because they prevent trade deflection and those deemed to arise from "political economy" forces - on the restrictiveness of rules of origin under the North American Free Trade Agreement, approximated by a restrictiveness index. The main finding is that political economy forces, especially from the United States, raised significantly the restrictiveness of the rules of origin. Indeed, in industries where political-economy forces were strong prior to the North American Free Trade Agreement, as when the U.S. Most Favored Nation tariff was high or the revealed comparative advantage of Mexico (the United States) was strong (weak), more stringent rules of origin were introduced. Thus, stricter rules of origin are associated with higher production costs reducing the potential benefits of enhanced market access that is initially pursued by this type of agreement. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4854
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio (Un)bundling infrastructure procurement
    Keywords: Government purchasing ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Sanitation ; Water-supply ; Government purchasing ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Sanitation ; Water-supply
    Abstract: "Competition in public procurement auctions in the water supply and sanitation sector is largely limited. This is partly because of high technical complexity and partly because of auction design flaws. The division of lot contracts is an important policy choice for auctioneers to achieve efficiency. In general, there is a tradeoff between competition in auctions and size of contracts. Larger works could benefit from economies of scale and scope, but large contracts might undermine competition. Using data on public procurement auctions for water and sewage projects in developing countries, this paper shows that bidder entry is crucially endogenous, especially because it is determined by the auctioneer's bundling and unbundling strategy. If water treatment plant and distribution network works are bundled in a single lot package, competition would be significantly reduced, and this adverse entry effect would in turn raise the public procurement costs of infrastructure. There is no evidence of positive scope economies in the bidder cost structure. It is important to account for the underlying cost structure for designing efficient auction mechanisms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4857
    Parallel Title: Robinson, Jonathan Transactional sex as a response to risk in Western Kenya
    Keywords: AIDS (Disease) ; Prostitutes Health and hygiene ; Prostitution Health aspects ; AIDS (Disease) ; Prostitutes Health and hygiene ; Prostitution Health aspects
    Abstract: "Formal and informal commercial sex work is a way of life for many poor women in developing countries. Though sex workers have long been identified as crucial in affecting the spread of HIV/AIDS, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, the nature of sex-for-money transactions remains poorly understood. Using a unique panel dataset constructed from 192 self-reported sex worker diaries which include detailed information on sexual behavior, labor supply, and health shocks, the authors find that sex workers adjust their supply of risky, better compensated sex to cope with unexpected health shocks, exposing themselves to increased risk of HIV infection. In particular, women are 3.1 percent more likely to see a client, 21.2 percent more likely to have anal sex, and 19.1 percent more likely to have unprotected sex on days in which a household member falls ill. Women also increase their supply of risky sex on days after missing work due to symptoms from a sexually transmitted infection. Given that HIV prevalence has been estimated at 9.8 percent in this part of Kenya, these behavioral responses entail significant health risks for sex workers and their partners, and suggest that sex workers are unable to cope with risk through other formal or informal consumption smoothing mechanisms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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