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  • 2005-2009  (698)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (698)
  • Economics  (698)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.708
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds as a measure of (in) equality of opportunity in OECD countries and looks at the role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15- year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Policies allowing increasing social mix are found to reduce school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance. Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socioeconomic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.
    DOI: 10.1787/223056645650
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infrastructure Investment : Links to Growth and the Role of Public Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.686
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure – the energy, water, transport and telecommunication networks – which performs a vital role for the functioning of the economy, can contribute to raising growth and social welfare. But more is not always better. While the paper shows that investment in the network industries has had a positive effect over and above the addition to the capital stock, there is evidence that investment in the past has sometimes been misallocated. This paper identifies the policy framework that promotes investment that is conducive to growth and ensures the appropriate use of infrastructure. Central aspects of this framework are identified as a robust decision making process, improving the selection of investment projects, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and vertical separation when this is appropriate. In addition, efficient investment can be promoted by the combination of regulator independence and the application of incentive regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/225678178357
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fédéralisme budgétaire en Belgique : Défis principaux et réformes envisageables (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.743
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fiscal Federalism in Belgium: Main Challenges and Considerations for Reform
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Ce document de travail porte sur l’état actuel des relations budgétaires entre les différents niveaux d’administration en Belgique ainsi que sur la manière dont celles-ci ont évolué au fil du temps. Partant du constat que le système qui donne corps au fédéralisme budgétaire est source de déséquilibres entre l’administration fédérale et les échelons infra-fédéraux (déséquilibre vertical) de même qu’entre les différentes entités fédérées (déséquilibre horizontal), les auteurs esquissent des orientations pour l’améliorer. Faute de réformes, le déséquilibre vertical ne fera que s’accentuer dans la mesure où la charge budgétaire imposée par le vieillissement de la population grèvera principalement le budget fédéral. Aussi la réforme devra-telle viser à renforcer la capacité budgétaire de l’administration fédérale en améliorant ses sources de recettes et en faisant basculer la charge représentée par certaines dépenses obligatoires sur les entités fédérées. Le déséquilibre entre régions résulte du manque de cohérence entre fiscalité et dépenses. Les recettes partagées provenant de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques sont attribuées à la région de résidence tandis que la région du lieu de travail n’en bénéficie pas, ce qui pénalise particulièrement la région de Bruxelles-Capitale en termes de recettes. Cette anomalie pourrait être corrigée en attribuant à la région du lieu de travail une proportion plus élevée des recettes partagées de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques. Par ailleurs, il conviendrait de réorganiser le système des subventions de péréquation afin d’inciter les régions bénéficiaires à développer leurs propres sources de recettes fiscales. La performance du système budgétaire pourrait être encore améliorée si l’on réussissait à accroître l’efficience des dépenses dans les domaines d’intérêt national qui sont du ressort des entités fédérées ou dans lesquels on observe un chevauchement de compétences, qu’il s’agisse des politiques de l’emploi, de la R-D, de la formation, de l’éducation, de l’énergie et de l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/218553473765
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Making of Global Finance 1880-1913 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015364
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les origines de la mondialisation financière 1880-1913
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: This study traces the roots of global financial integration in the first “modern” era of globalisation from 1880 to 1913 and can serve as a valuable tool to current-day policy dilemmas by using historical data to see which policies in the past led to enhanced international financing for development. A major conclusion is that the successful management of international financial integration depends primarily on broad institutional and political factors and financial policies, rather than simply opening or closing individual economies to the international winds. "A careful and vigorously argued monograph… an important book that future research in this area will have to take into account." – eh.net book review by Hugh Rockoff of Rutgers University.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015364-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Le secteur financier peut-il rester le principal moteur de la croissance au Luxembourg? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.660
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Can the Financial Sector continue to be the Main Growth Engine in Luxembourg?
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Le secteur financier a été le principal moteur de l'économie au cours des deux dernières décennies. Les avantages comparatifs du Luxembourg en matière d'activités financières résident essentiellement dans le caractère évolutif de son cadre législatif et réglementaire ainsi que dans le faible niveau de sa fiscalité. En conséquence, le Luxembourg est aujourd'hui un des principaux centres internationaux pour les fonds d'investissement. Au-delà des effets directs et indirects de ce secteur d'activité sur l'emploi, sa retombée la plus importante est l'ampleur des recettes fiscales qu'il permet aux pouvoirs publics d'engranger, puisqu'il représente directement plus de 20 % de l'ensemble des rentrées d'impôts. Cela dit, ces recettes fiscales sont très fluctuantes, dans la mesure où ce secteur est extrêmement sensible à l'évolution des marchés de capitaux internationaux. De fait, les contractions intervenues par le passé sur ces marchés ont eu tendance à entraîner un net ralentissement de la croissance de l'économie luxembourgeoise ainsi que des revenus du secteur financier, ce qui laisse à penser que les risques associés aux turbulences financières internationales actuelles sont très substantiels. Au-delà de ces considérations à court terme, le taux de croissance tendanciel du secteur va probablement diminuer à moyen terme. Les principales activités du secteur sont les prestations d'administration financière correspondant aux services de suivi de marché et de postmarché, que les nouvelles technologies de l'information permettront de délocaliser de plus en plus. Par ailleurs, le secteur a des difficultés à attirer des spécialistes hautement qualifiés pour prendre pied dans le domaine plus rémunérateur des activités de service de clientèle. À plus long terme, la concurrence internationale continuera à exercer des pressions qui pourraient finir par remettre en cause la position du Luxembourg. L'ampleur du déclin de la croissance tendancielle du secteur financier dépendra de la capacité du Luxembourg à préserver et renforcer l'attrait qu'il exerce sur les investisseurs et les travailleurs. Pour ce faire, les autorités devront parvenir à adapter leurs politiques dans les domaines de la fiscalité, des infrastructures et du logement pour attirer des étrangers très compétents, tout en révisant la réglementation du secteur financier et en renforçant sa transparence.
    DOI: 10.1787/227614230400
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revue économique de l'OCDE : Volume 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-fr
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Les éléments constitutifs du système fiscal belge influe sur le processus de croissance par des canaux différents et à des degrés divers. Les impôts sur la consommation sont parmi ceux qui faussent le moins la croissance et il est tout à fait possible, en Belgique, d’exploiter davantage cette source de recettes fiscales. La taxation différenciée des instruments d’épargne fausse les décisions d’investissement, entravant le redéploiement des capitaux vers leur emploi le plus productif. Cependant, les impôts qui occasionnent le plus de distorsions sont ceux qui frappent le revenu du travail, en raison de leur impact sur les décisions des travailleurs en matière d'emploi. Conscientes de cela, les autorités belges ont cherché à alléger la fiscalité du travail. Cette dernière demeure cependant lourde en comparaison des autres pays, en raison de nombreuses exonérations, qui réduisent les bases d’imposition et nécessitent donc, pour compenser, des taux d’impôt plus élevés. Afin d’améliorer les perspectives des différents groupes sur le marché du travail, on a eu recours largement à des subventions salariales et des réductions de cotisations de sécurité sociale, créant ainsi un système complexe, souvent mal ciblé et visant parfois des objectifs contradictoires. En fin de compte, l’interaction entre l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques, les cotisations de sécurité sociale et le généreux système de prestations a créé une multitude de pièges du marché du travail qui brident l’emploi. Les nouvelles réformes fiscales sont limitées par les problèmes importants et grandissants de viabilité des finances publiques, ce qui signifie que, à moins de procéder à de fortes compressions de dépenses, ces réformes devront s’autofinancer. Pour ce faire, il faut déplacer la charge fiscale vers les sources qui créent le moins de distorsions et élargir les bases d’imposition afin de pouvoir appliquer des taux plus bas. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Belgique, 2009 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/belgique).
    DOI: 10.1787/218613767672
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    Le défi de redressement de la compétitivité française (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.720
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Challenge of Restoring French Competitiveness
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Depuis le début des années 2000, la France a connu une détérioration marquée de sa performance à l’exportation, conduisant à des préoccupations accrues de la part des autorités et de la société civile sur la capacité d’adaptation de l’économie à une mondialisation croissante des échanges et de l’investissement en biens et services. Les mauvaises performances enregistrées du commerce extérieur sont liées à une série de facteurs plutôt qu’à une seule cause unique. Elles ne peuvent être expliquées par les seuls déterminants externes tels que le taux de change, l’avènement dans le commerce mondial de pays émergents à fort potentiel d’exportation ou la forte hausse des prix du pétrole en 2007-08. En effet, ce n’est pas tant la perte de parts de marchés en soi qui est inquiétante – elle s’est produite dans de nombreux pays – mais plutôt son ampleur dû à la difficulté à répondre à l’accélération de la demande mondiale dans les années 2000, datant d’avant l’apparition de la crise économique actuelle. En effet, l’analyse de la dégradation de la compétitivité renvoie davantage à des facteurs d’offre liés à la moindre aptitude des entreprises françaises à servir les marchés étrangers, mais aussi au développement de stratégies industrielles d’établissement à l’étranger de la totalité du processus de production. Le redressement de la compétitivité passera par un renforcement de la croissance potentielle et une action sur ses principaux déterminants à long terme, tels que l’accroissement de la recherche et développement, la promotion de l’innovation, la baisse du poids de la fiscalité, une amélioration de la concurrence et la création de conditions propices à une croissance rapide des entreprises. Le manque de compétitivité est le plus souvent un symptôme, et non la cause d’une ou plusieurs faiblesses économiques sous-jacentes. C’est pourquoi, il est préférable que l’intervention publique soit globale et porte sur les sources du problème de compétitivité et non qu’elle prenne la forme d’aides ciblées visant à remédier directement au déficit croissant de la balance commerciale. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France, 2009 (www.oecd.org/eco/études/France).
    DOI: 10.1787/222047285620
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  • 9
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    Economic Growth and the Role of Taxation - Disaggregate Data (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.715
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economic growth is the basis of increased prosperity. This makes the attainment of growth a key objective for governments across the world. The rate of growth can be affected by policy choices through the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions and through productive public expenditures. This paper surveys the empirical analysis of disaggregate data on growth. The aim is to identify how economic policy can affect the choices that have been identified as influences upon the rate of growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/222775817802
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    Taking Stock of Existing Structural Policy and Outcome Indicators (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.676
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews and assesses in terms of availability, reliability and transparency existing policy and outcome indicators that have been found to be linked both directly and indirectly to economic growth and living standards. Indicators aiming at capturing the political and social situation of countries, as well as governance-related issues, are examined (e.g. political system, political stability, corruption, crime and violence). Topics also include product and labour markets, infrastructure, trade, financial indicators and composite indices of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/226415705182
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  • 11
    Online Resource
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    How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Individual elements in Belgian tax system affect the growth process through different channels and to a varying degree. Consumption taxes are among the least distortive for growth, and there is considerable scope to increase the reliance on this tax source in Belgium. The Belgian differential taxation of saving vehicles distorts investment decisions, hampering the reallocation of capital towards its most productive use. However, the most distortive Belgian taxes are on labour through their effects on workers’ labour market decisions. Recognising the latter, the authorities have aimed at reducing taxation on labour. However, its level remains internationally high, reflecting numerous exemptions, which reduce tax bases and thus require higher tax rates than otherwise. To promote labour market prospects for individual groups on the labour market, wage subsidies and social security contribution reductions have been used extensively, leading to a complex system, often poorly targeted and at times subject to conflicting objectives. The end result is that the interaction between the personal income tax, the social security contributions, and the generous benefit systems has created a multitude of labour market traps which hold back employment. New tax reforms are constrained by the large and growing fiscal sustainability problem, implying that, unless substantial expenditure cuts are implemented, new tax reforms must be self-financed. This can be achieved by shifting the reliance of the tax system towards the least distortive sources and by broadening tax bases to allow lower tax rates. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/belgium).
    DOI: 10.1787/218662261017
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  • 12
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    Infrastructure and Growth : Empirical Evidence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.685
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure can boost long-term economic growth in OECD countries. Moreover, infrastructure investment can have a positive effect on growth that goes beyond the effect of the capital stock because of economies of scale, the existence of network externalities and competition enhancing effects. This paper, which is part of a project examining the links between infrastructure and growth and the role of public policies, reports the results on the links with growth from a variety of econometric approaches. Time-series results reveal a positive impact of infrastructure investment on growth. They also show that this effect varies across countries and sectors and over time. In some cases, these results reveal evidence of possible over-investment, which may be related to inefficient use of infrastructure. Bayesian model averaging of cross-section growth regressions confirm that infrastructure investment in telecommunications and the electricity sectors has a robust positive effect on long-term growth (but not in railways and road networks). Furthermore, this effect is highly nonlinear as the impact is stronger if the physical stock is lower.
    DOI: 10.1787/225682848268
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  • 13
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    Innovation and Growth : Chasing a Moving Frontier (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073975
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation and growth
    RVK:
    QR 000
    Keywords: Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Forschung ; Entwicklung ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Entwicklungsländer ; Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: Innovation is crucial to long-term economic growth, even more so in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis. In this volume, the OECD and the World Bank jointly take stock of how globalisation is posing new challenges for innovation and growth in both developed and developing countries, and how countries are coping with them. The authors discuss options for policy initiatives that can foster technological innovation in the pursuit of faster and sustainable growth. The various chapters highlight how the emergence of an integrated global market affects the impact of national innovation policy. What seemed like effective innovation strategies (e.g. policies designed to strengthen the R&D capacity of domestic firms) are no longer sufficient for effective catch-up. The more open and global nature of innovation makes innovation policies more difficult to design and implement at the national scale alone. These challenges are further complicated by new phenomena, such as global value chains and the fragmentation of production, the growing role of global corporations, and the ICT revolution. Where and why a global corporation chooses to anchor its production affects the playing field for OECD and developing economies alike. Selected as a 2009 Notable Document by the American Library Association Government Documents Round Table.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073975-en
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  • 14
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    International Trade : Free, Fair and Open? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060265 , 9789264107137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick International trade
    DDC: 382.1
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Außenhandel ; Handelsvertrag ; Freihandel ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde ; Welthandel
    Abstract: International trade affects the price and availability of practically everything we buy. It also plays a role in many other domains, including jobs, the environment and the fight against poverty. OECD Insights: International Trade argues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough. Policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy. "The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers." -Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060265-en
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  • 15
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    Productivity Measurement and Analysis (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044616
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (554 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Productivity measurement and analysis
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Messung ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Produktivität ; Produktivitätsmessung ; Produktivitätszuwachs
    Abstract: Productivity measurement and analysis are the main topics addressed in this book, which brings together contributions presented and discussed in two international workshops organized by the Statistics Directorate and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) of the OECD. The first workshop was organised jointly by the OECD with Fundaccion BBVA and the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas and held in Madrid in October 2005, and the second one was organized jointly by the OECD and the Swiss Federal Statistical Office and the State Secretary for Economic Affairs of Switzerland and held in Bern in October 2006. The two workshops brought together representatives of statistical offices, central banks and other branches of government in OECD countries that are engaged in the analysis and the measurement of productivity developments at aggregate and industry levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044616-en
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  • 16
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    OECD Patent Statistics Manual (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD patent statistics manual
    RVK:
    QP 215
    RVK:
    QR 360
    Keywords: Patent ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Anleitung ; Patent ; Statistik
    Abstract: This 2009 edition of the OECD Patent Statistics Manual takes stock of the recent developments in the field. It provides guiding principles for the use of patent data in the context of S&T measurement, and recommendations for the compilation and interpretation of patent indicators in this context. It aims to show what patent statistics can and cannot be used for, and how to count patents in order to maximise information on S&T activities while minimising statistical noise and biases. Finally, it describes how patent data can be used in the analysis of a wide array of topics related to technical change and patenting activity including industry-science linkages, patenting strategies by companies, internationalisation of research, and indicators on the value of patents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056442-en
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  • 17
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    Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Handbook on deriving capital measures of intellectual property products
    RVK:
    QI 200
    Keywords: Immaterialgüterrechte ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Economics ; Immaterialgut ; Immaterielles Wirtschaftsgut ; Messung ; System of National Accounts ; Kapitalbildung
    Abstract: The latest System of National Accounts (the 2008 SNA) explicitly recognises, for the first time, that expenditures on research and experimental development (R&D) should be recorded as capital formation. This is a natural extension to the 1993 SNA, which recommends recording many acquisitions of software and databases, mineral exploration, and entertainment, artistic and literary originals as capital formation, too. These products have a common characteristic, namely that their value reflects the underlying intellectual property they embody, which is why they are referred to collectively in this publication as intellectual property products (IPPs). But they also share another important characteristic: their measurement is not straightforward, and in the absence of clear guidance it is highly likely that estimates will not be comparable between countries. This Handbook is designed to provide that guidance by considering IPPs collectively, based on their common characteristics, by type, based on any specificities, such as data availability, and by detailed transaction - for example the valuation of IPPs that have been produced for internal use by their developers, the valuation of unsuccessful IPPs, and the production of IPPs produced and made freely available by government.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079205-en
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    How Does Decentralised Minimum-Wage Setting Affect Unemployment and Informality? : The Case of Indonesia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.710
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: The Indonesian labour market is characterised by widespread informality. To some extent, these outcomes can be attributed to a sharp increase in the real value of the minimum wage since 2001, when minimum-wage setting was decentralised to the provincial governments. To test this hypothesis, this paper uses survey data on the labour market (Sakernas), household income and expenditure (Susenas) and the industrial sector (Survei Industri) to construct a district-level dataset spanning the period 1996 to 2004. The effects of changes in the minimum wage on unemployment, formal-sector employment and the incidence of informality in urban areas are estimated separately by fixed effects and jointly by a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimator. Our findings show that an increase in the minimum-to-mean wage ratio is associated with a net increase in employment: a rise in informal-sector employment more than compensates for job losses in the formal sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Assessment of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/indonesia).
    DOI: 10.1787/222850046464
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    Trade and Innovation : A Synthesis (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 7-63
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 7-63
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study examines the role of trade and investment in technology transfer, the effects of competition in trade and investment on innovation, and economies of scale. It also examines global value chains as an organisational innovation in its own right, which is supported by a freer trade and investment environment. Keywords: innovation, multinational enterprises, MNEs, global value chains, technology transfer, competition, scale economies, licensing, intellectual property rights, TRIPs, absorption capacity, Doha Development Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art24-en
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  • 20
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    Sustaining Growth in Korea by Reforming the Labour Market and Improving the Education System (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.672
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A well-functioning labour market is essential to sustain rapid economic growth in the face of population ageing. Priorities are to reverse the rising share of non-regular workers, which has negative implications for both growth and equity, and encourage greater employment of women and youth, who are under-represented in the labour force. Attracting more women to employment requires increasing the availability of childcare, strengthening maternity leave and creating more family-friendly workplaces. Youth employment rates should be boosted by upgrading tertiary education through stronger competition and closer links to enterprises to reduce mismatches. Educational reform should be extended to elementary and secondary schools to enhance efficiency and decrease the burden of private tutoring. The age of retirement of employees should be raised by eliminating mandatory retirement and phasing out the retirement allowance. Active labour market policies should focus on policies to expand human capital rather than wage subsidies.
    DOI: 10.1787/226580861153
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  • 21
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    Economic Growth and the Role of Taxation-Theory (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.713
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economic growth is the basis of increased prosperity. This makes the attainment of growth a key objective for governments across the world. The rate of growth can be affected by policy choices through the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions and through productive public expenditures. This paper provides a self-contained introduction to the economic modelling of growth and reviews the theoretical evidence on the extent of the link between taxation and growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/222800633678
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  • 22
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    Dating rules for turning points of growth cycles in Korea (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-12
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-12
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A business cycle is recognized as a growth cycle in a continuously growing economy such as Korea. This paper suggests reasonable dating rules for the reference date of a business cycle using various measures of a growth cycle. These measures are a cyclical component of the coincident composite index (CI), a coincident cumulative diffusion index, and a historical diffusion index with coincident component indicators. Dating rules include identifying turning points based on these measures of the growth cycle, and various approaches which confirm and review whether these turning points are appropriate for reference dates. And the dating rules are backed up by an administrative process to determine and disseminate these turning points as the reference dates of growth cycles in Korea. The process provides a strategy that gives authority to the released reference dates and minimises errorsin the dating. However, these dating rules have strict procedures to determine the reference date because the measures of a growth cycle are revised annually and their turning points could be affected by their revisions. Usually, a new reference date requires approximately three years before it is released officially. Due to the delayed dating strategy, the present and future business conditions need to be reviewed by detecting and forecasting models of the coming turning points with leading indexes and coincident indexes.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2009-art5-en
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  • 23
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    The Incentives to Participate in and the Stability of International Climate Coalitions : A Game-Theoretic Approach Using the WITCH Model (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.702
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses WITCH, an integrated assessment model with a game-theoretic structure, to explore the prospects for, and the stability of broad coalitions to achieve ambitious climate change mitigation action. Only coalitions including all large emitting regions are found to be technically able to meet a concentration stabilisation target below 550 ppm CO2eq by 2100. Once the free-riding incentives of non-participants are taken into account, only a “grand coalition” including virtually all regions can be successful. This grand coalition is profitable as a whole, implying that all countries can gain from participation provided appropriate transfers are made across them. However, neither the grand coalition nor smaller but still environmentally significant coalitions appear to be stable. This is because the collective welfare surplus from cooperation is not found to be large enough for transfers to offset the free-riding incentives of all countries simultaneously. Some factors omitted from the analysis, which might improve coalition stability, include the co-benefits from mitigation action, the costless removal of fossil fuel subsidies, as well as alternative assumptions regarding countries’ bargaining behaviour.
    DOI: 10.1787/223552487415
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    Realising South Africa's Employment Potential (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.662
    Keywords: Economics ; South Africa
    Abstract: Unemployment in South Africa is extremely high and unevenly distributed, being concentrated among young less-skilled blacks. The legacies of apartheid can explain part of the increase in labour supply and inability of the economy to absorb it which produced the extreme levels of unemployment, but more could have been done to unwind those legacies and other policies and institutions have contributed to the dysfunction of the labour market. Notably, improvements in product market regulation to strengthen competition could help expand formal sector employment. Changes in municipal laws and regulations to ease migration and facilitate informal employment are also likely to be particularly important. Improving the implementation of employment protection legislation could also help reduce unemployment. Efforts to tackle crime could help reduce the brain drain and attract skilled immigrants, which would likely boost demand for less-skilled workers via complementarities. Over the longer term, improvements in basic education will be key to reducing the excess supply of less-skilled workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/227318203215
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    Enhancing Educational Performance in Australia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.678
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: The Australian education system fares well in international comparison with regards to PISA test scores and the higher education system attracts an increasing number of foreign students. Vocational education and training (VET) is an important part of the post–secondary education system, equipping individuals with the skills to enter or re–enter the labour force and offering a pathway to further education. However, a number of challenges need to be addressed. Reducing complexity and fragmentation and tackling issues of under–supply and under–representation of children from disadvantaged groups in the early childhood education and care system is of major importance, given the beneficial impact of early education on outcomes later in life. A key challenge for the school sector is to reduce the achievement gaps of the lowest performing students, while improving overall literacy and numeracy outcomes. Greater autonomy at the school level and improvements in teaching quality would help in this regard. Enhancing the capacity of the VET system to address skill shortages is another key priority. The low rate of completion of training courses is an additional policy issue facing the sector. Finally, moving towards a less rigid policy framework for higher education would enhance flexibility and diversity, making the system more responsive to labour market needs and globalisation challenges. The promotion of a highquality education system that responds swiftly to changing skill needs is a top priority of the new government. The “Education Revolution”, backed by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), pursues reforms across all sectors of the education system, an important objective being the closing of the gap for the indigenous population.
    DOI: 10.1787/226361423610
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    The Role of Transparency in the Conduct of Monetary Policy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.724
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In contrast to the once prevailing norm of secrecy and opaqueness, transparency has now become one of the main features characterising the conduct of monetary policy. Detailed analysis of eleven OECD central banks shows that communication practices have converged markedly in the direction of ever greater transparency. Empirical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that transparency contributes to the successful conduct of monetary policy: higher transparency is a typical element of monetary frameworks that are associated with better anchored inflation expectations and more stable inflation outcomes. Despite this general trend toward increased transparency, however, central banks differ in actual communication practices. There is a particular divergence with respect to transparency in the decision-making process and communication regarding future policy inclination. Although the appropriate degree of transparency in these areas is an unsettled issue, the fact that financial dislocation is impairing conventional monetary transmission makes these two areas critical for policy implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/221128317344
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  • 27
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    L' impact de l'économie géographique sur le PIB par tête dans les pays de l'OCDE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The contribution of economic geography to GDP per capita
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article examine dans quelle mesure la dispersion des performances économiques entre pays de l’OCDE peut être expliquée par la proximité de zones denses d’activités économiques. Pour ce faire, divers indicateurs de distance par rapport aux marchés et de coûts de transports sont ajoutés comme déterminants dans un modèle de Solow augmenté, utilisé comme référence. Diverses mesures de distance sont estimées avoir un effet significatif sur le PIB par habitant. De plus, l’impact économique estimé est loin d’être négligeable. L’éloignement par rapport aux marchés pourrait pénaliser l’Australie et la Nouvelle Zélande, par rapport à la moyenne des pays de l’OCDE, à hauteur de 11 % du PIB. A l’inverse, la Belgique et les Pays-Bas bénéficieraient de leur position centrale pour environ 6-7 % du PIB. Des premières indications suggèrent également que les dépenses en R-D et en capital humain peuvent avoir un effet plus fort sur le PIB par tête dans les pays ayant un fort degré de concentration urbaine.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-9-fr
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    Péréquation financière (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Fiscal equalisation
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La péréquation financière constitue un transfert de ressources budgétaires entre les autorités infranationales visant à compenser les disparités territoriales en termes de capacité fiscale ou de coût des services publics. Ce transfert représente 2.5 % du PIB ou 5 % de l’ensemble des dépenses publiques en moyenne pour l’ensemble des pays de l’OCDE. La péréquation permet de réduire de deux tiers en moyenne les disparités financières voire de virtuellement les combler entièrement dans certains pays. Cependant la péréquation ne va pas sans coût : en moyenne près de 70 % du revenu fiscal additionnel d’une autorité infranationale se trouve dédié à un fonds national de péréquation. Le taux de péréquation est en général plus élevé pour les collectivités territoriales disposant d’une faible capacité fiscale, ce qui limite leur effort fiscal et risque de ralentir la convergence économique entre les régions. La péréquation selon les coûts représente un pourcentage de PIB plus important que celle qui repose sur les revenus, et ce bien que les disparités soient moins élevées en termes de coût qu’en termes de revenus. Ce constat souligne les inefficacités des formules de péréquation. En particulier, la péréquation financière peut s’avérer pro-cyclique même si la plupart des pays parviennent à contenir les variations des engagements de dépense des collectivités territoriales, parfois même au prix de leurs besoins budgétaires. Les systèmes de péréquation financière sont en fait très marqués par les spécificités nationales, aussi les données comme les conclusions de l’analyse comparative doivent être prises avec précaution. Par Hansjörg Blöchliger et Claire Charbit
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-8-fr
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    Les effets d'une taxe carbone sur la Norvège, la Russie et le Moyen-Orient (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The incidence of carbon pricing: Norway, Russia and the Middle East
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: La Russie, la Norvège et les pays du Moyen-Orient sont trois régions du monde caractérisées par des héritages différents en matière de politiques énergétiques. Ces caractéristiques sont telles qu’elles rendent plus problématiques la mise en place de politiques de réduction des gaz à effet de serre en Russie, et dans les pays du Moyen-Orient, qu’en Norvège. Et ce, même si toutes trois sont des économies largement productrices d’énergie primaire. Par rapport au coût économique moyen d’une telle politique pour l’ensemble des pays du monde, la Russie sera durement touchée, le Moyen-Orient aussi, quoique dans une proportion moindre, la Norvège, en revanche, ne le sera guère plus que le reste du monde. Cette asymétrie souligne que si ces différences en termes d’impact sont mal appréhendées, alors des négociations internationales seraient sujettes à des marchandages sous informations asymétriques. Ces derniers pourraient alors empêcher d’aboutir à un accord global. Ce résultat n’est qu’une première illustration des efforts à fournir afin de surmonter de tels problèmes d’asymétries. Néanmoins certaines conclusions de cet article sont clairement explicites : en ce qui concerne le rythme des réformes des marchés de l’énergie en Russie, ou quant à la diversification des économies du Moyen Orient.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-7-fr
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    Mondialisation et emploi dans les pays de l'OCDE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globalisation and employment in the OECD
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Nous examinons dans cet article certains des changements qui pourraient se produire sur les marchés nationaux du travail de nombreux pays de l’OCDE en raison de l’internationalisation de la production des entreprises multinationales, en mettant plus particulièrement l’accent sur l’impact des flux d’investissement direct étranger (IDE) en provenance des pays de l’OCDE sur l’emploi dans le pays d’origine des entreprises investisseuses. Les études existantes laissent à penser que l’effet global des échanges et de l’internationalisation de la production sur la situation d’ensemble du marché du travail a été relativement modeste, même si certaines catégories de qualifications et de professions ont été plus fortement touchées. Les résultats empiriques présentés dans cet article tendent à indiquer que l’impact global sur l’emploi des flux sortants d’IDE varie suivant les branches d’activité et les pays. En ce qui concerne les secteurs manufacturiers entretenant des liens commerciaux étroits avec les économies non membres de l’OCDE, certains éléments montrent que l’emploi intérieur est devenu plus sensible aux variations des coûts de main-d’œuvre dans le pays considéré. À l’échelon national, nous parvenons à la conclusion que la croissance de l’investissement à l’étranger exerce un effet positif significatif sur la croissance de l’emploi intérieur aux États-Unis. À l’inverse, on constate l’existence d’une relation négative au Japon, en particulier pour les flux d’IDE à destination de la Chine. Par Margit Molnar, Nigel Pain et Daria Taglioni.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-3-fr
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    Current Account Sustainability in Brazil : A Non-Linear Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.703
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: The possibility that a country’s external current account may adjust nonlinearly to shocks is attracting increasing attention in the empirical literature. To shed further light on this issue in the context of emerging-market economies, this paper uses Brazilian data to estimate the determinants of the current account in a smooth-transition vector-autoregressive (ST-VAR) setting. We allow for the transition parameters and the model coefficients to be estimated simultaneously by non-linear constrained maximum likelihood. We find strong evidence of non-linearity in the VAR when (lagged) government consumption and investment are used as the variables governing transition across regimes. The computation of non-linear impulse response functions suggests that the system’s history, as well as the sign and magnitude of shocks, affect the current account’s responses to exogenous changes in income, government consumption and investment. In particular, responses to fiscal shocks depend on whether they are positive or negative and whether they follow periods of fiscal expansions or contractions. Current account responses to a positive fiscal impulse are much stronger when conditioned on periods of fiscal expansion (rising government consumption) than retrenchment. The importance of conditioning history and the magnitude of shocks in the current account’s response to shocks is confirmed by forecast error variance decomposition analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/223518424256
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    Taxes or Grants : What Revenue Source for Sub-Central Governments? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.706
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses trends in and driving forces of the revenue composition of sub-central governments (SCG). Between 1995 and 2005 the share of SCG in total government spending increased from 31 to 33%, while the SCG tax share remained stable at around 17%, increasing SCG’s dependence on intergovernmental grants. While equal access to public services is the most common justification for such grants, the grant systems of most countries are much larger than required by equalization. Moreover, rather than smoothing out SCG revenue fluctuations over the cycle, grants often tend to exacerbate them. Finally, there is some evidence that grants reduce SCG tax raising effort, inflate SCG spending and increase SCG deficits and debt. The economic crisis will both sharply reduce SCG’s own tax revenues and – via budget constraints at the central level – increase pressure on the grant system. The crisis could hence help rethink the SCG revenue mix, their tax structure and the size and design of intergovernmental transfers.
    DOI: 10.1787/223111363085
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    Reforms to Open Sheltered Sectors to Competition in Switzerland (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.667
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Measures to make the regulation of product markets more conducive to competition play a prominent role in the governments “growth package” of measures to stimulate economic growth which are in the process of being implemented. This paper discusses these measures and suggests further improvements. Notwithstanding significant reforms in recent years, competition law and its enforcement are still weaker than in other OECD countries. Scope for making regulation of product markets more competition-friendly is large in the network industries. While sector-specific regulators have been introduced, their independence needs to be strengthened. The reform of the electricity supply law provides the main building block opening the industry to competition, but vertical separation requirements of the electricity grid from electricity generation and trading activities need to be strengthened. In telecommunications, restrictions in access of competitors to the local loop limit the scope for lowering prices and improving quality of service in broadband connections. Measures still need to be taken to prevent discrimination against market entrants in the railway passenger services market and much scope exists to widen competition in postal services. Progress in lowering the degree of protection in the proposed legislation on agricultural policy 2007-11 is modest. Trade barriers can also be lowered for manufactured goods through the adoption of the Cassis de Dijon principle.
    DOI: 10.1787/226785745104
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    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : How to Build the Necessary Global Action in a Cost-Effective Manner (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 128 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.701
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the cost of a range of national, regional and global mitigation policies and the corresponding incentives for countries to participate in ambitious international mitigation actions. The paper illustrates the scope for available instruments to strengthen these incentives and discusses ways to overcome barriers to the development of an international carbon price, based on the quantitative assessment from two global and sectorially-disaggregated CGE models. Key step towards the emergence of a single international carbon price will most likely involve the phasing out of subsidies of fossil fuel consumption and various forms of linking between regional carbon markets, ranging from direct linking of existing emission trading systems to more indirect forms through the use of sectoral crediting mechanisms. The paper discusses regulatory issues raised by the expansion of emission trading and crediting schemes as well as the complementary contribution of non-market based instruments such as the imposition of technical standards and R&D policies. Finally, the paper emphasises the important role of international transfers, not least to overcome the relatively strong economic incentives in some countries to free ride on other regions mitigation actions. While they can take various explicit or implicit forms, transfers made primarily through market mechanisms, for instance via the allocation of binding emission reduction commitments across countries, would be most cost-effective.
    DOI: 10.1787/224074334782
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    Achieving Fiscal Flexibility and Safeguarding Sustainability : The Case of Slovakia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.681
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Euro area entry calls for more fiscal flexibility to absorb cyclical shocks that cannot be dealt with by the common monetary policy. At the same time fiscal consolidation must not be put at risk, especially given rising ageing related costs. The current fiscal framework could be improved by introducing multi-year expenditure ceilings and by removing pro-cyclical elements in fiscal rules. An adjustment account that serves to register breaches of fiscal rules and eliminates them over time could help in coping with projection errors. To ensure long-term sustainability of public finances it is essential not to dilute the substantial improvements in the long-term balance of the definedbenefit pillar associated with past pension reforms. The government should consider making participation in the defined contribution pillar mandatory for new labour market entrants or, at the very least, make it the default option. For current workers the pillars should remain closed. Moreover, further parametric changes such as increasing the retirement age in line with life expectancy gains and reducing unsustainable elements in the pension formula would improve the balance of the defined benefit pillar.
    DOI: 10.1787/226231818862
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    Ten Years of Product Market Reform in OECD Countries : Insights from a Revised PMR Indicator (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.695
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes patterns and developments of regulation that potentially affect product market competition in OECD countries over the past decade. It uses the 2008 update and revision of the OECD indicators of product market regulation (PMR) that integrate to a larger extent than in the past information on sector-specific regulation and adapt a simpler and more transparent aggregation technique. The results show that OECD countries have extensively liberalised product markets over the past ten years and – as a consequence - convergence of regulation across OECD countries can be observed. However, reforms appear to have slowed in the most recent period (2003-2008) as compared with the earlier period (1998- 2003). Easing of product market regulation appears to have been driven to a considerable extent by reforms in sector-specific regulation, notably as regards the gas, electricity and telecommunications markets. Countries appear also to have followed consistent reform approaches. However, scope for further reform remains, especially as regards controls of governments over businesses, and as regards certain sectors such as professional services and retail trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/224255001640
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    Improving the Performance of the Public Health Care System in Greece (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.722
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: Greek health outcomes compare favourably with the OECD average. However, the health care system is seen as not working well by the population. One source of dissatisfaction is the high proportion of private household spending on health, including informal payments, while public health spending relative to GDP is one of the lowest in the OECD. This situation leads to inequities in access to certain medical services. Also, there is a weakening of efficiency of the system, which should be addressed sooner than later in view of a rising demand for medical services, which is going to intensify in the coming decades, and the need to keep government health care spending in check. This calls for reforms in four areas: (i) reviewing the excessively fragmented structure of the health care system and its governance; (ii) enhancing the quality of public primary health care services; (iii) modernising hospital administration; and (iv) further tightening control over pharmaceutical expenditure.
    DOI: 10.1787/221250170007
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  • 38
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    The role of teacher compensation and selected accountability policies for learning outcomes : An empirical analysis for OECD countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-20
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-20
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Educational outcomes are shaped by a wide range of factors, including innate students’ characteristics, family and school background and other environmental factors. But a key-question for policy-makers is what schools and school policies can do to raise overall student performance. Several studies have indeed shown the positive effect of an increase in cognitive skills and competencies on both social and individual economic welfare. From a macroeconomic viewpoint, international differences in student achievement tests have been shown to increase long-run economic growth. Our analysis focuses on the quality of school systems, i.e. on the association of educational policies with average learning outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art10-en
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    Market Openness, Trade Liberalisation and Innovation Capacity in the Finnish Telecom Equipment Industry (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 65-107
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 65-107
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: This case study examines how recent trade and investment patterns (including “trade in tasks” resulting from supply chain fragmentation) and Finnish and global policies that promote market openness and free trade have affected the innovation process in the Finnish mobile telecom equipment industry. It illustrates, first, how regulatory, trade and investment policy choices have helped, alongside other key policies, provide the adequate framework conditions for innovation in this country of 5.2 million people. Secondly, it examines how the private sector, and more particularly Nokia, has taken advantage of those conditions to enhance its innovation capacity. This case study does not constitute an in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of Finnish public policies nor of Nokia’s business strategy, but provides an illustration of how certain public policy choices and business strategies can contribute to a country’s innovation performance. Keywords: Innovation, trade reform, intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), deregulation, Finland, Nokia, telecom equipment industry, information and communication technologies (ICT), R&D investments, Information Technology Agreement.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art25-en
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  • 40
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    Défis posés par la poursuite de la mondialisation en matière de politique macroéconomique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article étudie les défis de politiques économiques posés par la poursuite éventuelle au cours des deux prochaines décennies de l’intégration commerciale et financière internationales. Cette étude est fondée sur l’utilisation d’un modèle macroéconomique mondial récemment développé par l’OCDE. L’analyse conduit à plusieurs implications politiques importantes. Tout d’abord, avec une part croissante des économies non membres de l’OCDE dans la production mondiale, le commerce et les marchés financiers, les changements économiques mondiaux deviendront beaucoup plus dépendants de ceux de ces économies. Ensuite, la soutenabilité des déséquilibres mondiaux des comptes courants existants dépendra en partie de la construction et de la composition futures des avoirs et engagements internationaux. Alors que les déséquilibres devraient être soutenables un certain temps si l’intégration économique continue à ce rythme, un ralentissement du processus de mondialisation augmenterait la possibilité d’un ajustement brutal des marchés financiers. Enfin, l’accroissement des liens commerciaux et internationaux implique que les chocs macroéconomiques affectant un pays ou une région donnée auront dans le futur un impact plus fort sur les autres économies que maintenant. Les décideurs politiques des pays de l’OCDE devraient donc agir plus rapidement et plus fortement aux chocs économiques affectant les économies non membres de l’OCDE afin d’en limiter l’impact sur les économies membres.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-5-fr
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    Peace and Security in Africa (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 63-85
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 63-85
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: More action is needed, by both Africa and the wider international community. Building peace and security is essential, both for economic development and for poverty reduction. Leadership is being taken by Africa itself. The number of conflicts has fallen. But even so, one-fifth of the population of Africa still live in conflict zones. More action is needed both to strengthen and support Africa’s own efforts to bring peace to the continent, and to tackle the wider global drivers of conflict, including the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, and the trade in conflict resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2009-art4-en
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  • 42
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    Pension Information : The Annual Statement at a Glance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 131-171
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 131-171
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The world’s allegedly shortest mail correspondence took place in 1862. The French author Victor Hugo had gone on vacation as his big novel Les miserable was published. But Hugo could not refrain himself from writing to the publisher to ask how it went. The letter read: « ? » and the publishers’ reply « ! ».
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art19-en
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    Making the most of Norwegian Schools (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.661
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Traditionally, the Norwegian compulsory education system has focused strongly on the linked goals of equal opportunities to learn, comprehensive and inclusive education. While some of these objectives have been met successfully, a number of educational outcomes, notably measures of pupil performance at the end of compulsory schooling, are unsatisfactory. Given the significant resources devoted to education, Norway’s modest performance on certain measures suggests that resources are used inefficiently. There are many possible routes to improve efficiency. This paper focuses on teaching quality, school autonomy, accountability and the level and composition of spending. Consistent policy actions should be taken in these areas, taking into account the multi–level structure of governance of the Norwegian education system.
    DOI: 10.1787/227333554837
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    The Role of R&D and Technology Diffusion in Climate Change Mitigation : New Perspectives Using the WITCH Model (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.664
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses the WITCH model, a computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change, to explore the impact of various climate policies on energy technology choices and the costs of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations. Current and future expected carbon prices appear to have powerful effects on R&D spending and clean technology diffusion. Their impact on stabilisation costs depends on the nature of R&D: R&D targeted at incremental energy efficiency improvements has only limited effects, but R&D focused on the emergence of major new low-carbon technologies could lower costs drastically if successful – especially in the non-electricity sector, where such low-carbon options are scarce today. With emissions coming from multiple sources, keeping a wide range of options available matters more for stabilisation costs than improving specific technologies. Due to international knowledge spillovers, stabilisation costs could be further reduced through a complementary, global R&D policy. However, a strong price signal is always required.
    DOI: 10.1787/227114657270
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  • 45
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    Health-Care Reform in Japan : Controlling Costs, Improving Quality and Ensuring Equity (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.739
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Japan’s health-care system has provided universal access to care and contributed to the outstanding health status of the Japanese. Public spending has been kept below the OECD average through high co-payment rates and reductions in medical fees. However, with continued upward pressure on expenditure, in part due to rapid population ageing, reforms are needed to limit spending increases through greater efficiency, while improving quality. It is essential to shift long-term care out of hospitals, reform the pricing mechanism away from pay-for-visit, increase the use of generic drugs, encourage healthy ageing and promote restructuring in the hospital sector. Quality should be improved by increasing the availability of effective new drugs and medical devices. In funding spending increases, it is important to limit the share borne by employees to avoid negative effects on the labour market. Japan may need to allow more mixed billing to enhance access to some advanced medical treatments.
    DOI: 10.1787/220005270870
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    Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation Policies : Literature Review and New Results (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.693
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: There are local air pollution benefits from pursuing greenhouse gases emissions mitigation policies, which lower the net costs of emission reductions and thereby may strengthen the incentives to participate in a global climate change mitigation agreement. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which local air pollution co-benefits can lower the cost of climate change mitigation policies in OECD and non-OECD countries and can offer economic incentives for developing countries to participate in a post- 2012 global agreement. The paper sets out an analytical framework to answer these questions. After a literature review on the estimates of the co-benefits, new estimates, which are obtained within a general equilibrium, dynamic, multi-regional framework, are presented. The main conclusion is that the co-benefits from climate change mitigation in terms of reduced outdoor local air pollution might cover a significant part of the cost of action. Nonetheless, they alone may not provide sufficient participation incentives to large developing countries. This is partly because direct local air pollution control policies appear to be typically cheaper than indirect action via greenhouse gases emissions mitigation.
    DOI: 10.1787/224388684356
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    Fiscal Federalism in Belgium : Main Challenges and Considerations for Reform (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.743
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fédéralisme budgétaire en Belgique : Défis principaux et réformes envisageables
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: The paper discusses the current state of fiscal relations across levels of government in Belgium and how it has developed over time. As the current system of fiscal federalism is creating imbalances between the federal and the sub-federal governments (vertical imbalance), and between sub-federal governments (horizontal imbalance) the paper also suggests directions for improvements. Without reform, the vertical imbalance will widen as the fiscal burden from the ageing of the population falls mainly on the federal level. Reform should therefore strengthen the fiscal capacity of the federal government by improving its revenue sources and by shifting some spending obligations to sub-federal governments. The imbalance between regions arises because of the lack of coherence between taxation and spending. Shared revenues from the personal income tax are allocated to the region of residence, while the region of the workplace does not benefit, which particularly affects Brussels’ revenue level. This imbalance could be eliminated by allocating more of the shared personal income tax to the region of the workplace. Furthermore, the system of equalisation grants should be re-designed to provide incentives to the recipient regions to develop their own revenue base. The performance of the fiscal system could further be improved by raising the efficiency of spending in areas of national interest, which have been assigned to sub-federal governments or where there are overlapping responsibilities, such as in employment, R&D, training, education, energy and environmental policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/218562648706
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    How fused is the euro area core? : An evaluation of growth cycle co-movement and synchronization using wavelet analysis (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 63-95
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 63-95
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This paper uses several recent advances in time-varying spectral methods to analyse the growth cycles of the core of the euro area in terms of frequency content and phasing of cycles. There are two main findings. First that coherence and phasing between the three core members of the euro area (France, Germany and Italy) continue to differ, and that for France they increased in the 1990s but not noticeably since the launch of the euro. Second that similarities vary considerably according to the length of cycle. They are high for low frequencies but lower at traditional business cycle frequencies. Simply looking at business cycles loses much of the detail of the extent of co-movement in different frequency cycles within the euro area.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2008-art4-en
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    Capital Inflows, Household Debt and the Boom-bust Cycle in Estonia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.700
    Keywords: Economics ; Estonia
    Abstract: From 2000 to 2007, Estonia was one of the fastest growing emerging market economies. A housing boom, fuelled by capital inflows and credit, resulted in skyrocketing house prices and an over-expanded construction sector. However, the currency board limited the Bank of Estonia’s ability to curb credit growth, while the fiscal policy framework amplified the cycle through pro-cyclical spending increases and tax cuts. As credit was mostly financed by cross-border loans from foreign banks, the risks of disruptions to credit flows and financial contagion have increased. Some have already materialised through tightened lending standards and capital outflows. Estonia is now in a severe recession. To restore high and sustainable growth, the country will need to rebalance its resources from non-tradables towards exports. Regaining external competitiveness will be challenging, however, given the fixed exchange rate and recent devaluations in partner countries. Flexibility of the economy will thus be crucial. Over the medium term, policymakers could also strengthen incentives for a better functioning of the housing finance market and gradually remove the pro-cyclical bias of fiscal policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/224121736171
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    What is holding back productivity growth in India ? : Recent microevidence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Keywords: Economics ; India
    Abstract: This article examines recent micro-evidence on the productivity of Indian firms, helping to explain why India’s manufacturing sector has not performed as well as many observers expected. A series of structural distortions are documented, all of which may depress the performance of manufacturing, and thus the economy as a whole. These distortions exist at multiple levels, and reflect long-standing problems with the reallocation of labour across sectors, the excessively small scale of firms, low firm turnover, poor product market integration, high industry concentration and persistent state ownership. Combined, these phenomena represent severe restraints on the level and growth of productivity in manufacturing, and suggest that much remains to be done to improve the strength and sustainability of India’s development path.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art3-en
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    Financial Market Stability in the European Union : Enhancing Regulation and Supervision (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.670
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: Financial innovation and integration have spurred financial development and enhanced consumer choice. Financial integration has also been associated with the emergence of large, complex, cross-border financial institutions (LCFIs). This has changed risk profiles and made cross-border contagion more likely. An important challenge for the EU is to manage systemic risks and cross-border contagion to ensure financial stability in an integrated financial market. The financial market turmoil has also highlighted some gaps in the regulatory and supervisory framework. Although the European authorities should be commended for the progress they have made in updating and improving frameworks and responding to the financial turmoil, more can be done. In particular, further steps are needed to remove the mismatch between integrating European financial markets on the one hand, and largely national supervision on the other. Attention should also be given to the question of which measures are adequate to dampen the procyclicality of the financial system. New regulations should not impose unnecessary costs on consumers, businesses and financial institutions, nor create obstacles to further market integration.
    DOI: 10.1787/226578225340
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    Labour Market Flexibility in Estonia : What more Can be Done? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.697
    Keywords: Economics ; Estonia
    Abstract: In mid-2008, high employment and low unemployment rates characterised the Estonian labour market in comparison with the average of the EU15 countries. While aggregate outcomes improved during 2000-07, large inequalities persisted across regions, ethnic groups, and workers with different skill levels. As Estonia entered recession in 2008, the unemployment rate almost doubled between the 2nd and the 4th quarter, and is expected to rise further in 2009 and 2010. More flexible labour markets will be a key adjustment mechanism during the recession as well as in the medium term if Estonia is to become a knowledge-based economy. Given the currency board arrangement and low synchronisation with the euro area, flexibility is also needed to cushion asymmetric shocks. In December 2008, parliament adopted the new Employment Contract Act, deregulating employment protection while increasing income security of the unemployed. This paper discusses options for removing the remaining barriers that impede worker reallocation across jobs, sectors, and regions into more productive activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/224177441445
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    Le commerce international : Libre, équitable et ouvert ? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060289 , 9789264107144
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Trade; Free, Fair and Open?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Le commerce international influence directement le prix et la disponibilité de tout ce que nous achetons ou presque. Son rôle est également notable dans beaucoup d’autres domaines, notamment l’emploi, l’environnement et la lutte contre la pauvreté. Les essentiels de l'OCDE : Le commerce international soutient que la prospérité a rarement, voire jamais, été atteinte ou maintenue sans le concours du commerce. Néanmoins, à lui seul, il ne constitue pas une condition suffisante, et des politiques orientées vers l’emploi, l’éducation, la santé et bien d’autres domaines encore sont nécessaires pour favoriser le bien-être et s’attaquer aux défis d’une économie mondialisée.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060289-fr
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    Explorations in OEEC History (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (281 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Fifty years after it was launched, the Marshall Plan remains a major event of post World War II history. But what did it actually do for European reconstruction? To commemorate the opening of its historical archives to the public and their deposit at the European University Institute (EUI), the OECD invited a group of EUI historians to analyse the role played by the Marshall Plan and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in the economic recovery of Europe. This book examines the major moments punctuating OEEC history from the original offer of Marshall Aid in 1947 to the decision to create the OECD in 1960. It offers a history of the European economic reconstruction and contributes to discussions on models of co-operation favouring economic development, trade liberalisation and world economic integration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067974-en
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    The wage premium on tertiary education : New estimates for 21 OECD countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-29
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-29
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study focuses on the single most important component of the private return on tertiary education, the gross wage premium. There are at least two additional reasons for paying particular attention to wage premia. First, the wage premium earned by existing graduates is easy to observe, so high-school leavers can be assumed to take it into account when deciding for or against enrolment in tertiary education. Second, to the extent that wages reflect marginal labour productivity, estimates of wage premia are sometimes used to assess the quality of human capital in an economy with a view to correcting simpler measures based on years of schooling or attainment levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art7-en
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    Mali: Beyond Cotton? Searching for "Green Gold" (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 33-51
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 33-51
    Keywords: Economics ; Mali
    Abstract: The Malian economy faces the challenge of reducing its over-dependence on cotton and gold. In order to do so, a search for “green gold” — commercial agriculture beyond cotton — is underway. Mali has started to exploit export market opportunities for horticulture products in Europe as well as in neighbouring countries. Moreover, the country is currently testing the introduction of domestic wheat production for local processing. Although donors are increasingly supporting the development of these new agricultural products, the reform of the cotton sector continues to receive their special attention. Moreover, certain agricultural sub-sectors such as livestock and fishing receive only limited support. The development of a vibrant private sector in agriculture requires further improvements in government policies and donor support, but also more active private sector participation. The government should re-engage in agricultural diversification, and donors should strive to increase the sustainability of their interventions. To this end, greater co-ordination between donors and government is needed in tandem with strengthening the capacity of the local private actors. The study highlights progress towards better donor co-ordination in agriculture and encouraging results, especially with respect to facilitating access to credit for farmers and fostering producers’ organisations. At the same time, it argues that there remains ample room for improvement. Donors tend to crowd in certain segments of the agricultural value chain and to specialise in specific export crops (e.g. the mango sector where 12 donors are currently operating) at the expense of some other important areas, which require additional support (e.g. livestock, transport infrastructure and logistics). A more balanced and coherent approach is warranted.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-2009-5ks9zs5grzg4
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    Russia's Long and Winding Road to a more Efficient and Resilient Banking Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.731
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: In the decade following the 1998 financial crisis Russia’s banking system grew much larger and stronger – indeed, growth rates were dangerously high – but even before the onset of the current global crisis it continued to play a limited role in intermediating savings and investment, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. Moreover, despite important improvements, some weaknesses in prudential supervision remained, and the Russian banking sector continued to have too many very small banks doing little if any banking business. This paper discusses the policy imperatives in the short term, in the face of the ongoing economic crisis, and reforms that could be implemented over the longer term to improve the efficiency and resilience of the financial system and raise Russia’s potential growth rate. While the current crisis is painful for the banking sector as well as the broader economy, it may facilitate a restructuring of the system that will be positive in the long run, as well as new approaches to regulation that will make banking less crisis-prone.
    DOI: 10.1787/220756044067
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    The Spending Power of Sub-Central Governments : A Pilot Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.705
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This pilot study presents indicators that assess sub-central government (SCG) spending power by policy area. Traditional indicators – such as the share of SCG in total government spending – are often misleading as they underestimate the impact of central government regulation on sub-central spending patterns. In order to gauge true spending power, a set of institutional indicators is established, based on a detailed assessment of institutional, regulatory and administrative control central government exerts over various SCG policy areas. Results tend to confirm the limited discretion of SCGs over their own budget. Education in particular – the main SCG budget item in most countries – is strongly shaped by central government regulation. Federal countries tend to grant more spending power to SCGs than unitary countries. With a few amendments, the framework of this study could be applied to all OECD countries, although it is advisable to restrict the analysis to the main sub-central spending areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/223123781022
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    The policy determinants of hours worked across OECD countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-39
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-39
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article investigates the policy determinants of hours worked among employed individuals in OECD countries, focussing on the impact of taxation, working-time regulations, and other labour and product market policies. It explores the factors underlying cross-country differences in hours worked — in line with previous aggregate approaches — while at the same time it looks more closely at labour force heterogeneity — in the vein of microeconomic labour supply models. The paper shows that policies and institutions have a different impact on working hours of men and women. Firstly, while high marginal taxes create a disincentive to work longer hours for women, their impact on hours worked by men is almost insignificant. Secondly, working-time regulations have a significant impact on hours worked by men, and this impact differs across education categories. Thirdly, other labour and product market policies, in particular stringent employment protection of workers on regular contracts and competition-restraining product market policies, have a negative impact on hours worked by men, over and beyond their impact on employment levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art1-en
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  • 60
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    Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 87-126
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 87-126
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: It is time to deliver for women and girls. Africa’s growth and development agenda can only succeed if the continent is able to draw on all its resources and talents, and if women are able to participate fully in economic, social and political life. This will require intensified efforts to eliminate discrimination and promote equal rights. The strong commitment which has been demonstrated by African governments needs to be complemented by strong support from the wider international community, within the framework of a clear allocation of responsibilities, and the clear mapping out of specific steps and measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2009-art5-en
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    Structural Reforms and the Benefits of the Enlarged EU Internal Market : Much Achieved and Much to Do (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.694
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: High expectations surrounded the two waves of eastward EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007, with the extension of the EU Internal Market being expected to deliver a substantial boost to economic growth in new and old member States alike. Indeed, considerable progress has been made, with existing evidence pointing to increased trade and FDI flows, enhanced east-west migration and a more stable macroeconomic environment. However, completion of the internal market is progressing at an uneven pace, and comparatively less progress can be seen in services industries, which provide over two-thirds of jobs and value added in the economy. Empirical estimates suggest that competition and trade-enhancing reforms in services industries could generate substantial productivity improvements across EU member economies. Over a period of 10 years, the predicted increase in labour productivity resulting from a bold reform package is around 10% for the average EU country, and new member States stand to gain even more. In addition to service-sector reform, priorities towards a more integrated EU internal market should include removing remaining barriers to labour mobility, improving transport infrastructure, mutual recognition of qualifications, and enhanced market integration of network industries. Finally, a more explicit use of benchmarking may help to enhance the momentum of future internal market reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/224350486867
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    Domestic Reform, Trade, Innovation and Growth in New Zealand's Agricultural Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 189-218
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 189-218
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This case study examines the effect of domestic reform including trade on New Zealand’s agriculture sector. Agricultural and trade reform has increased competition and brought substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine, fruit, livestock and dairy, which in turn has led to important changes in composition and an across the board increase in innovation and productivity. Keywords: innovation, agricultural reform, trade reform, New Zealand, agriculture, agricultural machinery, sheep, dairy, wine, horticulture, foreign investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art28-en
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  • 63
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    Mehr Ungleichheit trotz Wachstum? : Einkommensverteilung und Armut in OECD-Ländern (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049147
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growing Unequal?; Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Croissance et inégalités ; Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growing Unequal?: Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Croissance et inégalités : Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Hat die Einkommensungleichheit im Zeitverlauf zugenommen? Wer sind die Gewinner und wer die Verlierer in diesem Prozess? Sind alle OECD-Länder gleichermaßen von dieser Entwicklung betroffen? Inwieweit sind stärkere Einkommensungleichheiten die Folge größerer Disparitäten bei den persönlichen Erwerbseinkommen der Arbeitnehmer, und welche Rolle spielen dabei andere Faktoren? Wie wirkt sich schließlich die staatliche Umverteilung durch Steuer- und Transfersysteme auf diese Trends aus?Dieser Bericht liefert Befunde dafür, dass die Einkommensungleichheit während der letzten 20 Jahre in den OECD-Ländern fast überall zugenommen hat. Die Publikation enthält eine Reihe von Analysen über die Verteilung der wirtschaftlichen Ressourcen in den OECD-Ländern. Die Daten über Einkommensverteilung und Armut erstrecken sich zum ersten Mal auf alle 30 OECD-Länder zum Stand von Mitte der 2000er Jahre, während bis Mitte der 1980er Jahre zurückreichende Informationen über Trendentwicklungen für rund zwei Drittel der Länder vorliegen. Der Bericht beschreibt zudem Ungleichheiten in einer Reihe von Bereichen (wie Vermögen der privaten Haushalte, Konsumgewohnheiten, öffentliche Sachleistungen), die bei den herkömmlichen Diskussionen über die Verteilung der wirtschaftlichen Ressourcen unter Einzelpersonen und Haushalten in der Regel außer Acht gelassen werden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049147-de
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    Adjusting Housing Policies in Slovakia in Light of Euro Adoption (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.682
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: House prices have risen strongly in past years, helped by rising incomes and declining interest rates. At the same time, construction of new dwellings has remained fairly muted and has only recently shown signs of picking up. A characteristic feature of the Slovak housing market, and a consequence of the privatization programme initiated in the early 1990s, is the virtual absence of a private rental market. As euro membership will most likely go along with easier financial conditions and also entails limited availability of national policy tools, current housing policies will have to be adjusted. The challenges are to avoid overheating of the housing market in the medium term, in part by making supply more reactive to demand, and to phase out the hurdles that are currently impeding the private rental market, which would facilitate labour mobility. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic.
    DOI: 10.1787/226173687724
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    Overcoming the Financial Crisis in the United States (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.669
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: The global financial crisis that emerged in mid 2007 has caused considerable economic disruptions in the United States and elsewhere, and exposed major flaws in the global financial system. After examining the origins of the crisis, this paper recommends specific policy responses to resolve the immediate problems and discusses how to make the US financial system more resilient and stable in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/226765644531
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    Leading indicators on construction and retail trade sectors based on ISAE survey data (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 97-123
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 97-123
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: According to the Commission recommendations, ISAE has recently restructured the methodological framework of its survey on firms operating in the Italian construction sector and in retail trade. The innovations specifically regard the sampling design and the weight system for both sectors; this last revision, in particular, allowed the reconstruction of the ISAE historical series. In the light of the changes introduced, first of all the aim of this paper is to analyze the cyclical features and to evaluate the "leading" performances of the new ISAE series with respect to the quantitative ISTAT data. Finally, we are going to build a "leading indicator" for both construction and retail trade in Italy. We first apply the NBER methodology in order to establish the main cyclical features of the series. Then we use cross-correlation analysis to estimate the extent to which the ISAE variables and the ISTAT series are correlated. Later on the Granger causality and out of sample tests were used to evaluate the forecasting performance of the ISAE series. On the basis of the results obtained, we finally build a leading indicator for both sectors, and test its performance comparing the results to those of the confidence index elaborated by ISAE.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2008-art5-en
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    The Determinants of Employment and Earnings in Indonesia : A Multinomial Selection Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.690
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper uses household survey (Sakernas) data from the 1996 and 2004 to estimate the determinants of earnings in Indonesia. The Indonesian labour market is segmented, with a majority of workers engaged in informal-sector occupations, and earnings data are available only for formal-sector workers (salaried employees). This posed problems for the estimation of earnings equations, because selection into different labour market statuses is likely to be non-random. In order to describe selection into different labour market statuses we use the most general version of the method proposed by Dubin and McFadden (1984), which Bourguignon, Fournier and Gurgand (2007) proved to be preferable to other available multinomial selection methods. We also deal with reverse causality between education attainment and earnings by estimating the selection equations using an instrumental variable technique. Our findings cast doubt on the use of a binomial selection rule and suggest that workers with higher levels of educational attainment are most likely to find a job in the formal sector, and that the informal sector is perceived by those workers who cannot obtain a job in the formal sector as an alternative to inactivity. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Assessment of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/indonesia).
    DOI: 10.1787/224864812153
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    Intergenerational Social Mobility (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.707
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses recent patterns in intergenerational social mobility across OECD countries and examines the role that public policies can play in affecting such mobility. It shows that the relationship between parental or socio-economic background and offspring’s educational and wage outcomes is positive and significant in practically all countries for which evidence is available. Intergenerational social mobility is measured by several different indicators since no single indicator provides a complete picture. However, one pattern that emerges is of a group of countries, e.g. southern European countries and Luxembourg, which appears to rank as relatively immobile on most indicators, while another group, e.g. Nordics, is found to be more mobile. Furthermore, public policies such as education and early childcare play a role in explaining observed differences in intergenerational social mobility across countries. In addition, this study also finds a positive cross-country correlation between intergenerational social mobility and redistributive policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/223106258208
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    An optimized forecast specification for economic activity : An automated discovery approach using a genetic algorithm (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-36
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-36
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Finding a good forecasting model in a data-rich environment is a complex problem which challenges forecasters and statistical methods. In such an environment, automated modelling strategies are necessary for an efficient use of the information in the data. In contrast to frequently applied methods used for large data sets we propose a model selection approach for dynamic single equation regressions that are used to make forecasts. This paper proposes a new approach for quantitative forecasting that is able to deal with both an increasing number of variables that are potentially important for forecasting, as well as an increasing number of observations simultaneously. Another characteristic of the proposed approach is that evaluation of the goodness of forecast models is based on different criteria. As we are interested in finding forecast models with high-quality criteria we define the search for a forecast model as a multi-criteria optimization problem. We define the quality criteria in our goal function by in-sample measures and out-of-sample measures, as well as by a balance between them, and apply a genetic algorithm to solve this complex, global and discrete multi-criteria optimization problem. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated by forecasting German industrial production based on a data set containing key economic indicators and leading indicators. It is shown that, for short forecast horizons, the proposed approach provides forecasts with a high accuracy.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2008-art2-en
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    Comprendiendo las cuentas nacionales (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063747
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (554 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding National Accounts
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Este manual explica el ámbito y el significado del PIB y la RNB (o INB) y de sus componentes. Muestra cómo y para qué se utilizan estos agregados e incluye ejemplos y ejercicios prácticos que ayudan a comprender estos conceptos. El manual presenta las cuentas nacionales desde una perspectiva global y dedica capítulos especiales a las comparaciones internacionales y a los sistemas de cuentas nacionales de EEUU, México y Chile. El primer capítulo muestra la relación entre los principales conceptos de cuentas nacionales y el análisis macroeconómico. El libro continúa con el análisis de las variaciones de precios y de volumen, las comparaciones internacionales, el ámbito de la producción, los empleos finales y las cuentas no financieras de los hogares, de las empresas (sociedades no financieras e instituciones financieras) y de las administraciones públicas (o gobierno general). También describe el ámbito de las tablas input output y de las cuentas económicas integradas y, por último, informa sobre la historia, y el futuro, de los sistemas internacionales de cuentas nacionales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063747-es
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    Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change : A Literature Review (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.691
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Climate change is expected to have significant implications for the world economy and, more broadly, for many areas of human activity. The purpose of this review is twofold. First, it is to summarise current estimates of the impacts of climate change and to explain how these estimates are built in order to identify the main sources of uncertainty and approximation affecting them. Second, the paper discusses how this uncertainty should influence policymaker?s decisions. A main conclusion of the review is that there are large uncertainties, which are not fully reflected in existing estimates of global impacts of climate change in monetary units. Nonetheless, despite these uncertainties, policy action may be justified, provided that policies are cost-effective, even if the marginal cost of GHG emissions mitigation exceeds the marginal damage of one additional ton of carbon. This is because two features of the impacts of climate change tilt the balance in favour of action: their irreversibility, and the risk that they are extreme.
    DOI: 10.1787/224864018517
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    Trade and Innovation in the Korean Information and Communication Technology Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 109-155
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 109-155
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This case study analyses the effect of trade and investment liberalisation on Korea’s information and communication technology (ICT) sector and finds that trade and investment have played a crucial role in innovation in this sector. In the initial stages of development, imported capital goods and components, joint ventures, licensing and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) contracts were important sources of technology and exports were key to obtain the necessary economies of scale for innovation. Free trade and investment policies in the 1990s and stronger protection of intellectual property rights have led to an increase in R&D and innovation, which in turn has led to the transformation of Korea into a knowledge-based economy. Keywords: innovation, Korea, information and communication technology, ICT, trade reform, Samsung, production network, intellectual property rights, IPR protection, patents, ITA, Information Technology Agreement
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art26-en
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    Recent Oil Price Movements : Forces and Policy Issues (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.737
    Keywords: Economics ; Erdölpreis ; Geschichte 2009
    Abstract: Crude oil prices have trended up since the end of the 1990s, peaking at a historic high in mid-2008 that was followed by a steep price correction with a subsequent rebound. This paper considers major forces behind the evolution of the oil price, using a simple model of supply and demand elasticities as a benchmark, highlights implications for inflation and economic activity and draws some conclusions for macroeconomic policy. The analysis suggests that the run-up in crude oil prices since 2003 was due to both vigorous oil demand growth by emerging markets and, from the middle of the decade onward, a weaker than expected oil supply response to rising prices. Prices are unlikely to fall back to levels seen in the first years of the decade either over the short or medium term.
    DOI: 10.1787/220061071212
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    Raising Education Outcomes in Spain (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.666
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    Abstract: Impressive progress has been made in raising participation in early childhood education as well as tertiary educational attainment over the past 30 years. However, the inflow of poorly educated youth into the labour market is unusually heavy for a high-income country, largely on account of high drop-out rates in lower secondary education which, in turn, reflect one of the highest grade repetition rates in the OECD. The supply of workers with intermediate vocational skills is surprisingly low, despite the high return, in terms of labour market outcomes that these skills offer, even if they have recently deteriorated. There is room to raise learning outcomes up to the end of compulsory school, as measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), although, owing to a compressed distribution of such outcomes, the share of poorly performing pupils is not unusually large. While significant reforms have been undertaken to address these problems, more measures are needed to reduce grade repetition and raise education outcomes, by improving accountability of schools and school staff, as well as by raising school autonomy further than has already occurred. Vocational training needs to become more attractive. In tertiary education, few Spanish universities have attained a high level of international standing, and scope remains to improve the contribution tertiary attainment can make to gains in economic welfare, notably by reforming funding arrangements.
    DOI: 10.1787/226865111178
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    Intergenerational Social Mobility in European OECD Countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.709
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper breaks new ground by providing comparable estimates of intergenerational wage and education persistence across 14 European OECD countries based on a new micro data from Eurostat. A further novelty is that it examines the potential role of public policies and labour and product market institutions in explaining observed differences in intergenerational wage mobility across countries. The empirical estimates show that intergenerational wage persistence is relatively high in southern European countries, as well as in the United Kingdom. Likewise, intergenerational persistence in education is relatively high both in southern European countries and in Luxembourg and Ireland. By contrast, both persistence in wages and education tends to be lower in Nordic countries. In addition, empirical results show that education is one important driver of intergenerational wage persistence across European countries. There is a positive crosscountry correlation between intergenerational wage mobility and redistributive policies, as well as a positive correlation between wage-setting institutions that compress the wage distribution and mobility.
    DOI: 10.1787/223043801483
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    Infrastructure Investment in Network industries : The Role of Incentive Regulation and Regulatory Independence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.688
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper finds that coherent regulatory policies can boost investment in network industries of OECD economies. Rate-of-return regulation is generally thought to result in overinvestment, while incentive regulation is believed to entail underinvestment. Yet, previous empirical work has generally found that the introduction of incentive regulation has not systematically changed investment in network industries. According to the theoretical literature, regulatory uncertainty exposes both types of regimes to the danger of underinvestment. However, regulatory uncertainty is arguably higher under rate-of-return regulation because investment decisions (what can be included in the rate base) are usually evaluated in a discretionary manner, while firms operating under incentive regulation are less affected by this behaviour. In addition, incentive regulation encourages investment in cost-reducing technologies. Using Bayesian model averaging techniques, this paper shows that incentive regulation implemented jointly with an independent sector regulator (indicating lower regulatory uncertainty) has a strong positive impact on investment in network industries. In addition, lower barriers to entry are also found to encourage sectoral investment. These results support the importance of implementing policies in a coherent framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/225261508320
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  • 77
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    Employment-Productivity Trade-off and Labour Composition (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.698
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper formalises the analysis of the employment-productivity trade-off by extending the framework developed by Gordon (1997) to account for labour heterogeneity. The extent of the trade-off is determined by the extent of the adjustment of capital to effective labour and by the changes in aggregate labour quality. The main experiment reported in the paper consists of assessing the labour utilisation and productivity impacts in OECD countries of aligning group-specific employment rates to the US levels. Matching the US employment performance defined in that sense would enable low-employment OECD countries to reduce only half of the aggregate employment-rate gap vis-à-vis the United States, the other half being mechanically due to differences in the population structure by age and educational attainment. In this experiment, a 1% gain in employment is associated with a decrease of 0.24% in labour productivity on average across countries, and of 0.35% in low-employment countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/224146182015
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  • 78
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    Raising the Flexibility of the Slovak Economy during the Catch-Up Phase (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.680
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: As in other catch-up countries inflation is likely to stay high going forward due to nominal convergence. To better cope with the risk of a too rapid pick up of wages during the convergence process on the one hand and to raise the adjustment potential of the economy to macroeconomic shocks on the other, labour and product market flexibility is essential. Three main areas for improvement are discussed in this chapter. First, wage flexibility should be safeguarded by avoiding significant increases in minimum wages and by abolishing legal extension of collective wage settlements. Second, competition needs to be strengthened, especially in the liberal professions where entry and conduct regulation should be eased. In addition, the points of single contact that already exist for small enterprises should be extended to entrepreneurs of the liberal professions. Third, a wider use of information and communication technology (ICT) could lead to important productivity gains. Removing obstacles to the spread of e-business and a swift implementation of e-government are imperative. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic.
    DOI: 10.1787/226268184666
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  • 79
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    Analyzing and forecasting business cycles in a small open economy : A dynamic factor model for Singapore (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 19-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 19-41
    Keywords: Economics ; Singapore
    Abstract: A dynamic factor model is applied to a large panel dataset of Singapore’s macroeconomic variables and global economic indicators with the initial objective of analysing business cycles in a small open economy. The empirical results suggest that four common factors – which can broadly be interpreted as world, regional, electronics and domestic economic cycles – capture a large proportion of the co-variation in the quarterly time series. The estimated factor model also explains well the observed fluctuations in real economic activity and price inflation, leading us to use it in forecasting Singapore’s business cycles. We find that the forecasts generated by the factors are generally more accurate than the predictions of univariate models and vector autoregressions that employ leading indicators.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2009-art3-en
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  • 80
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    Evaluating the Effectiveness of Financial Education Programmes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 9-51
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 9-51
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Policy makers in many countries are giving more attention to ‘financial literacy’ or ‘financial capability’, and there are many financial education programmes. The need to evaluate the effectiveness of these programmes is likely to increase. But little evaluation is currently taking place, and the evaluations made so far show mixed and inconclusive results. It is not clear whether this is a consequence of poor evaluation methods or poor programme design, or, that financial education works patchily. But it does mean that a positive impact from financial education has not been unambiguously proven; nor has a clear picture emerged of what works best and why. Evaluation of financial education is inherently difficult, and the impact of any one programme can probably never be fully isolated. Nevertheless, this paper suggests that evaluating the effectiveness of financial education can and should be improved. It begins to develop an approach to do so, including a Financial Education Evaluation (FEE) Framework which can be tailored for any programme in any country. This paper also suggests guidelines for governments and other public authorities to lead the way towards better evaluation of the benefits, costs and value for money of financial education.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art17-en
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  • 81
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    Reforming the Tax System in Korea to Promote Economic Growth and Cope with Rapid Population Ageing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.671
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Korea has one of the lowest tax burdens in the OECD area, reflecting its small public sector. However, rapid population ageing will put upward pressure on government spending. The challenge is to meet the long-run need for greater expenditures and tax revenue while sustaining strong economic growth. A pro-growth tax reform implies relying primarily on consumption taxes for additional revenue. There is also scope for raising personal income tax revenue from its current low level by broadening the base by reducing the exemptions for personal income. The planned cuts in the corporate tax rate should be financed at least in part by reductions in tax expenditures. The broadening of direct tax bases would also help finance an expansion of the earned income tax credit to address widening income inequality. In addition, the local tax system should be simplified and reformed to enhance the autonomy of local governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/226518762318
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  • 82
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    Keeping Slovenian Public Finances on a Sustainable Path (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.734
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This paper examines various aspects of fiscal policy in Slovenia, in particular fiscal consolidation, pension reform, efficiency of government spending and the tax system. It finds that Slovenia belongs to the group of new EU member countries, which have given in the past a high priority to fiscal prudence. This both stabilised the economy and paved the way for entry to the EU in 2004 and adoption of the euro in 2007. It also created room to counteract the current weakening of the economy. But fiscal policy has to cope with four main challenges: i) ensuring a return to fiscal consolidation after the current economic downturn; ii) achieving longer-term fiscal sustainability by continuing pension reform; iii) limiting growth of public spending and improving its quality; and iv) making the tax system less distorting for job creation and growth. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovenia).
    DOI: 10.1787/220657632455
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  • 83
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    The Ending of the Multi-Fibre Agreement and Innovation in the Sri Lankan Textile and Clothing Industry (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 157-188
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 157-188
    Keywords: Economics ; Sri Lanka
    Abstract: This case study analyses the effect that the end of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) has had on innovation in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. The ending of the quota system under the MFA led to an increase in the US and EU markets which has motivated a large number of innovations in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. Some large companies have become a total services provider, while others are trying to establish their own brands. Product innovations with foreign partners, process innovations such as introduction of CAD/CAM, and various marketing and organisational innovations have been implemented. Keywords: innovation, textiles and clothing, garment, Sri Lanka, Multi-Fibre Agreement, MFA, competition , CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, marketing, brands, fair-trade, outsourcing, FDI, joint-ventures
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art27-en
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  • 84
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    Estonia and Euro Adoption : Small Country Challenges of Joining EMU (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.728
    Keywords: Economics ; Estonia
    Abstract: Estonia gave up the exchange rate and monetary policy tools of macroeconomic management when it introduced its currency board in 1992. While the currency board arrangement served the country well during transition in the 1990s, it offers limited flexibility to implement policies that would ease the EU convergence as well as mitigate the global financial and economic crisis. The ongoing financial crisis has made euro adoption more attractive than ever and put it on the top of the country’s policy agenda. However, shocks affecting Estonia are only weakly synchronized with those of the euro area, and the structure of its economy also notably differs from the euro zone. To benefit fully from joining the EMU, Estonia must strengthen other adjustment mechanisms to shocks, including flexibility of the labour market, further improving its environment to do business and a framework, which allows for anti-cyclical fiscal policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/220860037027
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  • 85
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    Trying to assess the quality of macroeconomic data : The case of Swiss labour productivity growth as an example (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 37-61
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 37-61
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Macroeconomic data are indispensable for modern governance, yet it is often unclear how reliable these data are. The production process of macroeconomic data inside the statistical offices is often not very transparent for the general public. Bystanders usually have no choice but to take for granted the published data because criteria by which to judge data quality are wanting. Hoping to contribute to a better understanding of the quality of macroeconomic data, this paper proposes several plausibility checks and applies them to recently published Swiss labour productivity growth figures. Although the proposed checks cannot "prove" or "disprove" the official data, they are capable of either strengthening our confidence in the official data or, alternatively, of casting them into doubt. Policy debates drawing on official data will hardly be able to ignore differences in the degree of confidence with which these data are held to be accurate.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2008-art3-en
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  • 86
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    Financial Education Programmes in Schools (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 53-127
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 53-127
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Research in a number of countries has shown that many people lack the ability to manage their money well. At the same time, the consequences, both to individuals and to society at large, of a failure by people to take adequate steps to safeguard their financial future are becoming increasingly serious.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art18-en
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  • 87
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    Senegal: Making Better Use of Agribusiness Potential (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 53-78
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 53-78
    Keywords: Economics ; Senegal
    Abstract: Senegal is a showcase of donors’ support to horticultural export development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first direct donor support to the Senegalese horticultural value chain dates back to 1998, with the World Bank-funded Agricultural Export Promotion Project (PPEA). Early recognition of the need to tackle the whole agricultural value chain, from inputs to production, processing and marketing, characterises donors’ support to the agricultural sector in Senegal. Facing declining traditional export sectors, groundnuts and fishing, Senegal has been undergoing a difficult transition process from traditional to commercial agriculture over the past decade. The 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc has benefited Senegal’s fruit and vegetables sub-sector, which presents the main hope of diversifying the country’s agricultural export structure. Consequently, the primary sector grew annually at an average 6.2 per cent between 2002 and 2005, which was much higher than real annual GDP growth. The chapter shows that aid to the agricultural sector has been proving positive in supporting the Senegalese government’s new sectoral development principle, the Accelerated Growth Strategy (SCA). Senegal has started to attract foreign investment in the export-oriented horticultural sector. Moreover, small and medium-sized horticultural producers and exporters, better organised and more empowered, have succeeded in increasing production and export volume, while simultaneously satisfying the stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements of the OECD markets. Today, Senegal’s agriculture faces challenges of expanding targeted products and markets. Donor assistance to Senegalese agriculture has evolved and donors are now applying a differentiated market approach for multiple private actors to work better with agricultural entrepreneurs. Strengthening Senegal’s agricultural potential and diversifying its agricultural production and export profile both horizontally and vertically are the long-term goals for both donors and the country.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-2009-5ks9zs5gr0tj
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  • 88
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    Effects of environmental policy on the type of innovation : The case of automotive emission-control technologies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-18
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-18
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article uses patent data to assess policy factors (domestic and international) for patenting activity in automotive emission control technologies. Particular attention is paid to the role of different policy types and fuel prices on both post-combustion and integrated abatement technologies. The results confirm that fuel prices have played a role in the development of integrated strategies, while regulatory standards have been more important with respect to post-combustion technologies. In addition, ‘integrated’ abatement strategies are more closely linked to general determinants of innovation than is the case for post-combustion technologies. This has implications for the design of policies which encourage innovations with both private and public benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art2-en
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  • 89
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    Tanzania: The Challenge of Moving from Subsistence to Profit (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 79-102
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 79-102
    Keywords: Economics ; Tanzania, United Republic of
    Abstract: Tanzania could be a major food-exporting country but its dependence on rainfall, poor transport and marketing infrastructures, as well as low access to technology, lead to persistent food security problems. The Tanzanian government has decided to focus its Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP) on irrigation. However, even though the importance of irrigation to reduce Tanzania’s dependency on rainfall is undisputed, it would have been better to have a two-fold programme with one part focusing on production-related investments such as irrigation and the other fostering commercial agriculture and the private sector. While donor commitments to agriculture show a mixed trend, Tanzania is one of the few African countries with a basket fund in agriculture. The Tanzanian government aims to establish the ASDP as the sector programme to which all donor interventions should be aligned. First reviews of the ASDP reveal that capacity to implement the programme is lacking at all levels. A lot of capacity building and a change of mindset in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are needed to make farmer empowerment and private sector involvement a reality. Furthermore, rural and agricultural development efforts should be better co-ordinated as both draw on the same limited capacities at the local level.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-2009-5ks9zs5gq30n
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  • 90
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    What Drives Sovereign Risk Premiums? : An Analysis of Recent Evidence from the Euro Area (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.718
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This paper analyses recent large movements in the yield spread for sovereign bonds as between Germany and other euro area countries. While the general increase in risk aversion that has characterised the financial crisis is an important factor on its own, it is found that this has also magnified the importance of fiscal performance, in particular as measured by the ratio of debt service to tax receipts and expected fiscal deficits. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that such effects are non-linear, so that incremental deteriorations in fiscal performance lead to ever larger increases in the spread. These findings imply that financial market reaction could become an increasingly important constraint on fiscal policy for some countries, a feature which was much less apparent in the years prior to the financial crisis when general risk aversion was abnormally low.
    DOI: 10.1787/222675756166
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  • 91
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    Can the Financial Sector continue to be the Main Growth Engine in Luxembourg? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.660
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur financier peut-il rester le principal moteur de la croissance au Luxembourg?
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: The financial sector has emerged as the main economic engine over the past two decades. The comparative advantages of placing financial activities in Luxembourg have mostly been in terms of an adaptive legislative and regulatory framework and low taxation. As a result, Luxembourg is today one of the main international centres for investment funds. Besides the sector’s direct and indirect employment effects, the most important effect is the large tax revenue generating capacity of the sector, accounting directly for over 20% of aggregate tax revenues. On the other hand, these tax revenues are volatile as the sector is highly sensitive to developments in international financial markets. Indeed, past downturns in international financial markets have tended to lead to a sharp slowdown of growth in the economy as well as in revenues, pointing to potential large risks associated with the current turmoil in international financial markets. Besides these short-term considerations, a lower trend growth rate of the sector is likely over the medium term. The main activities of the sector are in middle and back offices dealing with financial administration which, with new IT technologies, will tend to be increasingly outsourced. At the same time, the sector is having problems in attracting highly specialised talent to enter higher value front office activities. Over the longer term, international competition will continue to exert pressures that may eventually erode Luxembourg’s position. The extent of the decline in the sector’s trend growth depends on the ability to maintain and expand the attractiveness of investing and working in Luxembourg. Achieving this will depend on being able to adjust tax, infrastructure, and housing policies to attract foreign talent while updating and increasing the transparency of financial sector regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/227614871768
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  • 92
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    Long-Run GDP Growth Framework and Scenarios for the World Economy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.663
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper develops and applies a simple “conditional growth” framework to make long-term GDP projections for the world economy, taking as a starting point recent empirical evidence about the importance of total factor productivity and human capital in explaining current cross-country disparities in GDP per capita levels. Other distinct features of the projection framework include human capital projections by cohorts and implicit allowance for the impact of ageing and potential labour market and pension reforms on future growth in employment levels. In the baseline projection, world GDP would grow in PPP terms by about 3 ¾ % per year on average over the period 2005-2050. When expressed in constant market exchange rates, taking into account future Balassa-Samuelson effects, this projection falls roughly in the middle of the range of long-run scenarios recently developed in the context of greenhouse gas emission projections. The sensitivity of the projection to total factor productivity and population growth assumptions is significant, however, and compounds with deeper sources of uncertainty such as model and parameter uncertainty.
    DOI: 10.1787/227205684023
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  • 93
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    Internationaler Handel : Frei, fair und offen? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060531
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (202 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Trade; Free, Fair and Open?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Trade: Free, Fair and Open?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le commerce international : Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Der internationale Handel hat Auswirkungen auf den Preis und die Verfügbarkeit von fast allem, was wir kaufen. Zudem hat er Einfluss auf eine Vielzahl anderer Bereiche wie Beschäftigung, Umwelt und Armutsbekämpfung. Und er wird seinerseits von einer Fülle verschiedener Faktoren beeinflusst, von der natürlichen Ressourcenausstattung bis hin zu Modetrends. Die OECD ist eine führende Quelle für Daten, Analysen und Politikempfehlungen in Handelsfragen. Gestützt auf dieses umfassende Fachwissen wird in OECD Insights: Internationaler Handel deutlich gemacht, dass es ohne Handel – wenn überhaupt – nur selten gelungen ist, Wohlstand zu erreichen oder zu sichern. Handel allein ist jedoch nicht genug. Es bedarf darüber hinaus Maßnahmen in Bereichen wie Beschäftigung, Bildung oder Gesundheit, um das Wohlergehen der Menschen zu fördern und die Herausforderungen der globalisierten Wirtschaft zu bewältigen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060531-de
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  • 94
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    Nachhaltige Entwicklung : Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055674
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development: Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable : À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Was bedeutet “nachhaltige Entwicklung” tatsächlich? Welchen Einfluss haben Produktion, Konsum und Globalisierung auf Nachhaltigkeit? Wie kann Nachhaltigkeit gemessen werden? Und was können Regierungen, Unternehmen und der Einzelne tun, um nachhaltige Entwicklung zu fördern? Zu vielen Themen, die nachhaltige Entwicklung betreffen, erstellt die OECD Daten und veröffentlicht Empfehlungen für Forschung und Politik; dazu gehören der Klimawandel, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und verantwortungsvolle Unternehmensführung. Die neue Veröffentlichung „Sustainable Development“ aus der Buchreihe „OECD Insights“ stützt sich auf diese Fachkompetenz. Um nachhaltige Entwicklung zu erreichen, müssen die drei Bereiche Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt zusammen berücksichtigt werden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055674-de
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  • 95
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    How competitive is product market regulation in India? : An international and cross-state comparison (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-25
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-25
    Keywords: Economics ; India
    Abstract: This paper assesses the extent to which India's regulatory environment promotes or inhibits competition in markets where technology and market conditions make competition viable. The analysis is based on the OECD’s indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR) which have been used extensively over the last decade to benchmark regulatory frameworks in OECD countries and have proven useful in encouraging countries to implement structural reforms that enhance economic performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art6-en
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  • 96
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    Price and Volume Elasticities of Brazilian Foreign Trade : A Profit Function Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.704
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil, like other natural resource-exporting countries, has benefited from a sharp increase in commodity prices over the last few years. To investigate the possible impact of terms-of-trade gains on the real economy, this paper estimates normalised quadratic input demand and output supply functions for the Brazilian economy during 1997-2008. Technological change is modelled in a flexible manner through the inclusion of quadratic splines in the profit function. The paper contributes to the literature by using nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression techniques to estimate the input demand and output supply functions and by disaggregating exports and imports into capital, consumption and intermediate goods. Improvements in the terms of trade due to rising export prices and/or falling import prices are associated with hikes in export volumes on the back of rising import demand and some labour shedding in the sectors using imported capital goods. The direct impact of terms-of-trade changes on domestic consumption and investment is comparatively modest, possibly due to the fact that the Brazilian economy remains relatively closed to trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/223388731464
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  • 97
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    Financial Stability in the United Kingdom: Banking on Prudence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.717
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The UK financial market has been severely affected by the recent financial crisis. The crisis has exposed weaknesses in the supervisory framework as well as that for crisis management and resolution. This paper reviews the supervisory and regulatory framework and the many reforms that have already been adopted to remedy these weaknesses. It also provides recommendations for further reforms. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 Economic Survey of the United Kingdom (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/uk).
    DOI: 10.1787/222702735047
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  • 98
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    Boosting Productivity in Korea's Service Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.673
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Labour productivity growth in the service sector has been low relative to manufacturing. This is explained in part by weak competition in services resulting from strict product market regulation and the low level of import penetration and inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). Increasing productivity growth in the service sector, which accounts for 67% of employment and 58% of value added in Korea, is essential to sustain high potential growth. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of FDI. Another challenge is to enhance the performance and accelerate the restructuring of small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for over 90% of service-sector employment. Furthermore, it is essential to boost productivity in service industries with high growth potential, such as telecommunications and financial and business.
    DOI: 10.1787/226625875038
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  • 99
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    Health Care Reform in the United States (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.665
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: In spite of improvements, on various measures of health outcomes the United States appears to rank relatively poorly among OECD countries. Health expenditures, in contrast, are significantly higher than in any other OECD country. While there are factors beyond the health-care system itself that contribute to this gap in performance, there is also likely to be scope to improve the health of Americans while reducing, or at least not increasing spending. This paper focuses on two factors that contribute to this discrepancy between health outcomes and health expenditures in the United States: inequitable access to medical services and subsidized private insurance policies; and inefficiencies in public health insurance. It then suggests two sets of reforms likely to improve the US health-care system. The first is a package of reforms to achieve close to universal health insurance coverage. The second set of reforms relates to payment methods and coverage decisions within the Medicare programme to realign incentives and increase the extent of economic evaluation of different medical procedures.
    DOI: 10.1787/227104360465
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  • 100
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    Is there a Case for Price-level Targeting? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.721
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: There is a case, but there are also counter-arguments. With sufficient forward-looking behaviour among firms and households, price-level targeting can act as a powerful built-in stabiliser through automatic shifts in inflation expectations. This stabilisation mechanism reduces the need for large shifts in policy rates, alleviating the risk of hitting the zero lower bound of nominal interest rates and falling into a liquidity trap. Furthermore, credible price-level targeting can support capital accumulation by protecting the long-run purchasing power of money and reducing the inflation risk premium embedded in actual long-term real interest rates. However, price-level targeting can imply welfare-reducing policy-induced output volatility in situations where the degree of forward-looking behaviour is very low. The self-regulating capacity of price-level targeting can be undermined if central banks are not fully credible. Besides, aggressive inflation targeting can replicate some of (but not all) the benefits of price-level targeting. On balance, the case for adopting price-level targeting is not clear-cut, all the more so since transition costs are likely to be significant.
    DOI: 10.1787/221824208526
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