ISBN:
9783030916114
Language:
English
Pages:
1 Online-Ressource (415 Seiten)
Parallel Title:
Erscheint auch als Skirbekk, Vegard Decline and Prosper!
DDC:
304.6
Keywords:
Population
;
Demographic transition
;
Fertility, Human
;
Bevölkerungsentwicklung
;
Fertilität
;
Bevölkerungspolitik
;
Electronic books
;
Fertilität
;
Bevölkerungsentwicklung
;
Bevölkerungspolitik
Description / Table of Contents:
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Measuring Fertility -- Reliable Fertility Data Is Widely Available -- Common Measures of Fertility -- Cohort and Period Fertility in Sweden -- What About the Dads? -- Interpreting Fertility Data Wisely -- References -- 3 How Many Children Can Humans Have Biologically? -- Female, Male, and Couple Fecundity -- Natural Fertility: Seven to Ten Children Per Woman -- For the Most Part, Fecundity Has Likely Improved -- Save the Sperm? -- Interpreting Contemporary Fertility Against the Backdrop of Fecundity and Natural Fertility -- References -- 4 Fertility from the Dawn of Humanity Through the Nineteenth Century -- The Other Determinant of the Number of Surviving Offspring: Mortality -- Prehistoric Mortality and Fertility -- Traditional Mechanisms and Methods of Limiting Family Size -- Low Fertility in Pre-industrial Europe -- Higher Status, Higher Fertility -- Slow Population Growth and Modest Changes in Mortality and Fertility Until the 1800s -- References -- 5 The Demographic Transition: Fewer Deaths and Eventually Fewer Births -- Mortality Declines in Western Europe -- France: The Birth Place of Lower Birth Rates -- Why Did the Demographic Transition Take Place in Europe First? -- Education as the Driving Force of Fertility Decline -- The Timing and Pace of the Demographic Transition in Asia, Africa, and South America -- The Demographic Transition Causes Rapid Population Growth -- Reversal in the Status-Fertility Relationship -- Lessons Learned from the Demographic Transition -- References -- 6 Contemporary Global Fertility -- Replacement Level: How Many Births Does It Take to Sustain a Population? -- Global Fertility Has Declined Radically, but Remains Above the Replacement Level
Description / Table of Contents:
Fertility Still Varies Widely Across World Regions -- Differences Within Countries Can Be as Dramatic as Differences Between Countries -- Contemporary Fertility: A Polarized World -- References -- 7 The New Have-Nots: Childlessness in the Twenty-First Century -- Childlessness Is Increasing Globally -- Childlessness Has Become a Male Phenomenon -- From a Lack of Surviving Men to a Lack of "Suitable" Men -- Social Inequalities in Childlessness: Highest Among Highly Educated, Professional Women and Low-Educated Men -- Modern Childlessness: Biological, Intentional, or Coincidental? -- Many People Are Childless Because They Do Not Find the "Right" Partner -- The Incompatibility of Work and Family: The Example of University Research Careers -- Childlessness Due to (Age-Related) Infertility -- Only a Minority Prefer to Remain "Childfree" -- The Consequences of Childlessness for Individuals -- Is Modern Childlessness a Problem? -- References -- 8 More Education, Fewer Children -- The Global Rise in Education -- Higher Education Tends to Go Along with Lower Fertility, but the Relationship is Weaker in Low Fertility Contexts -- The Effect of Education on Fertility Is Causal, Not Just Coincidental -- Education Affects Fertility Through Different Mechanisms -- Education Increases Women's Childbearing Autonomy -- Children Are Getting More Expensive -- More Education Is a Good Thing -- References -- 9 An Era of Choice: Childbearing Has Become More Planned -- Contraception Key to Fertility Decline -- Two-Thirds of People Now Use Contraception Globally -- Abortion Decreases Unintended Fertility -- Family Planning Reduces Unplanned Pregnancies -- Three Out of Four Births Are Planned -- Planned Childbearing: Still Room for Improvement -- References -- 10 Fertility Preferences: How Many Children Do People Want? -- Measuring Fertility Ideals and Intentions
Description / Table of Contents:
Ideal Family Size Has Shrunk -- Social Differences in Ideal and Intended Family Size -- Low Fertility Role Models -- Gaps Between Fertility Ideals and Actual Fertility -- Most People Want Smaller (but Not Too Small) Families -- References -- 11 Delaying Parenthood, for Better and for Worse -- People Are Postponing Parenthood All Over the World -- Education Decisive for Fertility Postponement -- Delay Due to the Labor Market -- Why Age Matters-For Men and for Women -- Most People Prefer to Delay Childbearing...Somewhat -- The Risks and Rewards of Postponed Fertility -- References -- 12 Finding a Mate: Contemporary Partnership and Conception -- Let's Talk About Sex......and Assisted Reproductive Technology -- Marriage Still Predicts Fertility -- The Decrease and Delay in Marriage -- The Spread of Cohabitation -- What Makes a Good Mate? -- Problems Establishing a Partnership -- Same-Sex Couples -- Same Now as It Was Then: Late and Low Marriage Lowers Fertility -- References -- 13 Money Matters: The Economics of Fertility -- Economic Approaches to Fertility -- How Much Do Children Cost? -- High Costs of Children Can Drive Down Fertility -- Do Richer People Have More Children? -- It's Still the Economy, Stupid -- Making Childbearing More Affordable -- References -- 14 Fertility in the Aftermath of Disaster -- Catastrophic Events and Fertility -- Disaster-Related Pro-Natalism -- Disasters Can Affect "Opportunities" for Conception-Wanted or Not -- Disasters Can Cause Economic Malaise and Uncertainty About the Future -- Fertility of Displaced Persons -- Looming Threats: Pandemics and Global Warming -- Disasters Are Becoming More Relevant for Understanding Fertility -- References -- 15 New Times, Old Beliefs: Religion and Contemporary Fertility -- The Relationship Between Religion and Fertility-Then and Now -- Why Does Religion Affect Fertility?
Description / Table of Contents:
Buddhism-The Low Fertility Religion -- The Future of (No) Religion -- Religion and the Future of Fertility -- References -- 16 Contemporary Fertility from an Evolutionary Perspective: Are the Fittest Still Surviving? -- Evolutionary Approaches to Childbearing -- How Do Evolutionary Perspectives Explain Low Fertility? -- Fertility is Genetically Heritable -- Climbing the Social Ladder, Then and Now -- Trade-off Between Social and Evolutionary "Success" -- References -- 17 How Low Will It Go? Projecting Future Fertility -- How Do Demographers Make Projections? -- How Certain Are Fertility Projections? -- Is Two the Magic Number? -- What Will the Future of Fertility Look like? -- The End of Reproduction is Unlikely, but so is a Return to Replacement Fertility in Richer Countries -- References -- 18 Fertility, Population Growth, and Population Composition -- Population Growth Across Human Existence -- Fertility Now Matters More for Population Growth -- Population Growth and Human Welfare: The Pessimists and Optimists -- Fertility, the Natural Environment, and Climate Change -- Shifting Characteristics of the Global Population -- Fertility and Population Aging -- Fertility Shapes Our Shared Future -- References -- 19 Fertility Policies: Past, Present, and Future Directions -- What Constitutes a Fertility Policy? -- Fertility Policies of the Past -- Contemporary Fertility Policies -- Do Fertility Policies Make a Difference? -- Challenges to Government Intervention -- What Countries Should Be Doing -- References -- 20 Low-But Not Too Low-Fertility Is a Good Thing -- References -- Glossary
Note:
Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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