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  • 2000-2004  (587)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (587)
  • Economics  (350)
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (201)
  • OECD  (57)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving the Capacity to Innovate in Germany (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.407
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Innovationsfähigkeit
    Abstract: Key indicators show Germany belonging to the countries in the OECD with strong innovation activity even though some weakening in Germany’s position relative to other OECD countries has occurred recently. While the redirection of resources towards unification-related spending as well as low economic growth have contributed to this development, more fundamental structural issues have also played a role. Germany has benefited less than other high-performing countries from the surge in new technologies, such as ICT and biotechnology, as innovation activities continue to focus on sectors, such as machinery and automobiles, in which Germany has a long record of strong export performance. Some features of the regulation of capital, product and labour markets are hampering the supply of risk capital, the creation of new firms and the reallocation of labour. In addition, firms are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit highly qualified labour. Measures to improve the framework ...
    DOI: 10.1787/115685830744
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  • 2
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    One Money, One Cycle?: Making Monetary Union a Smoother Ride (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.401
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In recent years the euro area has shown less resilience to the negative and largely OECD-wide common shocks than the English-speaking countries, but most of the smaller euro area countries have fared better than the large ones. This paper reviews policy issues that are important in fostering a speedy adjustment to shocks. We argue that the small countries are well placed to adjust swiftly to asymmetric shocks, because they are well integrated with the rest of the area. An activist fiscal policy is not needed and also not powerful enough to smooth the cycle. However, asset bubbles are a cause of concern as their limited weight means that the common monetary policy is more likely to be out of line with their cyclical position. Large countries are less well placed to cope with shocks and sluggish adjustment can be expected. Reforms should focus on raising trade linkages via the completion of the single market, on improving wage and price flexibility and on making their housing markets ...
    DOI: 10.1787/321284370330
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  • 3
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Hungary (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.381
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: The establishment of competitive markets has been one of the cornerstones Hungarian economic policy over the past decade, alongside a successful strategy of attracting foreign investment. Broad statistical measures show no signs of endemically weak domestic competition, though the country’s relatively low productivity among domestic business likely signals some sheltering from international competition. The generally healthy level of competition is partly because competition legislation and its enforcement are of a good standard. Nevertheless, room for improvement is suggested in a number of areas. In particular, it is argued that individuals should be able to initiate legal actions directly, i.e. without having to proceed via the competition authority. And, it is suggested that sanctions against individuals in hard-core cartel cases are introduced. In examining specific sectors, this paper is critical of the pace of progress towards competition in the network industries. The rail ...
    DOI: 10.1787/222142524253
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  • 4
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in the United States (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.398
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: Regulatory reform efforts in a broad range of industries have resulted in increased importance of competitive forces as a means to allocate resources and improve economic efficiency. A number of indicators suggest that such forces have been stronger in the United States than in most other OECD countries for some time. This has contributed to sizeable productivity gains and good economic performance over the past decade or so. Nonetheless, despite the generally pro-competitive thrust of policies, a number of challenges remain. Although there are few sectors of the economy from which competition policy and law are completely excluded, given the high risk of sanctions and damages for violation, many anomalous exemptions and special regimes have found their way into US legislation. Contrary to other OECD countries, government related firms are exempted from competition enforcement. Intellectual property rights create special challenges for competition policy and some problems have followed their strengthening over the past two decades, such as the soaring cost of patent litigation. The generally favourable experience with deregulation created pressures for liberalisation in network industries, where the United States has rather been a laggard, at least in the electricity sector. Reforms in the 1990s have entailed some positive results but also some setbacks, reflecting both the difficulties in ensuring competition in such industries and policy mistakes.
    DOI: 10.1787/334545122257
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  • 5
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    Asset Price Cycles, "One-Off" Factors and Structural Budget Balances (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.391
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses two factors which may cause cyclically-adjusted budget balances to give a misleading picture of underlying fiscal trends. It first explores the implications of recent large asset-market related fluctuations in government revenues for the measurement of structural budget balances. And second, it reviews the impact of the increased recourse to stopgap “one-off” measures to control deficits. The results confirm that since the late 1990s revenues have been more buoyant than would have been warranted by the registered rate of nominal output growth and the impact of tax measures. The study suggests that from 1995 to 2000 the average contribution of “unwarranted” revenues to year-to-year changes in cyclically-adjusted budget positions ranged from negligible to around ½ per cent of GDP, the main countries affected being the United States, the United Kingdom, France and some Nordic countries. Conversely, the subsequent decline in tax receipts has been sharper than could ...
    DOI: 10.1787/305051767827
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  • 6
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    Take-Up of Welfare Benefits in OECD Countries : A Review of the Evidence (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.17
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the limited empirical and theoretical research on take-up of welfare benefits, i.e. the extent to which people eligible for various types of benefits actually receive them. Focus is mainly on entitlement programmes, where take-up reflects both decisions of eligible individuals to apply for benefits and the accuracy of administrative decisions as to whether these individuals should get the benefit in question or not. Estimates of the extent of take-up of welfare benefits are based on a variety of approaches, and typically combine both administrative and survey data. Despite these methodological differences, and the very few OECD countries for which estimates are available, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that low take-up of welfare benefits occurs both across countries and programmes. Estimates typically span a range of between 40% and 80% in the case of social assistance and housing programmes, and between 60% and 80% for ...
    DOI: 10.1787/525815265414
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  • 7
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    Wealth Effects on Money Demand in EMU : Econometric Evidence (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.411
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of money demand (M3) in the euro area. It specifically examines the potential impact of financial and housing wealth on money demand. It tests the hypothesis, whether wealth associated with increases in asset prices is used to finance liquidity holdings in a standard portfolio context. Regressing velocity on interest rates and a wealth variable (a composite of residential property and stocks) within an error-correction framework provides evidence of positive wealth effects from financial and housing assets on money demand in the long run, but no significant impact in the short run. Tests suggests that the long-run and dynamic money demand equations are stable and have not been disrupted by the adoption of the euro on 1 January 1999, while the impact of wealth on money demand may have increased ...
    DOI: 10.1787/437345756132
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  • 8
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of Public Spending : Experience in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.380
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, public spending rose steadily as a share of GDP over the past decades to the mid-1990s, but this trend has since abated. The spending pressures stemming from the continued expansion of social programmes have been partly compensated by transient or one-off factors. Pressures on public spending, however, appear likely to intensify, in particular as a consequence of ageing populations. Since most OECD economies have very little scope for raising taxation or debt to finance higher spending, reforms to curb the growth in public spending while raising its cost effectiveness are now required. This paper presents a reform strategy for progress in this direction, based on detailed country reviews for over twothirds of OECD countries. Three main areas for action are identified: the budget process; management practices and the use of market mechanisms in the delivery of public services ...
    DOI: 10.1787/355505224723
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  • 9
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    The Reform of the Health Care System in Portugal (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.405
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: An ambitious reform to increase efficiency of the Portuguese health care system was launched in 2002. In contrast to previous attempts of gradual reforms, which were never fully implemented, the strategy has been to create a big bang in the health sector, making changes essentially irreversible. The reform has two main aims: to deliver better-quality public health services than at present but at no higher cost; and to reduce the underlying growth rate of public health-care spending over the medium term. New legislation approved includes the separation of the functions of regulation, financing and provision of health care services; setting up new models of financing for providers, which impose harder budget constraints; the introduction of incentives towards productivity, management and quality improvements; the possibility for the private sector to play a larger role in service provision; and the promotion of generic drugs. After assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/080445552681
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  • 10
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Finland (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.413
    Keywords: Wettbewerbspolitik ; Wettbewerbsrecht ; Deregulierung ; Finnland ; Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Following the deep recession in the early 1990s growth has been strong, but the scope for economic catch-up remains considerable and cross-country empirical evidence suggests that enhancing competition is an important means of achieving this. Structural reforms to strengthen competition in the early 1990s did boost growth and were also ahead of similar developments in the EU. However, indicators suggest that relatively weak competition remains in a number of sectors. Moreover, potential competition is reduced by a sparse population and relative long distances to large markets, which together with the prevalence of local monopolies and public ownership in many network industries, point to the need for greater vigilance to sustain and promote competition. Further reforms to promote product market competition should focus on fundamental changes in the regulatory approach as well as more incremental measures to intensify competition. The competition authority should concentrate ...
    DOI: 10.1787/064577425651
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  • 11
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    Policies Bearing on Product Market Competition and Growth in Europe (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.378
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The strength of product market competition plays an important role in economic growth as it affects economic efficiency and the allocation of resources, and can also lead to improved labour market performance. This paper examines product market competition and economic performance in the European Union. The Community’s competition rules, which apply whenever anti-competitive practices have an implication for cross-border trade, are enforced primarily by the Commission’s Directorate General for Competition, and complement national competition legislation. Reforms have been adopted recently to sharpen the toolkit and to increase the role of national authorities in the enforcement process. However, the toolkit could still be made more effective. Competition policy is complemented by, and partly overlapping with, the regulation of newly liberalised network industries. Despite the EU’s commendable efforts in this area, competition is still undermined by dominant incumbents in some ...
    DOI: 10.1787/346707867476
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  • 12
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies Germany : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.4
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the fourth in this series, presenting the German SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/353378157367
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  • 13
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    Dementia Care in 9 OECD Countries : A Comparative Analysis (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 110 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.13
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Dementia and its most common manifestation, Alzheimer’s disease, is a complex disorder that afflicts primarily the elderly, affecting an estimated 10 million people in OECD member countries. The complexity of the disease makes treating dementia extremely difficult, involving a wide variety of social and health care interventions. Typically, these two aspects of dementia care are examined separately. This paper adopts a conceptual model that examines both types of interventions and how they interact along the dementia care continuum. There are no effective health care treatments for stopping dementia, which is why the social care aspect plays an important role in treating the disease, with family members an integral part of this process. This paper shows that programs designed to help alleviate the burden of family members caring for a relative with dementia can have positive health benefits to both patient and family. In particular, the use of group-living, where dementia ...
    DOI: 10.1787/485700737071
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  • 14
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    The Swedish Activity Guarantee (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.16
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Sweden
    Abstract: Until recently, an unemployed person in Sweden who participated in an active labour market programme earned entitlement to a further 60 weeks of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. A "carousel" effect - cycling between periods of open unemployment and participation in active programmes - increasingly seen came to be seen as a factor making the active programmes less effective in promoting the transition to ordinary work. Following policy reforms in 2000 and 2001, participation in a programme no longer generates new UI entitlements. However, the public employment service (PES) can refer the unemployed to a new programme, the Activity Guarantee. This provides continuing income support, and engages participants in job-search and other activities in principle full-time until they find ordinary work. This paper summarises findings from two questionnaire surveys of the implementation of the Activity Guarantee. The first survey was addressed to PES case workers, who have direct ...
    DOI: 10.1787/631026763167
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  • 15
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    Towards High-Performing Health Systems (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015562
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The OECD Health Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers des systèmes de santé plus performants
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This volume offers a synthesis of findings from recent OECD studies undertaken as part of the three-year Health Project, an initiative geared towards answering many of the key questions facing today’s health policy makers. It provides information and analysis on a wide variety of topics, such as new and emerging health-related technologies, long-term care, private health insurance, health-care cost control, equity of access across income groups, health workforce planning and productivity, and waiting times for elective surgery. Building on international experience and grounded in new data on cross-country differences, this report offers an up-to-date map of the road to performance improvement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015562-en
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  • 16
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    OECD Economic Surveys: Slovak Republic 2004 (Slovak version) (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015005
    Language: Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Slovak Republic 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; République slovaque 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Slovak Republic 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : République slovaque 2004
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: SPECIAL FEATURERationalising public spending
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015005-sk
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  • 17
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    Income-Related Inequality in the Use of Medical Care in 21 OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.14
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This study updates and extends a previous study on equity in physician utilisation for a subset of the countries analyzed here (Van Doorslaer, Koolman and Puffer, 2002). It updates results to 2000 for 13 countries and adds new results for eight countries: Australia, Finland, France, Hungary, Mexico, Norway, Switzerland and Sweden. Both simple quintile distributions and concentration indices were used to assess horizontal equity, i.e. the extent to which adults in equal need for physician care appear to have equal rates of medical care utilisation. With respect to physician utilisation, need is more concentrated among the worse off, but after “standardizing out” these need differences, significant horizontal inequity favoring the better off is found in about half of the countries, both for the probability and the total number of visits. The degree of pro-rich inequity in doctor use is highest in the US, followed by Mexico, Finland, Portugal and Sweden. In the majority ...
    DOI: 10.1787/687501760705
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  • 18
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    The Impact of Exchange Rate Regimes on Real Exchange Rates in South America, 1990-2002 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.396
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of exchange rate regimes on real exchange rates, as defined by the relative price of nontradables to tradables in Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC) and Mexico from 1990 to 2002. The real exchange rate is determined in the long-run by the Balassa-Samuelson effect, but in the medium run also by government expenditure and terms of trade. Another determinant is fixed exchange rate regimes, which force exporters to adjust their local price of tradables. Moreover, fixed regimes attract portfolio inflows that increase demand and prices for nontradables. The econometric results of the paper confirm the impact of exchange rate regimes on relative prices in all countries except Chile, which maintained exchange rate flexibly and adopted capital controls ...
    DOI: 10.1787/256327408747
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  • 19
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    Tax Treatment of Private Pension Savings in OECD Countries and the Net Tax Cost Per Unit of Contribution to Tax-Favoured Schemes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 108 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.406
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides, for all OECD countries, an estimate of the net tax cost per currency unit of contribution to a tax-favoured retirement savings plan, using a present-value methodology. The latter takes into account the future flows of revenues foregone on accrued income and of revenues collected on benefit withdrawals corresponding to a unit contribution made in a given year. The net tax cost is first calculated for nine (five-year) age groups, which have different relative income levels and investment time horizons, and is then averaged across age groups. In order to take into consideration the relevant country-specific features of savings taxation, the paper also provides an overview of the tax treatment of private pension arrangements and alternative savings vehicles. The results indicate that the size of tax subsidy varies significantly across countries, ranging from nearly 40 cents per unit of contribution (Czech Republic) to around zero (Mexico, New Zealand). Over half of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/387535760801
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  • 20
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    Average and Marginal Effective Tax Rates Facing Workers in the EU : A Micro-Level Analysis of Levels, Distributions and Driving Factors (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.19
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union
    Abstract: Macro-based effective tax rate (ETR) measures do not provide information on the level or distribution of marginal effective tax rates thought to influence household behaviour. They also do not capture differences in average ETRs facing different population sub-groups. I use EUROMOD, an EUwide tax-benefit model, to derive distributions of average and marginal ETR measures for fourteen countries. Results for each country show how many and which types of individuals face different ETR levels. I consider effective tax burdens on labour income as well as the marginal tax rates faced by working men and women. Results are broken down to isolate the influence of income taxes, social contributions and various types of social benefits ...
    DOI: 10.1787/652730151886
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  • 21
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    The Security Economy (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    ISBN: 9789264107748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie de la sécurité
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: With the market for security goods and services having expanded rapidly since 9/11, this study examines the potential costs of major disruptions, the trade-offs between tighter security and economic efficiency, and the implications of tighter security for privacy and other democratic liberties.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107748-en
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  • 22
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Korea (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.399
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Maintaining rapid economic growth depends increasingly on productivity gains, particularly in the service sector. Competition has an important role to play in achieving such gains. However, Korea’s development strategy has tended to weaken competition and has left a legacy of government intervention. Strengthening competition requires upgrading competition policy, increasing openness to international trade and foreign direct investment and improving the regulatory framework in network industries. In particular, the power of the Korea Fair Trade Commission should be expanded, while raising the level of sanctions and scaling back special treatment for certain sectors. Barriers to imports remain above the OECD average, particularly in agriculture, while the stock of inward direct investment is among the lowest in the OECD area. Restructuring plans in the network industries, notably electricity and gas, have lagged behind schedule. Price distortions and the absence of independent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/634035868056
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  • 23
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    Channels for Narrowing the US Current Account Deficit and Implications for Other Economies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.390
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: In this paper the OECD’s interlink model is used to explore several possible channels through which a narrowing of the US current account deficit could occur. The shocks considered include dollar depreciation, fiscal consolidation, and an improvement in the non-price competitiveness of US producers. A key conclusion is that shocks would have to be very large in order to materially reduce the US external deficit. In part, this is because second-round effects, including domestic policy responses, tend to offset the shocks’ initial impact. In addition, it is clear that each of the channels for narrowing the deficit involves risks to growth in the rest of the world, particularly in Japan where the authorities have limited room to use monetary or fiscal policy to offset any contractionary pressures. The exchange rate simulations highlight the fact that more exchange rate flexibility in Asia would spread the burden of adjustment more evenly across US trading partners. Attention is also ...
    DOI: 10.1787/263550547141
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  • 24
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Norway (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.389
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Norwegian growth has been strong over the past decade. This development has been supported by the off-shore sector, but depleting oil reserves implies that growth will have to rely increasingly on the mainland economy. Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. Recognising the benefits of competition, the government wants to introduce regulatory reforms to stimulate economic growth. However, the promotion of competition has often conflicted with other policy objectives, such as maintaining a regionally dispersed population and a high degree of public ownership. This has lead to weak competition in a number of sectors, resulting in high prices, weak innovative activity and inefficient resource allocation. Reforms to promote product market competition in Norway should therefore inter alia focus on separating the public sector’s roles and functions as owner and regulator. This requires an increase in the independence of sector ...
    DOI: 10.1787/610454227534
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    Restructuring Russia's Electricity Sector : Towards Effective Competition or Faux Liberalisation? (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.403
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Russia in 2003 embarked on the restructuring of its electricity sector. The reform is intended to introduce competition into electricity production and supply, leaving dispatch, transmission and distribution as regulated natural monopolies with non-discriminatory third-party access to the networks. The ultimate aim of the reform is to create conditions that will encourage both investment in new capacity and greater efficiency of both production and consumption. The overall approach embodied in the reform is promising. However, there remains a serious risk that its aims could be subverted by special-interest lobbying during the lengthy implementation phase. If the reform is to succeed, the marketised segments of the sector must be characterised by real competition based on economically meaningful prices. There are two dangers here. The first is that private-sector interests will secure strategic holdings that allow them to exercise market power or even local monopoly power. The ...
    DOI: 10.1787/271755770050
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Denmark : National Health Accounts 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.3
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Denmark
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the third in this series, presenting the Danish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/345241776865
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    SHA-Based National Health Accounts in Thirteen OECD Countries : A Comparative Analysis (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 149 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.16
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The purpose of the System of Health Accounts Changes in health systems and concomitant health policy questions have been challenging the traditional system of health expenditure statistics over the last couple of decades. What are the major factors accounting for health expenditure growth? What factors explain the differences between countries in expenditure growth? How to ensure sustainable financing? What are the major factors accounting for the differences in the structure of health spending? How are the changes in health spending structure and the performance of health systems related? In order to answer such questions, reliable, comparable and appropriately detailed health expenditure data are required. The System of Health Accounts intends to provide the foundation for health statistics that are able to meet these challenges. Box 1 What is the System of Health Accounts? The System of Health Accounts (SHA) proposes an integrated system of comprehensive and internationally ...
    DOI: 10.1787/131855120122
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    Selecting Indicators for the Quality of Health Promotion, Prevention and Primary Care at the Health Systems Level in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.16
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report presents the consensus recommendations of an international expert panel on indicators for health promotion and primary care. Using a structured review process, the panel selected a set of 27 indicators to cover the three key areas health promotion, preventive care and diagnosis and treatment in primary care. The report describes the review process and provides a detailed discussion of the scientific soundness and policy importance of the 27 indicators as follows ...
    DOI: 10.1787/627626833816
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  • 29
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Sweden (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.388
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: Vigorous product market competition plays a central role in bolstering productivity growth. Sweden has strengthened competition legislation and deregulated a number of sectors, including electricity, telecommunications and parts of transport, over the past 10 to 15 years. This paper examines the current state of product market competition and proposes further measures. A stronger institutional framework would facilitate identification and elimination of anti-competitive behaviour, such as hard-core cartels. Efforts to inject effective competition into a range of network industries have been broadly successful, but specific measures could increase competition in several sectors, such as retail and construction. There is also room to boost competition in Sweden’s large and decentralised public sector and in its interactions with the private sector, so that competitive neutrality applies to all public sector activities ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735381855384
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    The Jobs Challenge in Poland : Policies to Raise Employment (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.414
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: With almost 50 per cent of the working age population not working, improving labour market performance represents an essential and daunting challenge for Poland. While some of today’s joblessness is cyclical in nature, most of it appears to be structural. This paper argues that to increase employment levels policy will need to focus on reducing significantly the inactivity traps inherent in the Polish personal transfer system, while improving the efficiency and targeting of social transfers to ensure resources flow to those truly in need. Simultaneously, efforts must be extended to increase firms' propensity to hire the outof-work, by lowering the costs of low-skill labour, reducing associated administrative and regulatory costs and in the longer term by providing graduates with more relevant skills. This paper outlines reforms in each of these areas which, if implemented, would serve to reverse the recent decline in employment and improve the fairness of income ...
    DOI: 10.1787/460631628533
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    The Slovak Health Insurance System and The Potential Role for Private Health Insurance : Policy Challenges (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.11
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This paper analyses the Slovak health insurance system and the policy challenges it faces. It describes the structure of health coverage and health sector reforms being implemented by the Slovak government. It provides a preliminary assessment of the possible impact of such reforms, with a focus on the health insurance system and the possible introduction of private health insurance (PHI). It assesses how private health insurance would impact upon the health system, particularly equity, efficiency incentives facing providers and insurers, and responsiveness. The Slovak health system is based upon a mandatory Bismarck-style social health insurance system. Contributions are shared between employers and employees and the state contributes for the inactive population. Five non-profit and non-competing insurers operate nationwide, one of which covers two-thirds of the population. Individuals can freely enrol with any of the insurance companies and a risk equalisation system ...
    DOI: 10.1787/561285317408
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    Measuring atypical jobs : levels and changes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , Diagramme, Tabellen
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2004/01
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past years, non-standard, flexible employment contracts have gained in importance in many OECD countries. This has made it difficult for statisticians to apply standard classifications of working arrangements to measure and analyse labour market developments. This paper presents a new classification of atypical working arrangements, developed by Istat, the Italian Statistical Institute. The paper also uses this classification to quantify the level of atypical jobs and their development between 1996 and 2002 ...
    DOI: 10.1787/304848747482
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    Selecting Indicators for the Quality of Mental Health Care at the Health Systems Level in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.17
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report presents the consensus recommendations of an international expert panel on indicators for mental health care. Using a structured review process, the panel selected a set of 12 indicators to cover the four key areas treatment, continuity of care, coordination of care, and patient outcomes. The report describes the review process and provides a detailed discussion of the scientific soundness and policy importance of the 12 indicators as follows ...
    DOI: 10.1787/388745076135
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    Factors Driving Risk Premia (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.385
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the extent to which the fall in risk premia of a number of financial assets, which occurred throughout 2003, was due to improvements in factors specific to individual markets at that time or to general economic fundamentals coupled with OECD-wide abundant liquidity. Regarding the latter two factors, principal component analysis was used here to identify a common trend in risk premia in equity, corporate bond and emerging markets since early 1998. The analysis finds that both economic fundamentals and liquidity have played a statistically significant role in driving the common factor. It also finds that liquidity (measured as the GDP weighted average of M3 of the three major economies less its trend) performs better than similarly weighted short-term interest rates. By spring 2004, the common factor in different risk premia had fallen below what could be explained by economic fundamentals and liquidity ...
    DOI: 10.1787/738228687051
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Japan : National Health Accounts 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.6
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Japan
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the sixth in this series, presenting the Japanese SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/368578225084
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    Private Health Insurance in France (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.12
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: While France has a universal public health insurance system, the coverage it provides is incomplete and the vast majority the French population has private complementary health insurance. Among OECD countries, the share of health care financed by private insurance is third highest behind the US and the Netherlands, two countries where private coverage is the primary source of payment for a large percentage of the population. France’s high rate of private insurance coverage is partly explained by historical factors and partly by the preferential tax treatment of employer-sponsored coverage. Because of the high rate of employerprovision – roughly half of all contracts are obtained through the workplace – coverage tends to vary with activity and industry classification. Historically, coverage was also positively related with income. In 2000, the French government introduced a new program, the Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU), which extended eligibility for publicly funded ...
    DOI: 10.1787/555485381821
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Canada : National Health Accounts 1999 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.2
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried out by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the second in this series, presenting the Canadian SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/334820318254
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    Saving Behaviour and the Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.397
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which fiscal policy actions may be offset by simultaneous, anticipatory changes in private saving, as well as the determinants of that offset. The conditions under which private agents will engage in forward-looking consumption-smoothing behaviour are quite strict and unlikely to hold fully in practice. However, based on a sample of at most 21 OECD countries spanning the period 1970-2002, there is strong evidence of partial, yet substantial, offsetting movements in aggregate private and public saving. The overall offset is estimated at between about one-third and one-half, depending on model specification, and applies both to public consumption and revenue shifts. This is consistent with a marked degree of anticipatory private sector behaviour, insofar as the ex ante saving “leakage” embedded in the pure Keynesian or IS/LM type models would be expected to be smaller and apply only to revenues and transfers. Wealth effects, as in the case of rising equity and housing prices, are found to have an important complementary impact on saving, usually in reinforcing the direct saving offset. Initial conditions, as reflected in debt/GDP ratios are also found to influence the size of the offset.
    DOI: 10.1787/335042602762
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Canada 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107793
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Canada 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Canada ; Bericht ; Kanada ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltqualität ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD ; Kanada ; Umweltbericht ; Industrie ; Bergbau ; Kanada ; Biodiversität
    Abstract: Ce rapport 2004 sur les politiques et les programmes canadiens en matière d’environnement propose un examen systématique de la gestion de l’air, de l’eau, de la nature et de la biodiversité, ainsi que de l’interaction entre la politique de l’environnement, la politique économique, la politique sociale et certains secteurs. Malgré les progrès appréciables du Canada depuis 1985, il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Dans cette optique, le rapport formule des recommandations précises : un recours plus large aux instruments économiques, l’application des principes pollueurs-payeurs, une rationalisation de la gouvernance de l’eau, le renforcement de la protection de la nature, la réduction de l’intensité énergétique, la mise en œuvre de stratégies face au changement climatique, la réévaluation des taxes liées à l’environnement, le respect des engagements concernant le milieu marin et l’aide au développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107793-fr
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  • 40
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    OCDE Forum 2004 : Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108493
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2004; Forum Highlights
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108493-fr
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  • 41
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    Indicators of Unemployment and Low-Wage Traps : Marginal Effective Tax Rates on Employment Incomes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.18
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper presents results from an on-going joint European Commission / OECD project, aimed at monitoring the direct influence of tax and benefit instruments on household incomes. The project uses and extends OECD tax-benefit models to compute a range of work incentive indicators such as marginal effective tax rates on earned income. This paper provides a methodological background describing these extensions. It also discusses the usefulness of a range of indicators such as net replacement rates and marginal effective tax rates and to what extent they can be used to quantify possible work disincentives. The approaches are illustrated using detailed tax-benefit calculations for 2001 and comparing relevant indicators across 15 EU and 8 non-EU countries. The results presented in this paper permit the identification of family circumstances where (1) financial incentives to increase work are either small or missing altogether; or (2) resources provided by social transfers may be ...
    DOI: 10.1787/137550327778
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  • 42
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    Long-Term Budgetary Implications of Tax-Favoured Retirement Plans (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.393
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of the implicit fiscal assets as well as of the evolution over time of fiscal costs and revenues related to tax-favoured retirement saving regimes in 17 OECD countries, taking into account current and future contributions, asset accumulation and withdrawals, all of which will be strongly influenced by future demographic developments. The main results show that in the case where tax incentives are assumed to lead essentially to saving diversion rather than creation, the net budgetary cost of tax-favoured schemes would remain large, despite the sharp rise in revenues collected from withdrawals as population ages. The paper shows that this cost would significantly be reduced if tax-favoured schemes succeed in promoting additional private savings. It then explores a number of policy options to maximize the amount of additional saving ...
    DOI: 10.1787/138080145732
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    Large-scale Disasters : Lessons Learned (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020207
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Catastrophes de grande ampleur ; les leçons du passé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Catastrophes de grande ampleur : les leçons du passé
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: The September 11th terrorist attacks, the Chernobyl nuclear accident, Hurricane Andrew and the Kobe earthquake are all recent examples of large-scale disasters that have taken a massive toll in human lives, wealth and property. They have disrupted vital systems such as transport and energy supplies and spilled over into neighbouring as well as distant regions. They have also generated widespread anxiety, and in some cases created deep-seated public mistrust of governments' ability to protect their citizens. This book is based on a report prepared between May and July 2003 by a multi-disciplinary team of experts from inside and outside of the OECD. It examines the economic and social impacts of past large-scale disasters, and draws a number of key lessons for the future. Its focus is on better prevention of disasters, and on restoring trust and securing recovery in their aftermath.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020207-en
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    Towards high performing health systems (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264015566
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The OECD Health Project
    Series Statement: The OECD health project
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Docteur, Elizabeth; Towards high performing health systems
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Docteur, Elizabeth; Vers des systèmes de santé plus performants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers des systèmes de santé plus performants
    Keywords: OECD ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Internationaler Vergleich
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015562-en
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  • 45
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    How Market Imperfections and Trade Barriers Shape Specialisation : South-America vs. OECD (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.395
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper set out four types of market structure clusters (based on an OECD benchmark) to assess different entry barriers, both endogenous and policy-induced that may affect the ability of enterprises in emerging countries to penetrate international markets. This framework is then applied to analyse the trade specialisation of Argentina, Brazil and Chile (ABC) compared to that of three OECD countries, Ireland, Korea and Mexico ...
    DOI: 10.1787/236045248654
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - The Netherlands : - National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.9
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the ninth in this series, presenting the Dutch SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/418433204566
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  • 47
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    Accounting for Russia's Post-Crisis Growth (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.404
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This paper provides an in depth analysis of Russia’s recent growth, with a view to understanding the prospects for its continuation. It examines in detail the main drivers of growth, as well as the main developments and policies that have been underlying it. A key finding is that the role of the oil sector, and particularly privately owned oil companies, has been vastly more important in driving economic growth since 2001 than most analyses have recognised. The oil sector’s contribution to growth has hitherto been severely underestimated as official data do not account for transfer pricing and thus fail to reflect fully the importance of the hydrocarbon sector in the Russian economy. The paper further argues that prudent postcrisis fiscal policy, by balancing the federal budget over the oil-price cycle, has also been essential for creating a macroeconomic environment conducive to strong growth. Looking forward, it is argued that - given its economic structure - Russia is bound to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/537250231174
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    Is There a Change in the Trade-Off Between Output and Inflation at Low or Stable Inflation Rates? : Some Evidence in the Case of Japan (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.379
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between the output gap and inflation in Japan by estimating Phillips curves and testing for changes since the advent of low inflation and/or the stabilisation of the rate of change of inflation. The work provides empirical support for the hypothesis of a change in the relationship between output and inflation in an environment of low inflation for Japan. In particular, there is evidence that the slope of the Phillips curve becomes flatter when the inflation rate is below ½ per cent (quarter-on-quarter, non-annualised) and also that there has been a break in the relationship between demand pressures and inflation in Japan since the beginning of the 1990s. Evidence is also found that the relationship changes when the inflation rate is either rising rapidly or falling sharply. At such times, changes in demand pressure have stronger effects on inflation. These results are robust to a wide range of specifications, including corrections for the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/685810855735
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Australia : National Health Accounts 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.1
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the first in this series, presenting the Australian SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/332278255723
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    Migration and Integration of Immigrants in Denmark (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.386
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: Immigration could offer one way for Denmark to expand its labour supply, thereby lowering the dependency ratio, at least for some time, and easing the task of ensuring fiscal sustainability. However, these beneficial effects are obtained only if immigrants are in work. Yet a significant proportion of immigrants have found it quite difficult to get work in Denmark, while the country has been relatively unattractive to high-skilled foreigners. Furthermore, the structure of the economy not only makes it difficult for low-skilled foreigners to gain a foothold in the labour market, but also provides generous social benefits that have caught many of the least skilled immigrants in a benefit trap. A heightened appreciation of these problems, including a tighter focus on the economic situation of the immigrants already present, have underpinned the main changes in policies on immigration in recent years ...
    DOI: 10.1787/284832633602
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    Private Health Insurance in the Netherlands : A Case Study (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.18
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Private health insurance (PHI) is the sole source of primary health coverage for a third of the Netherlands’ population earning above a set income threshold. Social insurance (together with limited public (tax-based financing) is the main source of health coverage for the majority of the population. Most socially insured also purchase supplementary private health coverage. All citizens are eligible for a system of coverage for long-term care and care for the chronically ill. Thus, in the Netherlands, the source of health financing is determined according to the category of health risk, type of illness, as well as income level. Decisions have been made allocating the cost of more expensive long-term care and coverage of high-risk individuals and persons earning below a set level, to social or public insurance, or to PHI subsidised by a broader pool. From an equity perspective, the Dutch public/private financing mix appears to do well, although challenges remain. There appear to be ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834375482128
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Spain : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.11
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the eleventh in this series, presenting the Spanish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/472472858008
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  • 53
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    Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries : The Benefits and Costs for Individuals and Health Systems (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.15
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Governments often look to private health insurance (PHI) as a possible means of addressing some health system challenges. For example, they may consider enhancing its role as an alternative source of health financing and a way to increase system capacity, or promoting it as a tool to further additional health policy goals, such as enhanced individual responsibility. In some countries policy makers regard PHI as a key element of their health coverage systems While private health insurance represents, on average, only a small share of total health funding across the OECD area, it plays a significant role in health financing in some OECD countries and it covers at least 30% of the population in a third of the OECD members. It also plays a variety of roles, ranging from primary coverage for particular population groups to a supporting role for public systems. This paper assesses evidence on the effects of PHI in different national contexts and draws conclusions about its ...
    DOI: 10.1787/527211067757
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  • 54
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Poland : National Health Accounts 1999 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.10
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the tenth in this series, presenting the Polish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/424841544126
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    Banking Reform in Russia : Problems and Prospects (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.410
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This paper examines the state of the Russian banking sector in 2004 and assesses the most important reform initiatives of the last two years, including deposit insurance legislation, a major reform of the framework for prudential supervision, steps to increase transparency in the sector, and measures to facilitate the development of specific banking activities. The overall conclusion that emerges from this analysis is that the Russian authorities’ approach to banking reform is to be commended. The design of the reform strategy reflects an awareness of the need for a ‘good fit’ between its major elements, and the main lines of the reform address some of the principal problems of the sector. The major lacuna in the Russian bank reform strategy concerns the future of state-owned banks. Despite a long-standing official commitment to reducing the role of the state – and of the Bank of Russia in particular – in the ownership of credit institutions, there is still a need for a much more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/346560635401
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies Korea : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.7
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the seventh in this series, presenting the Korean SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/383072205636
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  • 57
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    Enhancing Income Convergence in Central Europe after EU Accession (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.392
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: After nearly fifteen years of transition, the countries of Central Europe have entered the European Union on 1 May 2004. For the four countries that are members of the OECD (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovak Republic), accession follows multiyear efforts of economic stabilisation and structural transformation, which have brought them large benefits. Although convergence towards higher levels of income appears to be a distant prospect at current trend growth rates, this is not a predetermined outcome. The experience of prior entrants suggests that much leeway is available within the framework of the European Union to undertake pro-growth policies. The most promising prospect in this respect appears to reside with employment creation, which has been so far lacking and led to a rather imbalanced pattern of growth. Bringing down labour taxes, easing employment protection legislation and reducing out-of-work benefits would make important contributions in this respect. While ...
    DOI: 10.1787/841850564562
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    Russia's Gas Sector : The Endless Wait for Reform? (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.402
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: The gas industry is perhaps Russia’s least reformed major sector. Prices are regulated, exports are monopolised and the domestic market is dominated by a state-controlled, vertically integrated monopolist, OAO Gazprom. Gazprom combines commercial and regulatory functions, and maintains tight control over the sector’s infrastructure and over information flows within it. The sector as it is currently constituted is highly unlikely to be able to sustain sufficient output growth to satisfy both rising export commitments and domestic demand. There is significant potential for accelerating the growth of non-Gazprom production and making gas supply in Russia more competitive, but this will require fundamental reform. The proposals for reform advanced in the paper address two sets of issues. First, there is an urgent need to increase transparency in the sector and transfer many of the regulatory functions now performed by Gazprom to state bodies. Secondly, there is a longer-term need for a ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735153733318
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Hungary : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.5
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Hungary
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the fifth in this series, presenting the Hungarian SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/358115730142
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    Public Expenditure Management in France (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.409
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion des dépenses publiques en France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Since the early 1990s, when France's general government deficit reached a disturbing 6 per cent of GDP, the country's public finances have progressed substantially, even though significantly further improvement is required. This paper examines the tools available to policy-makers to meet this challenge. The clearest message is that, given the relatively small size of the State Budget in total spending, the challenge cannot be met by the State sector alone. Social security, as the principal source of spending pressure, must play a role, but so too must sub-national government -- especially if current plans to transfer additional responsibilities to the local level go through. If policy-makers are to succeed in directing public expenditure so as to create this room, they will have to clarify governance structures so that those who administer programmes face appropriate incentives to control costs and maximise programme efficiency ...
    DOI: 10.1787/025421300220
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Japan (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.387
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. However, in Japan the promotion of competition has long been compromised by ministerial guidance and exemptions from the competition law. Thus, the level and growth of productivity have been low in many domestically oriented sectors and consumer welfare has suffered under high prices and the slow introduction of new goods and services. This misallocation of resources contributes to explaining why the Japanese economy had difficulty in coming out of the quasi-stagnation of the past decade. Recognising that gains from more pro-competition policies are substantial, the Japanese government has now made the promotion of competitive markets a cornerstone of its economic policy. Reforms to promote product market competition in Japan should inter alia focus on strengthening the legal framework by increasing fines to a deterrent level and introducing cartel destabilising measures, such as a leniency ...
    DOI: 10.1787/222508788602
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    Private Health Insurance in Ireland : A Case Study (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.10
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland
    Abstract: This paper analyses the Irish private health insurance (PHI) market. It describes how PHI interacts with the public system, and assesses its contribution to equity, efficiency and responsiveness of the health system. The analysis identifies some of the factors affecting insurance market performance and its impact on the health system, including market characteristics, the regulatory and fiscal environment, health system organisation, and any actors’ incentives and behaviours. PHI plays a prominent role in Ireland. The health system is designed to offer comprehensive publicly funded health services to low-income groups, and universal public hospital coverage. Policies have encouraged the development of PHI to provide all individuals with a private alternative to the public system, as well as a means of funding cost-sharing and services not covered by the public system. With the implementation of the requirements of the Third EU Non-Life Directive, the PHI market, historically ...
    DOI: 10.1787/226617182041
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Turkey : National Health Accounts 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.13
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Turkey
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the thirteenth in this series, presenting the Turkish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/512137774003
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    Housing Markets, Wealth and the Business Cycle (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.394
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper examines the linkages between housing markets and the business cycle in OECD countries, focusing on how differences in the degree of resilience to economic shocks can be affected by the structural characteristics of housing and mortgage markets. The paper focuses specifically on: the transmission channel from housing wealth to consumption and on the factors behind house price variability, which help to determine whether the housing sector plays a stabilising role or not. Estimates of the marginal propensity to consume out of housing wealth are presented for ten OECD countries, where it is found that the strongest impact on consumption is in countries that have large, efficient and responsive mortgage markets. Particularly important in this regard is the degree of mortgage market “completeness” -- i.e. the extent to which the market is able to offer a variety of products and to serve a broad range of potential borrowers -- in particular, the extent to which they provide ...
    DOI: 10.1787/534328100627
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    Modelling Cyclical Divergence in the Euro Area : The Housing Channel (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.400
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: After the launch of the single currency the euro exchange rate fell and interest rates had converged towards the (low) German level. These shocks have worked out differently for the small and large countries. Housing markets have acted as an important vehicle of transmission of these shocks onto economic activity and inflation. Simulations with a stylised econometric model for the euro area economy, making a distinction between the small and large countries in terms of the estimated parameters, illustrate this mechanism ...
    DOI: 10.1787/710763183105
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    Russian Industrial Restructuring : Trends in Productivity, Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.408
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This article investigates issues related to industrial restructuring in Russia. Based on extensive sectoral data it examines, more particularly, levels and changes in labour productivity, unit labour costs and revealed comparative advantages for a large number of Russian industrial sectors. The main findings are the following. First, impressive increases in labour productivity have been achieved since 1997, especially during the post-crisis period. Secondly, this has been true for all major sectors, with the exception of those which are still predominantly state controlled or which suffer from strong state interference. Thirdly, there have been significant relative adjustments within the industrial sector, as labour productivity increased more in less productive sectors. Since the crisis, relative unit labour costs have also adjusted considerably, as less competitive sectors experienced relatively slower wage growth and larger labour force reductions. Fourthly, international ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148133273748
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies Switzerland : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.12
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Switzerland
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the twelfth in this series, presenting the Swiss SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/485556434337
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    Selecting Indicators for the Quality of Diabetes Care at the Health Systems Level in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.15
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report presents the recommendations of an international expert group on indicators for diabetes care. Based on a review of existing indicators and an assessment of gaps left open by existing indicators, the experts set out to select indicators to cover clinical processes of diabetes care as well as proximal and distal outcomes of care. The review led to a recommendation of nine indicators: annual HbA1c testing, annual LDL cholesterol testing, annual screening for nephropathy, annual eye exam, HbA1c control, LDL cholesterol control, lower extremity amputation rates, kidney disease in persons with diabetes, and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes.
    DOI: 10.1787/165531523300
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    Rationalising Public Expenditure in the Slovak Republic (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.384
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Over the past decade, public expenditure in Slovakia was characterised by substantial social transfers and high public sector wage expenses. This paper analyses the main features of Slovakia’s public expenditure system, reviews expenditure trends, and discusses recent reform initiatives. The latter have concerned the introduction of medium-term budget projections, the switch towards performance-based budgeting, the limitation of extra-budgetary funds, the devolution of spending power to sub-central administrative units, changes to the public employment regime, and reforms of the social security system. These initiatives are critically assessed and a number of recommendations concerning implementation and further reform steps are developed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/764860674818
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    Selecting Indicators for Patient Safety at the Health Systems Level in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.18
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report presents the consensus recommendations of an international expert panel on indicators for patient safety. Using a structured review process, the panel set out to select indicators to cover the five key areas: areas hospital-acquired infections, sentinel events, operative and postoperative complications, obstetrics, and other care related adverse events...
    DOI: 10.1787/800266264370
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    Selecting Indicators for the Quality of Cardiac Care at the Health Systems Level in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.14
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report presents the consensus recommendations of an international expert panel on indicators for cardiac care. Using a structured review process, the panel set out to select indicators to cover five key areas: primary prevention, secondary prevention of heart disease, acute coronary syndromes, cardiac interventions and congestive heart failure. In the event, no suitable indicators for primary prevention were retained, and this report proposes 17 indicators as follows: The report describes the review process and provides a detailed discussion of the scientific soundness and policy importance of the 17 indicators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/230016103828
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    Measuring Knowledge Management in the Business Sector : First Steps (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100282
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Knowledge management
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la gestion des connaissances dans le secteur commercial; premiers résultats
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la gestion des connaissances dans le secteur commercial: premiers résultats
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Knowledge management involves any activity related to the capture, use and sharing of knowledge by an organisation. Evidence shows that these practices are being used more and more frequently and that their impact on innovation and other aspects of corporate performance is far from negligible. Today, there is a recognition of the need to understand and to measure the activity of knowledge management so that organisations can be more efficient and governments can develop policies to promote these benefits. This book offers a synthetic view of the results of the first systematic international survey on knowledge management carried out by national statistical offices in Canada, Denmark, France and Germany.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100282-en
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    Vers des systèmes de santé plus performants (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016484
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Le projet de l'OCDE sur la santé
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards High-Performing Health Systems
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Gesundheitspolitik
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente une synthèse des études menées par l’OCDE dans le cadre du Projet sur la santé. On y trouvera des informations et des analyses sur des sujets aussi divers que les technologies médicales nouvelles et émergentes, les soins de longue durée, l’assurance-maladie privée, la maîtrise des dépenses de santé, l’équité d’accès aux soins selon le revenu, la planification des ressources humaines dans le domaine de la santé et leur productivité, et les délais d’attente pour la chirurgie non urgente. Ce rapport s’appuie sur l’expérience de nombreux pays ainsi que sur des données nouvelles relatives aux différences qui existent d’un pays à l’autre. Il constitue une feuille de route tout à fait actuelle pour améliorer les systèmes de santé.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016484-fr
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    A New World Map in Textiles and Clothing : Adjusting to Change (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Textile et vêtement ; Faire face aux mutations
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Textile et vêtement : Faire face aux mutations
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von A new world map in textiles and clothing
    DDC: 338.4/7677
    RVK:
    QR 526
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Textilindustrie ; Welttextilabkommen ; Handelsabkommen ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Strukturwandel ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Textilindustrie ; Internationalisierung ; Bekleidungsindustrie ; Bekleidungshandel ; Außenhandel
    Abstract: In light of the elimination of quantitative import restrictions under the WTO at the end of 2004, A New World Map in Textiles and Clothing identifies the most recent market developments throughout the entire supply chain, from natural fibres to retail distribution. It outlines the policy and regulatory challenges in the fields of trade, labour adjustment, technology and innovation, and suggests a policy framework to help deal effectively with such changes as well as to capitalise on the trade opportunities that are being created through improved market access. “A highly useful contribution to the debate on policy challenges in textiles and clothing, the book stands out from the others in recognising the influence that trade policy measures continue to exert on investment and production decisions, and in providing a synthesis of key market developments and policy issues.” Munir Ahmad, Executive Director, International Textiles and Clothing Bureau “Policy makers in all textile and clothing trading countries would be wise to heed the sound advice proffered in this comprehensive and thorough, fact-based assessment." Laura Baughman, President, Trade Partnership Worldwide, LLC. “A must read for anybody interested in the future of textiles and clothing around the world. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the expected adjustment process in usefully underscoring the role of technology and innovation and the growing importance of the business facilitation agenda.” Carlos A. Primo Braga, Senior Adviser, International Trade Department, The World Bank
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018556-en
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  • 75
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    La constitution d'un patrimoine et la sortie de la pauvreté : Introduction à un nouveau débat sur la politique du bien-être (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104754
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty; A New Welfare Policy Debate
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La formación de patrimonio y el escape de la pobreza ; Un nuevo debate sobre la política del bienestar social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'asset building e l'uscita dalla povertà; Un nuovo dibattito sulla politica del welfare
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty: A New Welfare Policy Debate
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La formación de patrimonio y el escape de la pobreza : Un nuevo debate sobre la política del bienestar social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'asset building e l'uscita dalla povertà: Un nuovo dibattito sulla politica del welfare
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Les pouvoirs publics des pays développés ont recours depuis longtemps à des mesures visant de manière directe ou indirecte (par la biais de la fiscalité) à encourager l’ensemble de la population à se constituer un capital grâce à l’épargne, l’accession à la propriété immobilière, les fonds de pension, l’investissement dans la formation (capital humain) ou l’entreprise. Bien souvent, ces mesures ne bénéficient pas aux pauvres. En effet, l’action publique ne stimule pas l’épargne pour ces catégories, elle a même plutôt un effet dissuasif. Pourtant, ce livre montre que les pauvres ont envie d’épargner et qu'ils parviennent à mettre de côté des sommes modestes, parfois au prix de sacrifices beaucoup plus importants que ne l’imaginent les décideurs et les catégories favorisées. Élargir les politiques de constitution du patrimoine aux pauvres peut être un élément décisif dans la lutte contre la pauvreté et l’aliénation sociale et économique. En terme de bien-être social, ces politiques ont des effets que la garantie de ressources ne saurait à elle seule générer. Cette publication fournit le contexte indispensable à un débat fructueux sur les mérites et les inconvénients de la constitution de patrimoine chez les pauvres. Elle définit les notions fondamentales sur lesquelles reposent les dispositifs de constitution de patrimoine, ainsi que les avantages qu’y voient ses tenants du point de vue de la politique sociale. Enfin, cette publication décrit des programmes et des projets concrets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104754-fr
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  • 76
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    Die Quellen wirtschaftlichen Wachstums in den OECD-Ländern (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264019171
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les sources de la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Die in den neunziger Jahren und auch noch zu Beginn dieses Jahrzehnts beobachteten Wachstumsmuster haben die früheren Theorien auf den Kopf gestellt. Während des größten Teils der Nachkriegszeit wurde in den OECD-Ländern mit vergleichsweise geringem Pro-Kopf-BIP ein stärkeres Wirtschaftswachstum verzeichnet als in den reicheren Ländern. In den neunziger Jahren wurde diese scheinbare Gesetzmäßigkeit dann aber durchbrochen. Namentlich die Vereinigten Staaten, deren Pro-Kopf-BIP im Vergleich zu den anderen großen Volkswirtschaften bereits relativ hoch war, konnten ihren Vorsprung ab Mitte der neunziger Jahre weiter vergrößern. Die Wirtschaftsleistung der meisten kontinentaleuropäischen Länder ist demgegenüber nach wie vor schwach, und die japanische Wirtschaft stagniert weiterhin. Wo liegen die Hauptursachen für die Wachstumsunterschiede innerhalb der OECD? Bis zu welchem Grad sind sie auf neue Technologien und FuE zurückzuführen? Welche Rolle spielt die makroökonomische Politik? Wie wichtig sind Aus- und Weiterbildung? Welchen Einfluss haben Arbeitslosigkeit, Arbeitsmarktflexibilität und Produktmarktwettbewerb? Führen Startups dem Markt Kapital und neue Ideen zu? Welche Bedeutung haben die Hemmnisse für Unternehmensgründungen und ‑aufgaben? Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über diese Fragen und liefert neue Erkenntnisse über die Antriebskräfte des Wirtschaftswachstums in den OECD-Ländern.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264019171-de
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  • 77
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    L' économie de la sécurité (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107755
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Security Economy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Alors que le marché des biens et services de sécurité a connu un développement massif depuis les attentats du 9 septembre 2001, cette étude examine les coûts que pourraient avoir des perturbations majeures, les arbitrages entre une plus grande sécurité et l’efficience économique et les conséquences du renforcement de la surveillance du point de vue de la vie privée et des libertés démocratiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107755-fr
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  • 78
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    Benefit Coverage Rates and Household Typologies : Scope and Limitations of Tax-Benefit Indicators (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.20
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD regularly produces estimates of tax burdens and benefit entitlements for a range of “typical household” situations. The results of these calculations (published in the Benefits and Wages and Taxing Wages series) are frequently used to compare countries’ tax-benefit systems and to assess progress towards specific policy objectives. This paper presents information on particular aspects of the structure of household populations across countries in order to help in the interpretation of results based on such “typical” family situations. A range of internationally comparable data sources are used to assess how relevant household circumstances such as family structure, labour market attachment and benefit coverage vary across countries. The results are used as a basis for clarifying the scope of tax-benefit indicators based on synthetically constructed household typologies. “Typical household” calculations cannot be used to address essential distributional issues such as how ...
    DOI: 10.1787/081036000058
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  • 79
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    Echanges et migrations : Pour une main d'oeuvre mobile à l'échelle mondiale (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016415
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade and Migration; Building Bridges for Global Labour Mobility
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade and Migration: Building Bridges for Global Labour Mobility
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; GATS ; Außenhandel ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Arbeitnehmer ; Migration
    Abstract: S’inspirant d’un important séminaire organisé récemment par l’OCDE, l’OIM et la Banque Mondiale qui réunissait plus de trois cents responsables des échanges et des migrations, cet ouvrage se penche sur les enjeux des discussions actuelles sur les échanges et les migrations relevant du « mode 4 » dans le cadre des négociations sur les services menées à l’OMC. Il analyse en outre les stratégies possibles pour favoriser une meilleure compréhension entre les décideurs chargés de l’élaboration des politiques commerciales et les responsables chargés des politiques migratoires. Cet ouvrage propose des solutions pour tirer le meilleur parti des mouvements temporaires de prestataires en procurant des gains appréciables aux pays développés comme aux pays en développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016415-fr
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  • 80
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    Migration et emploi : Les accords bilatéraux à la croisée des chemins (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108707
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Migration for Employment; Bilateral Agreements at a Crossroads
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Migration for Employment: Bilateral Agreements at a Crossroads
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer ; Einwanderung ; Arbeitsvertrag ; Bilateraler Staatsvertrag
    Abstract: Cette publication dresse un panorama des pratiques des pays de l’OCDE relatives au recrutement de main-d’œuvre étrangère. Elle analyse les obstacles qui peuvent entraver la négociation d’accords de recrutement de main-d’œuvre. Elle présente également les perspectives liées à une éventuelle coopération en matière de migration de main d’œuvre ou de développement dans les pays d’origine. Ce rapport passe tout d’abord en revue les accords bilatéraux et les autres formes de recrutement de main-d'œuvre étrangère dans plusieurs pays de l'OCDE (Allemagne, États-Unis, France, Irlande, Italie, Pologne, République tchèque, Royaume-Uni et Suisse) ainsi qu'aux Philippines et en Roumanie. Il décrit la gestion et la mise en œuvre de ces pratiques, analyse leur impact sur les marchés du travail, le développement économique et les politiques migratoires des pays d'accueil et des pays d'origine. La publication examine aussi les perspectives de développement de ce type de migration. L'annexe contient une liste des principaux accords signés par les pays de l'OCDE, par type de recrutement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108707-fr
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  • 81
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    Bébés et employeurs - Comment réconcilier travail et vie de famille (Volume 3) : Nouvelle-Zélande, Portugal et Suisse (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108370
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Babies and Bosses - Reconciling Work and Family Life (Volume 3); New Zealand, Portugal and Switzerland
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Babies and Bosses; Políticas de Conciliação da Actividade Profissional e da Vida Familiar (Volume 3); Nova Zelândia, Portugal e Suíça
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Babies and Bosses - Reconciling Work and Family Life (Volume 3): New Zealand, Portugal and Switzerland
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Babies and Bosses: Políticas de Conciliação da Actividade Pro& 64257;ssional e da Vida Familiar (Volume 3): Nova Zelândia, Portugal e Suíça
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; New Zealand ; Portugal ; Switzerland ; Berufstätigkeit ; Kind ; Erziehung ; Familienleben ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Cette étude, qui s’inscrit dans une série couvrant différents pays de l’OCDE, examine comment, en Nouvelle-Zélande, au Portugal et en Suisse, les aides directes et fiscales à la garde des enfants et les pratiques des entreprises face à ce problème influent sur le comportement des parents sur le marché du travail et sur la constitution des familles. Elle formule des recommandations de réforme des politiques visant à aider les travailleurs à mieux concilier leurs engagements professionnels et familiaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108370-fr
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  • 82
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    Vers des systèmes de santé plus performants : études thématiques (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015623
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (374 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Le projet de l'OCDE sur la santé
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards High-Performing Health Systems; Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards High-Performing Health Systems: Policy Studies
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Gesundheitswesen ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Gesundheitswesen ; Qualität ; Effizienz
    Abstract: Cette série de sept études thématiques a été reprise dans le rapport de synthèse du Projet de l’OCDE sur la santé : Vers des systèmes de santé plus performants. Elles dressent un bilan de l’expérience en matière de réforme des systèmes de santé, examinent les stratégies d’amélioration de la qualité technique des soins, étudient les problèmes d’inégalité liée au revenu devant l’accès aux soins, de déséquilibre entre l’offre et la demande de médecins et d’infirmières, de réduction des délais d’attente, pèsent les coûts et les avantages des systèmes privés d’assurance-maladie, et présentent des projections sur l’impact du vieillissement sur les dépenses de santé.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015623-fr
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  • 83
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    Oil Price Developments : Drivers, Economic Consequences and Policy Responses (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.412
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the factors influencing the price of oil and its likely evolution over the next quarter century. It begins by investigating the fundamental forces shaping long-term oil price developments, highlighting the importance of growth-led demand for oil, particularly that emanating from fast-growing, energy-intensive developing countries, and the implications of increasingly geographically concentrated oil reserves. The paper presents oil price projections to 2030 and examines the sensitivity of the projections to the assumptions about growth and non-OPEC supply. While certain combinations of factors could lead to a significantly higher oil price, the projections also suggest that the optimal strategy of resource-rich oil producers would be to prevent it rising too far. The paper then documents short-term influences on the oil price, which peaked at $50 a barrel in 2004, and notes that they have probably led to a significant departure from the long-run equilibrium price ...
    DOI: 10.1787/303505385758
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  • 84
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    OCDE Forum 2002 : Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2002 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298842
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2002; Forum Highlights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2002: Forum Highlights
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298842-fr
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  • 85
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    Reforming Public Pensions : Sharing the Experiences of Transition and OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 331.2522
    RVK:
    QX 400
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Konferenzschrift 2002 ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Altersversorgung ; Reform ; Osteuropa ; Rentenreform
    Abstract: This conference proceedings provided an opportunity for experts to compare public pension reform efforts in Central and Eastern Europe with those in other OECD countries. It looks at the reasons for pension reform, policy choices and constraints, the well-being of older people and distributional consequences of pension reform, and implementation of pension reform proposals.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105812-en
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  • 86
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Mexico : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.8
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Mexico
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the eighth in this series, presenting the Mexican SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/404131534878
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  • 87
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    Estudios Económicos de la OCDE: México 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018181
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: Los Estudios Económicos que la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) elabora sobre sus países miembros son evaluaciones comprehensivas de sus circunstancias económicas y propuestas rigurosas de política para consolidar, corregir o poner en práctica soluciones en favor de un desarrollo económico real y perdurable. Los Estudios Económicos se preparan con base en los reportes que realiza el Secretariado de la OCDE para el examen que periódicamente lleva a cabo el Comité de Seguimiento al Desarrollo Económico para cada país. El Estudio Económico de México 2003 presenta una interesante radiografía de la economía mexicana, acompañada de una serie de propuestas de gran relevancia tanto para los estudiosos del tema, como para los diseñadores de políticas en México. En general, la OCDE afirma que la economía mexicana se encuentra "bien posicionada para retomar el rumbo de crecimiento sólido y sostenible, aunque el momento y la fortaleza de la recuperación dependerán en gran medida de factores externos fuera del control de los diseñadores de políticas" y sugiere que "aun si las condiciones macroeconómicas se muestran desfavorables, las autoridades necesitan continuar esforzándose por lograr los objetivos anunciados en términos de inflación y presupuesto, si se desea conservar la confianza". Este estudio contiene además un capítulo sobre las fuentes del crecimiento de la economía mexicana, un capítulo enfocado a las reformas estructurales y una sección en donde se abordan los efectos económicos de la migración en México.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018181-es
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  • 88
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    Differences in Resilience Between the Euro-Area and US Economies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.382
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; United States
    Abstract: This paper is concerned with how stylised differences in monetary policy transmission mechanisms and product and labour market rigidities between the US and euro-area economies affect their resilience to temporary shocks. To address this issue, a small general equilibrium model with long-run neoclassical and short-run neo-Keynesian features is calibrated to replicate the key properties of the US economy (as in the US Fed’s FRB-US model). To this model, features of the euro area’s financial and then product and labour markets are added sequentially with a view to replicating what is generally agreed are aspects of the functioning of the euro-area economy (as captured by the ECB’s Area-Wide Model). Most of the analysis is conducted assuming identical monetary policy reaction functions, although the sensitivity of the results to this assumption is tested. The results illustrate the importance of adjustment patterns in financial, product and labour markets for economies’ ...
    DOI: 10.1787/765432685773
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  • 89
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    The Economic Impact of ICT : Measurement, Evidence and Implications (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264026780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The economic impact of ICT
    DDC: 658.4038
    RVK:
    QC 344
    RVK:
    QR 760
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivität ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Informationstechnik ; Unternehmen ; Produktivität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Messung ; OECD ; Informationstechnik ; Unternehmen ; Produktivität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Messung
    Abstract: Information and communications technology (ICT) has become a key driver of economic growth over the past decade. The rapid diffusion of the Internet, of mobile telephony and of broadband networks all demonstrate how pervasive this technology has become. But how precisely does ICT affect economic growth and the efficiency of firms? And how well can these effects be measured? This report provides an overview of the economic impact of ICT on economic performance, and the ways through which it can be measured. Using available OECD data, the first part of the book examines the available measures of ICT diffusion, the role and impact of ICT investment and the role of ICT-using and ICT-producing sectors in overall economic performance. The second part of the book offers nine studies for OECD countries, based on detailed firm-level data and prepared by researchers and statisticians from a wide range of OECD countries. These studies use a variety of methods and provide detailed insights on the effects of ICT in individual countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264026780-en
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  • 90
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Switzerland (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.383
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence sur les marchés de produits et performance économique en Suisse
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: The strength of product market competition plays an important role in ensuring dynamic economic growth. This paper examines product market competition and its link with economic performance in Switzerland whose growth has been weaker than in most OECD countries since 1980. It shows that substantial progress in reforming product markets can be made in many areas, which would contribute to reduce the excessive price differential vis-à-vis other countries and stimulate growth. These reforms should focus on the legal framework of competition, the network industries, the health sector, the revision of the Domestic Market Act, agriculture, the restriction on parallel imports and, more generally, the opening up of services to foreign competition ...
    DOI: 10.1787/336304241158
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  • 91
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    Coping with Ageing : A Dynamic Approach to Quantify the Impact of Alternative Policy Options on Future Labour Supply in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.371
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In the face of the substantial ageing of population expected to occur in OECD countries over coming decades, policies that boost labour-force participation attract considerable interest. There remain large cross-country divergences in participation rates that are largely accounted for by differences in participation of specific groups, in particular prime-age women, older workers and also youth. This suggests that policies targeting these groups could have important effects. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the potential impact of several policy reforms is able to attenuate or to offset the adverse trend in aggregate participation rates that would otherwise occur because of ageing population. It uses a simple dynamic modelling framework that generates longer-term projections of participation rates and labour supplies in OECD countries and alternative scenarios of policy reforms. The main outcome of this analysis is that the combined effect of possible reforms targeting ...
    DOI: 10.1787/224538175006
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  • 92
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    Design Choices in Market Competition for Employment Services for the Long-Term Unemployed (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.21
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Most Western countries have a long tradition of employment service provision by public bodies and non-profit organisations, but not by for-profit organisations. The creation of a quasi-market arrangement is not a simple choice for government. This paper underscores the difficulties and discusses design options. It calls for a complex balancing act between regulation and the creation of room for market competition, between old and new instruments and procedures, and between efficiency and equity. It identifies as two key issues the need to actively create sufficient room for market competition, and the need for "positive creaming" which encourages providers to concentrate their efforts on the most disadvantaged target groups. The paper starts by stating the principles and preconditions for market competition, with a focus on possible quasi-market arrangements for strengthening service provision for the long-term unemployed in Flanders. It sets out four models for contracting with ...
    DOI: 10.1787/643105306337
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  • 93
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    El sector sin fines de lucro en una economía cambiante (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264103191
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (373 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Non-profit Sector in a Changing Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur à but non lucratif dans une économie en mutation
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Las tendencias económicas recientes, que se reflejan en una mayor presión en términos económicos, la reforma del Estado benefactor, el surgimiento de la sociedad civil y la democracia participativa, han destacado la importancia creciente del sector sin fines de lucro en los países de la OCDE. Este sector, a menudo asociado con conceptos como “la economía social”, “el tercer sector”, “el sector de trabajo voluntario”, “el tercer sistema”, “el sector independiente” y, más recientemente, “la iniciativa empresarial social”, se ha enfrentado a una serie de retos cruciales. Entre ellos se encuentra el impulso para introducir criterios administrativos rigurosos, mientras que a la vez se mantiene la dimensión social única del sector y se fomenta la innovación social. Esta publicación ofrece una evaluación integral y transformadora de las nuevas tendencias en el ámbito de los estudios sobre el sector sin fines de lucro. Contiene contribuciones de expertos y académicos líderes en esta disciplina, y analiza los acontecimientos más significativos registrados en este sector en los países de la Unión Europea, Estados Unidos, Canadá, México y Australia. Asimismo, presenta un análisis comparativo y detallado de las herramientas y métodos empleados para financiar, supervisar y evaluar este sector de actividad económica y social. Este libro es una lectura fundamental para los diseñadores de políticas, practicantes en el sector y académicos interesados en conocer los más recientes acontecimientos teóricos y empíricos registrados en este sector en continua expansión.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264103191-es
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  • 94
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    Comprendre la croissance économique : Analyse au niveau macroéconomique, au niveau sectoriel et au niveau de l'entreprise (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020412
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Growth; A Macro-level, Industry-level, and Firm-level Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Was ist Wirtschaftswachstum?; Eine Betrachtung aus makroökonomischer, branchenbezogener und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compreender o Crescimento Económico; Nível macro, nível industrial, nível empresarial
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Growth: A Macro-level, Industry-level, and Firm-level Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Was ist Wirtschaftswachstum?: Eine Betrachtung aus makroökonomischer, branchenbezogener und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compreender o Crescimento Económico: Nível macro, nível industrial, nível empresarial
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Particulièrement riche en données factuelles et chiffrées, cet ouvrage est un instrument très précieux d’analyse de la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE. Il examine le profil de croissance des pays de l'OCDE cette dernière décennie et identifie les facteurs fondamentaux de la croissance. Il montre en quoi (et pourquoi) les réactions de chaque économie diffèrent face à l’évolution de ces facteurs. L’ouvrage étudie la croissance au niveau macroéconomique, au niveau sectoriel et au niveau de l’entreprise. Il analyse également la contribution des technologies de l’information (TI) à chacun de ces niveaux.Étayé par plus de 50 tableaux et graphiques, l’ouvrage permet de mieux comprendre la véritable nature de la croissance économique. En 2000, à l’apogée de la nouvelle économie, on encensait les TI qui, croyait-on, transformeraient radicalement les économies de l'OCDE et auraient des effets bénéfiques considérables. Mais le récent ralentissement économique a détruit plusieurs des mythes qu’avaient suscités les TI. Quelle est la véritable contribution des TI à la croissance économique ? Comprendre la croissance économique traite de ces questions en profondeur et apporte un nouvel éclairage sur la croissance économique. Dans une nouvelle présentation agréable, l’ouvrage est une introduction idéale pour comprendre la genèse de la croissance économique. Il intéressera un large public d’économistes et d’étudiants en économie. Pour en savoir plus : Les Sources de la croissance économique dans les pays de l’OCDE (2003) et Les TIC et la croissance économique : panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE (2003).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020412-fr
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  • 95
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    Les origines de la mondialisation financière 1880-1913 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015371
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Making of Global Finance 1880-1913
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage retrace la genèse de l’intégration financière internationale au cours de la première ère « moderne » de mondialisation, de 1880 à 1913 et apporte une aide précieuse pour affronter les dilemmes auxquels sont actuellement confrontés les responsables de l’action publique. Reposant sur des données historiques, les auteurs parviennent à cette conclusion essentielle : la réussite de l’intégration financière internationale dépend finalement peu d’une simple orientation politique concernant l’opportunité d’ouvrir ou de fermer une économie aux mouvements internationaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015371-fr
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  • 96
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    Governance im 21. Jahrhundert (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264589360
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance au XXIe siècle
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century (Korean version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Mit dem Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen weitere dramatische Umwälzungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft an der Tagesordnung. Das zunehmende Zusammenwachsen internationaler Märkte, die Einführung grundlegend neuer Technologien sowie eine sich verstärkende Wissensintensität menschlicher Tätigkeit deuten auf eine außerordentlich komplexe Welt von morgen. Aber wer soll diese Entwicklungen steuern? Und in welche Bahnen sollen sie gelenkt werden? Welche organisatorischen und institutionellen Voraussetzungen und welche Entscheidungsstrukturen und -prozesse werden auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene benötigt, um diesen Herausforderungen begegnen zu können?Diese Veröffentlichung untersucht die Chancen und Risiken wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und technologischer Natur, denen sich die Entscheidungsträger in den kommenden Jahren zu stellen haben werden, und erforscht die Grundlagen, die es der Gesellschaft erlauben, die Zukunft flexibler und mit der Teilnahme aller gesellschaftlichen Kräfte zu gestalten.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264589360-de
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  • 97
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    La gestion des dépenses publiques en France (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.409
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Expenditure Management in France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Depuis le début des années 90, lorsque le déficit des administrations publiques de la France avait atteint le niveau inquiétant de 6 pour cent du PIB, les finances publiques du pays se sont nettement redressées, même si de nouvelles améliorations substantielles sont nécessaires. Ce document examine les outils dont disposent les décideurs publics pour relever ce défi. Il en ressort clairement que, étant donné la part relativement réduite du budget de l’État dans les dépenses totales, le secteur de l’État ne peut à lui seul résoudre le problème. Le système de sécurité sociale, principale source de la poussée des dépenses, a un rôle à jouer, mais il en va de même des administrations infranationales – surtout si le transfert prévu de nouvelles compétences à l’échelon local se réalise. Pour pouvoir orienter la dépense publique de manière à créer des marges de manœuvre, les décideurs publics devront clarifier les structures de gouvernance de façon que les responsables de l’administration ...
    DOI: 10.1787/438352638072
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  • 98
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: United Kingdom 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of the UK's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016231-en
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  • 99
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    OECD Environmental Strategy : 2004 Review of Progress (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107823
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stratégie de l'environnement de l'OCDE ; Bilan en 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stratégie de l'environnement de l'OCDE : Bilan en 2004
    DDC: 333.72
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    Keywords: Economic development Environmental aspects ; OECD countries ; Environmental policy OECD countries ; Natural resources OECD countries ; Management ; Quality of life OECD countries ; Environment ; OECD ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: OECD Environment Ministers agreed in 2001, on an ambitious Environmental Strategy for the first decade of the 21st century. The strategy sets out clear directions for environmentally sustainable policies and includes these key objectives: maintaining the integrity of ecosystems through the efficient management of natural resources; decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth; improving information for decision-making; measuring progress through indicators; the social and environmental interface; enhancing the quality of life; global environmental interdependence; improving governance and co-operation. In addition to highlighting the challenges and obstacles that remain if countries are to achieve the objectives by the planned date of 2010, this report assesses the progress that OECD countries have made, as well as in applying the 71 national actions they agreed on, as part of the Environmental Strategy. The book is for policy makers and environmental economists.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107823-en
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  • 100
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: Italy 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264017047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of the Italy's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264017047-en
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