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  • 2005-2009  (373)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (373)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • Debt Markets  (263)
  • Economic Theory and Research  (255)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alacevich, Michele Early Development Economics Debates Revisited
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: Development economics in its early years created the image of a fierce fight between advocates of contrasting theories or approaches- "balanced growth" vs. "unbalanced growth" or "program loans" vs. "project loans." This view has the merit to highlight such conflicts in great detail; yet it fails to take into account the reality of development economics as it was practiced in the field. This paper reassesses these old conflicts by complementing the traditional focus on theoretical debates with an emphasis on the practice of development economics.A particularly interesting example is the debate between Albert Hirschman, one of the fathers of the "unbalanced growth" approach, and Lauchlin Currie, among the advocates of "balanced growth" on how to foster iron production in Colombia in the 1950s. An analysis of the positions held by these two economists shows that they were in fact much less antithetical than is usually held and, indeed, were in some fundamental aspects surprisingly similar. Debates among development economists during the 1950s thus must be explained-at least partially-as the natural dynamics of an emerging discipline that took shape when different groups tried to achieve supremacy-or at least legitimacy-through the creation of mutually delegitimizing systemic theories
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P Developing Countries And Enforcement of Trade Agreements
    Keywords: Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Poor countries are rarely challenged in formal World Trade Organization trade disputes for failing to live up to commitments, reducing the benefits of their participation in international trade agreements. This paper examines the political-economic causes of the failure to challenge poor countries, and discusses the static and dynamic costs and externality implications of this failure. Given the weak incentives to enforce World Trade Organization rules and disciplines against small and poor members, bolstering the transparency function of the World Trade Organization is important for making trade agreements more relevant to trade constituencies in developing countries. Although the paper focuses on the World Trade Organization system, the arguments also apply to reciprocal North-South trade agreements
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance, Financial Sector Policies, And Long-Run Growth
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs
    Abstract: The first part of this paper reviews the literature on the relation between finance and growth. The second part of the paper reviews the literature on the historical and policy determinants of financial development. Governments play a central role in shaping the operation of financial systems and the degree to which large segments of the financial system have access to financial services. The paper discusses the relationship between financial sector policies and economic development
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Joseph E. Stiglitz
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel Laureate in Economics, helped create the theory of markets with asymmetric information and was one of the founders of modern development economics. He played a leading role in an intellectual revolution that changed the characterization of a market economy. In the new paradigm, the price system only imperfectly solves the information problem of scarcity because of the many other information problems that arise in the economy: the selection over hidden characteristics, the provision of incentives for hidden behaviors and for innovation, and the coordination of choices over institutions
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Porto, Guido Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages And Unemployment
    Keywords: Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impacts of world agricultural trade liberalization on wages, employment and unemployment in Argentina, a country with positive net agricultural exports and high unemployment rates. In the estimation of these wage and unemployment responses, the empirical model allows for individual labor supply responses and for adjustment costs in labor demand. The findings show that a 10 percent increase in the price of agricultural exports would cause an increase in the Argentine employment probability of 1.36 percentage points, matched by a decline in the unemployment probability of 0.75 percentage points and an increase in labor market participation of 0.61 percentage points. Further, the unemployment rate would decline by 1.23 percentage points (by almost 10 percent). Expected wages would increase by 10.3 percent, an effect that is mostly driven by higher employment probabilities. This indicates that the bulk of the impacts of trade reforms originates in household responses in the presence of adjustment costs, and that failure to account for them may lead to significant biases in the welfare evaluation of trade policy
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of the design and experience of risk-based pension fund supervision in several countries that have been leaders in the development of these methods. The utilization of risk-based methods originates primarily in the supervision of banks. In recent years it has increasingly been extended to other types of financial intermediaries including pension funds and insurers. The trend toward risk-based supervision of pensions is closely associated with movement toward the integration of pension supervision with that of banking and other financial services into a single national authority. Although similar in concept to the techniques developed in banking, the application to pension funds has required modifications, particularly for defined contribution funds that transfer investment risk to fund members. The countries examined provide a range of experiences that illustrate both the diversity of pension systems and approaches to risk-based supervision, but also a commonality of the focus on sound risk management and effective supervisory outcomes. The paper provides a description of pension supervision in Australia, Denmark, Mexico and the Netherlands, and an initial evaluation of the results achieved in relation to the underlying objectives
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vittas, Dimitri Upgrading The Investment Policy Framework of Public Pension Funds
    Keywords: Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency
    Abstract: Public pension funds have the potential to benefit from low operating costs because they enjoy economies of scale and avoid large marketing costs. But this important advantage has in most countries been dissipated by poor investment performance. The latter has been attributed to a weak governance structure, lack of independence from government interference, and a low level of transparency and public accountability. Recent years have witnessed the creation of new public pension funds in several countries, and the modernization of existing ones in others, with special emphasis placed on upgrading their investment policy framework and strengthening their governance structure. This paper focuses on the experience of four new public pension funds that have been created in Norway, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. The paper discusses the safeguards that have been introduced to ensure their independence and their insulation from political pressures. It also reviews their performance and their evolving investment strategies. All four funds started with the romantic idea of operating as 'managers of managers' and focusing on external passive management but their strategies have progressively evolved to embrace internal active management and significant investments in alternative asset classes. The paper draws lessons for other countries that wish to modernize their public pension funds
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vittas, Dimitri A Short Note On The ATP Fund of Denmark
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Euro markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment policies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mutual Funds ; Pension ; Pension fund ; Pension funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swaps ; Tax ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Euro markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment policies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mutual Funds ; Pension ; Pension fund ; Pension funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swaps ; Tax ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Euro markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment policies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mutual Funds ; Pension ; Pension fund ; Pension funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swaps ; Tax
    Abstract: The Danish ATP (Arbejdmarkedets TillaegsPension or Labor Market Supplementary Pension) fund is a public pension fund that was created in 1964 to complement the universal pension benefit that is financed from general tax revenues and is paid to all old-age residents. When it was created, participation in ATP was compulsory on most working people. But over the last decade or so compulsory coverage has been expanded to most recipients of transfer income. Contribution amounts are set in absolute terms, but are low relative to earnings (less than 1 percent of average earnings). ATP has benefited from scale economies and compulsory worker participation and has been able to operate with high efficiency and low costs. Its investment performance has been uneven over the years, reflecting the applied investment policies and rules as well as prevailing financial conditions. In recent years, it has been a leader among Danish pension institutions in adopting innovative investment policies and has enjoyed an enviable record of high investment returns and low operating costs. In addition, it has long offered deferred group annuities with guaranteed benefits and periodic bonuses (with profits policies). However, ATP also suffers from several weaknesses and shortcomings. It has a cumbersome governance structure, rooted in labor market relations and the role of social partners, while its group annuities have been based on rather 'idiosyncratic' risk-sharing arrangements. Nevertheless, it took the lead in using long-dated interest-rate swaps in euro markets and recently created a department that specializes in hedging its pension liabilities. And it is in the process of adopting a new plan for guaranteed benefits that aims to enhance the management of both investment and longevity risks
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Competition And Demographics
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying
    Abstract: Mainstream economics views demographic changes in the structure of households as of little relevance for the behavior of firms or the functioning of markets. The present paper dispels this view by arguing that changes in the number of non-workers could affect the intensity with which consumers search for best prices and therefore the level of competition. The author also analyzes the relationship between income and competition, which some studies suggest is negative. The author argues that the negative relationship is most likely due to the demographic factors discussed
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fujii, Tomoki How Does Vietnam's Accession To The World Trade Organization Change The Spatial Incidence of Poverty?
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: Trade policies can promote aggregate efficiency, but the ensuing structural adjustments generally create both winners and losers. From an incomes perspective, trade liberalization can raise gross domestic product per capita, but rates of emergence from poverty depend on individual household characteristics of economic participation and asset holding. To fully realize the growth potential of trade, while limiting the risk of rising inequality, policies need to better account for microeconomic heterogeneity. One approach to this is geographic targeting that shifts resources to poor areas. This study combines an integrated microsimulation-computable general equilibrium model with small area estimation to evaluate the spatial incidence of Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization. Provincial-level poverty reduction after full liberalization was heterogeneous, ranging from 2.2 percent to 14.3 percent. Full liberalization will benefit the poor on a national basis, but the northwestern area of Vietnam is likely to lag behind. Furthermore, poverty can be shown to increase under comparable scenarios
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogetic, Zeljko Achieving Accelerated And Shared Growth In Ghana
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor ; Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor ; Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: This paper relies on the recently developed Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Simulations (MAMS) model to assess the consistency of alternative scaling-up and policy packages for growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. In the baseline scenario, Ghana's strong near and medium-term growth outlook puts it in a good position to achieve the poverty Millennium Development Goal ahead of schedule, but other goals are likely to remain elusive before 2015. In the accelerated growth scenario-which addresses the major gaps in water and sanitation and other infrastructure-even more rapid growth and poverty reduction are possible, but important targets in the areas of education, health, and environment remain unattainable. Although growth is complementary to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the authors also find important growth-human development trade-offs in the near term. The estimates show that the resource requirements for achieving the key Millennium Development Goals by 2015 are large, reaching US
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Avalos, Marcos An Empirical Analysis of Mexican Merger Policy
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A newly created dataset including 239 decisions made by the Mexican Federal Competition Commission on horizontal mergers between 1997 and 2001 is used to estimate the different factors affecting the Commission's resolution. The paper approximates the decision making process using two different discrete choice models. The results indicate that, contrary to the Commission's objective, the presence of efficiency gains increases the probability of a case being issued. The findings also show that factors different from the ones explicitly mentioned by the Commission have a significant effect on the Commission's final decision. In particular, the presence of a foreign company among the would-be merger firms significantly increases the likelihood of observing an allowed merger
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brownbridge, Martin Fiscal Policy For Growth And Development In Tajikistan
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending
    Abstract: Tajikistan's economy has recovered strongly after the collapse of the 1990s, but sustaining rapid economic growth over the long term and reducing poverty present major challenges for policymakers. This paper contributes to the debate over the strategic role for fiscal policy to play in meeting these challenges, utilizing the "fiscal space" approach to assess the long-term potential for expanding public provision of growth-promoting goods and services and evaluating the priorities for public spending. It also analyzes the long-term risks to fiscal sustainability, from external public debt and the quasi fiscal deficit of the electricity sector. The paper contends that institutional reforms in key areas, notably public financial management, tax administration, and the energy sector, are crucial for generating fiscal space and for ensuring that higher levels of public spending are translated into stronger economic growth and poverty reduction. The priorities for government spending should be education, health, and the maintenance of the core networks of the existing infrastructure for energy and transport, rather than new public investment projects
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Emran, M. Shahe The Extent of The Market And Stages of Agricultural Specialization
    Keywords: Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence of nonlinearity in the relationship between crop specialization in a village economy and the extent of the market (size of the urban market) relevant for the village. The results suggest that the portfolio of crops in a village economy becomes more diversified initially as the extent of the market increases. However, after the market size reaches a threshold, the production structure becomes specialized again. This evidence on the stages of agricultural diversification is consistent with the stages of diversification identified in the recent literature for the economy as a whole and also for the manufacturing sector. The evidence highlights the importance of improving farmers' access to markets through investment in transport infrastructure and removal of barriers to trading
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Byrd, William A Responding To Afghanistan's Opium Economy Challenge
    Keywords: Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population
    Abstract: Opium, Afghanistan's leading economic activity, lies at the heart of the challenges the country faces in state building, governance, security, and development. With their narrow law enforcement focus and limited recognition of development, security, and political implications, current global counter-narcotics polices impose a heavy burden on Afghanistan. This paper first provides a summary overview of Afghanistan's opium economy and the factors determining rural households' decisions on cultivating opium poppy. It then discusses the dynamic evolution of the Afghan drug industry in recent years, in particular its consolidation around fewer, powerful, politically-connected actors and the associated compromising of parts of some government agencies by drug industry interests. The paper reviews the experience with different counter-narcotics interventions, analyzes some proposals not yet tried in Afghanistan, and draws lessons and policy implications. Unfortunately there are no "silver bullets"-easy, quick, or one-dimensional solutions, and a longer-term horizon along with sustained commitment and resources will be required in order to phase out the opium economy over time. The paper concludes by putting forward some broad principles and approaches of a "smart strategy" against drugs in Afghanistan
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Le, Tuan Minh Expanding Taxable Capacity And Reaching Revenue Potential
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: An effective tax system is fundamental for successful country development. The first step to understand public revenue systems is to establish some commonly agreed performance measurements and benchmarks. This paper employs a cross-country study to estimate tax capacity from a sample of 104 countries during 1994-2003. The estimation results are then used as benchmarks to compare taxable capacity and tax effort in different countries. Taxable capacity refers to the predicted tax-gross domestic product ratio that can be estimated with the regression, taking into account a country's specific economic, demographic, and institutional features. Tax effort is defined as an index of the ratio between the share of the actual tax collection in gross domestic product and the predicted taxable capacity. The authors classify countries into four distinct groups by their level of actual tax collection and attained tax effort. This classification is based on the benchmark of the global average of tax collection and a tax effort index of 1 (when tax collection is exactly the same as the estimated taxable capacity). The analysis provides guidance for countries with various levels of tax collection and tax effort
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thorburn, Craig Insurers
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In many markets, industry and policymakers agree that there may be too many insurers. In others, the consensus is that there could be benefit from more competition. But this broad consensus is often supported by evidence that is more qualitative, anecdotal, or judgmental despite being unanimous. What is less clear, however, is how far consolidation or liberalization will go, how fast, and when it will end. This paper presents some initial observations from a cross-country data set and proposes that individual country results can be interpreted against this data set to inform expectations regarding trends in competition, concentration and consolidation, to inform analysis of the sector, for individual firm strategic planning and wider market risk assessments. A "natural level" for measures is suggested as a starting hypothesis. Further consideration is then made of the role of absolute market size, stage of market development, and differentials between life and non life segments. Analysis of the natural level, adjusted for market conditions, can then be used to develop preliminary views on current and expected market dynamics, strategic planning, and to inform policy, regulatory and supervisory priorities
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vagliasindi, Maria The Effectiveness of Boards of Directors of State Owned Enterprises In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises
    Abstract: This paper aims to shed some new light on the conditions needed to ensure the effectiveness of Boards of Directors of state owned enterprises with a focus on infrastructure sectors. In the case of developing countries, empirical studies have found evidence of positive links between the composition of the Board of Directors and financial performance. Yet the lack of solid theoretical foundations, and in some cases poor data availability, makes the conclusions of most studies weak. Several policy recommendations emerge from the review of the economic literature and evidence from case studies. First, the introduction of a sufficient number of independent directors emerges as an important corporate governance milestone. Empowering them to exercise effective monitoring of management, however, may prove to be a formidable challenge for of state owned enterprises. More attention to board procedures, particularly related to the Board selection and evaluation process, is essential, to produce the necessary insulation of Boards from government interference. Ensuring sufficient continuity of services to directors is particularly crucial to improve corporate governance. In addition, other factors that may reduce directors' ability to monitor corporate activities, such as the age profile and the number of Boards on which they sit, need to be handled more carefully
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: H. Adams, Jr., Richard The Demographic, Economic And Financial Determinants of International Remittances In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances
    Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Niimi, Yoko Determinants of Remittances
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of remittance behavior for Vietnam using data from the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey on internal migrants. It considers how, among other things, the vulnerability of a migrant's life at the destination, their link to relatives back home, and the time spent at the destination affect remittances. The paper finds that migrants act as risk-averse economic agents and send remittances back to the household of origin as part of an insurance exercise in the face of economic uncertainty. Remittances are also found to be driven by a migrant's labor market earnings level. The paper highlights the important role of remittances in providing an effective means of risk-coping and mutual support within the family
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aloy, Marcel Intertemporal Adjustment And Fiscal Policy Under A Fixed Exchange Rate Regime
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate
    Abstract: The paper presents a dynamic model for small to medium open economies operating under a fixed exchange rate regime. The model provides a partial explanation of the channels through which fiscal and monetary policy affects the real exchange rate. An empirical investigation is conducted for the case of Argentina during the currency board period of 1991-2001. Empirical estimates show that fiscal policy may indeed be an efficient instrument for promoting macroeconomic stability insofar as it encourages convergence toward long-run equilibrium and alters the long-term balance between exports and consumption, both private and public. The simulation applied to Argentina shows that if the share of public spending in the economy is higher than the share of imports, an increase in the tax rate will stimulate capital stock slightly, at least in the short term, and depreciate the real effective exchange rate. In the long run, the fiscal policy affects the value of the real exchange rate and consequently external competitiveness
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mejia, Daniel Cocaine Production And Trafficking
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Anxiety ; Cocaine ; Crack ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drug consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Fatigue ; Headaches ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Isolation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Development ; Sodium ; Violence ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Anxiety ; Cocaine ; Crack ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drug consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Fatigue ; Headaches ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Isolation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Development ; Sodium ; Violence ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Anxiety ; Cocaine ; Crack ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drug consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Fatigue ; Headaches ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Isolation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Development ; Sodium ; Violence
    Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to summarize the information currently available on cocaine production and trafficking. The paper starts by describing the available data on cocaine production and trade, the collection methodologies (if available) used by different sources, the main biases in the data, and the accuracy of different data sources. Next, it states some of the key empirical questions and hypotheses regarding cocaine production and trade and takes a first look at how well the data match these hypotheses. The paper states some of the main puzzles in the cocaine market and studies some of the possible explanations. These puzzles and empirical questions should guide future research on the key determinants of illicit drug production and trafficking. Finally, the paper studies the different policies that producer countries have adopted to fight against cocaine production and the role consumer countries play in the implementation of anti-drug policies
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (14 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fehr, Ernst Spite and Development
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competitive Advantage ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Expected returns ; Expected utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free riders ; Future research ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Public good ; Utility function ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competitive Advantage ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Expected returns ; Expected utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free riders ; Future research ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Public good ; Utility function ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competitive Advantage ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Expected returns ; Expected utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free riders ; Future research ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Public good ; Utility function
    Abstract: In a wide variety of settings, spiteful preferences would constitute an obstacle to cooperation, trade, and thus economic development. This paper shows that spiteful preferences - the desire to reduce another's material payoff for the mere purpose of increasing one's relative payoff - are surprisingly widespread in experiments conducted in one of the least developed regions in India (Uttar Pradesh). In a one-shot trust game, the authors find that a large majority of subjects punish cooperative behavior although such punishment clearly increases inequality and decreases the payoffs of both subjects. In experiments to study coordination and to measure social preferences, the findings reveal empirical patterns suggesting that the willingness to reduce another's material payoff - either for the sake of achieving more equality or for the sake of being ahead - is stronger among individuals belonging to high castes than among those belonging to low castes. Because extreme social hierarchies are typically accompanied by a culture that stresses status-seeking, it is plausible that the observed social preference patterns are at least partly shaped by this culture. Thus, an exciting question for future research is the extent to which different institutions and cultures produce preferences that are conducive or detrimental to economic development
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ize, Alain The Process of Financial Development
    Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading
    Abstract: This paper uses a simple statistical approach to exploit some of the wealth of information contained in FSAP reports. The authors classify and count FSAP recommendations along a logical grid that reflects the fabric of financial activity and the ways in which states organize their policies in support of financial development. With some caveats reflecting the inherent limitations of the exercise, this analysis provides a simple monitoring tool to help understand the nature and evolution of the FSAP program. At the same time, it throws light on the nuts and bolts of the process of financial development and its inter-linkages with economic development. While many of the findings conform well to what one would expect, others are more surprising and also potentially more useful for understanding the inner workings of financial development
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amiti, Mary The anatomy of China's export growth
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added
    Abstract: Decomposing China's real export growth, of over 500 percent since 1992, reveals a number of interesting findings. First, China's export structure changed dramatically, with growing export shares in electronics and machinery and a decline in agriculture and apparel. Second, despite the shift into these more sophisticated products, the skill content of China's manufacturing exports remained unchanged, once processing trade is excluded. Third, export growth was accompanied by increasing specialization and was mainly accounted for by high export growth of existing products (the intensive margin) rather than in new varieties (the extensive margin). Fourth, consistent with an increased world supply of existing varieties, China's export prices to the United States fell by an average of 1.5 percent per year between 1997 and 2005, while export prices of these products from the rest of the world to the United States increased by 0.4 percent annually over the same period
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (75 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de la Torre, Augusto Bank Involvement With SMES
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Foreign banks ; Governments ; Lending ; Risk ; Risk management ; Services ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Foreign banks ; Governments ; Lending ; Risk ; Risk management ; Services ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Foreign banks ; Governments ; Lending ; Risk ; Risk management ; Services
    Abstract: The "conventional wisdom" in academic and policy circles argues that, while large and foreign banks are generally not interested in serving SMEs, small and niche banks have an advantage in doing so because they can overcome SME opaqueness through relationship lending. This paper shows that there is a gap between this view and what banks actually do. Banks perceive SMEs as a core and strategic business and seem well positioned to expand their links with SMEs. The recent intensification of bank involvement with SMEs in various emerging markets documented in this paper is neither led by small or niche banks nor highly dependent on relationship lending. Rather, all types of banks are catering to SMEs and larger, multiple-service banks have in fact a comparative advantage in offering a wide range of products and services on a large scale, through the use of new technologies, business models, and risk management systems
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Osgood, Daniel E Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence farmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have emerged in recent years to address these threats: the use of seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for example, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for expected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative financial instruments for risk sharing (for example, index-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit for agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have remained entirely separated. This paper explores the integration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot insurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The authors propose a model that adjusts the amount of high-yield agricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season. Simulation results - combining climatic, agricultural, and financial models - indicate that this approach substantially increases production in La Niña years (when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and reduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall often damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are more than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given modeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of wealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for participating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential of this approach for adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Endo, Tadashi Broadening The Offering Choice of Corporate Bonds In Emerging Markets
    Keywords: Capital markets ; Corporate bond ; Corporate bonds ; Corporate governance ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt capital ; Development of corporate bond markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging economies ; Emerging markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Mutual Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Public offering ; Capital markets ; Corporate bond ; Corporate bonds ; Corporate governance ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt capital ; Development of corporate bond markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging economies ; Emerging markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Mutual Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Public offering ; Capital markets ; Corporate bond ; Corporate bonds ; Corporate governance ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt capital ; Development of corporate bond markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging economies ; Emerging markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Mutual Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Public offering
    Abstract: The development of corporate bond markets has been constrained in many emerging economies, partly because the regulatory model is implicitly designed for stand-alone public offerings. Corporate bonds are intrinsically more suitable for non-retail investors than for retail investors. Nonetheless, the prevailing regulatory model puts an excessive emphasis on disclosure and investor protection as well as government oversight, regardless of targeted investors. Such a non-differentiating regulatory approach disconnects issuers from investors by considerably raising opportunity costs to issuers. Broadening the choice of offering methods would lower corporate bond issuance costs, thereby allowing more issuers to finance their investments with bond issues. Additional forms of offerings are traditional private placements, institutional offerings, and shelf registration facilitated by integrated disclosure
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity
    Keywords: Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: What part of the inequality observed in a particular country is due to unequal opportunities, rather than to differences in individual efforts or luck? This paper estimates a lower bound for the opportunity share of inequality in labor earnings, household income per capita and household consumption per capita in six Latin American countries. Following John Roemer, the authors associate inequality of opportunity with outcome differences that can be accounted for by morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as race, gender, place of birth, and family background. Thus defined, unequal opportunities account for between 24 and 50 percent of inequality in consumption expenditure in the sample. Brazil and Central America are more opportunity-unequal than Colombia, Ecuador, or Peru. "Opportunity profiles," which identify the social groups with the most limited opportunity sets, are shown to be distinct from poverty profiles: ethnic origin and the geography of birth are markedly more important as determinants of opportunity deprivation than of outcome poverty, particularly in Brazil, Guatemala, and Peru
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien The Impact of Food Inflation On Urban Poverty And Its Monetary Cost
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: This paper uses a sample of 73 developing countries to estimate the change in the cost of alleviating urban poverty brought about by the recent increase in food prices. This cost is approximated by the change in the poverty deficit, that is, the variation in financial resources required to eliminate poverty under perfect targeting. The results show that, for most countries, the cost represents less than 0.1 percent of gross domestic product. However, in the most severely affected, it may exceed 3 percent. In all countries, the change in the poverty deficit is mostly due to the negative real income effect of those households that were poor before the price shock, while the cost attributable to new households falling into poverty is negligible. Thus, in countries where transfer mechanisms with effective targeting already exist, the most cost-effective strategy would be to scale up such programs rather than designing tools to identify the new poor
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten The Typology of Partial Credit Guarantee Funds Around The World
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Credit guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Financing obstacles ; Guarantee schemes ; International bank ; Microfinance ; Partial credit ; Risk management ; Risk-based pricing ; Transaction costs ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Credit guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Financing obstacles ; Guarantee schemes ; International bank ; Microfinance ; Partial credit ; Risk management ; Risk-based pricing ; Transaction costs ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Credit guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Financing obstacles ; Guarantee schemes ; International bank ; Microfinance ; Partial credit ; Risk management ; Risk-based pricing ; Transaction costs
    Abstract: This paper presents data on 76 partial credit guarantee schemes across 46 developed and developing countries. Based on theory, the authors discuss different organizational features of credit guarantee schemes and their variation across countries. They focus on the respective role of government and the private sector and different pricing and risk reduction tools and how they are correlated across countries. The findings show that government has an important role to play in funding and management, but less so in risk assessment and recovery. There is a surprisingly low use of risk-based pricing and limited use of risk management mechanisms
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Financing For SMEs Around The World
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Employment ; Factoring ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Interest rates ; Nonperforming loans ; Profitability ; Prudential regulations ; Risk management ; Small banks ; Access to Finance ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Employment ; Factoring ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Interest rates ; Nonperforming loans ; Profitability ; Prudential regulations ; Risk management ; Small banks ; Access to Finance ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Employment ; Factoring ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Interest rates ; Nonperforming loans ; Profitability ; Prudential regulations ; Risk management ; Small banks
    Abstract: Using data from a survey of 91 banks in 45 countries, the authors characterize bank financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world. They find that banks perceive the SME segment to be highly profitable, but perceive macroeconomic instability in developing countries and competition in developed countries as the main obstacles. To serve SMEs banks have set up dedicated departments and decentralized the sale of products to the branches. However, loan approval, risk management, and loan recovery functions remain centralized. Compared with large firms, banks are less exposed to small enterprises, charge them higher interest rates and fees, and experience more non-performing loans from lending to them. Although there are some differences in SMEs financing across government, private, and foreign-owned banks - with the latter being more likely to engage in arms-length lending - the most significant differences are found between banks in developed and developing countries. Banks in developing countries tend to be less exposed to SMEs, provide a lower share of investment loans, and charge higher fees and interest rates. Overall, the evidence suggests that the lending environment is more important than firm size or bank ownership type in shaping bank financing to SMEs
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects
    Keywords: Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (110 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Butler, Monika Annuities in Switzerland
    Keywords: Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System
    Abstract: Switzerland's pension system has attracted considerable attention, mainly due to its reliance on a three-pillar structure. A relatively small pay-as-you-go system (first pillar) is complemented by a mandatory, employer-based, fully funded occupational pension scheme (second pillar). The main goal of this paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the Swiss pension system. Particular emphasis is placed on the second pillar and its role in the provision of old age benefits within the Swiss social security system. The paper shows, for example, that a typical individual with an uninterrupted career can expect a net (after-tax) replacement rate of at least 70 percent. Occupational pension plans are highly regulated. Minimum interest rate requirements and minimum conversion rates (at which the accumulated retirement balances are transformed into annuity streams) introduce many elements of defined benefit plans into notionally defined contribution schemes. The resulting money's worth ratios are very high (with the exception of single males). Switzerland also has a high annuitization rate by international standards (approximately 80 percent). However, due to high fragmentation of the scheme and non-uniform accounting practices, some aspects of the system are not very transparent. The paper sheds light on the financial health of the pension system and the evolution of the regulatory framework in the past two decades
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Li, Ying Aid Inflows And The Real Effective Exchange Rate In Tanzania
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements
    Abstract: Tanzania is well placed to receive a significant increase in aid inflows in coming years. Despite the potential for the additional aid inflows to raise income levels in the country, increasing them may bring about structural changes in the economy that may be unwelcome. One such change is an appreciation of the real exchange rate that leads to a contraction of traditional export sectors and a loss of export competitiveness. This paper employs a reduced-form equilibrium real exchange rate approach to explain movements in Tanzania's real effective exchange in recent decades. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between aid inflows and the real effective exchange rate. The authors find that the long-run behavior of the real effective exchange rate is influenced by terms of trade movements, the government's trade liberalization efforts, and aid inflows. Positive terms-of-trade movements are associated with an appreciation, periods of improving trade liberalization are associated with a depreciation, and increases in aid inflows are associated with a depreciation in the real effective exchange rate. Although the last result is non-standard, it is not empirically unique and does have theoretical underpinnings. A detailed analysis of this relationship over the last decade shows that the Bank of Tanzania's response to aid inflows is likely the main reason for the finding
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ashraf, Nava Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue)
    Keywords: Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options that appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services except credit, or (3) a control group. After one year, DrumNet services led to an increase in production of export oriented crops and lower marketing costs; this translated into household income gains for new adopters. However, one year after the study ended, the exporter refused to continue buying the cash crops from the farmers because the conditions of the farms did not satisfy European export requirements. DrumNet collapsed in this region as farmers were forced to sell to middlemen and defaulted on their loans. The risk of such events may explain, at least partly, why many seemingly more profitable export crops are not adopted
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Devarajan, Shantayanan Aid, Growth, And Real Exchange Rate Dynamics
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects
    Abstract: Devarajan, Go, Page, Robinson, and Thierfelder argued that if aid is about the future and recipients are able to plan consumption and investment decisions optimally over time, then the potential problem of an aid-induced appreciation of the real exchange rate (Dutch disease) does not occur. In their paper, "Aid, Growth and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics," this key result is derived without requiring extreme assumptions or additional productivity story. The economic framework is a standard neoclassical growth model, based on the familiar Salter-Swan characterization of an open economy, with full dynamic savings and investment decisions. It does require that the model is fully dynamic in both savings and investment decisions. An important assumption is that aid should be predictable for intertemporal smoothing to take place. If aid volatility forces recipients to be constrained and myopic, Dutch disease problems become an issue
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines
    Keywords: Armut ; Messung ; Theorie ; Malawi ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas
    Abstract: The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of "relative deprivation" as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a "positional good," and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Liu, Lili Subnational Insolvency
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management
    Abstract: Subnational insolvency is a reoccurring event in development, as demonstrated by historical and modern episodes of subnational defaults in both developed and developing countries. Insolvency procedures become more important as countries decentralize expenditure, taxation, and borrowing, and broaden subnational credit markets. As the first cross-country survey of procedures to resolve subnational financial distress, this paper has particular relevance for decentralizing countries. The authors explain central features and variations of subnational insolvency mechanisms across countries. They identify judicial, administrative, and hybrid procedures, and show how entry point and political factors drive their design. Like private insolvency law, subnational insolvency procedures predictably allocate default risk, while providing breathing space for orderly debt restructuring and fiscal adjustment. Policymakers' desire to mitigate the tension between creditor rights and the need to maintain essential public services, to strengthen ex ante fiscal rules, and to harden subnational budget constraints are motivations specific to the public sector
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Abstract: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Latin America is together with Sub-Saharan Africa the most unequal region of the world. This paper documents recent inequality trends in the Latin American region, going beyond traditional measures of income inequality. The paper also reviews some of the explanations that have been put forward to understand the current situation, and discusses why reducing income inequality should be an important policy priority. In particular, the authors discuss channels through which inequality can affect growth and output volatility. On the whole, the analysis suggests a two-pronged approach to reduce inequality in the region that combines policies aimed at improving the distribution of assets (especially education) with elements aimed at improving the capacity of the state to redistribute income through taxes and transfers
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Raddatz, Claudio Credit Chains And Sectoral Comovement
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Adverse effect ; Bankruptcy ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Business cycles ; Central Bank ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Interest rate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk neutral ; Value added ; Access to Finance ; Adverse effect ; Bankruptcy ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Business cycles ; Central Bank ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Interest rate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk neutral ; Value added ; Access to Finance ; Adverse effect ; Bankruptcy ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Business cycles ; Central Bank ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Interest rate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk neutral ; Value added
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence of the presence and relevance of a credit-chain amplification mechanism by looking at its implications for the correlation of industries. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that an increase in the use of trade-credit along the input-output chain linking two industries results in an increase in their correlation. The analysis uses detailed data on the correlations and input-output relations of 378 manufacturing industry-pairs across 44 countries with different degrees of use of trade credit. The results provide strong support for this hypothesis and indicate that the mechanism is quantitatively relevant
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fafchamps, Marcel Isolation And Subjective Welfare
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True
    Abstract: Using detailed geographical and household survey data from Nepal, this article investigates the relationship between isolation and subjective welfare. This is achieved by examining how distance to markets and proximity to large urban centers are associated with responses to questions about income and consumption adequacy. Results show that isolation is associated with a significant reduction in subjective assessments of income and consumption adequacy, even after controlling for consumption expenditures and other factors. The reduction in subjective welfare associated with isolation is much larger for households that are already relatively close to markets. These findings suggest that welfare assessments based on monetary income and consumption may seriously underestimate the subjective welfare cost of isolation, and hence will tend to bias downward the assessment of benefits to isolation-reducing investments such as roads and communication infrastructure
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thompson, Graeme Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds In Australia
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper examines the development of risk-based supervision of pension funds in Australia. The large number of pension funds has meant that since the inception of pension fund supervision in the early 1990's the regulator has sought to identify high risk funds and focus its attention on these funds. However, the regulator developed a more sophisticated risk-rating model, known as PAIRS/SOARS, in 1992 in order to apply a more disciplined and consistent ratings methodology. Four reasons are given for the move towards more sophisticated risk-based supervision: 1) creation of an integrated supervisor which allowed the use of techniques used in banking and insurance to be adopted for pension fund; 2) the need to better use available supervisory resources; 3) several pension fund failures; and 4) concerns about industry weaknesses. Supervisory techniques used particularly in the banking industry, such as universal licensing, 'fit and proper' assessment, and risk management requirements were adopted for the pension sector between 2004 and 2006. The paper provides an outline of the PAIRS/SOARS risk-rating model which was also adopted. It observes that the approach provides an analytical discipline to risk assessment, strengthens the link between risk assessment and supervisory response, and allows better targeting of supervisory resources
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip The Development Impact of The Illegality of Drug Trade
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug Trade ; Drug trafficking ; Drugs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Narcotic ; Narcotic drug ; Narcotic drugs ; Organized crime ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Violence ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug Trade ; Drug trafficking ; Drugs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Narcotic ; Narcotic drug ; Narcotic drugs ; Organized crime ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Violence ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug Trade ; Drug trafficking ; Drugs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Narcotic ; Narcotic drug ; Narcotic drugs ; Organized crime ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Violence
    Abstract: This essay reviews many of the less considered consequences of the war on drugs, particularly the consequences for developing countries, and weighs them against the evidence that exists regarding the likely efficacy of current strategies to curb drug use and trade. The most important unintended consequences of drug prohibition are the following. First, the large demand for drugs, particularly in developed countries, generates the possibility of massive profits to potential drug providers. Since they cannot be organized freely and under the protection of the law, they resort to the formation of organized crime groups, using violence and corruption as their means of survival and expansion. In severe cases, the challenge to the state is such that public stability and safety are severely compromised. Second, prohibition and its derived illegal market imply the expropriation of endowments and resources used to produce and trade drugs. In many instances, this entails the transfer of wealth from poor to rich countries and from poor peasants to rich (and ruthless) traders. Third, criminalization can exacerbate the net health effects of drug use. These consequences are so pernicious that they call for a fundamental review of drug policy around the world
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Evaluation In The Practice of Development
    Keywords: Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education ; Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education ; Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: Knowledge about development effectiveness is constrained by two factors. First, the project staff in governments and international agencies who decide how much to invest in research on specific interventions are often not well informed about the returns to rigorous evaluation and (even when they are) cannot be expected to take full account of the external benefits to others from new knowledge. This leads to under-investment in evaluative research. Second, while standard methods of impact evaluation are useful, they often leave many questions about development effectiveness unanswered. The paper proposes ten steps for making evaluations more relevant to the needs of practitioners. It is argued that more attention needs to be given to identifying policy-relevant questions (including the case for intervention); that a broader approach should be taken to the problems of internal validity; and that the problems of external validity (including scaling up) merit more attention
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Helble, Matthias Heterogeneous Quality Firms And Trade Costs
    Keywords: Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: There is increasing empirical evidence that vertical product differentiation is an important determinant of international trade. However, the economic literature so far has solely focused on the case in which quality trade stems from differences between countries. No studies investigate the role of quality trade between similar economies. This paper first develops a simple theoretical trade model that includes vertical product differentiation in a heterogeneous-firm framework. The model yields three main predictions for trade between similar economies. First, exported goods are of higher quality than goods sold on the domestic market. Second, larger economies have on average higher export qualities compared with smaller economies. Third, with increasing trade costs higher quality goods are exchanged. For all three effects, strong empirical support is found using detailed export trade data of the United States and 15 European Union countries
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Coulibaly, Kalamogo Productivity Growth And Economic Reform
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms
    Abstract: Trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms are shown to have exerted a positive impact on the growth of total factor productivity in Rwanda during the period 1995-2003. Based on a constant returns-to-scale Cobb-Douglas production function, this paper regresses total factor productivity on indices of trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms. The analysis determines that trade reforms and financial reforms each contributed positively to improvements in total factor productivity. The data also suggest that the allocation of official development assistance to human capital made a significant contribution to productivity. In contrast, the appreciation of the real exchange rate of the late 1980's hindered productivity or the growth of TFP. Taken together, the findings for Rwanda presented in this paper show that the strong growth of the past decade has not just been due to a "bounce back" effect following the genocide. The results support the notion that policies favorable to trade development, a deepening of the financial sector, and formation of human capital have been effective for increasing aggregate productivity of the economy and stimulating growth in Rwanda. For sustained growth, the Rwandan authorities should continue to build on these policies, while also taking care to maintain an appropriate exchange rate
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (13 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Helpful Governments
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Dictatorship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional reform ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Legal structure ; Legal system ; Lower house ; National Governance ; Political Institutions ; Poor governance ; Presidency ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory measures ; Debt Markets ; Dictatorship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional reform ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Legal structure ; Legal system ; Lower house ; National Governance ; Political Institutions ; Poor governance ; Presidency ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory measures ; Debt Markets ; Dictatorship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional reform ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Legal structure ; Legal system ; Lower house ; National Governance ; Political Institutions ; Poor governance ; Presidency ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory measures
    Abstract: This paper provides an alternative way of testing the theory of legal origins, one based on a firm's perception of how helpful the government is for doing business. The author argues that an approach based on firm perceptions offers a number of advantages over existing studies. Specifically, the analysis demonstrates that heavier regulation in civil law compared with common law countries is not viewed by businesses as an efficient and socially desirable response to disorder. Further, the findings show a strong effect of legal tradition on government helpfulness even after controlling for various institutional measures known to be correlated with the legal tradition of countries. This suggests that there is more to legal tradition than what existing studies have unearthed
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhao, Longyue Trade Remedies And Non-Market Economies
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: In 2007, the United States Department of Commerce altered a 23-year old policy of not applying the countervailing duty law to non-market economies, and initiated eight countervailing and antidumping duty investigations on Chinese imports. The change brings heated debate on trade remedy policies and issues of non-market economies. This study focuses on the first countervailing duty case on imported coated free sheet paper from China and analyzes the implications of this test case for United States-China bilateral trade, and industrial policies in transitioning market economies. The paper also provides a brief review of the economics of subsidies, World Trade Organization rules on subsides and countervailing measures, and United States countervailing duty laws applied to non-market economies. While recently acceded countries should review their domestic development policies from the perspective of economic efficiency and comply with the World Trade Organization rules, it is also important to further clarify the issues of non-market economies under the multilateral trading system, and pay keen attention to the rules negotiations in the current World Trade Organization Doha Development Round
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol
    Keywords: Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loening, Josef Nonfarm Microenterprise Performance And The Investment Climate
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Agricultural sector ; Capital stock ; Community survey ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Households ; International Bank ; Job opportunities ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural sector ; Capital stock ; Community survey ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Households ; International Bank ; Job opportunities ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural sector ; Capital stock ; Community survey ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Households ; International Bank ; Job opportunities ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance
    Abstract: This paper uses uniquely matched household, enterprise and community survey data from four major regions in rural Ethiopia to characterize the performance, constraints and opportunities of nonfarm enterprises. The nonfarm enterprise sector is sizeable, particularly important for women, and plays an important role during the low season for agriculture, when alternative job opportunities are limited. Returns to nonfarm enterprise employment are low on average and especially so for female-headed enterprises. Women nevertheless have much higher participation rates than men, which attest to their marginalized position in the labor market. Most enterprises are very small and rely almost exclusively on household members to provide the required labor inputs. Few firms add to their capital stock or increase their labor inputs after startup. Local fluctuations in predicted crop performance affect the performance of nonfarm enterprises, because of the predominant role played by the agricultural sector. Enterprise performance is also affected by the localized nature of sales and limited market integration for nonfarm enterprises. The policy implications of these and other findings are discussed
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Toto Same, Achille Mineral-Rich Countries And Dutch Disease
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency
    Abstract: Referring to the original context of Dutch Disease, the term refers to the fears of de-industrialization that gripped the Netherlands as a result of the appreciation of the Dutch currency that followed the discovery of natural gas deposits. Expansion of petroleum exports in the 1960s not only crowded out other exports, it actually reduced other exports disproportionately and fueled the fears of dire consequences for Dutch manufacturing. In the case of Equatorial Guinea, the secondary sector represents about 2 percent of the gross domestic product, manufacturing represents less than 1 percent, and oil represents more than 95 percent. The negative impact of the Dutch Disease in this context would be limited given the structure of the economy and on the contrary may even be a good thing because it fuels the structural transformational process of the economy, which is needed in Equatorial Guinea. This paper argues that the ongoing Dutch Disease is a natural and necessary reallocation of resources in the economy of Equatorial Guinea. The magnitude of negative macroeconomic consequences of the Dutch Disease depends on the country's economic structure and stage of development. In a country where the manufacturing sector barely exists or where the non-oil primary sector is structurally deficient, as has been the case of Equatorial Guinea, there is little to fear about the disease. The oil boom is a blessing, given that oil revenues when properly managed can play a special and critical role in overall economic development and poverty reduction in low-income countries. To promote good governance in the management of the country's oil wealth, the government may wish to adhere to clear standards of accountability and transparency; especially by complying with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI++)
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Measuring Distortions To Agricultural Incentives, Revisited
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions
    Abstract: Notwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. Especially in developing countries, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies and quantitative restrictions, plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981 to 2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shepherd, Ben Trade Facilitation In ASEAN Member Countries
    Keywords: Air ; Air transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Port facilities ; Public Sector Development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Trade Policy ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Air ; Air transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Port facilities ; Public Sector Development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Trade Policy ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Air ; Air transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Port facilities ; Public Sector Development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Trade Policy ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent progress and indicators of trade facilitation in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The findings show that import and export costs vary considerably in the member countries, from very low to moderately high levels. Tariff and non-tariff barriers are generally low to moderate. Infrastructure quality and services sector competitiveness range from fair to excellent. Using a standard gravity model, the authors find that trade flows in Southeast Asia are particularly sensitive to transport infrastructure and information and communications technology. The results suggest that the region stands to make significant economic gains from trade facilitation reform. These gains could be considerably larger than those from comparable tariff reforms. Estimates suggest that improving port facilities in the region, for example, could expand trade by up to 7.5 percent or
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Benchmarking Financial Development
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns
    Abstract: Capitalizing on recent improvements in the availability of cross-country financial sector data, this paper proposes a standard methodology for benchmarking the policy component of financial development. Systematic controls are introduced to isolate main structural country characteristics and a principal components analysis is used to help identify a parsimonious set of ten "core" outcome indicators from a broader set of twenty seven potential indicators covering different dimensions of development in both financial institutions and financial markets. Such a broad-based approach helps reveal important determinants and regularities of the process of financial development. The paper also identifies some of the main data gaps that will need to be filled to allow further progress in financial benchmarking looking forward
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Competition And Financial Stability
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Theory makes ambiguous predictions about the relationship between market structure and competitiveness of the banking system and banking sector stability. Empirical studies focusing on individual countries provide similarly ambiguous results, while cross-country studies point mostly to a positive relationship between competition and stability in the banking system. Where liberalization and unfettered competition have resulted in fragility, this has been mostly the consequence of regulatory and supervisory failures. The advantages of competition for an efficient and inclusive financial system are strong, and regulatory and supervisory policies should focus on an incentive-compatible environment for banking rather than try to fine-tune market structure or the degree of competition
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Who Gets The Credit?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies
    Abstract: While the theoretical and empirical finance literature has focused almost exclusively on enterprise credit, about half of credit extended by banks to the private sector in a sample of 45 developing and developed countries is to households. The share of household credit in total credit increases as countries grow richer and financial systems develop. Cross-country regressions, however, suggest a positive and significant impact on gross domestic product per capita growth only of enterprise but not household credit. These two findings together partly explain why previous studies have found a small or insignificant effect of finance on growth in high-income countries. In addition, countries with a lower share of manufacturing, a higher degree of urbanization, and more market-oriented financial systems have a higher share of household credit. It is thus mostly socio-economic trends that determine credit composition, while policies influencing banking market structure and regulatory policies are not robustly related to credit composition
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Moreno-Dodson, Blanca Assessing the Impact of Public Spending on Growth
    Keywords: Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint
    Abstract: The goal of this paper is to understand better, at the empirical level, how public spending contributes to growth by focusing on both the level and composition of public spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. It attempts to answer two specific questions: (a) What are the policy conditions under which public spending contributes positively to growth? and (b) What are the public spending components that have a stronger and longer-lasting impact on growth? The analysis is applied to a sample of seven fast-growing developing countries: Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Botswana, and Mauritius, which have been among the top performers in the world in terms of GDP per capita growth during the period (1960-2006). The rationale for this country sample selection is twofold. The first hypothesis is that, given their positive growth achievements over a relatively long time period, perhaps it is more straightforward to establish a link to public spending in those countries. Second, it is expected that the findings of the analysis will provide lessons regarding the level and composition of public spending that can be useful for other countries where growth has been less rapid. Assessing what role public spending has played in a dynamic growth context may indeed be enlightening for other cases as well. The paper is structured as follows. The first section is an introduction that provides relevant facts and information about the seven countries during the period of analysis, based on seven individual country case studies. Section II presents the theoretical background behind the empirical analysis. Section III focuses on the empirical methodology, function specification, and variables selected. Section IV is dedicated to the results obtained with the cross-country analysis and some specific country results, as well as some comparisons with previous findings by other authors. Finally, Section V draws policy implications and concludes
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Currency Undervaluation And Sovereign Wealth Funds
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade
    Abstract: Two aspects of global imbalances - undervalued exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds - require a multilateral response. For reasons of inadequate leverage and eroding legitimacy, the International Monetary Fund has not been effective in dealing with undervalued exchange rates. This paper proposes new rules in the World Trade Organization to discipline cases of significant undervaluation that are clearly attributable to government action. The rationale for WTO involvement is that there are large trade consequences of undervalued exchange rates, which act as both import tariffs and export subsidies, and that the WTO's enforcement mechanism is credible and effective. The World Trade Organization would not be involved in exchange rate management, and would not displace the International Monetary Fund. Rather, the authors suggest ways to harness the comparative advantage of the two institutions, with the International Monetary Fund providing the essential technical expertise in the World Trade Organization's enforcement process. There is a bargain to be struck between countries with sovereign wealth funds, which want secure and liberal access for their capital, and capital-importing countries, which have concerns about the objectives and operations of sovereign wealth funds. The World Trade Organization is the natural place to strike this bargain. Its General Agreement on Trade in Services, already covers investments by sovereign wealth funds, and other agreements offer a precedent for designing disciplines for these funds. Placing exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds on the trade negotiating agenda may help revive the Doha Round by rekindling the interest of a wide variety of groups
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen Sovereign Rents And The Quality of Tax Policy And Administration
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The availability of windfall revenues from natural resource exports or foreign aid potentially weakens governments' incentives to design efficient tax systems. Cross-country data for developing countries provide evidence for this hypothesis, using a World Bank indicator of "efficiency of revenue mobilization." Aid's negative effects on the quality of tax systems are robust to correcting for potential reverse causality, to changes in the sample, and to alternative estimation methods. Fuel export revenues are also associated with lower-quality tax policy and administration, but this finding is somewhat sensitive to outliers. Non-fuel resource exports, in contrast, show no relationship to the efficiency of revenue mobilization
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (81 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cakmak, Erol H Macro-Micro Feedback Links of Irrigation Water Management In Turkey
    Keywords: Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use
    Abstract: Agricultural production is heavily dependent on water availability in Turkey, where half the crop production relies on irrigation. Irrigated agriculture consumes about 75 percent of total water used, which is about 30 percent of renewable water availability. This study analyzes the likely effects of increased competition for water resources and changes in the Turkish economy. The analysis uses an economy-wide Walrasian Computable General Equilibrium model with a detailed account of the agricultural sector. The study investigated the economy-wide effects of two external shocks, namely a permanent increase in the world prices of agricultural commodities and climate change, along with the impact of the domestic reallocation of water between agricultural and non-agricultural uses. It was also recognized that because of spatial heterogeneity of the climate, the simulated scenarios have differential impact on the agricultural production and hence on the allocation of factors of production including water. The greatest effects on major macroeconomic indicators occur in the climate change simulations. As a result of the transfer of water from rural to urban areas, overall production of all crops declines. Although production on rainfed land increases, production on irrigated land declines, most notably the production of maize and fruits. The decrease in agricultural production, coupled with the domestic price increase, is further reflected in net trade. Agricultural imports increase with a greater decline in agricultural exports
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yeyati, Eduardo Levy Emerging Market Liquidity And Crises
    Keywords: Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs
    Abstract: Whereas conventional wisdom argues that markets shut down during crises, with sellers struggling to find buyers, we find that markets continue to operate during financial turmoil, even in narrow and volatile emerging economies. Simple event studies indicate that both trading volume and trading costs increase in crisis times. Prices change more with each dollar transacted (pushing the Amihud illiquidity measure up) and bid-ask spreads widen. More generally, econometric estimates show that large price downturns, typical of crises, are associated with higher trading activity and increased trading costs, with trading activity declining only later as crises progress. Thus, while trading activity tends to be negatively related to trading costs during tranquil times (and across securities), this relation appears to break down during crises. These results are consistent with the analytical literature on portfolio rebalancing by heterogeneous agents in times of crises
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Buckley, Robert M Is Accra A Superstar City?
    Keywords: Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates ; Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates ; Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates
    Abstract: A recent study of house price behavior in U.S. cities by Gyourko, Mayer, and Sinai (2006) raises questions about so-called superstar cities in which housing is so inelastically supplied that it becomes unaffordable, as higher-income families outbid residents. We consider the case of Accra, Ghana, in this light, estimating the elasticity of housing supply and discussing the implications for growth and income distribution. There is not a great deal of data available to examine trends in Accra, so our method is indirect. First, we use a variant of the traditional monocentric city model to calculate the elasticity of Accra's housing supply relative to those of other similarly-sized African cities. This suggests that housing supply responsiveness is much higher elsewhere. This muted supply responsiveness is consistent with the observed higher housing prices. Second, we estimate a number of traditional housing demand equations and reduced form equations. Placing a number of restrictions on the equations allows us to infer Accra's housing supply elasticity. Taken together, our approaches suggest that lower-income families in Accra have such poor housing conditions because the market is extremely unresponsive to demand. Although the outcomes we have traced-high housing prices and low quality-are not unusual relative to the other developed country superstar cities, they are extreme. The welfare costs are considerable, so much so that in addition to direct housing market effects, these policies also appear to have potentially significant implications for the achievement of more equitable growth
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The importance of land rental for overall economic development has long been recognized in theory, yet empirical evidence on the productivity and equity impacts of such markets and the extent to which they realize their potential has been scant. Representative data from China's nine most important agricultural provinces illustrate the impact of rental markets on households' economic strategies and welfare, and the productivity of land use at the plot level. Although there are positive impacts in each of these dimensions, transaction costs constrain participation by many producers, thus preventing rental markets from attaining their full potential. The paper identifies factors that increase transaction costs and provides a rough estimate of the productivity and equity impacts of removing them
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Melecky, Martin An Alternative Framework For Foreign Exchange Risk Management of Sovereign Debt
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt
    Abstract: This paper proposes a measure of synchronization in the movements of relevant domestic and foreign fundamentals for choosing suitable currency for denomination of foreign debt. The selection of explanatory variables for exchange rate volatility is motivated using a New Keynesian Policy model. The model predicts that not only traditional optimal currency area variables, but also variables considered by the literature on currency preferences, such as money velocity, should be relevant for explaining exchange rate volatility. The findings show that measures of inflation synchronization, money velocity synchronization, and interest rate synchronization can be useful indicators for decisions on the currency denomination of foreign debt
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (77 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Formal Versus Informal Finance
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Alternative Financing ; Banking System ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Bank ; Formal Financial Institutions ; Informal Finance ; International Bank ; Access to Finance ; Alternative Financing ; Banking System ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Bank ; Formal Financial Institutions ; Informal Finance ; International Bank ; Access to Finance ; Alternative Financing ; Banking System ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Bank ; Formal Financial Institutions ; Informal Finance ; International Bank
    Abstract: China is often mentioned as a counterexample to the findings in the finance and growth literature since, despite the weaknesses in its banking system, it is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The fast growth of Chinese private sector firms is taken as evidence that it is alternative financing and governance mechanisms that support China's growth. This paper takes a closer look at firm financing patterns and growth using a database of 2,400 Chinese firms. The authors find that a relatively small percentage of firms in the sample utilize formal bank finance with a much greater reliance on informal sources. However, the results suggest that despite its weaknesses, financing from the formal financial system is associated with faster firm growth, whereas fund raising from alternative channels is not. Using a selection model, the authors find no evidence that these results arise because of the selection of firms that have access to the formal financial system. Although firms report bank corruption, there is no evidence that it significantly affects the allocation of credit or the performance of firms that receive the credit. The findings suggest that the role of reputation and relationship based financing and governance mechanisms in financing the fastest growing firms in China is likely to be overestimated
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Foreign Bank Acquisitions And Outreach
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities
    Abstract: Between 1995 and 2005, foreign bank participation in Mexico rose from 2 percent of bank assets to 83 percent, as the top five largest banks were acquired by foreigners. This paper examines the link between foreign bank acquisitions and banking outreach. Using quarterly country, bank, and bank-municipality-level data, the authors find some contrasting patterns. As foreign bank participation rose due to foreign acquisitions, the number of municipalities with bank presence increased but the number of loan and deposit accounts fell for the country as a whole and for banks after they became foreign. The drop in the number of loans, however, was partially off-set by an increase in domestic bank loans. Further, the decline in loan and deposit accounts was more pronounced in more rural and poorer areas. Finally, only very rich and urban areas experienced an increase in branches after foreign acquisition
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amurgo-Pacheco, Alberto Patterns of Export Diversification In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates ; Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates ; Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates
    Abstract: This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. The analysis shows that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bayly, C.A Indigenous And Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development
    Keywords: Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers ; Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers ; Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers
    Abstract: This paper concerns the institutional origins of economic development, emphasizing the cases of nineteenth-century India and Africa. Colonial institutions-the law, western style property rights, newspapers and statistical analysis-played an important part in the emergence of Indian public and commercial life in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These institutions existed in the context of a state that was extractive and yet dependent on indigenous cooperation in many areas, especially in the case of the business class. In such conditions, Indian elites were critical in creating informal systems of peer-group education, enhancing aspiration through the use of historicist and religious themes and in creating a "benign sociology" of India as a prelude to development. Indigenous ideologies and practices were as significant in this slow enhancement of Indian capabilities as transplanted colonial ones. Contemporary development specialists would do well to consider the merits of indigenous forms of association and public debate, religious movements and entrepreneurial classes. Over much of Asia and Africa, the most successful enhancement of people's capabilities has come through the action of hybrid institutions of this type
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goni, Edwin Fiscal Redistribution And Income Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ventura, Luigi Risk Sharing Opportunities And Macroeconomic Factors In Latin American And Caribbean Countries
    Keywords: Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness ; Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness ; Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the degree of consumption insurance enjoyed by Latin American and Caribbean countries, with respect to various reference areas, by estimating a parameter expressing the sensitivity of a country's consumption growth to a measure of idiosyncratic shocks to income. The paper surveys common econometric implementations of "consumption insurance tests." The author proposes some econometric procedures in order to detect the actual presence of international risk sharing, as well as to assess the relative impact of idiosyncratic versus aggregate shocks. The evidence suggests that Latin American and Caribbean economies have been hit by non-diversifiable income shocks, that idiosyncratic risk is relatively more important than aggregate risk, and that some countries in the region appear to enjoy a certain amount of international risk diversification. The paper also identifies some macroeconomic factors that may be responsible for a higher or lower degree of risk pooling (such as international openness, financial depth, and credit availability). The findings show that the financial development of an economy is a crucial factor in determining the amount of risk sharing opportunities, as well as public expenditure. The preliminary results also suggest that trade openness and shocks to terms of trade play an important role in determining the degree of insurability of such risks
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Liberalization And Its Economy-Wide Effects In Honduras
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the likely benefits of trade and investment liberalization in a small, poor, open economy, using the accession of Honduras to the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement as a case study. The results show that bilateral trade liberalization with the United States is likely to have almost no effect on welfare in Honduras, while the reciprocal removal of protection vis-a-vis the rest of Central America would lead to significantly larger gains. Potential gains from increased net foreign direct investment inflows overwhelm those expected from trade reform alone, particularly if the new foreign direct investment generates productivity spillovers. However, if it is to replace Honduran investment rather than complement domestic capital formation, growth performance is unlikely to improve and may even suffer. The paper's results identify several areas for policy attention by Honduran policy makers to make the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement more development-friendly. These include carefully considering the budgetary implications of trade reform, widening social safety nets to counter the trends toward increasing income inequality, and sequencing the reforms to ensure a close alignment of Honduras' comparative advantage on the regional and global markets
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van Dam, Rein Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Institutions In Denmark
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation
    Abstract: This paper examines the move towards risk-based supervision of pension institutions in Denmark. Although Denmark has not adopted a comprehensive model to assess risk it has developed a number of building blocks which it uses for risk-based assessment. The motivations for improving risk assessment include a desire to identify emerging problems, and concerns about the solvency of pension institutions. In Denmark there is extensive use of guaranteed minimum returns in both the accumulation and payout phases which create substantial obligations on pension institutions, and focus attention on the integrity and solvency of the institutions which provide them. In conjunction with freeing up investment restrictions and moving towards market valuation of assets, the supervisor has introduced a 'traffic light' stress test model which calculates the effect of several market scenarios - the red test which is the more plausible and the yellow test which is possible but less likely. In addition to the use of the traffic light system, there has been a growing emphasis on the adequacy of internal risk control systems and greater reliance on market discipline. Pension institutions have sought to reduce their exposure to market volatility by better matching of assets and liabilities. There is a much better understanding of the risks inherent in the pension institutions' portfolios, and there has been a substantial increase in the use of hedging instruments
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vagliasindi, Maria Governance Arrangements For State Owned Enterprises
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Governance ; National Governance ; Private ownership ; Private sector participation ; Public Private Partnerships ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; State ownership ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Governance ; National Governance ; Private ownership ; Private sector participation ; Public Private Partnerships ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; State ownership ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Governance ; National Governance ; Private ownership ; Private sector participation ; Public Private Partnerships ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; State ownership ; Transparency
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to shed new light on key challenges in governance arrangements for state owned enterprises in infrastructure sectors. The paper provides guidelines on how to classify the fuzzy and sometimes conflicting development goals of infrastructure and the governance arrangements needed to reach such goals. Three policy recommendations emerge. First, some of the structures implied by internationally adopted principles of corporate governance for state owned enterprises favoring a centralized ownership function versus a decentralized or dual structure have not yet been sufficiently "tested" in practice and may not suit all developing countries. Second, general corporate governance guidelines (and policy recommendations) need to be carefully adapted to infrastructure sectors, particularly in the natural monopoly segments. Because the market structure and regulatory arrangements in which state owned enterprises operate matters, governments may want to distinguish the state owned enterprises operating in potentially competitive sectors from the ones under a natural monopoly structure. Competition provides not only formidable benefits, but also unique opportunities for benchmarking, increasing transparency and accountability. Third, governments may want to avoid partial fixes, by tackling both the internal and external governance factors. Focusing only on one of the governance dimensions is unlikely to improve SOE performance in a sustainable way
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Reuter, Peter Can Production And Trafficking of Illicit Drugs Be Reduced Or Merely Shifted?
    Keywords: Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking ; Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking ; Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking
    Abstract: The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown to be cost-effective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases global welfare, it may be appropriate to consider a less aggressive stance to current producers and to make strategic decisions about the location of an industry producing a global bad
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yoshino, Yutaka Domestic Constraints, Firm Characteristics, And Geographical Diversification of Firm-Level Manufacturing Exports In Africa
    Keywords: Exportwirtschaft ; Exportdiversifizierung ; Internationaler Markt ; Region ; Theorie ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Commodity prices ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export markets ; Factor price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market entry ; Market orientation ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Product quality ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Total sales ; Commodity prices ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export markets ; Factor price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market entry ; Market orientation ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Product quality ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Total sales ; Commodity prices ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export markets ; Factor price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market entry ; Market orientation ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Product quality ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Total sales
    Abstract: Using firm-level data on manufacturing sectors in Africa, this paper addresses how domestic supply constraints and other firm characteristics explain the geographical orientation of firms' exports and the overall market diversification of African manufacturing exports. The degree of market diversification, measured by the number of export destinations, is highly correlated with export intensity at the firm level, and both embody strong scale effects. Technological factors, such as new vintage capital and Internet access, which improve production efficiency and lower export costs, show strong effects on the firm-level export intensity. Some qualitative differences exist between Africa's regional exports and exports to the global markets. Foreign ownership is a significant factor in characterizing the intensity of global exports but not regional exports. The technological factors are significant in both cases, but more so in global exports. Public infrastructure constraints, such as inferior power services and customs delays, seem to have more immediate impacts on regional exports in general, implying the relevance of addressing behind-the-border constraints in fostering regional integration in Africa. Customs efficiency does matter for textile exports to the global markets, underscoring the importance of improving trade facilitation in Africa for competitive participation of African producers in global supply chain industries
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fofack, Hippolyte Technology Trap And Poverty Trap In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Basic ; Components ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Engineering ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovations ; Inventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Semiconductors ; Simulation ; Technological infrastructure ; Technological innovations ; Technology Industry ; Basic ; Components ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Engineering ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovations ; Inventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Semiconductors ; Simulation ; Technological infrastructure ; Technological innovations ; Technology Industry ; Basic ; Components ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Engineering ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovations ; Inventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Semiconductors ; Simulation ; Technological infrastructure ; Technological innovations ; Technology Industry
    Abstract: Since the industrial revolution, advances in science and technology have continuously accounted for most of the growth and wealth accumulation in leading industrialized economies. In recent years, the contribution of technological progress to growth and welfare improvement has increased even further, especially with the globalization process which has been characterized by exponential growth in exports of manufactured goods. This paper establishes the existence of a technology trap in Sub-Saharan Africa. It shows that the widening income and welfare gap between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of world is largely accounted for by the technology trap responsible for the poverty trap. This result is supported by empirical evidence which suggests that if countries in Sub-Saharan Africa were using the same level of technology enjoyed by industrialized countries income levels in Sub-Saharan Africa would be significantly higher. The result is robust, even after controlling for institutional, macroeconomic instability and volatility factors. Consistent with standard one-sector neoclassical growth models, this suggests that uniform convergence to a worldwide technology frontier may lead to income convergence in the spherical space. Overcoming the technology trap in Sub-Saharan Africa may therefore be essential to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and evolving toward global convergence in the process of economic development
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Development
    Keywords: Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers ; Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers ; Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers
    Abstract: This survey reviews the existing macro-level empirical literature on the link between infrastructure and development outcomes in a critical light. After providing a general framework that casts the relevant terms of the controversy on the real effect of infrastructure on growth in the context of an aggregate production function, it signals what are the relevant empirical questions to be addressed. This guides the systematic review of a number of empirical studies and the discussion of the main econometric challenges to the identification of the effect of infrastructure on output and productivity. Finally, building on related research, in particular in contract theory and political economy, the paper spells out several promising research avenues
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (72 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Assessing The Redistributive Effect of Fiscal Policy
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Personal income tax ; Private Sector Development ; Progressive tax ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Shifting ; Tax incidence ; Tax liability ; Tax policy ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxpayers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Personal income tax ; Private Sector Development ; Progressive tax ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Shifting ; Tax incidence ; Tax liability ; Tax policy ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxpayers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Personal income tax ; Private Sector Development ; Progressive tax ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Shifting ; Tax incidence ; Tax liability ; Tax policy ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxpayers
    Abstract: Who benefits from public spending? Who bears the burden of taxation? How desirable is the distribution of net benefits from the operation of a tax-benefit system? This paper surveys basic concepts, methods, and modeling approaches commonly used to address these issues in the context of fiscal incidence analysis. The review covers the incidence of both taxation and public spending. Methodological points are supported by country cases. The effective distribution of benefits and burdens associated with fiscal policy depends on the size of the government, the distributive mechanisms involved, and the incentives properties of the policy under consideration. This creates a need for analytical methods to account for both individual behavior and social interaction. The approaches reviewed include simple reduced form regression analysis, microsimulation models (both the envelope and discrete choice models), computable general equilibrium modeling, and approaches that link computable general equilibrium models to microsimulation models. Explicit modeling facilitates the construction of counterfactuals to back up causal analysis. Social desirability is assessed on the basis of progressivity along with deadweight loss
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Toto Same, Achille Windfall Management For Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: This paper aims at providing a guide to ensure efficiency in the management of Chad's windfall to support the development process and poverty reduction. The analysis is based on the lessons and experience of countries that have successfully used natural-resource-generated windfalls to launch their development process while avoiding the natural resource curse. The paper also discusses the petroleum management arrangements in place in Chad for poverty reduction. The author argues that the successful management of Chad's windfall for poverty reduction will depend on the effectiveness of oil revenue management arrangements in place in Chad and the government's willingness to improve public finance management (PFM)
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (63 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Filmer, Deon Assessing Asset Indices
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield
    Abstract: This paper compares how results using various methods to construct asset indices match results using per capita expenditures. The analysis shows that inferences about inequalities in education, health care use, fertility, child mortality, as well as labor market outcomes are quite robust to the specific economic status measure used. The measures-most significantly per capita expenditures versus the class of asset indices-do not, however, yield identical household rankings. Two factors stand out in predicting the degree of congruence in rankings between per capita expenditures and an asset index. First is the extent to which per capita expenditures can be explained by observed household and community characteristics. In settings with small transitory shocks to expenditure, or with little measurement error in expenditure, the rankings yielded by the alternative approaches are most similar. Second is the extent to which expenditures are dominated by individually consumed goods such as food. Asset indices are typically derived from indicators of goods which are effectively public at the household level, while expenditures are often dominated by food, an almost exclusively private good. In settings where private goods such as food are the main component of expenditures, asset indices and per capita consumption yield the least similar results, although adjusting for economies of scale in household expenditures reconciles the results somewhat
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ratha, Dilip Beyond Aid
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating
    Abstract: Given Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous resource needs for growth, poverty reduction, and other Millennium Development Goals, the development community has little choice but to continue to explore new sources of financing, innovative private-to-private sector solutions, and public-private partnerships to mobilize additional international financing. The paper suggests several new instruments for improving access to capital. An analysis of country creditworthiness suggests that many countries in the region may be more creditworthy than previously believed. Establishing sovereign rating benchmarks and credit enhancement through guarantee instruments provided by multilateral aid agencies would facilitate market access. Creative financial structuring, such as the International Financing Facility for Immunization, would help front-load aid commitments, although these may not result in additional financing in the long run. Preliminary estimates suggest that Sub-Saharan African countries can potentially raise USD 1-3 billion by reducing the cost of international migrant remittances, USD 5-10 billion by issuing diaspora bonds, and USD 17 billion by securitizing future remittances and other future receivables. African countries that have recently received debt relief however need to be cautious when resorting to market-based borrowing
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frederic Is Migration A Good Substitute For Education Subsidies?
    Keywords: Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development ; Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development ; Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development
    Abstract: Assuming a given educational policy, the recent brain drain literature reveals that skilled migration can boost the average level of schooling in developing countries. This paper introduces educational subsidies determined by governments concerned by the number of skilled workers remaining in the country. The theoretical analysis shows that developing countries can benefit from skilled emigration when educational subsidies entail high .fiscal distortions. However when taxes are not too distortionary, it is desirable to impede emigration and subsidize education. The authors investigate the empirical relationship between educational subsidies and migration prospects, obtaining a negative relationship for 105 countries. Based on this result, the analysis revisits the country specific effects of skilled migration upon human capital. The findings show that the endogeneity of public subsidies reduces the number of winners and increases the magnitude of the losses
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel Connecting The Unobserved Dots
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Debt Markets ; Earnings Inequality ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Survey ; Labor Markets ; Minimum wage ; Primary Education ; Salaried employment ; Salaried workers ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Union membership ; Wage distribution ; Wage employment ; Wage inequality ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Debt Markets ; Earnings Inequality ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Survey ; Labor Markets ; Minimum wage ; Primary Education ; Salaried employment ; Salaried workers ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Union membership ; Wage distribution ; Wage employment ; Wage inequality ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Debt Markets ; Earnings Inequality ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Survey ; Labor Markets ; Minimum wage ; Primary Education ; Salaried employment ; Salaried workers ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Union membership ; Wage distribution ; Wage employment ; Wage inequality
    Abstract: There are several possible explanations for the observed changes in inequality, the returns to education, and the gap between the wages of informal and formal salaried workers in Argentina over the period 1980-2002. Largely due to the lack of evidence for competing explanations, skill-biased technical change is the most likely explanation for the increases in the returns to education that occurred in the 1990s. Using a semi-parametric re-weighting variance decomposition technique and data from the Permanent Household Survey, the authors show that during the same period there was an increase in the returns to unobserved skill. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that skill-biased technical change has been a main driver of increases in inequality in Argentina. The pattern of changes suggests that the growth in returns to unobserved skill may have been partly responsible for the relative deterioration of informal salaried wages during the 1990s
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Microfinance Meets The Market
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Asymmetric information ; Banking services ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; International bank ; Loan ; Loan repayment ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transactio ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Asymmetric information ; Banking services ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; International bank ; Loan ; Loan repayment ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transactio ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Asymmetric information ; Banking services ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; International bank ; Loan ; Loan repayment ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transactio
    Abstract: Microfinance institutions have proved the possibility of providing reliable banking services to poor customers. Their second aim is to do so in a commercially-viable way. This paper analyzes the tensions and opportunities of microfinance as it embraces the market, drawing on a data set that includes 346 of the world's leading microfinance institutions and covers nearly 18 million active borrowers. The data show remarkable successes in maintaining high rates of loan repayment, but the data also suggest that profit-maximizing investors would have limited interest in most of the institutions that are focusing on the poorest customers and women. Those institutions, as a group, charge their customers the highest fees in the sample but also face particularly high transaction costs, in part due to small transaction sizes. Innovations to overcome the well-known problems of asymmetric information in financial markets were a triumph, but further innovation is needed to overcome the challenges of high costs
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hochrainer, S Investigating The Impact of Climate Change On The Robustness of Index-Based Microinsurance In Malawi
    Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This analysis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Montiel, Peter J Real Exchange Rates, Saving And Growth
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate depreciation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy research ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange ; Real exchange rate ; Real exchange rate volatility ; Real exchange rates ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate depreciation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy research ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange ; Real exchange rate ; Real exchange rate volatility ; Real exchange rates ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate depreciation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy research ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange ; Real exchange rate ; Real exchange rate volatility ; Real exchange rates
    Abstract: The view that policies directed at the real exchange rate can have an important effect on economic growth has been gaining adherents in recent years. Unlike the traditional "misalignment" view that temporary departures of the real exchange rate from its equilibrium level harm growth by distorting a key relative price in the economy, the recent literature stresses the growth effects of the equilibrium real exchange rate itself, with the claim being that a depreciated equilibrium real exchange rate promotes economic growth. While there is no consensus on the precise channels through which this effect is generated, an increasingly common view in policy circles points to saving as the channel of transmission, with the claim that a depreciated real exchange rate raises the domestic saving rate -- which in turn stimulates growth by increasing the rate of capital accumulation. This paper offers a preliminary exploration of this claim. Drawing from standard analytical models, stylized facts on saving and real exchange rates, and existing empirical research on saving determinants, the paper assesses the link between the real exchange rate and saving. Overall, the conclusion is that saving is unlikely to provide the mechanism through which the real exchange rate affects growth
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Bidder Asymmetry In Infrastructure Procurement
    Keywords: Affiliated ; Affiliated organizations ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bid ; Bidders ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Procurement ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public disclosure ; Affiliated ; Affiliated organizations ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bid ; Bidders ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Procurement ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public disclosure ; Affiliated ; Affiliated organizations ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bid ; Bidders ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Procurement ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public disclosure
    Abstract: Asymmetric auctions are among the most rapidly growing areas in the auction literature. The potential benefits from improved auction efficiency are expected to be enormous in public procurement auctions related to official development projects. Entrant bidders are considered a key to enhance competition in an auction and break potential collusive arrangements among incumbent bidders. Asymmetric auction theory predicts that weak (fringe) bidders would bid more aggressively when they are faced with a strong (incumbent) opponent. Using official development assistance procurement data, this paper finds that in the major infrastructure sectors, entrants submitted systematically aggressive bids in the presence of an incumbent bidder. The findings also show that a high concentration of incumbents in an auction would harm auction efficiency, raising procurement costs. The results suggest that auctioneers should encourage fringe bidders to actively participate in the bidding process while maintaining the quality of the projects. This is conducive to enhancing competitive circumstances in public procurements and improving allocative efficiency
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Procurement Efficiency For Infrastructure Development And Financial Needs Reassessed
    Keywords: Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Em ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure projects ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Road ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Em ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure projects ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Road ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Em ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure projects ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Road ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Infrastructure is the engine for economic growth. The international donor community has spent about 70-100 billion U.S. dollars on infrastructure development in developing countries every year. However, it is arguable whether these financial resources are used efficiently, particularly whether the current infrastructure procurement prices are appropriate. Without doubt a key is competition to curb public procurement costs. This paper analyzes procurement data from multi and bilateral official development projects in three infrastructure sectors: roads, electricity, and water and sanitation. The findings show that the competition effect is underutilized. To take full advantage of competition, at least seven bidders are needed in the road and water sectors, while three may be enough in the power sector. The paper also shows that not only competition, but also auction design, especially lot division, is crucial for reducing unit costs of infrastructure. Based on the estimated efficient unit costs, the annual financial needs are estimated at approximately 360 billion U.S. dollars. By promoting competition, the developing world might be able to save at most 8.2 percent of total infrastructure development costs
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Gordon The Market For Retirement Products In Australia
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Australia introduced a mandatory retirement savings scheme in 1992. This built on pre-existing voluntary occupational plans. The new scheme has been very successful in expanding coverage and mobilizing large financial savings that are equal to close to 100 percent of GDP. However, Australia does not impose restrictions on payout options. The payout phase used to be dominated by lump sum withdrawals, which accounted for 80 percent of benefit payments as recently as 2002. But pension payments increased in recent years and now represent 45 percent of total payments. The vast majority of these pension payments take the form of term annuities and allocated annuities. The latter are similar to phased withdrawals in Chile but run for fixed terms of up to 25 years rather than for lifetime terms. The demand for life annuities and lifetime phased withdrawals is very limited. The paper discusses the factors that have shaped the pattern of demand for retirement products, including the availability of the universal age pension and the effect of clawback provisions, the impact of the high level of home ownership, and the widespread preference of retiring workers for reliance on self-annuitization. The paper also reviews the prudential regulation of superannuation funds and life insurance companies
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Pedrosa, Jose How Does Geographic Distance Affect Credit Market Access In Niger?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit market ; Credit market access ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial services ; Households ; Interest rates ; Loan ; Loan conditions ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Access to Finance ; Access to finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit market ; Credit market access ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial services ; Households ; Interest rates ; Loan ; Loan conditions ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Access to Finance ; Access to finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit market ; Credit market access ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial services ; Households ; Interest rates ; Loan ; Loan conditions ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions
    Abstract: Distances involved in accessing basic services can constitute a major barrier to development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the distance separating households from microfinance institutions' offices in Niger, and the low levels of development and performance of the microfinance sector in the country. To cope with the effects of geographical distance, microfinance institutions adapt their policies through more restrictive loan conditions, higher interest rates, and more intensive screening. The authors to discuss the tension between access and sustainability in the context of financial services for the poor
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien Migration And Education Decisions In A Dynamic General Equilibrium Framework
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: With growing international skilled labor mobility, education and migration decisions have become increasingly inter-related, and potentially have a large impact on the growth trajectories of source countries, through their effects on labor supply, savings, or the cost of education. The authors develop a generic dynamic general equilibrium model to analyze the education-migration nexus in a consistent framework. They use the model as a laboratory to test empirical conditions for the existence of net brain gain, that is, greater domestic accumulation of human capital (in per capita terms) with greater migration of skilled workers. The results suggest that although some structural parameters can favor simultaneously greater human capital accumulation and greater skilled migration - such as high ratio of remittances over domestic incomes, high dependency ratios in migrant households, low dependency ratios in source countries, increasing returns to scale in the education sector, technological transfers and export market access with Diasporas, and efficient financial markets - this does not necessarily mean that greater migration encourages the constitution of greater stocks of human capital in source countries
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Reform And Inequality During The Transition
    Keywords: Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries ; Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries ; Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries
    Abstract: Using for the first time household survey data from 26 post-Communist countries, covering the period 1990-2005, this paper examines correlates of unprecedented increases in inequality registered by most of the economies. The analysis shows, after controlling for country fixed effects and type of survey used, that economic reform is strongly negatively associated with the income share of the bottom decile, and positively with the income shares of the top two deciles. However, breaking economic reform into its component parts, the picture is more nuanced. Large-scale privatization and infrastructure reform (mostly consisting of privatization and higher fees) are responsible for the pro-inequality effect; small-scale privatization tends to raise the income shares of the bottom deciles. Acceleration in growth is also pro-rich. But democratization is strongly pro-poor, as is lower inflation. Somewhat surprisingly, the analysis finds no evidence that greater government spending as share of gross domestic income reduces inequality
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (73 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andersen, Carsten Pension Institutions and Annuities in Denmark
    Keywords: Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap ; Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap ; Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap
    Abstract: This paper considers the overall structure of the Danish pension system, reviews the relative role of different types of pension institutions, and discusses their asset allocation strategies and investment performance. The paper also examines the regulation and supervision of providers of pension services, the growing reliance on risk-based supervision, and the application of the so-called contribution principle. The Danish pension system includes a modest universal social pension with a supplement for low-income pensioners and near universal participation in occupational and personal pensions that are primarily based on defined contribution plans. The annuity market is well developed: 50 percent of annual contributions are allocated to the purchase of deferred annuities, while immediate annuities are also purchased at or even after retirement. However, detailed comprehensive data on the rate of annuitization are lacking. Distinct features of the Danish pension system include the widespread use of profit participating contracts with minimum guaranteed benefits and regular provision of bonuses, covering both the accumulation and payout phases, and extensive use of group deferred annuity contracts. A new traffic light system with periodic stress testing has resulted in greater emphasis on asset liability matching and hedging strategies by pension institutions and a shift in investment policies in favor of foreign bonds and long-term swap contracts
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Does It Pay Firms To Register For Taxes ?
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of registering for taxes on firm profits in Bolivia, the country with the highest levels of informality in Latin America. A new survey of micro and small firms enables the authors to control for a rich set of measures of owner ability and business motivations that can affect both profits and the decision to formalize. The paper identifies the impact of tax registration on business profitability using the distance of a firm from the tax office where registration occurs, conditional on the distance to the city center, as an instrument for registration. Proximity to the tax office provides firms with more information about registration, but is argued to not directly affect profits. The findings show that tax registration leads to significantly higher profits for the firms that the instrument affects. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneous effects of tax formality on profits. Tax registration is found to increase profits for the mid-size firms in the sample, but to lower profits for both the smaller and larger firms, in contrast to the standard view that formality increases profits. The analysis shows that owners of large firms who have managed to stay informal have higher entrepreneurial ability than formal firm owners, in contrast to the standard view (correct among smaller firms) that informal firm owners have low ability
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Carrere, Celine Fiscal Spending And Economic Performance
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Deficit ; Fiscal Expenditure ; Fiscal Policy ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Rate ; Macroeconomic Environment ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Disclosure ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Deficit ; Fiscal Expenditure ; Fiscal Policy ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Rate ; Macroeconomic Environment ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Disclosure ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Deficit ; Fiscal Expenditure ; Fiscal Policy ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Rate ; Macroeconomic Environment ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Disclosure ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: This paper complements the cross-country approach by examining the correlates of growth acceleration in per capita gross domestic product around "significant" public expenditure episodes by reorganizing the data around turning points, or events. The authors define a growth event as an increase in average per capita growth of at least 2 percentage points sustained for 5 years. A fiscal event is an increase in the annual growth rate of primary fiscal expenditure of approximately 1 percentage point sustained for 5 years and not accompanied by an aggravation of the fiscal deficit beyond 2 percent of gross domestic product. These definitions of events are applied to a database of 140 countries (118 developing countries) for 1972-2005. After controlling for the growth-inducing effects of positive terms-of-trade shocks and of trade liberalization reform, probit estimates indicate that a growth event is more likely to occur in a developing country when surrounded by a fiscal event. Moreover, the probability of occurrence of a growth event in the years following a fiscal event is greater the lower is the associated fiscal deficit, confirming that success of a growth-oriented fiscal expenditure reform hinges on a stabilized macroeconomic environment (through a limited primary fiscal deficit)
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Abstract: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Services Trade And Growth
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services
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