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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,531)
  • Beijing : Ministry of Science and Technology, China
  • Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp
  • Education  (2,609)
  • Industry and Services  (949)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Collective action for responsible AI in health (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.10
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Gesundheitswesen ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence will have profound impacts across health systems, transforming health care, public health, and research. Responsible AI can accelerate efforts toward health systems being more resilient, sustainable, equitable, and person-centred. This paper provides an overview of the background and current state of artificial intelligence in health, perspectives on opportunities, risks, and barriers to success. The paper proposes several areas to be explored for policy makers to advance the future of responsible AI in health that is adaptable to change, respects individuals, champions equity, and achieves better health outcomes for all. The areas to be explored relate to trust, capacity building, evaluation, and collaboration. This recognises that the primary forces that are needed to unlock the value from artificial intelligence are people-based and not technical. The OECD is ready to support efforts for co-operative learning and collective action to advance the use of responsible AI in health.
    DOI: 10.1787/f2050177-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L’autonomisation économique des femmes au Maroc : De l’engagement à la mise en œuvre (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264532243 , 9789264582149 , 9789264910720
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Morocco
    Abstract: Le Rapport De l’engagement à la mise en œuvre : assurer l’autonomisation économique des femmes au Maroc analyse les politiques publiques marocaines en faveur de l’autonomisation économique des femmes dans le cadre de la Recommandation du Conseil de l’OCDE sur l’égalité femmes-hommes dans l’éducation, l’emploi et l’entrepreneuriat à laquelle le pays a adhéré en 2018. Il fournit un cadre stratégique global visant à déverrouiller le potentiel économique des femmes, afin qu’elles puissent pleinement contribuer au développement durable du Maroc et bénéficier de ses retombées économiques et sociales. Ce cadre stratégique global - développé dans le cadre de la seconde phase du programme pays Maroc de l’OCDE - vise à soutenir la mise en œuvre du troisième Plan Gouvernemental pour l’Égalité (PGE III). Il préconise une approche multi-cibles et multi-sectorielle, mettant l'accent sur des politiques de soin transformatrices pour créer des emplois décents, alléger les tâches domestiques et de soin, et remettre en cause les stéréotypes de genre, soulignant l'importance de l'évolution des normes socio-culturelles pour favoriser l'intégration des femmes sur le marché du travail.
    DOI: 10.1787/d4312bd3-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reaching Climate Neutrality for the Hamburg Economy by 2040 (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264613249 , 9789264719736 , 9789264485068
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (210 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Klimaneutralität ; Klimapolitik ; Hamburg ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Germany
    Abstract: Reaching climate neutrality requires economic transformations of unprecedented scale and speed. Immediate action from the business community can avoid unnecessary costs, create wellbeing co-benefits and prepare local businesses with a better competitive position in the future climate neutral economy. This report shows what reaching climate neutrality by 2040 means for Hamburg businesses and identifies key actions they need to undertake. It provides insights where the Hamburg economy and its businesses stand on the way to climate neutrality and on their needs to advance, drawing on a business survey. The study also shares insights from action plans of selected comparison cities. It points to cross-sector as well as to sector-specific challenges and opportunities for Hamburg businesses. This includes making better use of low-cost renewables, addressing energy efficiency in buildings as well as challenges and opportunities in activities in and around the port and in industry. It highlights Hamburg's potential as a hydrogen hub as well as the need to adopt circular economy practices. It illustrates that a regional and business perspective are necessary to achieve climate neutrality in prosperity, requiring individual and collective business action.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1e44672-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transforming education in Indonesia : Examining the landscape of current reforms (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.88
    Keywords: Bildungsreform ; Indonesien ; Education ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This policy perspective examines Indonesia’s Merdeka Belajar (“Emancipated Learning”) initiative, a comprehensive education reform agenda initiated in 2019. The primary objective of this reform is to enhance learning outcomes, make schooling a more joyful experience, and empower students and school communities. The new "Emancipation Curriculum" emphasises foundational competencies and 21st-century skills and adopts holistic, formative assessment methods. It streamlines content and introduces innovative teaching methods, while increasing teachers' flexibility and autonomy in schools. It also instigates a new model of teacher professional learning. This document contextualises these initiatives within the international education landscape. It offers perspectives on what could help Indonesia ensure the success of these reforms, potentially reshaping the country’s educational future and contributing to its development and prosperity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ff8d407-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Europe : Insights from France, Germany and Poland (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264478763 , 9789264872738 , 9789264489943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; IT-Kriminalität ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; France ; Germany ; Poland
    Abstract: In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
    DOI: 10.1787/3673cd60-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breaking the Vicious Circles of Informal Employment and Low-Paying Work (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
    DOI: 10.1787/f95c5a74-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How do public and private schools differ in OECD countries? (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.84
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Private schools cater for around 1 in 5 students from pre-primary to the end of secondary education, a share that has not changed materially since 2015. They enjoy greater autonomy, suffer fewer shortages of all kinds and handled the COVID-19 pandemic better than public schools. Although their students achieved better results in PISA 2022 in many countries, this is mainly because they enrol more students from advantaged socio-economic backgrounds than their public counterparts. The main challenge in many countries today is to increase the social mix in public and private schools, which is why many efforts have been made in this direction over the past decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/90348307-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The right conditions: Systemic enablers for a culture of research engagement in education (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.9
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Research evidence in education serves as a compass, directing stakeholders towards informed choices that drive educational progress, enhance teaching methodologies, address inequities and support resource optimisation. Overcoming the challenges of harnessing research evidence in education by policy makers and practitioners involves fostering a culture of research engagement. This Education Spotlight draws on an international Policy Survey conducted with Ministries of Education from 37 education systems, and other evidence from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation publication Who Really Cares About Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Developing a Culture of Research Engagement (OECD, 2023[1]) and beyond to explore the following questions: • Which systemic conditions, such as resources, infrastructures, and leadership, matter for the development (or transformation) of an organisational and system-level culture of research engagement? How do these conditions relate to one another? • How can these conditions be developed to best support education research engagement from the system level? This Spotlight reflects on the elements at the system level that are crucial for establishing such a culture for policy makers and practitioners. It does so with the understanding that complex systems require thinking strategically and employing systems approaches to knowledge mobilisation, alongside the more commonly used linear models of disseminating evidence or relational ones focusing on partnerships and networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9f3596de-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Parental emotional support and adolescent well-being : A cross-national examination of socio-economic and gender gaps based on PISA 2018 surveys (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.20
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Parental emotional support, alongside material and temporal support, is an important determinant of children's subjective well-being and academic success. However, not all children benefit from the same level of parental support, and there are major differences depending on families' socio-economic status and child gender. Using the PISA 2018 surveys, this paper examines differences in parental support reported by 15-year-olds both within countries according to social status and between girls and boys, and between countries. We show that differences in parental emotional support by parents' education level and child gender are substantial. Some of these differences are (largely) explained by other characteristics such as family wealth, country of origin, and school urbanicity and private/public status. Greater parental emotional support is also found to be associated with higher PISA test scores and greater subjective wellbeing, with little variation by parental education. On the whole, our findings suggest that a significant enhancement in parental support and related child outcomes, especially in countries with lower average levels of parental emotional support, can be attained through a combined effort on several fronts: by addressing monetary and material poverty within families, by facilitating parents in balancing work and taking care of their children, by promoting greater parental involvement in their children's school life, and by offering appropriate services to assist families with special needs and facing greater challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/2b7a2ac6-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stress professionnel chez les enseignants : Que nous apprennent les données TALIS ? (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Unravelling the layers of teachers’ work-related stress
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: À l’heure où nombre de pays s’efforcent de renforcer l’attrait de la profession enseignante, il apparaît donc essentiel de mieux comprendre les sources de stress dans ce métier. C’est dans cette optique que ce numéro se propose d’étudier les données de l’édition 2018 de l’enquête TALIS sur les enseignants du premier cycle du secondaire afin de déterminer si les sources de stress des enseignants varient en fonction du milieu socio-économique de leurs élèves. Il examine en outre les facteurs de stress les plus susceptibles d’être associés au niveau de satisfaction professionnelle des enseignants et à leur intention de rester dans la profession.
    DOI: 10.1787/9c19d674-fr
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supporting early childhood education and care staff in the beginning of their careers (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.89
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) staff are central to promoting young children’s development, learning and well-being. Novice staff, defined as staff with up to three years of experience, account for 27% of staff in TALIS Starting Strong 2018. Novice staff are generally less educated than experienced staff in terms of the level of educational attainment and education or training with a focus specifically on working with children. More novice staff than experienced staff report a strong need for additional professional development in several areas, including “classroom/playgroup/group management” and “working with parents or families”. Policy approaches to support novice staff in ECEC can include ensuring that initial education prepares novice staff for their jobs by providing relevant knowledge specifically on working with children, supporting novice staff to engage in ongoing professional development, and clarifying how novice staff can progress professionally.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6be52bd-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Framework for the Evaluation of SME and Entrepreneurship Policies and Programmes 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264385801 , 9789264710856 , 9789264851085
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (174 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Mittelstandspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; Unternehmer ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Evaluation is the foundation of evidence-based policy. Yet there is a dearth of reliable impact evaluation in the area of SME and entrepreneurship policy. This publication issues OECD guidance on how governments can promote reliable SME and entrepreneurship policy evaluation. It emphasises practices including using control groups, setting clear policy objectives and targets and accounting for business survival and non-survival. It shows that reliable evaluation of SME and entrepreneurship policy is increasingly accessible given improvements in data and techniques in recent years and illustrates this with examples of 50 reliable evaluations across many SME and entrepreneurship policy areas and 28 OECD countries. Overall, the publication issues a call for more systematic and reliable evaluation of SME and entrepreneurship policies following the guidance offered. The publication also examines the findings of reliable evaluations internationally, including meta evaluations. The evidence is mixed but generally more robust and consistent for policies to improve access to finance than in the provision of training and advisory services. Some policies have positive impacts on key measures whereas others do not. The reasons are explored, including variations in the targeting of policies and in policy delivery approaches.
    DOI: 10.1787/a4c818d1-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.36
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The "OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights" document SME and entrepreneurship financing trends, conditions and policy developments. The report provides official data on SME financing in close to 50 countries, including indicators on debt, equity, asset-based finance and financing conditions. Data for 2021 are complemented by available information for 2022, along with demand-side information and recent developments in public policy and private initiatives to support SME finance. Findings reveal that most economies showed the beginnings of a dynamic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis in 2021. However, data available for 2022 point to a deterioration in a number of SME finance indicators, due to high inflation and rising interest rates, exacerbated by the effects of Russia's war against Ukraine. These factors are impacting the accessibility and cost of debt finance for SMEs, and foreshadow a slowdown in lending. Likewise, equity finance showed a significant decline in 2022. In this context, governments should continue to foster the diversification of SME financing instruments and channels to enable them to build resilience and undertake crucial investments, such as those in digitalisation and greening.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8d13e55-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Where to find experienced teachers? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.45
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The importance of experienced teachers cannot be underestimated. They can help raise the performance of students and improve the overall quality of schooling by supporting less-experienced colleagues. This Teaching in Focus: Where to find experienced teachers? analyses the distribution of teachers across schools from two different but complementary angles: equality and equity.
    DOI: 10.1787/d948a889-en
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  • 15
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    Engaging young citizens : Civic education practices in the classroom and beyond (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.65
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Many OECD countries have implemented programmes and policies specifically targeting the development of civic skills and values in schools. Some of the most successful practices steer away from knowledge-transfer-based learning, and towards experiential learning practices which empower children by placing them in the centre of the learning process. The benefits of experience-based learning programmes also have the potential to reach beyond the classroom walls, allowing schools and students to create and strengthen relationships with the communities around them.
    DOI: 10.1787/2166378c-en
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  • 16
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    Enhancing intellectual property use for a stronger innovation ecosystem in Poland (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.138
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Poland
    Abstract: The paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the strengths and limitations of the intellectual property (IP) system in Poland. It offers policy recommendations to fully exploit the potential of IP to support an innovation-based economy. It finds that the key components of an effective IP strategy in Poland should include the promotion of IP use among economic actors and other stakeholders as well as information campaigns and training programmes to raise awareness and knowledge about the advantages of IP. Recommendations also include reducing barriers to IP use by lowering the costs of and simplifying IP-related procedures, and promoting the valorisation of IP held by universities to enhance technology transfer to the business sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/42e389fa-en
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  • 17
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    Driving low-carbon innovations for climate neutrality (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.143
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The transition to climate neutrality requires cost reductions in existing clean technologies to enable rapid deployment on a large scale, as well as the development of emerging technologies such as green hydrogen. This policy paper argues that science, technology, innovation, and industrial (STI&I) policies focusing on developing and deploying low-carbon technologies are crucial to achieving carbon neutrality. It notes however that the current level of innovation is insufficient to meet the net-zero challenge due to a policy emphasis on deployment rather than research and development (R&D) support. The paper explores the rationale for more ambitious STI&I policies targeted at R&D for climate neutrality and provides policy recommendations for an effective innovation policy for net-zero, including its interaction with the broader climate policy package.
    DOI: 10.1787/8e6ae16b-en
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  • 18
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    How the green and digital transitions are reshaping the automotive ecosystem (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.144
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The automotive sector is important across OECD countries in terms of value-added and R&D, but is also heavily affected by the green and the digital transformations. This paper offers a novel and holistic view of the automotive sector and its surrounding ecosystem based on a combination of Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, patent data, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions, cross-country micro-distributed data and firm-level balance sheet data. It identifies the boundaries of this industrial ecosystem including connected sectors (e.g. upstream and downstream) as well as knowledge and technology providers (e.g. universities or the digital industry). The paper documents emerging trends at the geographical and technological levels and provides a comprehensive assessment of the ecosystem’s changing microstructure, with a growing role of young and digital-intensive companies. Finally, it provides recommendations for effective public policies to support the automotive ecosystem, with a focus on innovation, competition and the growth of young firms.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1874cab-en
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  • 19
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    The uses of process data in large-scale educational assessments (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.286
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The digital transition in educational testing has introduced many new opportunities for technology to enhance large-scale assessments. These include the potential to collect and use log data on test-taker response processes routinely, and on a large scale. Process data has long been recognised as a valuable source of validation evidence in assessments. However, it is now being used for multiple purposes across the assessment cycle. Process data is being deliberately captured and used in large-scale, standardized assessments – moving from viewing it as a "by-product" of digital assessment, to its use "by design" to extend understanding of test-taker performance and engagement. While these techniques offer significant benefits, they also require appropriate validation practices to ensure that their use supports reliable inferences and do not introduce unintended negative consequences.
    DOI: 10.1787/5d9009ff-en
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  • 20
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    OECD Skills Strategy Southeast Asia : Skills for a Post-COVID Recovery and Growth (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264793903 , 9789264483613 , 9789264469839
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (287 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Südostasien ; Education ; Brunei Darussalam ; Cambodia ; Lao People's Democratic Republic ; Malaysia ; Myanmar ; Philippines ; Singapore ; Thailand ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future, enabling countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological progress, demographic change, migration, and climate change, and most recently COVID-19, are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. The OECD Skills Strategy offers a strategic and comprehensive approach to assessing the skills challenges and opportunities of countries and regions for the purposes of helping them build more effective skills systems. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an examination of what countries and regions can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Southeast Asia: Skills for a Post-COVID Recovery and Growth, applies the OECD Skills Strategy framework to assess the performance of countries in Southeast Asia, identifies opportunities for improvement and provides recommendations based on in-depth desk analysis and consultations with stakeholder representatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/923bfd03-en
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  • 21
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    What systematic connections should we have around schools to support the work of teachers? : Global lessons and the potential of ambition loops (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.296
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Co-constructing a long-term sustainable vision on the future of teaching is a policy priority for many countries as society rapidly changes. There is a need to create space in the teacher debate to look forward for inspiration and to learn from contemporary change in other professions, such as the concept of “connective professionalism”. There is also a paradox to navigate. On the one hand, the idea of change can be daunting. This leads to people seeking comfort in the known. On the other hand, the status quo is unlikely to provide the solutions required for a prosperous and sustainable future for the teaching profession. In this paper, we introduce an Ambition loops tool to create preferred future scenarios that can support the work of teachers, add to the prosperity for students and communities, and support transformation of education to meet contemporary challenges while focusing on current needs. The framework has an iterative design and outlines ambitions relevant to all stakeholders in the school-community, education community and broader societal sectors. The current framework statements have been distilled from a review of the research as well as engagement with experts and practitioners.
    DOI: 10.1787/77de597c-en
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    Innovating Assessments to Measure and Support Complex Skills (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264528369 , 9789264378506 , 9789264563384
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (254 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Messung ; Education
    Abstract: Policy makers around the world recognise the importance of developing young people’s 21st century skills like problem solving, creative thinking, self-regulation and collaboration. Many countries also include these skills as part of the intended learning outcomes of their education systems. To shift intention into practice, educational assessments need to better measure what matters. Innovative assessments are needed that combine conceptual, technological and methodological advances in educational measurement. This report explores new approaches to measuring complex skills through a practical and applied assessment design lens, bringing together perspectives from leading experts to consider what we can learn from the learning sciences to define more authentic assessment experiences and expand the range of skills we are able to measure in both disciplinary and cross-disciplinary contexts of practice. The report also examines how technology can expand our possibilities for innovation, including the creation of more interactive and immersive problems and the generation of meaningful sources of potential evidence about students’ proficiency. Finally, the report explores how we can make sense of the rich data captured in interactive digital environments using new analytical approaches, and how we can ensure the valid interpretation and use of results from innovative assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/e5f3e341-en
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    Équité et inclusion dans l'éducation (version abrégée) : La diversité fait la force (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264766358 , 9789264968202 , 9789264782792
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Equity and Inclusion in Education: Finding Strength through Diversity
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les gouvernements et les décideurs en matière d'éducation sont de plus en plus préoccupés par l'équité et l'inclusion dans l'éducation en raison de plusieurs tendances mondiales majeures telles que les changements démographiques, les crises de migration et de réfugiés, l'augmentation des inégalités et le changement climatique. Ces évolutions ont contribué à accroître la diversité au sein des populations nationales et ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la capacité des systèmes éducatifs à être équitables et inclusifs pour tous les élèves. Ce rapport du projet "La diversité fait la force" examine comment les systèmes éducatifs peuvent répondre à l'augmentation de la diversité et favoriser une plus grande équité et inclusion dans l'éducation. Basé sur un cadre holistique d'étude de la diversité, de l'équité et de l'inclusion dans l'éducation, le rapport examine cinq domaines politiques clés (à savoir la gouvernance, les ressources, le renforcement des capacités, les interventions au niveau des écoles, et le suivi et l'évaluation), fournit des exemples de politiques et de pratiques, et offre des conseils politiques sur la promotion de systèmes éducatifs plus équitables et plus inclusifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/e9be59d0-fr
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  • 24
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    A Bayesian workflow for the analysis and reporting of international large-scale surveys : A case study using the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report aims to showcase the value of implementing a Bayesian framework to analyse and report results from international large-scale surveys and provide guidance to users who want to analyse the data using this approach. The motivation for this report stems from the recognition that Bayesian statistical inference is fast becoming a popular methodological framework for the analysis of educational data generally, and large-scale surveys more specifically. The report argues that Bayesian statistical methods can provide a more nuanced analysis of results of policy relevance compared to standard frequentist approaches commonly found in large-scale survey reports. The data utilised for this report comes from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). The report provides steps in implementing a Bayesian analysis and proposes a workflow that can be applied not only to TALIS but to large-scale surveys in general. The report closes with discussion of other Bayesian approaches to international large-scale survey data, in particularly for predictive modelling.
    DOI: 10.1787/588c4a12-en
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    The demand for language skills in the European labour market : Evidence from online job vacancies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Croatia ; Cyprus ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Netherlands ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the demand for language skills using data on online job vacancies in 27 European Union member countries and the United Kingdom in 2021. Evidence indicates that although Europe remains a linguistically diverse labour market, knowing English confers unique advantages in certain occupations. Across countries included in the analyses, a knowledge of English was explicitly required in 22% of all vacancies and English was the sixth most required skill overall. A knowledge of German, Spanish, French and Mandarin Chinese was explicitly demanded in between 1% and 2% of all vacancies. One in two positions advertised on line for managers or professionals required some knowledge of English, on average across European Union member countries and across OECD countries in the sample. This compares with only one in ten positions for skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers and among elementary occupations.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1a5abe0-en
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    Quantifying industrial strategies across nine OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.150
    Keywords: Industriepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Industrial policy has resurfaced prominently in academic and policy discussions in the wake of major shocks and long-term trends. However, quantifying industrial strategies across countries remains difficult. The ‘Quantifying Industrial Strategies’ (QuIS) project measures industrial policy expenditures by gathering and harmonising publicly available data, based on a new methodology. This report summarises the composition of industrial strategies in the first nine participating countries in terms of expenditures, priorities, and policy instruments for the period 2019-21. The report finds that industrial policies are sizeable, with 1.5% of GDP in grants and tax expenditures, and with an important heterogeneity across countries in terms of strategic priorities; industrial strategies mainly rely on sectoral instruments, representing on average 29% of grants and tax expenditures; and green instruments are important and rose significantly in six out of nine countries between 2019 and 2021.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f2dcc8e-en
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    Career talks with guest speakers : A guide to delivering an effective career development activity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.69
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Strong career guidance systems allow students to explore potential futures in work through authentic and frequent interactions with people in work and their workplaces. One form of career exploration that can be expected to be of particular value to young people is career talks with guest speakers. Typically undertaken through secondary education, career talks allow students to hear directly from people in work about their jobs, careers and their pathways through education and training. This Policy Brief summarises available evidence on the impact of teenage career talks on adult employment outcomes; draws on the wider research literature and examples of practice in some countries to illustrate why and how career talks can be expected to benefit students; and, provides a step-by-step guide to the effective design of career talks in person and online.
    DOI: 10.1787/93594cb3-en
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  • 28
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    The assessment of students’ creative and critical thinking skills in higher education across OECD countries : A review of policies and related practices (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.293
    Keywords: Kreativität ; Qualifikation ; Studierende ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: Developed as one of the resources within the context of the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) project entitled “Fostering and assessing creativity and critical thinking skills in higher education”, this paper reviews existing policies and practices relating to the assessment of students’ creativity and critical thinking skills in higher education across OECD countries. Creativity and critical thinking are largely emphasised in policy orientations and qualification standards governing higher education in many countries. In contrast, these skills are sparsely integrated into the dimensions of centralised assessments administered at the level of systems. At the local level, because of the large degrees of institutional autonomy and academic freedom, there is little indication that policy orientations translate into actual transformation of assessment practices developed and implemented by faculty members. Based on this analysis, the paper provides recommendations for policy and decision makers in systems and institutions to further support the development and implementation of assessment strategies to measure and foster students’ creativity and critical thinking in higher education.
    DOI: 10.1787/35dbd439-en
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  • 29
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    Recovering lost learning opportunities in Ukraine: Key education policy strategies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Education ; Economics ; Ukraine
    Abstract: School destructions, population displacement or school closures mean that children in Ukraine have experienced varied disruptions in their education experience. Interventions that seek to reduce the variation in student learning levels need to accompany efforts to resume learning and deliver high-quality education for all. This brief puts the focus on academic interventions Ukraine could introduce to support learning recovery. It first examines strategies for assessing students’ skill levels and identifying potential learning losses in the current context. It then focuses on academic strategies the Ministry of Education can implement in the short and medium-term to help students recover lost learning opportunities, including adapting instructional strategies and pedagogies to individual needs, adapting the time of instruction, providing curricular flexibility and enabling fluid learning pathways within the school system. The brief concludes by putting forward a range of policy responses that can enhance the long-term effectiveness of learning recovery strategies in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/c10085eb-en
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    Assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.40
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services ; United Arab Emirates
    Abstract: Strengthening the performance and economic contribution of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and start-ups is central to Abu Dhabi’s goal of creating a more diversified and competitive economy. This report provides an assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi. The assessment is structured around six thematic areas: i) access to finance, ii) the availability of skills and capabilities, iii) access to markets, iv) the business environment, v) innovation and digitalisation, and vi) future opportunities for MSME and start-up development. For each thematic area, an analysis of existing issues, challenges and policy approaches is provided, in addition to policy recommendations and relevant examples of international policy practices. The report was prepared by the OECD Secretariat and external experts based on information gathered by the OECD in Abu Dhabi in the form of written documentation, questionnaire responses, stakeholder interviews and roundtable meetings as well as desk research on policy practices in other countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b92546e-en
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    Professional development for digital competencies in early childhood education and care : A systematic review (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.295
    Keywords: Frühkindliche Bildung ; Kinderbetreuung ; Digitale Kompetenz ; Qualifikation ; Kolumbien ; Education
    Abstract: Digitalisation places new demands on the early childhood education and care (ECEC) workforce to navigate the care and well-being of children in the digital age. This literature review examines frameworks for digital competencies (DC) in education, with a focus on ECEC, as well as variation in DC requirements for ECEC staff with different responsibilities. It explores strategies for a successful integration of DC in ECEC workforce development programmes. The review shows there has been limited research and policy support regarding the development of DC in ECEC and discusses the importance for the ECEC workforce to understand how digital technologies may be incorporated to their work, encompassing both technical aspects and responsible use, as well as the social and collaborative dimensions of professional development in this area. The review examines also how attitudes towards technology use with young children condition skills development in the sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/a7c0a464-en
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  • 32
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    OECD Skills Strategy Bulgaria : Assessment and Recommendations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264469273 , 9789264775930 , 9789264835030
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (241 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Qualifikation ; Bulgarien ; Education ; Employment ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future and central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities and help them build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Bulgaria: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to improve youth skills, improve adult skills, use skills effectively in the labour market and at work, and improve the governance of the skills system in Bulgaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/c2eb2f34-en
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    Skills in Latin America : Insights from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264343344 , 9789264841857 , 9789264865280
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (147 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Qualifikation ; Erwachsene ; Jugendliche ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Weiterbildung ; Lateinamerika ; Education
    Abstract: Human capital is a key determinant of success for individuals and economies alike. Literacy and numeracy are key foundations for higher-order cognitive skills, while solving problems in technology-rich environments is increasingly important, as information and communications technology (ICT) spreads into all aspects of life. Despite remarkable recent increases in enrolment and educational attainment, the countries of Latin America lag behind in skills development among both secondary school students and the wider adult population. Young adults are still struggling in the labour market, while employers report skill shortages are a barrier to business. As countries in the region seek to shift their economies into higher value-added activities to escape the “middle-income trap”, they will need to improve the skills of their working-age population across the board. This report explores the situation of youth and adults in Latin America by using data from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) from Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, Peru and Uruguay. These data have been supplemented by results from the World Bank STEP survey of adults living in urban areas of Bolivia and Colombia.
    DOI: 10.1787/5ab893f0-en
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    Cost and uptake of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2023/03
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Despite the increasing adoption of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation in the OECD area and beyond, evidence on the availability, design, generosity and actual cost of these incentives remains scarce. This report helps fill this gap by documenting government efforts to provide preferential tax treatment of economic outputs of innovation activities. Drawing on the responses of national contact points to the OECD KNOWINTAX surveys carried out in 2020 and 2021, it presents new evidence on the cost (foregone tax revenues) and uptake of income-based-tax incentives by businesses in 2019, and tracks their distribution by firm size and industry and their evolution over the 2000-2019 period.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f531faf-en
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    Unlocking the potential of teleworking to address labour shortages in the Ems-Achse, Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/18
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Germany
    Abstract: In the north-western corner of Germany, the Ems-Achse, a rural region, has witnessed a decade of economic growth. This growth has exacerbated labour shortages, primarily due to an aging population and the outmigration of youth. Acknowledging the potential of teleworking, regional stakeholders aim to explore its capacity to address labour gaps and attract a broader talent pool. This paper delves into three main dimensions for harnessing teleworking's potential: activating individuals who are not currently seeking employment, expanding the talent pool to include surrounding areas, and attracting workers from congested urban areas or overseas. To facilitate successful teleworking, the region can bolster its high-speed internet infrastructure, promote a culture of flexibility in management and nurture digital skills. Additionally, increasing opportunities for higher education, improving public transportation and enhancing international accessibility could help profile the Ems-Achse as an attractive hub for teleworkers.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea8dc114-en
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    Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit von Schulungsprogrammen für inklusives und soziales Unternehmertum (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving the effectiveness of inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Améliorer l'efficacité des programmes de formation à l'entrepreneuriat inclusif et social
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Dieses Kurzdossier über die Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit von Schulungsprogrammen für inklusives und soziales Unternehmertum wurde von der OECD und der Europäischen Kommission erstellt. Darin wird die Bedeutung der Schulungsprogramme erörtert und ein Überblick über die verschiedenen verfügbaren Schulungsprogramme gegeben. Ferner wird untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten den Regierungen zur Verfügung stehen, um diese Schulungsprogramme zu stärken, und es werden Orientierungshilfen für die Konzeption wirksamerer Schulungsprogramme für inklusives und soziales Unternehmertum gegeben.
    DOI: 10.1787/88cc1be9-de
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    Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training : Findings from Education at a Glance 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264582569 , 9789264921313 , 9789264954472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Coup de projecteur sur l'éducation et la formation professionnelles : Conclusions de Regards sur l'éducation 2023
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: This Spotlight presents data and analysis on vocational education and training (VET) from Education at a Glance 2023. VET is a key component of most education systems in OECD countries. About one in three 25-34 year-olds have a vocational qualification as their highest level achieved, whether at upper secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary or short-cycle tertiary level. The first part of the Spotlight focuses on upper secondary programmes, analysing their components and outlining the main challenges to countries aiming to improve their quality, while promoting equity and ensuring better labour-market opportunities for their graduates. The second part focuses on progression pathways open to VET graduates and higher-level vocational programmes. Taken together, the two parts of this spotlight demonstrate the huge diversity of OECD country VET programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/acff263d-en
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    What do OECD data on teachers' salaries tell us? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.83
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Teachers' salaries are widely debated around the world, with divergent views among the actors of education. Salaries have risen very little over the last decade and have even fallen in real terms in almost half of OECD countries between 2015 and 2022. However, salary levels are just one of the many factors contributing to the attractiveness of the profession. In addition to raising salaries, decision makers should also take steps to raise the status of the profession in society, and offer teachers more opportunities for professional development and mobility to ensure that the profession remains intellectually stimulating throughout their careers.
    DOI: 10.1787/de0196b5-en
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    Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.2
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the demand for positions that require skills needed to develop or work with AI systems across 14 OECD countries between 2019 and 2022. It finds that, despite rapid growth in the demand for AI skills, AI-related online vacancies comprised less than 1% of all job postings and were predominantly found in sectors such as ICT and Professional Services. Skills related to Machine Learning were the most sought after. The US-focused part of the study reveals a consistent demand for socio-emotional, foundational, and technical skills across all AI employers. However, leading firms – those who posted the most AI jobs – exhibited a higher demand for AI professionals combining technical expertise with leadership, innovation, and problem-solving skills, underscoring the importance of these competencies in the AI field.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c691b9a-en
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  • 40
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    Tableau de bord de l'OCDE sur le financement des PME et des entrepreneurs : Faits saillants 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Les Faits saillants 2023 du Tableau de bord sur le financement des PME et des entrepreneurs rendent compte des tendances, des conditions et des évolutions des politiques publiques en matière de financement des PME et des entrepreneurs. Le rapport propose des données officielles sur le financement des PME dans près de 50 pays, et notamment des indicateurs relatifs aux conditions de financement et au financement par l'endettement, par apport de capitaux propres ou par nantissement d'actifs. Les données au titre de l'année 2021 sont complétées par les informations disponibles pour 2022, ainsi que par des informations sur la demande et par les récentes initiatives publiques et privées en faveur du financement des PME. Il en ressort que la plupart des économies montrent des signes d'une reprise dynamique suite à la pandémie de COVID-19 de 2021. Les données pour l'année 2022 révèlent toutefois une dégradation de certains indicateurs du financement des PME, en raison d'un fort niveau d'inflation et de la hausse des taux d'intérêt, aggravés par la guerre menée par la Russie contre l'Ukraine. Ces facteurs pèsent sur l'accessibilité et le coût du financement des PME par l'emprunt, laissant présager un ralentissement des financements. De la même manière, le financement par apport de capitaux propres a enregistré un net recul en 2022. Dans ce contexte, les pouvoirs publics devraient continuer de promouvoir la diversification des instruments et des sources de financement des PME et leur permettre ainsi de renforcer leur résilience et d'engager des investissements essentiels, notamment dans les transitions numérique et verte.
    DOI: 10.1787/e3156420-fr
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    Promoting internationalisation of the social and solidarity economy : From local to global (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/12
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Building on strong local roots to address local development challenges, many social and solidarity economy (SSE) entities are increasingly extending their operations internationally. By responding to international social and environmental challenges, SSE entities can help make global value chains more inclusive and sustainable. With the pursuit of a social mission and participatory governance at the core of their operations, SSE entities adopt specific approaches to internationalise their presence. Some internationalise to scale their impact to reach more people and areas, while some do so to deepen their impact on existing target groups by leveraging resources internationally. This paper analyses what SSE internationalisation involves and its specific drivers (chapter 1), trends in SSE internationalisation (chapter 2), competitive advantages and barriers of the SSE for internationalisation (chapter 3), and actionable areas for policy makers to promote its internationalisation (chapter 4).
    DOI: 10.1787/7287db10-en
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    Promoting diverse career pathways for doctoral and postdoctoral researchers (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.158
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report analyses the career options of doctoral and postdoctoral researchers. It identifies policies and practices to promote diverse careers, flexible career trajectories and ultimately better-quality research and innovation across different economic and social sectors. The report presents a conceptual framework and synthesis of available data and policy information. It offers recommendations and a set of policy options to: promote engagement and interaction with employers outside academia; provide researchers with experience and skills for diverse careers; encourage valorisation of diverse career options; support career development and guidance for researchers; promote inter-sectoral mobility; and, reconfigure and support careers in academia.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc21227a-en
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    Vales Sociais : Instrumentos inovadores para a inclusão social e o desenvolvimento local (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Social vouchers: Innovative tools for social inclusion and local development
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Bonos sociales : Instrumentos innovadores para la inclusión social y el desarrollo local
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Este documento explora a função dos vales sociais como um instrumento de inclusão social e desenvolvimento local. Apresenta uma tipologia dos vales e dos respetivos objetivos, que regem os quadros institucionais e regulamentares, a utilização pelos governos nacionais e locais e a economia social (secção 1). Analisa os desafios e as oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de vales à luz da crise da COVID-19 e sugere recomendações para tirar partido de forma mais eficaz dos vales sociais como um instrumento para "reconstruir melhor" (seção 2). Por último, ilustra e analisa casos específicos na Bélgica, Brasil, Chéquia, França, México, Marrocos e Roménia (seção 3).
    DOI: 10.1787/66b05bdc-pt
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    SME policy responses to the 2022/2023 energy crisis : Policy highlights and country experiences (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.43
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of one year of policy responses to the 2022/2023 energy crisis triggered by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine from the perspective of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In this paper, "SME policy responses" are defined as all government policies, whether SME-specific or not, which have lowered or affected in other way the price of electricity and natural gas paid by SMEs. The paper discusses three broad policy categories and related approaches implemented across countries: price-support measures; income-support measures; and complementary policies fostering the green transition. Overall, while emergency measures were initially centred on energy-intensive sectors, a larger number of SMEs was eventually covered as governments ramped up the scale and scope of their action due to the protraction of the Russian war in Ukraine. Going forward, as wholesale energy prices return to pre-war levels, price-support measures should be withdrawn. Income support could be used in some cases to help companies deal with still high retail energy prices, but the main policy focus should shift towards measures that improve the energy efficiency and environmental performance of SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/80012fbd-en
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    Education at a Glance 2023 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264975385 , 9789264939202 , 9789264430822
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (425 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: This publication provides additional reference material for Education at a Glance 2023, the authoritative source for data on the state of education around the world. It provides guidance on the data and methodology used to calculate each indicator. It also contains references to the sources and specific notes for each country.
    DOI: 10.1787/d7f76adc-en
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    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Latin America : Insights from Chile, Colombia and Mexico (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264392083 , 9789264433953 , 9789264946637
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: IT-Berufe ; Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; Qualifikation ; Fachkräfte ; Lateinamerika ; Kolumbien ; Mexiko ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; Colombia ; Mexico
    Abstract: As societies become increasingly digital, the importance of cyber security has grown significantly for individuals, companies, and nations. The rising number of cyber attacks surpasses the existing defense capabilities, partly due to a shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the analysis of the demand for cyber security experts in Latin America, using information from online job postings in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. The analysis investigates recent trends in job demand for various cyber security roles, the geographical distribution of cyber security job postings, and the evolving skill requirements in this field. Additionally, the report focuses on the supply side by examining the landscape of cyber security education and training programmes in Colombia. It explores the different types of programmes offered in vocational and higher education, the characteristics of learners enrolled in these programmes, and their outcomes. Lastly, the report examines policies and initiatives implemented in Colombia to enhance the accessibility and relevance of cyber security education and training programmes. This report is part of a broader initiative that examines the evolution of policies and experiences in the cyber security profession around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9400ab5c-en
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    Who Really Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? : Developing a Culture of Research Engagement (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264891326 , 9789264700031 , 9789264789357
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (262 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Education
    Abstract: In today's dynamic and rapidly evolving world, evidence-informed decision-making has emerged as a cornerstone in guiding effective education policy and practice. In particular, creating a culture of research engagement is often highlighted as a key ingredient to strengthening the impact of research. However, it is not always clear how that works in practice. The publication provides analyses of data collected from more than 30 education systems. It delves into how systemic and organisational capacity for thoughtful engagement with research can be built into policy and practice. It also contains concrete examples of building a culture of research engagement by presenting diverse case studies, analyses, tools and processes. It is intended as a practical resource for policy makers, educational leaders, teachers and the research community to stimulate reflection and guide their efforts to developing a culture of research engagement in education.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc641427-en
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    Harnessing "New Space" for Sustainable Growth of the Space Economy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Raumfahrt ; Weltraumtechnik ; Raumfahrtpolitik ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: "New space", characterised by new commercial players bringing cutting-edge business techniques and funding methods to space activities, has brought disruptive innovation and democratised access to space. But there also reasons for concern, as this has led to an intensified use of the orbital environment, creating more congestion and debris. Furthermore, the vitality of the "new space" ecosystem is under threat from economic shocks and market entrenchment. This G20 background paper examines the emergence of the "new space" ecosystem over the last 15 years, its impact on the space sector and society at large and the role of governments in ensuring sustained and sustainable growth of the sector. The paper provides a definition of "new space" activities to better target policy responses and suggests policy options to address these challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/a67b1a1c-en
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    Institutional missions and profiles in higher education in Lithuania (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.77
    Keywords: Education ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This policy brief was prepared as part of the OECD's Resourcing Higher Education Project. This wider project aims to provide a shared knowledge base for OECD member and partner countries on policy for higher education resourcing, drawing on system-specific and comparative policy analysis. The policy brief for Lithuania was developed at the request of the Lithuanian authorities as part of their efforts to promote the development of a more diversified and efficient institutional landscape in the national higher education system, in which universities and colleges can sharpen their profiles to align better with their individual strengths and the student populations and communities they serve. The brief initially provides a concise overview of the operating environment for HEIs in Lithuania and the existing institutional landscape. It then examines the approaches adopted to institutional differentiation and missions in higher education in other OECD higher education systems, before considering the rationale for reform in Lithuania and – informed by international examples – the policy options open to Lithuania to effect reform of its higher education landscape.
    DOI: 10.1787/286832a7-en
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    Improving the effectiveness of inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/05
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This policy brief on "Improving the effectiveness of inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes" was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. It discusses the importance of training schemes and presents an overview of the types of training schemes available. It also analyses the opportunities for governments to strengthen these training schemes and provides guidance on how to design more effective inclusive and social entrepreneurship training schemes.
    DOI: 10.1787/8386c4de-en
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    The economic benefits of early green innovation : Evidence from the automotive sector (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.209
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The economic consequences for firms investing in green innovation, and therefore their incentives to innovate, are not well understood. This paper empirically assesses the economic returns on innovation in cleaner vehicles. The analysis uses data on passenger car market shares and patents for car manufacturers operating in eight countries for the period 2005-2021. The results show that, when vehicle fuel prices increase, firms having previously successfully filed patents related to both electric and hybrid vehicles and fuel efficiency experience an increase in their market share. This increase takes place between 7 and 8 years after the patent stock is accumulated for patents related to electric and hybrid vehicles and between 8 and 15 years for patents related to fuel efficiency. The analysis also finds that in contexts where fuel price salience is high, price increases generate larger and earlier competitiveness returns for firms having previously invested in cleaner technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/c13d5d61-en
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    Culture and the creative economy in Lithuania and municipalities of Klaipėda, Neringa and Palanga (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/02
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Cultural and creative sectors are a significant driver of local development through job creation and income generation, spurring innovation across the economy and increasing the attractiveness of cities and regions as destinations to visit, work and live. This case study offers a review of cultural and creative sectors in Lithuania, highlighting issues and trends in employment and business development, financing and cultural participation. It brings a specific focus on three municipalities within the County of Klaipėda located on the Baltic coast – Klaipėda City, Neringa and Palanga – small cities specialised in port activities, logistics, traditional manufacturing and seaside resort tourism. It highlights how culture and creative sectors can be leveraged to foster local development, diversify the economy and strengthen territorial attractiveness. It provides recommendations and international examples on ways to support business development in creative sectors and to strengthen synergies between culture and tourism.
    DOI: 10.1787/df27cd5b-en
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    Schools as hubs for social and emotional learning : Are schools and teachers ready? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.4
    Keywords: Education ; Canada ; China, People’s Republic ; Colombia ; Finland ; Korea, Republic of ; Portugal ; Türkiye ; United States
    Abstract: Schools are perfect hubs for social and emotional learning, but are they ready for this task? To address this question, this Spotlight reports previously unpublished findings from the OECD’s Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) and discusses their implications for education policy and practice. Both an active promotion in schools and extensive learning opportunities for teachers on relevant topics provide a fertile ground for an effective social and emotional education. They boost teachers’ self-efficacy and use of active learning pedagogies, as well as quality relationships at school. The Spotlight also points to important differences for teachers of 10- vs. 15-year-old students that can explain higher skills at a younger age. Younger students benefit more often from key elements of an effective social and emotional education in school, i.e. the evaluation of their social and emotional skills and teachers teaming up with parents to reinforce skill promotion. Teachers of 10-year-olds are also more intensively trained and requested to promote social and emotional learning in their work.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6d12db7-en
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    Education policy outlook in Australia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.67
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Bildungswesen ; Australien ; Education ; Australia
    Abstract: This country policy profile on education in Australia is part of the Education Policy Outlook series. Building on the first policy profile for Australia (2013), it offers a concise analysis of where the education system stands today and how this compares to other systems. The profile analyses the evolution of ongoing and emerging related policy efforts in Australia, including education responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also offers relevant international policy examples that may serve as possible inspiration as policy makers work to address Australia's key challenges and priorities. The report brings together over a decade's worth of policy analysis by the Education Policy Outlook, as well as recent OECD data, relevant thematic and country-specific work, and other international and national evidence. It also benefits from the Education Policy Outlook's ongoing comparative analysis of resilience and responsiveness in education policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ce7a0965-en
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    Comment les établissements d’enseignement primaire publics sont-ils financés ? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.82
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How are public primary schools funded?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La manière dont les gouvernements décident du niveau de financement des établissements d’enseignement primaire publics varie considérablement, même si elle fait en général appel à une combinaison de critères réglementés et de critères discrétionnaires. Des restrictions sont en outre généralement imposées sur les modalités d’utilisation des fonds alloués, qui doivent ainsi être affectés à des catégories de dépenses spécifiques. Cette pratique n’est toutefois pas universelle et les établissements de certains pays de l’OCDE disposent d’une autonomie considérable pour l’affectation de leurs ressources, même s’ils n’ont en revanche que peu d’influence sur le montant initial des fonds qui leur sont attribués.
    DOI: 10.1787/462c666e-fr
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    Policy Toolkit for Strengthening FDI and SME Linkages (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264476417 , 9789264527607 , 9789264551015
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Strengthening linkages between foreign direct investment (FDI) and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is important to boost productivity and innovation across countries and regions in the OECD and beyond. This policy toolkit offers policy advice to national and subnational governments on how to increase knowledge and technology benefits from FDI on domestic SMEs and the local economy. It presents a conceptual framework for understanding the main enabling conditions and diffusion channels of FDI-SME linkages and spillovers, and a set of diagnostic tools to assess the spillover potential. It also provides an assessment tool for policy and institutional frameworks enabling FDI-SME linkages. This toolkit benefits from insights of a pilot mapping of policy initiatives across the 27 EU Member States, which are described in the second part of the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/688bde9a-en
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    Ensuring Quality Digital Higher Education in Hungary (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264421868 , 9789264786059 , 9789264690561
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (206 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Higher Education
    Keywords: Studium ; Hochschulpolitik ; Digitalisierung ; Ungarn ; Education ; Hungary
    Abstract: The emergence of fully online, hybrid and blended forms of higher education has led governments, quality assurance agencies and higher education institutions (HEIs) across the OECD to reflect on how to ensure that digital education provides learners with opportunities to reach learning and employment outcomes similar to those achieved through traditional in person instruction. Building on stakeholder engagement and comparative analysis, this report offers an assessment of Hungary’s quality assurance system for higher education and, more specifically, its strengths and weaknesses for assuring the quality of digital higher education. It offers recommendations and policy options to support the ongoing reform of Hungary’s higher education accreditation system as well as a list of potential digital education indicators to be integrated in the assessment frameworks used by the Hungarian Accreditation Committee (MAB) for the accreditation of higher education institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f44fd6f-en
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    OECD Skills Strategy Luxembourg : Assessment and Recommendations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264822443 , 9789264388604 , 9789264314207
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (249 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Stratégie de l’OCDE sur les compétences au Luxembourg (version abrégée) : Évaluation et recommandations
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Weiterbildung ; Luxemburg ; Education ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future and central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities and help them build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Luxembourg: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to provide labour-market relevant adult learning opportunities, guide and incentivise skills choices, attract and retain foreign talent to fill skills shortages, and strengthen the governance of skills data in Luxembourg.
    DOI: 10.1787/92d891a4-en
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    Equity and Inclusion in Education : Finding Strength through Diversity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264619999 , 9789264480933 , 9789264404526
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (372 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Bildungschancen ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: Governments and education policy makers are increasingly concerned with equity and inclusion in education due to several major global trends such as demographic shifts, migration and refugee crises, rising inequalities, and climate change. These developments have contributed to increasing diversity within national populations and flagged some concerns around the ability of education systems to be equitable and inclusive of all students. This report by the Strength through Diversity project examines how education systems can respond to increasing diversity and foster greater equity and inclusion in education. Based on a holistic framework for studying diversity, equity and inclusion in education, the report examines five key policy areas (i.e., governance; resourcing; capacity building; school-level interventions, and monitoring and evaluation), provides examples of policies and practices, and offers policy advice on promoting more equitable and inclusive education systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/e9072e21-en
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    Global value chain dependencies under the magnifying glass (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.142
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Policy makers are increasingly grappling with the stability implications of global value chains (GVCs), as widespread supply shortages following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have disrupted the economic recovery and contributed to high inflation. This paper provides a tool to assess vulnerabilities in GVCs by drawing a detailed map of dependencies based on new indicators constructed from the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables. The key findings are as follows. First, GVC dependencies increase with both the size of foreign exposures and the length of foreign value chains. Second, in some industries, such as the automotive and ICT industries, vulnerabilities from high GVC dependence are amplified by high geographic concentration of suppliers or buyers. Third, the People’s Republic of China is the most critical choke point in GVCs across a broad range of industries, both as a dominant supplier and as a dominant buyer.
    DOI: 10.1787/b2489065-en
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    Advancing accountability in AI : Governing and managing risks throughout the lifecycle for trustworthy AI (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.349
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Produktlebenszyklus ; Lebenszyklus ; Risiko ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report presents research and findings on accountability and risk in AI systems by providing an overview of how risk-management frameworks and the AI system lifecycle can be integrated to promote trustworthy AI. It also explores processes and technical attributes that can facilitate the implementation of values-based principles for trustworthy AI and identifies tools and mechanisms to define, assess, treat, and govern risks at each stage of the AI system lifecycle. This report leverages OECD frameworks – including the OECD AI Principles, the AI system lifecycle, and the OECD framework for classifying AI systems – and recognised risk-management and due-diligence frameworks like the ISO 31000 risk-management framework, the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology’s AI risk-management framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/2448f04b-en
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    Advancing Digital Maturity in Croatia’s Higher Education System (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264576896 , 9789264666740 , 9789264981454
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (189 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Higher Education
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Hochschule ; Kroatien ; Education ; Croatia
    Abstract: The Croatian government views digitalisation as a way to improve access to higher education and increase its attractiveness. To this end, it is investing in modernising digital infrastructure and building capacity to effectively integrate digital technologies into the higher education sector. This report provides an account of the activities and findings of a project on assessing and improving digital maturity in Croatian higher education institutions, which was carried out by the OECD and funded by the European Union. The objective of the project was to provide support and advice to Croatian authorities as they develop their policy approach to higher education digitalisation. This report details the activities and outcomes of the project. It reviews international best practices related to enhancing the quality of digital higher education. It also provides technical guidance to public authorities on prioritising investments in various forms of digital infrastructure. Finally, it offers guidance to Croatian higher education institutions to support their strategic development process and their investment strategies with regard to digitalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/c3c8d452-en
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    Subsidies to the steel industry : Insights from the OECD data collection (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.147
    Keywords: Stahlindustrie ; Subvention ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses subsidies provided to steel producers by examining firm-level data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and conducting desk research. It reveals that subsidy trends persist even in the face of existing overcapacity. Between 2008 and 2020, steel companies in partner economies obtained an average of 10.7 times more subsidies per crude steel production capacity unit than their counterparts in OECD countries. These subsidies took the form of cash grants, cash awards, and cost reimbursements. The report also finds that the national context significantly influences a jurisdiction's inclination to support its steel sector and the transparency of such subsidies. Some jurisdictions have prioritised the growth of their domestic steel industry by establishing firm goals for crude steel production, export, or concentration. Meanwhile, others have engaged in international collaboration to address global challenges related to the decarbonisation of the steel industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/06e7c89b-en
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    Consideration of an optimal representation for the technological higher education sector in Ireland (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.70
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Technologie ; Irland ; Education
    Abstract: This brief discusses an appropriate model for representing the technological higher education sector in Ireland, based on stakeholder discussions and international practices from other OECD higher education systems. It assesses the challenges of the Technological Higher Education Association and outlines functions of a representative body. This analysis identifies five options for organising higher education representation in Ireland, recommending a separate sectoral representative organisation in the short-to-medium term to support the transformation of technological universities. In the long term, it foresees a single representative body for the entire Irish higher education system.
    DOI: 10.1787/5ea4eded-en
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    Translation and adaptation processes in TALIS 2018 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.290
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The international instruments of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) require national adaptations and translation before data collection processes begin. This paper provides an assessment of the processes used in TALIS 2018, based on an analysis of the documentation available, as well as countries’ descriptions of the processes and challenges undergone during that cycle. The author starts by identifying several positive aspects, highlighting the work of the international contractor, the national centres and national project managers but also suggests areas for improvement. Finally, the paper looks at the new translatability assessment in the current cycle (TALIS 2024) and how it could be even more effective, as well as recommending a series of proposals that could support adaptation and translation processes in future cycles.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e72eea4-en
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  • 66
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    Estudio multidimensional de El Salvador : Prioridades estratégicas para un desarrollo sólido, inclusivo y sostenible (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264758193 , 9789264555716 , 9789264464360
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (528 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of El Salvador: Strategic Priorities for Robust, Inclusive and Sustainable Development
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Development ; El Salvador
    Abstract: El Salvador ha consolidado importantes avances en su desarrollo en los últimos 30 años. El fin de la guerra civil en 1992 señaló el establecimiento de una democracia liberal y de un modelo de desarrollo abierto basado en la exportación, que contribuyó a reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad. Sin embargo, el modelo de la posguerra no ha generado el dinamismo económico o los puestos de trabajo que el país necesita. El crecimiento económico fue moderado en los años previos a la pandemia de COVID-19, promediando 2.4%, y la productividad creció al 0.1% durante la pasada década. Para impulsar un desarrollo más sólido, inclusivo y sostenible son necesarias acciones decisivas. Basándose en un análisis multidimensional del desarrollo en El Salvador este informe plantea cuatro recomendaciones prioritarias: 1) sentar las condiciones para la transformación productiva y la modernización de la economía; 2) aumentar la cantidad, calidad y pertinencia de la educación; 3) gestionar mejor los recursos hídricos para llevar agua y saneamiento a todos de manera sostenible; y 4) modernizar el Estado para que pueda generar bienes públicos clave – desde la seguridad ciudadana a la educación o la salud – de manera eficaz, y conducir el país hacia la próxima etapa de su desarrollo.
    DOI: 10.1787/926438d3-es
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    Catching up on lost learning opportunities : Research and policy evidence on key learning recovery strategies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.292
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Climate change and natural disasters, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical shocks have increasingly disrupted school education around the world in recent years. Whether leading to school closures, school destructions or repeated interruptions in students’ learning experiences, these external shocks have translated into lost learning opportunities for students. In this context, education systems face heightened pressure to become ever more resilient, enhance the efficiency of public spending and address emerging learning gaps. This working paper highlights key education strategies for helping students catch up on lost learning opportunities and bridge learning gaps, based on a review of research and policy evidence from OECD and non-OECD countries. It examines a range of academic strategies to address learning gaps, including i) adapting instructional strategies and pedagogies to individual needs, ii) extending and adapting the time of instruction, and iii) providing curricular flexibility and enabling fluid learning pathways within the school system. It provides research evidence on the effectiveness of such strategies, together with examples of their large-scale implementation and cost-effectiveness considerations. While this paper presents programmes of general interest for all countries, a separate policy brief targets learning recovery strategies for students in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/a69c5909-en
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    Digital technologies to support young children with special needs in early childhood education and care : A literature review (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This review examines the current literature on the use of digital technologies to support young children with special needs in early childhood education and care (ECEC). It identifies four key areas of focus, which relate to understanding and articulating the purpose and focus for integrating assistive technologies (ATs) in ECEC; activating and integrating expertise in ECEC; developing an engaged community of experience and practice; and promoting and supporting quality AT design. Foundations for further developments are evident across the research literature and the review derives recommendations to provide direction for ECEC policy makers and staff, educational institutions and allied support networks for achieving the promise of AT for children with special needs in ECEC.
    DOI: 10.1787/34f9d9e8-en
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  • 69
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    The design of upper secondary education across OECD countries : Managing choice, coherence and specialisation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (99 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.288
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: How is upper secondary education organised across OECD countries? This level of education, which most frequently serves students aged between 15 to 18, is generally the first time when learners have significant capacity to shape the content of their learning, for example by opting for general or vocational education, choosing their subjects and developing a specialisation. Across the OECD, education systems have developed different ways to be responsive to different student needs and interests while trying to ensure that learners develop coherent foundational skills. This paper captures the diversity of countries’ upper secondary systems by: 1) developing a common language that sets the foundation for internationally comparative analysis; 2) categorising how countries organise their programmes in upper secondary education to manage choice, coherence and specialisation; and 3) identifying benefits and strategies to mitigate the risks associated with different approaches to upper secondary programmes for students, education systems and society.
    DOI: 10.1787/158101f0-en
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  • 70
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    How are education systems integrating creative thinking in schools? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.122
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Creative thinking matters. It is consistently ranked among the top skills employers value and, when students think creatively, their motivation to learn increases and their learning becomes deeper and more transferable. As more education systems formally recognise the key role that education can play in nurturing creative thinking skills, the question is: what policies are needed to ensure that, systematically, all young people have the opportunity to develop these skills as part of their formal education? To what extent are education systems supporting their students and teachers in promoting the kinds of learning environments where creative thinking can flourish? This brief addresses these questions by reporting and analysing responses to an online policy survey from 90 national and sub-national education jurisdictions participating in PISA 2022.
    DOI: 10.1787/f01158fb-en
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    Production transformation policy review of Bangladesh : investing in the future of a trading nation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b925b06-en
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    Initial policy considerations for generative artificial intelligence (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.1
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Regulierung ; Politik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) creates new content in response to prompts, offering transformative potential across multiple sectors such as education, entertainment, healthcare and scientific research. However, these technologies also pose critical societal and policy challenges that policy makers must confront: potential shifts in labour markets, copyright uncertainties, and risk associated with the perpetuation of societal biases and the potential for misuse in the creation of disinformation and manipulated content. Consequences could extend to the spreading of mis- and disinformation, perpetuation of discrimination, distortion of public discourse and markets, and the incitement of violence. Governments recognise the transformative impact of generative AI and are actively working to address these challenges. This paper aims to inform these policy considerations and support decision makers in addressing them.
    DOI: 10.1787/fae2d1e6-en
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  • 73
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    Remédier aux possibilités d'apprentissage perdues en Ukraine :les stratégies clés en matière de politique de l'éducation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l'OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Recovering lost learning opportunities in Ukraine: Key education policy strategies
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Les destructions d'écoles, les déplacements de population ou les fermetures d'écoles signifient que les enfants en Ukraine ont connu diverses perturbations dans leur expérience éducative. Les interventions visant à réduire les variations des niveaux d'apprentissage des élèves doivent accompagner les efforts de reprise de l'apprentissage et de fourniture d'une éducation de haute qualité pour tous. Cette note met l'accent sur les interventions académiques que l'Ukraine pourrait mettre en place pour soutenir la reprise de l'apprentissage. Elle examine tout d'abord les stratégies d'évaluation des niveaux de compétences des élèves et d'identification des pertes d'apprentissage potentielles dans le contexte actuel. Elle se concentre ensuite sur les stratégies académiques que le ministère de l'éducation peut mettre en œuvre à court et à moyen terme pour aider les élèves à récupérer les opportunités d'apprentissage perdues, notamment en adaptant les stratégies d'instruction et les pédagogies aux besoins individuels, en adaptant le temps d'instruction, en assurant la flexibilité des programmes et en permettant des parcours d'apprentissage fluides au sein du système scolaire. La note conclut en proposant une série de réponses politiques susceptibles d'améliorer l'efficacité à long terme des stratégies de reprise de l'apprentissage en Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/eea81bd9-fr
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    The Future of Rural Manufacturing (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264572225 , 9789264361850 , 9789264433472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Ländliche Industrie ; Slowenien ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Frankreich ; Ländlicher Raum ; Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: The Future of Rural Manufacturing provides insights on the transformations that have occurred in manufacturing across rural regions in recent decades. It describes opportunities and challenges in this context, highlighting those relating to climate and demographic change and digitalisation, as well as shifting patterns in globalisation. With support from the European Commission, the project combines a wide range of both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The former examines broad trends in manufacturing performance across OECD rural (TL3) regions between 2000 and 2019, with deeper dives that draw on more granular microdata in 14 OECD countries. Case studies were conducted across 12 regions in Slovenia, Germany, Italy, and France. They comprised interviews with over 300 local, regional, and national actors across government, private sector, universities, research institutes, NGOs and non-profit community organisations. The project also benefited from foresight and futures workshops conducted in January and July 2022 with experts and policymakers across OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/e065530c-en
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    PISA 2022 Assessment and Analytical Framework (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264751422 , 9789264773431 , 9789264906112
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (291 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report presents the conceptual foundations of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), now in its eighth cycle of comprehensive and rigorous international surveys of student knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. As in previous cycles, the 2022 PISA assessment covered reading, mathematics and science, with a major focus on mathematics, plus an evaluation of students' creative thinking and financial literacy skills. This publication includes the frameworks for assessing mathematics, financial literacy and creative thinking. These chapters outline the content knowledge and skills that students need to acquire in each domain, how each domain is assessed, and the contexts in which this knowledge and these skills are applied. The publication also presents the frameworks for the various questionnaires distributed to students, school principals, parents and teachers, including a new Global Crisis Module (GCM) for students and school principals. It concludes with the framework for the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) familiarity questionnaire distributed to students.
    DOI: 10.1787/dfe0bf9c-en
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    Platform cooperatives and employment : An alternative for platform work (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/16
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Platform cooperatives refer to cooperatives that are directly owned and managed by their members and that use websites and/or mobile apps to sell goods and/or services. They have emerged in large part as alternatives to digital labour platforms to promote better working conditions with evidence of significant growth in recent years. This paper provides an overview of employment in platform cooperatives and offers insights on their distinctive features. In particular, it provides i) insights on working conditions associated with such platforms; ii) an overview on the challenges they face in creating jobs as well as scaling up, developing and expanding their activity; and iii) policy recommendations and examples of policy actions that could help policy makers best support them to generate work opportunities and enhance job quality. This paper was produced as part of the OECD Global Action on Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems, funded by the European Union's Foreign Partnership Instrument.
    DOI: 10.1787/3eab339f-en
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    The social and solidarity economy as a partner along the refugee journey (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/15
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Produced as part of the OECD Global Action "Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems" funded by the European Union, this paper explores the role of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) in implementing and complementing public systems for refugee protection, reception and integration. In particular, it reviews the different activities SSE entities can deploy in support of forcibly displaced populations, asylum seekers and refugees, along their journey from origin through to destination countries. Finally, it offers some policy considerations on how the SSE can help national and local governments identify win-win solutions for refugee and host communities.
    DOI: 10.1787/174514e3-en
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    Does English instruction teach more reading than listening skills? : Evidence from 15 European education systems (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.298
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This study investigates whether English formal instruction and a number of teaching practices are more strongly associated with reading or listening English skills, using data from a large-scale assessment of English skills among 14- and 15-year-olds in 15 European education systems in 2012. The results indicate that the skill difference between reading and listening skills is positively associated with: more years spent learning English in school; more hours of current English instruction; and even indicators of quality of English instruction. In addition, the use of different teaching materials and the emphasis put on oral skills in the classroom are also associated with the difference between reading and listening skills. These results are based on a methodology developed specifically for this study, and they confirm the usefulness of separately measuring foreign language skills for policy analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/ca4a736c-en
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    Impact indicators for culture, sports and business events : A guide - Part II (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/11
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This OECD Guide sets out a framework of indicators to measure the impact of global events on local development. Global events (including culture, sports and business events) can have a significant impact on local development. Yet measuring this impact in a consistent, reliable, and comprehensive way can be challenging. This Guide presents a set of indicators which events hosts can incorporate into their evaluation strategy to assess the economic, social, and environmental impact of their event. It offers practical guidance and advice on how to implement this framework, alongside examples of indicator use. In doing so, the Guide supports the OECD Recommendation on Global Events and Local Development, which helps countries and future hosts bring greater local benefits and legacies from global events. This Guide can be read alongside "How to measure the impact of culture, sports and business events: A guide - Part I".
    DOI: 10.1787/e2062a5b-en
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    Putting AI to the test : How does the performance of GPT and 15-year-old students in PISA compare? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.6
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are laying the groundwork for extensive and rapid transformations in society. Understanding the relationship between AI capabilities and human skills is essential to ensure policy responsiveness to ongoing and incoming changes. The OECD has tracked how well AI systems fare on tasks from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), comparing AI performance to that of 15-year-old students in the test's core domains of reading, mathematics and science. Tests were conducted using the Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT) family of large language models (LLMs), the AI behind ChatGPT, which took the world by storm after its public release in late 2022. Results show that both GPT versions outperform average student performance in reading and science. In addition, we observe rapid advances in mathematics where AI capabilities are quickly catching up with those of students. In November 2022, GPT-3.5 could answer 35% of a set of PISA mathematics tasks, a level of performance significantly below that of humans, who answer 51% of the tasks successfully on average. However, by March 2023, GPT-4 answered 40% of the tasks successfully. Policy implications of these results are discussed in this paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c297e0b-en
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    Estudio multidimensional de la República Dominicana : Hacia un mayor bienestar (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264626812 , 9789264592452 , 9789264457225
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (314 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic: Towards Greater Well-being for All
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: La República Dominicana ha experimentado importantes avances socioeconómicos en las últimas décadas. El país ha sido una de las principales economías de América Latina y el Caribe en términos de crecimiento económico, alcanzando el estatus de economía de ingreso medio-alto en 2011. Sin embargo, los avances en las diferentes dimensiones del bienestar han sido insuficientes. En particular, las disparidades socioeconómicas y territoriales siguen siendo importantes, y las instituciones públicas aún enfrentan desafíos relevantes. Para que la República Dominicana avance en una senda de desarrollo más inclusivo y sostenible, es necesario abordar tres dimensiones críticas. En primer lugar, proporcionar empleos de calidad para todos, con especial énfasis en impulsar la formalización y la transformación productiva. En segundo lugar, movilizar más financiamiento público y privado para el desarrollo, con sistemas fiscales más progresivos y eficaces, un gasto público más eficiente, y mercados de capitales más profundos. En tercer lugar, acelerar la transformación digital para impulsar la productividad, mejorar la inclusión y apoyar la creación de empleo.
    DOI: 10.1787/8044a9c9-es
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    Guide de l'enseignant sur l'évaluation formative et la différenciation pédagogique des élèves au Maroc (Volume 2) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Education ; Morocco
    Abstract: Le guide présent est l'un des deux guides préparés par l'OCDE pour aider les enseignants au Maroc à effectuer des évaluations en classe et à renforcer leurs pratiques pédagogiques. Ce guide identifie l'interaction entre l'évaluation formative et la différenciation pédagogique comme une stratégie importante pour promouvoir l'apprentissage de tous les élèves. Il propose des principes clés qui aideront les enseignants à fournir un enseignement de qualité à l'ensemble de la classe, et un soutien plus ciblé aux élèves en difficulté. Ce deuxième volume est dédié à la différenciation pédagogique. La différenciation est un ensemble de pratiques pédagogiques qui permettent aux enseignants de réguler leur enseignement pour répondre aux besoins variables des élèves. Le guide a été rédigé par des experts en la matière et a bénéficié des retours des acteurs locaux, notamment du Ministère de l'Éducation au Maroc.
    DOI: 10.1787/d023dccf-fr
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    Unleashing Talent in Brussels, Belgium (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264377479 , 9789264713352 , 9789264961371
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promouvoir les talents à Bruxelles, Belgique
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitskräfte ; Brüssel (Region) ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: The Brussels-Capital Region has witnessed significant improvements in its labour market over the past decade. Local job creation has been driven by ample opportunities for highly-skilled workers whom the Brussels-Capital Region attracts from its surrounding regions, the European Union, and beyond. However, not all of the region's population has seen their labour market prospects improve equally. Many workers with lower levels of education continue to compete for a small number of vacancies, despite the increasingly tightening labour market. A future vision for the Brussels-Capital Region, therefore, needs to be built on recognising and addressing the multiple and often distinct challenges faced by its young and diverse population. In a labour market that offers high rewards for skills formation, tailoring continuous education and training offerings to different groups while removing barriers to participation in such programmes will need to take priority. Simplifying processes for accessing employment services, streamlining labour market policies, supporting the geographic mobility of less-educated jobseekers, and removing barriers to employment for its migrant population could serve as building blocks to increase labour force participation and improve the employment quality of all local talent.
    DOI: 10.1787/7a495020-en
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  • 84
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    Measuring Innovation in Education 2023 : Tools and Methods for Data-Driven Action and Improvement (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264737686 , 9789264600201 , 9789264731882
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (287 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Bildung ; Innovation ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Measuring innovation in education and understanding its drivers and obstacles is essential to improve the quality of the education sector – and of specific educational establishments. Are pedagogical and administrative practices changing in the expected direction? Do educational institution have a positive innovation culture that supports innovation? What are the drivers of innovation that policy makers or institution leaders could influence to achieve the systems' educational objectives? How much do countries invest in educational research? This book proposes insights and tools to policy makers and education leaders willing to drive change based on data and evidence and new tools and methodologies for education policy makers and institution leaders to answer those questions. Based on the research literature and the long experience of innovation and research surveys, these tools are meant either for a statistical collection or to engage in self-reflection at the institutional level. Three aspects of innovation are covered: educational innovation at the system level, innovation culture within educational institutions, innovation towards equity in education. A questionnaire to measure educational research and experimental development expenditures and implementation and new methodologies to measure certain aspects of educational innovation and educational research based on big data and bibliometrics are also presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/a7167546-en
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  • 85
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    Supporting persons with disabilities in entrepreneurship : Ensuring inclusion in a post COVID-19 economy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.37
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This policy brief, prepared by the OECD and European Commission, explores the potential of entrepreneurship policy to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities. Disabilities vary widely in type, severity, stability, duration and time of onset, and these characteristics influence individual capacities and willingness to be active in the labour market. Self-employment can be appropriate for some in this population because it can provide more flexibility than paid employment in terms of workload, work schedule and work location, which can allow for better management of disability and lifestyle. This brief provides an overview of the policy rationale for entrepreneurship support for people with disabilities and provides a brief overview of the scale and nature of self-employment activities by people with disabilities and suggests potential actions for governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ea0d982-en
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  • 86
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    Not lost in translation : The implications of machine translation technologies for language professionals and for broader society (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; New Zealand ; Singapore ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted on line.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1d1d170-en
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  • 87
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    Bonos sociales : Instrumentos innovadores para la inclusión social y el desarrollo local (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Social vouchers: Innovative tools for social inclusion and local development
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: En este documento se estudia el papel de los bonos sociales como instrumento para la inclusión social y el desarrollo local. El documento presenta una tipología de los bonos y sus objetivos, de los marcos institucionales y regulatorios vigentes, del uso que hacen de ellos los gobiernos locales y nacionales, y de la economía social (sección 1). Se analizan los retos y las oportunidades que plantea el desarrollo de los bonos en el contexto de la crisis de la COVID-19 y se proponen recomendaciones para aprovechar de forma efectiva los bonos sociales como instrumento para «reconstruir mejor» (sección 2). Por último, se exponen y analizan casos concretos de Bélgica, Brasil, Francia, Marruecos, México, la República Checa y Rumanía (sección 3).
    DOI: 10.1787/c313d34a-es
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  • 88
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    Policy Options for Labour Market Challenges in Amsterdam and Other Dutch Cities (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264818453 , 9789264640603 , 9789264375765
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Keywords: Städtischer Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Amsterdam ; Niederlande ; Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Labour markets across the Netherlands recovered quickly from the COVID-19 shock and Dutch cities are now facing an unprecedented level of labour market tightness. The high demand for workers presents a unique opportunity for Dutch municipalities to find pathways into employment for those with the lowest labour market attachment and alleviate the pressure faced by local employers that struggle to find suitable workers. Supporting the diverse population in Dutch cities in finding their way into the labour market requires the efficient use of existing labour market instruments, advancing innovative methods of skills-based job matching and improving the cooperation between national, regional and local labour market institutions. This OECD report analyses current and future bottlenecks that could hamper the effective provision of local labour market services. It highlights policy options for strengthening the capacity of municipalities to support different population groups in making the transition from social welfare recipients to workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/181c0fff-en
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  • 89
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    Beyond pink-collar jobs for women and the social economy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/07
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Building on many data sources and country examples on women’s employment in the social and solidarity economy (SSE) the report: i) analyses women’s employment in the SSE, ii) explores challenges to gender equality in the SSE and, iii) provides policy recommendations to recognise women’s work and leadership in the SSE and in the wider economy. It also suggests ways to foster their participation in high-growth sectors within the SSE, such as technology-intensive and green sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/44ba229e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 90
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    Micro-credentials for lifelong learning and employability : Uses and possibilities (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.66
    Keywords: Bildungsabschluss ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Micro-credentials are increasingly prominent in discussions around education, training and labour market policy. Policymakers, educators and trainers across the world envision micro-credentials to be an innovation with a multitude of potential uses and benefits – a sort of all-purpose solution for the problems confronting education, training and labour market systems – and some have begun to integrate them into existing practice and policy frameworks. However, evidence on the value and impact of micro-credentials remains scarce, limiting commitment on the part of stakeholders. This paper examines what is known about both the potential and limitations of micro-credentials with respect to enhancing learners’ labour market participation and outcomes, widening pathways from upper secondary to higher education, improving completion of higher education, and promoting social inclusion among disadvantaged learners.
    DOI: 10.1787/9c4b7b68-en
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  • 91
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    AI scoring for international large-scale assessments using a deep learning model and multilingual data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.287
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) scoring for constructed-response items, using recent advancements in multilingual, deep learning techniques utilising models pre-trained with a massive multilingual text corpus, is examined using international large-scale assessment data. Historical student responses to Reading and Science literacy cognitive items developed under the PISA analytical framework are used as training data for deep learning together with multilingual data to construct an AI model. The trained AI models are then used to score and the results compared with human-scored data. The score distributions estimated based on the AI-scored data and the human-scored data are highly consistent with each other; furthermore, even item-level psychometric properties of the majority of items showed high levels of agreement, although a few items showed discrepancies. This study demonstrates a practical procedure for using a multilingual data approach, and this new AI-scoring methodology reached a practical level of quality, even in the context of an international large-scale assessment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9918e1fb-en
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  • 92
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    Policies to strengthen the resilience of global value chains : Empirical evidence from the COVID-19 shock (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.141
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Widespread supply disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have raised concerns among policy makers that globalised value chains expose domestic production to shocks from abroad. This paper uses new indicators of global value chain dependencies and exogenous pandemic shocks to econometrically estimate the effects of supply disruptions abroad on domestic output. The results suggest that the adverse effects of supply disruptions are particularly large when concentration of supplying countries and supplying firms is high. Counterfactual simulations of the econometric model suggest that diversification of suppliers would have sizeable benefits in terms of shielding domestic production against country-specific supply shocks, with partial onshoring of production having only small additional benefits. Technological innovation that reduces foreign dependencies, such as the substitution of renewable energies for fossil fuels, can have similar benefits as diversification.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd82abd4-en
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  • 93
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    How do mass lay-offs affect regional economies? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Mass lay-offs from firms and plant restructuring occur regularly and can have potentially large consequences on places and communities. Policy makers may consider supporting firms, in order to prevent mass lay-offs but at the risk of interfering with economic dynamism, or targeting affected workers, to help them transition to new employment. Which strategy (firms versus workers) is the most appropriate and under which circumstances can be informed by better understanding the nature of the economic impact from mass lay-offs. This paper estimates the impact of mass lay-offs between 2008-18 across small regions (TL3) in Europe on regional employment and productivity. It finds there are persistent negative employment effects of mass lay-offs, and rural regions are more negatively affected on average. In part because of differences in the nature of the firm in the region, its relationship with nearby suppliers and clients, and the broader economic context of the region, productivity effects can be both positive and negative over the longer term.
    DOI: 10.1787/99d48aeb-en
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  • 94
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    Stratégie de l’OCDE sur les compétences au Luxembourg (version abrégée) : Évaluation et recommandations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264972032 , 9789264664326 , 9789264662537
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur les compétences
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Skills Strategy Luxembourg: Assessment and Recommendations
    Keywords: Education ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Les compétences sont la clé d’un avenir meilleur et déterminent la capacité des pays et des personnes à s’épanouir dans un monde de plus en plus interconnecté et en rapide mutation. Les mégatendances, comme la transformation numérique, la mondialisation, les changements démographiques et climatiques, remodèlent le monde du travail et la société, suscitant une demande croissante pour des niveaux de compétences plus élevés et de nouveaux ensembles d’aptitudes. Les projets fondés sur la Stratégie de l’OCDE sur les compétences offrent aux pays une approche stratégique et globale permettant d’évaluer les défis et les possibilités qui se présentent à eux en matière de compétences et de les aider à mettre en place des systèmes de compétences plus efficaces. L’OCDE travaille en collaboration avec les pays afin d’élaborer des réponses stratégiques adaptées aux besoins spécifiques de chacun d’eux en matière de compétences. Cette approche s’appuie sur le cadre stratégique de l’OCDE sur les compétences, qui permet d’examiner ce que les pays sont susceptibles d’améliorer pour permettre : 1) l’acquisition de compétences utiles tout au long de la vie ; 2) l’utilisation efficace des compétences dans le cadre professionnel et social ; 3) le renforcement de la gouvernance des systèmes de compétences. Ce rapport, Stratégie de l’OCDE sur les compétences au Luxembourg : Évaluation et recommandations, définit les possibilités et formule des recommandations afin d’élargir les offres de formation des adultes adaptées au marché du travail, d’orienter et d’encourager les choix de compétences, d’attirer et de retenir les talents étrangers pour combler le manque de compétences et de renforcer la gouvernance des données sur les compétences au Luxembourg. Cette version abrégée présente le résumé ainsi qu’un aperçu de l’analyse et des recommandations contenues dans le rapport complet. Le rapport est disponible en anglais dans son intégralité sur le site de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/dcf9ea51-fr
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  • 95
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    Risks of Illicit Trade in Counterfeits to Small and Medium-Sized Firms (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264681606 , 9789264875579 , 9789264564671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. This study looks at damages caused by illicit trade in counterfeits to small and medium-sized enterprises. The robust evidence on the magnitude, scope and trends of this risk informs policy makers about the need to include anti-counterfeiting elements in policy packages designed to support SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa6d5089-en
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  • 96
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    Joining Forces for Gender Equality : what is Holding us Back? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264825833
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (337 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agir ensemble pour l'égalité des genres (version abrégée) : Quelles priorités ?
    Keywords: Gleichstellungspolitik ; Gleichberechtigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD countries continue to face persistent gender inequalities in social and economic life. Young women often reach higher levels of education than young men, but remain under-represented in fields with the most lucrative careers. Women spend more time on unpaid work, face a strong motherhood penalty, encounter barriers to entrepreneurship and fare worse in labour markets overall. They are also under-represented in politics and leadership positions in public employment. These elements permeate many policy areas and economic sectors - from international trade and development assistance to energy and the environment - in which policy often lacks a strong gender focus. Violence against women, the most abhorrent manifestation of gender inequality, remains a global crisis. This publication analyses developments and policies for gender equality, such as gender mainstreaming and budgeting, reforms to increase fathers' involvement in parental leave and childcare, pay transparency initiatives to tackle gender pay gaps, and systems to address gender-based violence. It extends the perspective on gender equality to include foreign direct investment, nuclear energy and transport. Advancing gender equality is not just a moral imperative; in times of rapidly ageing populations, low fertility and multiple crises, it will strengthen future gender-equal economic growth and social cohesion
    Description / Table of Contents: Women at work in OECD countries -- The labour market integration challenges of Ukrainian refugee women -- Global goals in gender equality -- Improving policy implementation to end gender-based violence -- Foreword -- Gender gaps in Vocational Education and Training (VET) and adult learning -- Governance tools and evidence to promote inclusive decision making -- Gender equality in public leadership -- Gender balance in the nuclear sector -- Mainstreaming gender equality -- Tax systems and gender -- Gender differences in financial literacy and resilience -- Supporting equal parenting: Paid parental leave -- Addressing gender disparities in access to finance for business creation -- Gender gaps in entrepreneurship remain -- Gender differences in career expectations and feminisation of the teaching profession -- Women entrepreneurs and international trade -- Ensuring the availability, quality and affordability of childcare -- The gender wage gap and the role of firms -- Gender diversity in energy -- The gender gap in school engagement and retention -- Harnessing foreign direct investment for gender equality -- Gender mainstreaming in environmental policies -- Assessing gender equality in transport policies -- Pay transparency to close the gender wage gap -- Participation and performance of girls and boys in education -- Women and the social economy -- Executive summary -- Gender gaps in asset-backed pension arrangements -- Gender diversity on boards and in senior management -- Systems and legal frameworks to address gender-based violence -- Legal frameworks, institutional design and strategic planning for gender mainstreaming -- The potential of digitalisation for women's economic empowerment in MENA countries -- Improving gender equality in public employment -- Teleworking through a gender lens.
    DOI: 10.1787/67d48024-en
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 97
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    Propuestas para un plan de acción para reducir el abandono escolar temprano en España (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Proposal for an action plan to reduce early school leaving in Spain
    Keywords: Education ; Spain
    Abstract: El abandono escolar temprano (AET) puede dar lugar a crecientes desafíos individuales y ocasionar elevados costes económicos para los sistemas educativos y las sociedades en general. España ha logrado avances significativos en la reducción del AET en los últimos años; en 2022, la tasa de AET era de 13,9%, casi la mitad de lo observado hace una década. Sin embargo, la tasa media de España sigue siendo de las más elevadas de los países miembros de la OCDE y de la Unión Europea, con notables disparidades regionales. Basándose en la evidencia de la investigación y en las buenas prácticas nacionales e internacionales, y gracias a la contribución de los actores clave del sistema educativo, este informe identifica las fortalezas y los principales desafíos para abordar el AET en España. Determina así cinco áreas de acción y propone una serie de recomendaciones con un enfoque coordinado para reducir el AET en todas las comunidades autónomas y en las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla.
    DOI: 10.1787/9bc3285d-es
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  • 98
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    Teaching for the Future : Global Engagement, Sustainability and Digital Skills (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264421462
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Summit on the Teaching Profession
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Global education systems face an array of huge challenges, including question marks over how to remain relevant in a fast-changing world. This report Teaching for the Future: Global Engagement, Sustainability and Digital Skills outlines the challenges and key trends for teaching and schools, and sets out ambitious proposals to improve education standards to ensure learning caters to the needs of all students regardless of background. The report was used as the basis to launch discussions about the state of global education at the International Summit on the Teaching Profession held in Washington D.C., April 2023. The summit brought together education ministers, union leaders and other representatives from the teaching profession from high-performing and improving education systems to review the quality of teaching and learning across the world. Topics discussed included the future of learning and ways to radically reimagine how education systems function in the decades to come; analysis of how to attract and support the development of high-quality teachers and teaching practices in the age of digitalisation; and ways to support the teaching of global competencies in schools, and how to promote equitable and inclusive learning environments for all.
    DOI: 10.1787/d6b3d234-en
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  • 99
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    The Geography of Higher Education in Québec, Canada (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264985223 , 9789264465602 , 9789264612228
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La géographie de l'enseignement supérieur au Québec, Canada
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Innovation ; Quebec (Provinz) ; Education ; Canada
    Abstract: Québec is mobilised to become an innovation and entrepreneurial leader in North America, giving higher education institutions (HEIs) a central role in this drive. HEIs are pivotal in developing skills and nurturing talent, connecting and contributing to their communities, including firms, public authorities and civil society. The Stratégie québécoise de recherche et d’investissement en innovation (SQRI) has placed HEIs at the fore front of the provincial innovation and entrepreneurship efforts, including with an explicit spatial approach, through the “innovation zones”. This review assesses the “geography of higher education” in Québec through the examination of ten case study HEIs. These case studies represent examples of innovative and entrepreneurial HEIs that support entrepreneurship and innovation in their communities. In particular, the case studies tell the story of the province of Québec in creating sustainable entrepreneurship and innovation, connecting actors and mobilising resources and policies. The review offers actionable policy recommendations to generate further progress in this direction.
    DOI: 10.1787/becf3c60-en
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  • 100
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    Gender, Education and Skills : The Persistence of Gender Gaps in Education and Skills (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264403338 , 9789264621619 , 9789264670921
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Geschlecht ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The 2023 Gender, Education and Skills Report on the persistence of gender gaps in education and skills presents fresh insights on progress towards gender equality in education. The report tries to understand why teen boys are more likely than girls, on average, to fail to attain a baseline level of proficiency in reading, mathematics and science, and why high-performing girls do not continue investing in developing skills in areas such as mathematics and science, when compared to high-performing boys. The report also describes that, despite overall gender gaps in mathematics and science being quite small, young women continue to be under-represented in STEM-related fields after leaving school. These career choices are also reflected in gender disparities in the labour market: tertiary-educated women earn 76% of the earnings of their male peers. This could be possible because men are more likely than women to pursue studies in fields associated with higher earnings, such as engineering, manufacturing and construction, and ICTs, while women still choose fields associated with lower earnings, including education, welfare, and arts and humanities.
    DOI: 10.1787/34680dd5-en
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