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  • 2005-2009  (192)
  • 1995-1999  (111)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (303)
  • Birmingham, AL, USA : EBSCO Industries, Inc.
  • Emerging Markets  (303)
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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (303)
  • Birmingham, AL, USA : EBSCO Industries, Inc.
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gelb, Alan What Matters to African Firms?
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth
    Abstract: Can perceptions data help us understand investment climate constraints facing the private sector? Or do firms simply complain about everything? In this paper, the authors provide a picture of how firms' views on constraints differ across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys database, they find that reported constraints reflect country characteristics and vary systematically by level of income-the most elemental constraints to doing business (power, access to finance, ability to plan ahead) appear to be most binding at low levels of income. As countries develop and these elemental constraints are relaxed, governance-related constraints become more problematic. As countries move further up the income scale and the state becomes more capable, labor regulation is perceived to be more of a problem-business is just one among several important constituencies. The authors also consider whether firm-level characteristics-such as size, ownership, exporter status, and firms' own experience-affect firms' views on the severity of constraints. They find that, net of country and sector fixed effects and firm characteristics, firms' views do reflect their experience as evidenced by responses to other questions in surveys. The results suggest that there are both country-level and firm-level variations in the investment climate. Turning to the concept of "binding constraints," the Enterprise Surveys do not generally suggest one single binding constraint facing firms in difficult business climates. However, there do appear to be groups of constraints that matter more at different income levels, with a few elemental constraints being especially important at low levels and a few regulatory constraints at high levels, but a difficult range of governance-related constraints at intermediate levels. Adjusting to a constraint does not mean that firms then do not recognize it-for example, generator-owning firms are not distinguishable from other firms when ranking electricity as a constraint. Overall, firms do appear to discriminate between constraints in a reasonable way. Their views can provide a useful first step in the business-government consultative process and help in prioritizing more specific behavioral analysis and policy reforms
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Abstract: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francisco, Manuela Measuring The Performance And Achievement of Social Objectives of Development Finance Institutions
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare
    Abstract: This paper develops and tests a proposed methodology that puts forward a new integrated method for evaluating the performance of development finance institutions. This methodology applies assessment criteria that take into account both the social objective that the development finance institution addresses and the subsidies it received in order to achieve such an objective. This methodology is applied to two pilot case studies-Banadesa (Honduras) and Banrural (Guatemala). The authors calculate the previously tested subsidy dependence index, which measures the degree of an institution's subsidy dependence. The paper develops and estimates a new measure-the output index- which indicates the level to which the institution fulfills the social objectives of the state. The analysis integrates the subsidy dependence index and the output index to assess the effectiveness associated with meeting the social objective. The findings suggest that the integration of the two indexes can constitute the basis of a meaningful evaluation framework for the performance of development finance institutions. This new methodology can also be a useful metric for policy makers who are seeking to decide on an optimal allocation of scarce funds for development finance institutions that pursue social goals and for management that seeks improved performance outcomes
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Competition And Demographics
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying
    Abstract: Mainstream economics views demographic changes in the structure of households as of little relevance for the behavior of firms or the functioning of markets. The present paper dispels this view by arguing that changes in the number of non-workers could affect the intensity with which consumers search for best prices and therefore the level of competition. The author also analyzes the relationship between income and competition, which some studies suggest is negative. The author argues that the negative relationship is most likely due to the demographic factors discussed
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Liberalization And Its Economy-Wide Effects In Honduras
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the likely benefits of trade and investment liberalization in a small, poor, open economy, using the accession of Honduras to the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement as a case study. The results show that bilateral trade liberalization with the United States is likely to have almost no effect on welfare in Honduras, while the reciprocal removal of protection vis-a-vis the rest of Central America would lead to significantly larger gains. Potential gains from increased net foreign direct investment inflows overwhelm those expected from trade reform alone, particularly if the new foreign direct investment generates productivity spillovers. However, if it is to replace Honduran investment rather than complement domestic capital formation, growth performance is unlikely to improve and may even suffer. The paper's results identify several areas for policy attention by Honduran policy makers to make the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement more development-friendly. These include carefully considering the budgetary implications of trade reform, widening social safety nets to counter the trends toward increasing income inequality, and sequencing the reforms to ensure a close alignment of Honduras' comparative advantage on the regional and global markets
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Le, Tuan Minh Expanding Taxable Capacity And Reaching Revenue Potential
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: An effective tax system is fundamental for successful country development. The first step to understand public revenue systems is to establish some commonly agreed performance measurements and benchmarks. This paper employs a cross-country study to estimate tax capacity from a sample of 104 countries during 1994-2003. The estimation results are then used as benchmarks to compare taxable capacity and tax effort in different countries. Taxable capacity refers to the predicted tax-gross domestic product ratio that can be estimated with the regression, taking into account a country's specific economic, demographic, and institutional features. Tax effort is defined as an index of the ratio between the share of the actual tax collection in gross domestic product and the predicted taxable capacity. The authors classify countries into four distinct groups by their level of actual tax collection and attained tax effort. This classification is based on the benchmark of the global average of tax collection and a tax effort index of 1 (when tax collection is exactly the same as the estimated taxable capacity). The analysis provides guidance for countries with various levels of tax collection and tax effort
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P Developing Countries And Enforcement of Trade Agreements
    Keywords: Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Poor countries are rarely challenged in formal World Trade Organization trade disputes for failing to live up to commitments, reducing the benefits of their participation in international trade agreements. This paper examines the political-economic causes of the failure to challenge poor countries, and discusses the static and dynamic costs and externality implications of this failure. Given the weak incentives to enforce World Trade Organization rules and disciplines against small and poor members, bolstering the transparency function of the World Trade Organization is important for making trade agreements more relevant to trade constituencies in developing countries. Although the paper focuses on the World Trade Organization system, the arguments also apply to reciprocal North-South trade agreements
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goni, Edwin Fiscal Redistribution And Income Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brenton, Paul Economic Partnership Agreements And The Export Competitiveness of Africa
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Development assistance ; Development strategies ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade competitiveness ; Trade diversion ; Trade policy ; Competitiveness ; Development assistance ; Development strategies ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade competitiveness ; Trade diversion ; Trade policy ; Competitiveness ; Development assistance ; Development strategies ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade competitiveness ; Trade diversion ; Trade policy
    Abstract: Trade can be a key driver of growth for African countries, as it has been for those countries, particularly in East Asia, that have experienced high and sustained rates of growth. Economic partnership agreements with the European Union could be instrumental in a competitiveness framework, but to do so they would have to be designed carefully in a way that supports integration into the global economy and is consistent with national development strategies. Interim agreements have focused on reciprocal tariff removal and less restrictive rules of origin. To be fully effective, economic partnership agreements will have to address constraints to regional integration, including both tariff and non-tariff barriers; improve trade facilitation; and define appropriate most favored nation services liberalization. At the same time, African countries will need to reduce external tariff peak barriers on a most favored nation basis to ensure that when preferences for the European Union are implemented after transitional periods, they do not lead to substantial losses from trade diversion. This entails an ambitious agenda of policy reform that must be backed up by development assistance in the form of "aid for trade
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Montiel, Peter J Real Exchange Rates, Saving And Growth
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate depreciation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy research ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange ; Real exchange rate ; Real exchange rate volatility ; Real exchange rates ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate depreciation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy research ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange ; Real exchange rate ; Real exchange rate volatility ; Real exchange rates ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate depreciation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy research ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange ; Real exchange rate ; Real exchange rate volatility ; Real exchange rates
    Abstract: The view that policies directed at the real exchange rate can have an important effect on economic growth has been gaining adherents in recent years. Unlike the traditional "misalignment" view that temporary departures of the real exchange rate from its equilibrium level harm growth by distorting a key relative price in the economy, the recent literature stresses the growth effects of the equilibrium real exchange rate itself, with the claim being that a depreciated equilibrium real exchange rate promotes economic growth. While there is no consensus on the precise channels through which this effect is generated, an increasingly common view in policy circles points to saving as the channel of transmission, with the claim that a depreciated real exchange rate raises the domestic saving rate -- which in turn stimulates growth by increasing the rate of capital accumulation. This paper offers a preliminary exploration of this claim. Drawing from standard analytical models, stylized facts on saving and real exchange rates, and existing empirical research on saving determinants, the paper assesses the link between the real exchange rate and saving. Overall, the conclusion is that saving is unlikely to provide the mechanism through which the real exchange rate affects growth
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (72 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Assessing The Redistributive Effect of Fiscal Policy
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Personal income tax ; Private Sector Development ; Progressive tax ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Shifting ; Tax incidence ; Tax liability ; Tax policy ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxpayers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Personal income tax ; Private Sector Development ; Progressive tax ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Shifting ; Tax incidence ; Tax liability ; Tax policy ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxpayers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Personal income tax ; Private Sector Development ; Progressive tax ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Shifting ; Tax incidence ; Tax liability ; Tax policy ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxpayers
    Abstract: Who benefits from public spending? Who bears the burden of taxation? How desirable is the distribution of net benefits from the operation of a tax-benefit system? This paper surveys basic concepts, methods, and modeling approaches commonly used to address these issues in the context of fiscal incidence analysis. The review covers the incidence of both taxation and public spending. Methodological points are supported by country cases. The effective distribution of benefits and burdens associated with fiscal policy depends on the size of the government, the distributive mechanisms involved, and the incentives properties of the policy under consideration. This creates a need for analytical methods to account for both individual behavior and social interaction. The approaches reviewed include simple reduced form regression analysis, microsimulation models (both the envelope and discrete choice models), computable general equilibrium modeling, and approaches that link computable general equilibrium models to microsimulation models. Explicit modeling facilitates the construction of counterfactuals to back up causal analysis. Social desirability is assessed on the basis of progressivity along with deadweight loss
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Measuring Distortions To Agricultural Incentives, Revisited
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Incentives ; Agricultural markets ; Agricultural policy ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export ; Farm ; Farm products ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Import tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Quantitative restrictions
    Abstract: Notwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. Especially in developing countries, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies and quantitative restrictions, plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981 to 2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (73 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rutherford, Thomas Regional Household And Poverty Effects of Russia's Accession To The World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Constant returns to scale ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Constant returns to scale ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Constant returns to scale ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: This paper develops a seven-region comparative static computable general equilibrium model of Russia to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization on these seven regions (the federal okrugs) of Russia. In order to assess poverty and distributional impacts, the model includes ten households in each of the seven federal okrugs, where household data are taken from the Household Budget Survey of Rosstat. The model allows for foreign direct investment in business services and endogenous productivity effects from additional varieties of business services and goods, which the analysis shows are crucial to the results. National welfare gains are about 4.5 percent of gross domestic product in the model, but in a constant returns to scale model they are only 0.1 percent. All deciles of the population in all seven federal okrugs can be expected to significantly gain from Russian World Trade Organization accession, but due to the capacity of their regions to attract foreign direct investment, households in the Northwest region gain the most, followed by households in the Far East and Volga regions. Households in Siberia and the Urals gain the least. Distribution impacts within regions are rather flat for the first nine deciles; but the richest decile of the population in the three regions that attract a lot of foreign investment gains significantly more than the other nine representative households in those regions
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thorburn, Craig Insurers
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In many markets, industry and policymakers agree that there may be too many insurers. In others, the consensus is that there could be benefit from more competition. But this broad consensus is often supported by evidence that is more qualitative, anecdotal, or judgmental despite being unanimous. What is less clear, however, is how far consolidation or liberalization will go, how fast, and when it will end. This paper presents some initial observations from a cross-country data set and proposes that individual country results can be interpreted against this data set to inform expectations regarding trends in competition, concentration and consolidation, to inform analysis of the sector, for individual firm strategic planning and wider market risk assessments. A "natural level" for measures is suggested as a starting hypothesis. Further consideration is then made of the role of absolute market size, stage of market development, and differentials between life and non life segments. Analysis of the natural level, adjusted for market conditions, can then be used to develop preliminary views on current and expected market dynamics, strategic planning, and to inform policy, regulatory and supervisory priorities
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arbache, Jorge Is Africa's Economy at a Turning Point?
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies
    Abstract: In this paper, Arbache, Go, and Page examine the recent acceleration of growth in Africa. Unlike the past, the performance is now registered broadly across several types of countries-particularly the oil-exporting and resource-intensive countries and, in more recent years, the large- and middle-income economies, as well as coastal and low-income countries. The analysis confirms a trend break in the mid-1990s, identifying a growth acceleration that is due not only to favorable terms of trade and greater aid, but also to better policy. Indeed, the growth diagnostics show that more and more African countries have been able to avoid mistakes with better macropolicy, better governance, and fewer conflicts; as a result, the likelihood of growth decelerations has declined significantly. Nonetheless, the sustainability of that growth is fragile, because economic fundamentals, such as savings, investment, productivity, and export diversification, remain stagnant. The good news in the story is that African economies appear to have learned how to avoid the mistakes that led to the frequent growth collapses between 1975 and 1995. The bad news is that much less is known about the recipes for long-term success in development, such as developing the right institutions and the policies to raise savings and diversify exports, than about how to avoid economic bad times
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Lessons From China For Africa
    Keywords: Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip
    Abstract: China has been the most successful developing country in this modern era of globalization. Since initiating economic reform after 1978, its economy has expanded at a steady rate over 8 percent per capita, fueling historically unprecedented poverty reduction (the poverty rate declined from over 60 percent to 7 percent in 2007). Other developing countries struggling to grow and reduce poverty are naturally interested in what has been the source of this impressive growth and what, if any, lessons they can take from China. This paper focuses on four features of modern China that have changed significantly between the pre-reform period and today. The Chinese themselves call their reform program Gai Ge Kai Feng, "change the system, open the door." "Change the system" means altering incentives and ownership, that is, shifting the economy from near total state ownership to one in which private enterprise is dominant. "Open the door" means exactly what it says, liberalizing trade and direct investment. A third lesson is the development of high-quality infrastructure: China's good roads, reliable power, world-class ports, and excellent cell phone coverage throughout the country are apparent to any visitor. What is less well known is that most of this infrastructure has been developed through a policy of "cost recovery" that prices infrastructure services at levels sufficient to finance the capital cost as well as operations and maintenance. A fourth important lesson is China's careful attention to agriculture and rural development, complemented by rural-urban migration
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (110 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Butler, Monika Annuities in Switzerland
    Keywords: Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System
    Abstract: Switzerland's pension system has attracted considerable attention, mainly due to its reliance on a three-pillar structure. A relatively small pay-as-you-go system (first pillar) is complemented by a mandatory, employer-based, fully funded occupational pension scheme (second pillar). The main goal of this paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the Swiss pension system. Particular emphasis is placed on the second pillar and its role in the provision of old age benefits within the Swiss social security system. The paper shows, for example, that a typical individual with an uninterrupted career can expect a net (after-tax) replacement rate of at least 70 percent. Occupational pension plans are highly regulated. Minimum interest rate requirements and minimum conversion rates (at which the accumulated retirement balances are transformed into annuity streams) introduce many elements of defined benefit plans into notionally defined contribution schemes. The resulting money's worth ratios are very high (with the exception of single males). Switzerland also has a high annuitization rate by international standards (approximately 80 percent). However, due to high fragmentation of the scheme and non-uniform accounting practices, some aspects of the system are not very transparent. The paper sheds light on the financial health of the pension system and the evolution of the regulatory framework in the past two decades
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Regulatory Agencies
    Keywords: Electric utilities ; Electricity sector ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Independent regulators ; Independent regulatory ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure industries ; Private Sector Development ; Private ownership ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Regulatory Agencies ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory reforms ; Service delivery ; Electric utilities ; Electricity sector ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Independent regulators ; Independent regulatory ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure industries ; Private Sector Development ; Private ownership ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Regulatory Agencies ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory reforms ; Service delivery ; Electric utilities ; Electricity sector ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Independent regulators ; Independent regulatory ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure industries ; Private Sector Development ; Private ownership ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Regulatory Agencies ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory reforms ; Service delivery
    Abstract: The authors explore the relation between the establishment of a regulatory agency and the performance of the electricity sector. The authors exploit a unique dataset comprising firm-level information on a representative sample of 220 electric utilities from 51 development and transition countries for the years 1985 to 2005. Their results indicate that regulatory agencies are associated with more efficient firms and with higher social welfare
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amiti, Mary The anatomy of China's export growth
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added
    Abstract: Decomposing China's real export growth, of over 500 percent since 1992, reveals a number of interesting findings. First, China's export structure changed dramatically, with growing export shares in electronics and machinery and a decline in agriculture and apparel. Second, despite the shift into these more sophisticated products, the skill content of China's manufacturing exports remained unchanged, once processing trade is excluded. Third, export growth was accompanied by increasing specialization and was mainly accounted for by high export growth of existing products (the intensive margin) rather than in new varieties (the extensive margin). Fourth, consistent with an increased world supply of existing varieties, China's export prices to the United States fell by an average of 1.5 percent per year between 1997 and 2005, while export prices of these products from the rest of the world to the United States increased by 0.4 percent annually over the same period
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance And Economic Opportunity
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises
    Abstract: An influential body of theoretical research and an emerging line of empirical work suggest that the operation of the formal financial system affects the degree to which economic opportunities are defined by talent and initiative rather than by parental wealth and social connections. This paper discusses the theory of how financial markets influence economic opportunity and reviews recent empirical work on the relation between formal financial systems and poverty, income inequality, and economic opportunity. The authors consider recent efforts to measure the ability of households and small enterprises to access financial services, the impact of this access, and the mechanisms through which finance affects poverty and inequality. The authors argue that considerably more research is needed to identify which formal financial sector policies enhance the operation of the financial system in ways that expand the economic horizons of the economically disenfranchised
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vittas, Dimitri Upgrading The Investment Policy Framework of Public Pension Funds
    Keywords: Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency
    Abstract: Public pension funds have the potential to benefit from low operating costs because they enjoy economies of scale and avoid large marketing costs. But this important advantage has in most countries been dissipated by poor investment performance. The latter has been attributed to a weak governance structure, lack of independence from government interference, and a low level of transparency and public accountability. Recent years have witnessed the creation of new public pension funds in several countries, and the modernization of existing ones in others, with special emphasis placed on upgrading their investment policy framework and strengthening their governance structure. This paper focuses on the experience of four new public pension funds that have been created in Norway, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. The paper discusses the safeguards that have been introduced to ensure their independence and their insulation from political pressures. It also reviews their performance and their evolving investment strategies. All four funds started with the romantic idea of operating as 'managers of managers' and focusing on external passive management but their strategies have progressively evolved to embrace internal active management and significant investments in alternative asset classes. The paper draws lessons for other countries that wish to modernize their public pension funds
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van Dam, Rein Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Institutions In Denmark
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation
    Abstract: This paper examines the move towards risk-based supervision of pension institutions in Denmark. Although Denmark has not adopted a comprehensive model to assess risk it has developed a number of building blocks which it uses for risk-based assessment. The motivations for improving risk assessment include a desire to identify emerging problems, and concerns about the solvency of pension institutions. In Denmark there is extensive use of guaranteed minimum returns in both the accumulation and payout phases which create substantial obligations on pension institutions, and focus attention on the integrity and solvency of the institutions which provide them. In conjunction with freeing up investment restrictions and moving towards market valuation of assets, the supervisor has introduced a 'traffic light' stress test model which calculates the effect of several market scenarios - the red test which is the more plausible and the yellow test which is possible but less likely. In addition to the use of the traffic light system, there has been a growing emphasis on the adequacy of internal risk control systems and greater reliance on market discipline. Pension institutions have sought to reduce their exposure to market volatility by better matching of assets and liabilities. There is a much better understanding of the risks inherent in the pension institutions' portfolios, and there has been a substantial increase in the use of hedging instruments
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance, Financial Sector Policies, And Long-Run Growth
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs
    Abstract: The first part of this paper reviews the literature on the relation between finance and growth. The second part of the paper reviews the literature on the historical and policy determinants of financial development. Governments play a central role in shaping the operation of financial systems and the degree to which large segments of the financial system have access to financial services. The paper discusses the relationship between financial sector policies and economic development
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amurgo-Pacheco, Alberto Patterns of Export Diversification In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates ; Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates ; Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates
    Abstract: This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. The analysis shows that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frederic Is Migration A Good Substitute For Education Subsidies?
    Keywords: Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development ; Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development ; Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development
    Abstract: Assuming a given educational policy, the recent brain drain literature reveals that skilled migration can boost the average level of schooling in developing countries. This paper introduces educational subsidies determined by governments concerned by the number of skilled workers remaining in the country. The theoretical analysis shows that developing countries can benefit from skilled emigration when educational subsidies entail high .fiscal distortions. However when taxes are not too distortionary, it is desirable to impede emigration and subsidize education. The authors investigate the empirical relationship between educational subsidies and migration prospects, obtaining a negative relationship for 105 countries. Based on this result, the analysis revisits the country specific effects of skilled migration upon human capital. The findings show that the endogeneity of public subsidies reduces the number of winners and increases the magnitude of the losses
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ize, Alain The Process of Financial Development
    Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading
    Abstract: This paper uses a simple statistical approach to exploit some of the wealth of information contained in FSAP reports. The authors classify and count FSAP recommendations along a logical grid that reflects the fabric of financial activity and the ways in which states organize their policies in support of financial development. With some caveats reflecting the inherent limitations of the exercise, this analysis provides a simple monitoring tool to help understand the nature and evolution of the FSAP program. At the same time, it throws light on the nuts and bolts of the process of financial development and its inter-linkages with economic development. While many of the findings conform well to what one would expect, others are more surprising and also potentially more useful for understanding the inner workings of financial development
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Microfinance Meets The Market
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Asymmetric information ; Banking services ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; International bank ; Loan ; Loan repayment ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transactio ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Asymmetric information ; Banking services ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; International bank ; Loan ; Loan repayment ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transactio ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Asymmetric information ; Banking services ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; International bank ; Loan ; Loan repayment ; Microfinance ; Microfinance institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transactio
    Abstract: Microfinance institutions have proved the possibility of providing reliable banking services to poor customers. Their second aim is to do so in a commercially-viable way. This paper analyzes the tensions and opportunities of microfinance as it embraces the market, drawing on a data set that includes 346 of the world's leading microfinance institutions and covers nearly 18 million active borrowers. The data show remarkable successes in maintaining high rates of loan repayment, but the data also suggest that profit-maximizing investors would have limited interest in most of the institutions that are focusing on the poorest customers and women. Those institutions, as a group, charge their customers the highest fees in the sample but also face particularly high transaction costs, in part due to small transaction sizes. Innovations to overcome the well-known problems of asymmetric information in financial markets were a triumph, but further innovation is needed to overcome the challenges of high costs
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Benchmarking Financial Development
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns
    Abstract: Capitalizing on recent improvements in the availability of cross-country financial sector data, this paper proposes a standard methodology for benchmarking the policy component of financial development. Systematic controls are introduced to isolate main structural country characteristics and a principal components analysis is used to help identify a parsimonious set of ten "core" outcome indicators from a broader set of twenty seven potential indicators covering different dimensions of development in both financial institutions and financial markets. Such a broad-based approach helps reveal important determinants and regularities of the process of financial development. The paper also identifies some of the main data gaps that will need to be filled to allow further progress in financial benchmarking looking forward
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen Sovereign Rents And The Quality of Tax Policy And Administration
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The availability of windfall revenues from natural resource exports or foreign aid potentially weakens governments' incentives to design efficient tax systems. Cross-country data for developing countries provide evidence for this hypothesis, using a World Bank indicator of "efficiency of revenue mobilization." Aid's negative effects on the quality of tax systems are robust to correcting for potential reverse causality, to changes in the sample, and to alternative estimation methods. Fuel export revenues are also associated with lower-quality tax policy and administration, but this finding is somewhat sensitive to outliers. Non-fuel resource exports, in contrast, show no relationship to the efficiency of revenue mobilization
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Regulatory Governance And Sector Performance
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper contributes to the literature that explores the link between regulatory governance and sector performance. The paper develops an index of regulatory governance and estimates its impact on sector performance, showing that indeed regulation and its governance matter. The authors use two unique databases: (i) the World Bank Performance Database, which contains detailed annual data for 250 private and public electricity companies in Latin America and the Caribbean; and (ii) the Electricity Regulatory Governance Database, which contains data on several aspects of the governance of electricity agencies in the region. The authors run different models to explain the impacts of change in ownership and different characteristics of the regulatory agency on the performance of the utilities. The results suggest that the mere existence of a regulatory agency, regardless of the utilities' ownership, has a significant impact on performance. Furthermore, after controlling for the existence of a regulatory agency, the ownership dummies are still significant and with the expected signs. The authors propose an experience measure in order to identify the gradual impact of the regulatory agency on utility performance. The results confirm this hypothesis. In addition, the paper explores two different measures of governance, an aggregate measure of regulatory governance, and an index based on principal components, including autonomy, transparency, and accountability. The findings show that the governance of regulatory agencies matters and has significant effects on performance
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aminian, Nathalie Integration of Markets Vs. Integration By Agreements
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; International Bank ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional integration ; Regional trade ; Regional trade agreements ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade policy ; Treaties ; World Trade Organization ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; International Bank ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional integration ; Regional trade ; Regional trade agreements ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade policy ; Treaties ; World Trade Organization ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; International Bank ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional integration ; Regional trade ; Regional trade agreements ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade policy ; Treaties ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, the authors examine the experiences of these two areas. There are four related results. First, East Asia had been integrating via markets long before formal agreements were in vogue in the region. Latin America, by contrast, has primarily used formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. Fourth, regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. The reason why integrating via markets first can be helpful is because this can give stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Breceda, Karla Latin America And The Social Contract
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper presents an incidence analysis of both social spending and taxation for seven Latin American countries, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The analysis shows that Latin American countries are headed de facto toward a minimalist welfare state similar to the one in the United States, rather than toward a stronger, European-like welfare state. Specifically, both in Latin America and in the United States, social spending remains fairly flat across income quintiles. On the taxation side, high income inequality causes the rich to bear most of the taxation burden. This causes a vicious cycle where the rich oppose the expansion of the welfare state (as they bear most of its burden without receiving much back), which in turn maintains long-term inequalities. The recent increased socioeconomic instability in many Latin American countries shows nonetheless a real need for a stronger welfare state, which, if unanswered, may degenerate into short-term and unsustainable policies. The case of Chile suggests that a way out from this apparent dead end can be found, as elites may be willing to raise their contribution to social spending if this can lead to a more stable social contract
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aloy, Marcel Intertemporal Adjustment And Fiscal Policy Under A Fixed Exchange Rate Regime
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate
    Abstract: The paper presents a dynamic model for small to medium open economies operating under a fixed exchange rate regime. The model provides a partial explanation of the channels through which fiscal and monetary policy affects the real exchange rate. An empirical investigation is conducted for the case of Argentina during the currency board period of 1991-2001. Empirical estimates show that fiscal policy may indeed be an efficient instrument for promoting macroeconomic stability insofar as it encourages convergence toward long-run equilibrium and alters the long-term balance between exports and consumption, both private and public. The simulation applied to Argentina shows that if the share of public spending in the economy is higher than the share of imports, an increase in the tax rate will stimulate capital stock slightly, at least in the short term, and depreciate the real effective exchange rate. In the long run, the fiscal policy affects the value of the real exchange rate and consequently external competitiveness
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vittas, Dimitri A Short Note On The ATP Fund of Denmark
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Euro markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment policies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mutual Funds ; Pension ; Pension fund ; Pension funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swaps ; Tax ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Euro markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment policies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mutual Funds ; Pension ; Pension fund ; Pension funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swaps ; Tax ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Euro markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment policies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mutual Funds ; Pension ; Pension fund ; Pension funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swaps ; Tax
    Abstract: The Danish ATP (Arbejdmarkedets TillaegsPension or Labor Market Supplementary Pension) fund is a public pension fund that was created in 1964 to complement the universal pension benefit that is financed from general tax revenues and is paid to all old-age residents. When it was created, participation in ATP was compulsory on most working people. But over the last decade or so compulsory coverage has been expanded to most recipients of transfer income. Contribution amounts are set in absolute terms, but are low relative to earnings (less than 1 percent of average earnings). ATP has benefited from scale economies and compulsory worker participation and has been able to operate with high efficiency and low costs. Its investment performance has been uneven over the years, reflecting the applied investment policies and rules as well as prevailing financial conditions. In recent years, it has been a leader among Danish pension institutions in adopting innovative investment policies and has enjoyed an enviable record of high investment returns and low operating costs. In addition, it has long offered deferred group annuities with guaranteed benefits and periodic bonuses (with profits policies). However, ATP also suffers from several weaknesses and shortcomings. It has a cumbersome governance structure, rooted in labor market relations and the role of social partners, while its group annuities have been based on rather 'idiosyncratic' risk-sharing arrangements. Nevertheless, it took the lead in using long-dated interest-rate swaps in euro markets and recently created a department that specializes in hedging its pension liabilities. And it is in the process of adopting a new plan for guaranteed benefits that aims to enhance the management of both investment and longevity risks
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Osgood, Daniel E Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence farmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have emerged in recent years to address these threats: the use of seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for example, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for expected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative financial instruments for risk sharing (for example, index-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit for agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have remained entirely separated. This paper explores the integration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot insurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The authors propose a model that adjusts the amount of high-yield agricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season. Simulation results - combining climatic, agricultural, and financial models - indicate that this approach substantially increases production in La Niña years (when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and reduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall often damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are more than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given modeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of wealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for participating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential of this approach for adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Competition And Financial Stability
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Theory makes ambiguous predictions about the relationship between market structure and competitiveness of the banking system and banking sector stability. Empirical studies focusing on individual countries provide similarly ambiguous results, while cross-country studies point mostly to a positive relationship between competition and stability in the banking system. Where liberalization and unfettered competition have resulted in fragility, this has been mostly the consequence of regulatory and supervisory failures. The advantages of competition for an efficient and inclusive financial system are strong, and regulatory and supervisory policies should focus on an incentive-compatible environment for banking rather than try to fine-tune market structure or the degree of competition
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vagliasindi, Maria The Effectiveness of Boards of Directors of State Owned Enterprises In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises
    Abstract: This paper aims to shed some new light on the conditions needed to ensure the effectiveness of Boards of Directors of state owned enterprises with a focus on infrastructure sectors. In the case of developing countries, empirical studies have found evidence of positive links between the composition of the Board of Directors and financial performance. Yet the lack of solid theoretical foundations, and in some cases poor data availability, makes the conclusions of most studies weak. Several policy recommendations emerge from the review of the economic literature and evidence from case studies. First, the introduction of a sufficient number of independent directors emerges as an important corporate governance milestone. Empowering them to exercise effective monitoring of management, however, may prove to be a formidable challenge for of state owned enterprises. More attention to board procedures, particularly related to the Board selection and evaluation process, is essential, to produce the necessary insulation of Boards from government interference. Ensuring sufficient continuity of services to directors is particularly crucial to improve corporate governance. In addition, other factors that may reduce directors' ability to monitor corporate activities, such as the age profile and the number of Boards on which they sit, need to be handled more carefully
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of the design and experience of risk-based pension fund supervision in several countries that have been leaders in the development of these methods. The utilization of risk-based methods originates primarily in the supervision of banks. In recent years it has increasingly been extended to other types of financial intermediaries including pension funds and insurers. The trend toward risk-based supervision of pensions is closely associated with movement toward the integration of pension supervision with that of banking and other financial services into a single national authority. Although similar in concept to the techniques developed in banking, the application to pension funds has required modifications, particularly for defined contribution funds that transfer investment risk to fund members. The countries examined provide a range of experiences that illustrate both the diversity of pension systems and approaches to risk-based supervision, but also a commonality of the focus on sound risk management and effective supervisory outcomes. The paper provides a description of pension supervision in Australia, Denmark, Mexico and the Netherlands, and an initial evaluation of the results achieved in relation to the underlying objectives
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Services Trade And Growth
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects
    Keywords: Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ratha, Dilip Beyond Aid
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating
    Abstract: Given Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous resource needs for growth, poverty reduction, and other Millennium Development Goals, the development community has little choice but to continue to explore new sources of financing, innovative private-to-private sector solutions, and public-private partnerships to mobilize additional international financing. The paper suggests several new instruments for improving access to capital. An analysis of country creditworthiness suggests that many countries in the region may be more creditworthy than previously believed. Establishing sovereign rating benchmarks and credit enhancement through guarantee instruments provided by multilateral aid agencies would facilitate market access. Creative financial structuring, such as the International Financing Facility for Immunization, would help front-load aid commitments, although these may not result in additional financing in the long run. Preliminary estimates suggest that Sub-Saharan African countries can potentially raise USD 1-3 billion by reducing the cost of international migrant remittances, USD 5-10 billion by issuing diaspora bonds, and USD 17 billion by securitizing future remittances and other future receivables. African countries that have recently received debt relief however need to be cautious when resorting to market-based borrowing
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Melecky, Martin An Alternative Framework For Foreign Exchange Risk Management of Sovereign Debt
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt
    Abstract: This paper proposes a measure of synchronization in the movements of relevant domestic and foreign fundamentals for choosing suitable currency for denomination of foreign debt. The selection of explanatory variables for exchange rate volatility is motivated using a New Keynesian Policy model. The model predicts that not only traditional optimal currency area variables, but also variables considered by the literature on currency preferences, such as money velocity, should be relevant for explaining exchange rate volatility. The findings show that measures of inflation synchronization, money velocity synchronization, and interest rate synchronization can be useful indicators for decisions on the currency denomination of foreign debt
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhao, Longyue Trade Remedies And Non-Market Economies
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: In 2007, the United States Department of Commerce altered a 23-year old policy of not applying the countervailing duty law to non-market economies, and initiated eight countervailing and antidumping duty investigations on Chinese imports. The change brings heated debate on trade remedy policies and issues of non-market economies. This study focuses on the first countervailing duty case on imported coated free sheet paper from China and analyzes the implications of this test case for United States-China bilateral trade, and industrial policies in transitioning market economies. The paper also provides a brief review of the economics of subsidies, World Trade Organization rules on subsides and countervailing measures, and United States countervailing duty laws applied to non-market economies. While recently acceded countries should review their domestic development policies from the perspective of economic efficiency and comply with the World Trade Organization rules, it is also important to further clarify the issues of non-market economies under the multilateral trading system, and pay keen attention to the rules negotiations in the current World Trade Organization Doha Development Round
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Currency Undervaluation And Sovereign Wealth Funds
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade
    Abstract: Two aspects of global imbalances - undervalued exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds - require a multilateral response. For reasons of inadequate leverage and eroding legitimacy, the International Monetary Fund has not been effective in dealing with undervalued exchange rates. This paper proposes new rules in the World Trade Organization to discipline cases of significant undervaluation that are clearly attributable to government action. The rationale for WTO involvement is that there are large trade consequences of undervalued exchange rates, which act as both import tariffs and export subsidies, and that the WTO's enforcement mechanism is credible and effective. The World Trade Organization would not be involved in exchange rate management, and would not displace the International Monetary Fund. Rather, the authors suggest ways to harness the comparative advantage of the two institutions, with the International Monetary Fund providing the essential technical expertise in the World Trade Organization's enforcement process. There is a bargain to be struck between countries with sovereign wealth funds, which want secure and liberal access for their capital, and capital-importing countries, which have concerns about the objectives and operations of sovereign wealth funds. The World Trade Organization is the natural place to strike this bargain. Its General Agreement on Trade in Services, already covers investments by sovereign wealth funds, and other agreements offer a precedent for designing disciplines for these funds. Placing exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds on the trade negotiating agenda may help revive the Doha Round by rekindling the interest of a wide variety of groups
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Li, Ying Aid Inflows And The Real Effective Exchange Rate In Tanzania
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements
    Abstract: Tanzania is well placed to receive a significant increase in aid inflows in coming years. Despite the potential for the additional aid inflows to raise income levels in the country, increasing them may bring about structural changes in the economy that may be unwelcome. One such change is an appreciation of the real exchange rate that leads to a contraction of traditional export sectors and a loss of export competitiveness. This paper employs a reduced-form equilibrium real exchange rate approach to explain movements in Tanzania's real effective exchange in recent decades. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between aid inflows and the real effective exchange rate. The authors find that the long-run behavior of the real effective exchange rate is influenced by terms of trade movements, the government's trade liberalization efforts, and aid inflows. Positive terms-of-trade movements are associated with an appreciation, periods of improving trade liberalization are associated with a depreciation, and increases in aid inflows are associated with a depreciation in the real effective exchange rate. Although the last result is non-standard, it is not empirically unique and does have theoretical underpinnings. A detailed analysis of this relationship over the last decade shows that the Bank of Tanzania's response to aid inflows is likely the main reason for the finding
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Devarajan, Shantayanan Aid, Growth, And Real Exchange Rate Dynamics
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects
    Abstract: Devarajan, Go, Page, Robinson, and Thierfelder argued that if aid is about the future and recipients are able to plan consumption and investment decisions optimally over time, then the potential problem of an aid-induced appreciation of the real exchange rate (Dutch disease) does not occur. In their paper, "Aid, Growth and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics," this key result is derived without requiring extreme assumptions or additional productivity story. The economic framework is a standard neoclassical growth model, based on the familiar Salter-Swan characterization of an open economy, with full dynamic savings and investment decisions. It does require that the model is fully dynamic in both savings and investment decisions. An important assumption is that aid should be predictable for intertemporal smoothing to take place. If aid volatility forces recipients to be constrained and myopic, Dutch disease problems become an issue
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Endo, Tadashi Broadening The Offering Choice of Corporate Bonds In Emerging Markets
    Keywords: Capital markets ; Corporate bond ; Corporate bonds ; Corporate governance ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt capital ; Development of corporate bond markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging economies ; Emerging markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Mutual Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Public offering ; Capital markets ; Corporate bond ; Corporate bonds ; Corporate governance ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt capital ; Development of corporate bond markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging economies ; Emerging markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Mutual Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Public offering ; Capital markets ; Corporate bond ; Corporate bonds ; Corporate governance ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt capital ; Development of corporate bond markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging economies ; Emerging markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Mutual Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Public offering
    Abstract: The development of corporate bond markets has been constrained in many emerging economies, partly because the regulatory model is implicitly designed for stand-alone public offerings. Corporate bonds are intrinsically more suitable for non-retail investors than for retail investors. Nonetheless, the prevailing regulatory model puts an excessive emphasis on disclosure and investor protection as well as government oversight, regardless of targeted investors. Such a non-differentiating regulatory approach disconnects issuers from investors by considerably raising opportunity costs to issuers. Broadening the choice of offering methods would lower corporate bond issuance costs, thereby allowing more issuers to finance their investments with bond issues. Additional forms of offerings are traditional private placements, institutional offerings, and shelf registration facilitated by integrated disclosure
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (73 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andersen, Carsten Pension Institutions and Annuities in Denmark
    Keywords: Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap ; Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap ; Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap
    Abstract: This paper considers the overall structure of the Danish pension system, reviews the relative role of different types of pension institutions, and discusses their asset allocation strategies and investment performance. The paper also examines the regulation and supervision of providers of pension services, the growing reliance on risk-based supervision, and the application of the so-called contribution principle. The Danish pension system includes a modest universal social pension with a supplement for low-income pensioners and near universal participation in occupational and personal pensions that are primarily based on defined contribution plans. The annuity market is well developed: 50 percent of annual contributions are allocated to the purchase of deferred annuities, while immediate annuities are also purchased at or even after retirement. However, detailed comprehensive data on the rate of annuitization are lacking. Distinct features of the Danish pension system include the widespread use of profit participating contracts with minimum guaranteed benefits and regular provision of bonuses, covering both the accumulation and payout phases, and extensive use of group deferred annuity contracts. A new traffic light system with periodic stress testing has resulted in greater emphasis on asset liability matching and hedging strategies by pension institutions and a shift in investment policies in favor of foreign bonds and long-term swap contracts
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yeyati, Eduardo Levy Emerging Market Liquidity And Crises
    Keywords: Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs
    Abstract: Whereas conventional wisdom argues that markets shut down during crises, with sellers struggling to find buyers, we find that markets continue to operate during financial turmoil, even in narrow and volatile emerging economies. Simple event studies indicate that both trading volume and trading costs increase in crisis times. Prices change more with each dollar transacted (pushing the Amihud illiquidity measure up) and bid-ask spreads widen. More generally, econometric estimates show that large price downturns, typical of crises, are associated with higher trading activity and increased trading costs, with trading activity declining only later as crises progress. Thus, while trading activity tends to be negatively related to trading costs during tranquil times (and across securities), this relation appears to break down during crises. These results are consistent with the analytical literature on portfolio rebalancing by heterogeneous agents in times of crises
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Coulibaly, Kalamogo Productivity Growth And Economic Reform
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms
    Abstract: Trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms are shown to have exerted a positive impact on the growth of total factor productivity in Rwanda during the period 1995-2003. Based on a constant returns-to-scale Cobb-Douglas production function, this paper regresses total factor productivity on indices of trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms. The analysis determines that trade reforms and financial reforms each contributed positively to improvements in total factor productivity. The data also suggest that the allocation of official development assistance to human capital made a significant contribution to productivity. In contrast, the appreciation of the real exchange rate of the late 1980's hindered productivity or the growth of TFP. Taken together, the findings for Rwanda presented in this paper show that the strong growth of the past decade has not just been due to a "bounce back" effect following the genocide. The results support the notion that policies favorable to trade development, a deepening of the financial sector, and formation of human capital have been effective for increasing aggregate productivity of the economy and stimulating growth in Rwanda. For sustained growth, the Rwandan authorities should continue to build on these policies, while also taking care to maintain an appropriate exchange rate
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien Migration And Education Decisions In A Dynamic General Equilibrium Framework
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: With growing international skilled labor mobility, education and migration decisions have become increasingly inter-related, and potentially have a large impact on the growth trajectories of source countries, through their effects on labor supply, savings, or the cost of education. The authors develop a generic dynamic general equilibrium model to analyze the education-migration nexus in a consistent framework. They use the model as a laboratory to test empirical conditions for the existence of net brain gain, that is, greater domestic accumulation of human capital (in per capita terms) with greater migration of skilled workers. The results suggest that although some structural parameters can favor simultaneously greater human capital accumulation and greater skilled migration - such as high ratio of remittances over domestic incomes, high dependency ratios in migrant households, low dependency ratios in source countries, increasing returns to scale in the education sector, technological transfers and export market access with Diasporas, and efficient financial markets - this does not necessarily mean that greater migration encourages the constitution of greater stocks of human capital in source countries
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Reform And Inequality During The Transition
    Keywords: Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries ; Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries ; Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries
    Abstract: Using for the first time household survey data from 26 post-Communist countries, covering the period 1990-2005, this paper examines correlates of unprecedented increases in inequality registered by most of the economies. The analysis shows, after controlling for country fixed effects and type of survey used, that economic reform is strongly negatively associated with the income share of the bottom decile, and positively with the income shares of the top two deciles. However, breaking economic reform into its component parts, the picture is more nuanced. Large-scale privatization and infrastructure reform (mostly consisting of privatization and higher fees) are responsible for the pro-inequality effect; small-scale privatization tends to raise the income shares of the bottom deciles. Acceleration in growth is also pro-rich. But democratization is strongly pro-poor, as is lower inflation. Somewhat surprisingly, the analysis finds no evidence that greater government spending as share of gross domestic income reduces inequality
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (69 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym The Challenge of Reducing International Trade And Migration Barriers
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: While barriers to trade in most goods and some services including capital flows have been reduced considerably over the past two decades, many remain. Such policies harm most the economies imposing them, but the worst of the merchandise barriers (in agriculture and textiles) are particularly harmful to the world's poorest people, as are barriers to worker migration across borders. This paper focuses on how costly those anti-poor trade policies are, and examines possible strategies to reduce remaining distortions. Two opportunities in particular are addressed: completing the Doha Development Agenda process at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and freeing up the international movement of workers. A review of the economic benefits and adjustment costs associated with these opportunities provides the foundation to undertake benefit/cost analysis required to rank this set of opportunities against those aimed at addressing the world's other key challenges as part of the Copenhagen Consensus project. The paper concludes with key caveats and suggests that taking up these opportunities could generate huge social benefit/cost ratios that are considerably higher than the direct economic ones quantified in this study, even without factoring in their contribution to alleviating several of the other challenges identified by that project, including malnutrition, disease, poor education and air pollution
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thompson, Graeme Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds In Australia
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper examines the development of risk-based supervision of pension funds in Australia. The large number of pension funds has meant that since the inception of pension fund supervision in the early 1990's the regulator has sought to identify high risk funds and focus its attention on these funds. However, the regulator developed a more sophisticated risk-rating model, known as PAIRS/SOARS, in 1992 in order to apply a more disciplined and consistent ratings methodology. Four reasons are given for the move towards more sophisticated risk-based supervision: 1) creation of an integrated supervisor which allowed the use of techniques used in banking and insurance to be adopted for pension fund; 2) the need to better use available supervisory resources; 3) several pension fund failures; and 4) concerns about industry weaknesses. Supervisory techniques used particularly in the banking industry, such as universal licensing, 'fit and proper' assessment, and risk management requirements were adopted for the pension sector between 2004 and 2006. The paper provides an outline of the PAIRS/SOARS risk-rating model which was also adopted. It observes that the approach provides an analytical discipline to risk assessment, strengthens the link between risk assessment and supervisory response, and allows better targeting of supervisory resources
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Gordon The Market For Retirement Products In Australia
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Australia introduced a mandatory retirement savings scheme in 1992. This built on pre-existing voluntary occupational plans. The new scheme has been very successful in expanding coverage and mobilizing large financial savings that are equal to close to 100 percent of GDP. However, Australia does not impose restrictions on payout options. The payout phase used to be dominated by lump sum withdrawals, which accounted for 80 percent of benefit payments as recently as 2002. But pension payments increased in recent years and now represent 45 percent of total payments. The vast majority of these pension payments take the form of term annuities and allocated annuities. The latter are similar to phased withdrawals in Chile but run for fixed terms of up to 25 years rather than for lifetime terms. The demand for life annuities and lifetime phased withdrawals is very limited. The paper discusses the factors that have shaped the pattern of demand for retirement products, including the availability of the universal age pension and the effect of clawback provisions, the impact of the high level of home ownership, and the widespread preference of retiring workers for reliance on self-annuitization. The paper also reviews the prudential regulation of superannuation funds and life insurance companies
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Herrera, Santiago Public Expenditure And Consumption Volatility
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Developing countries ; Domestic financial markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government spending ; Growth rates ; Income ; Instrumental variables ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Private Sector Development ; Standard deviation ; Volatility ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Developing countries ; Domestic financial markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government spending ; Growth rates ; Income ; Instrumental variables ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Private Sector Development ; Standard deviation ; Volatility ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Developing countries ; Domestic financial markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government spending ; Growth rates ; Income ; Instrumental variables ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Private Sector Development ; Standard deviation ; Volatility
    Abstract: Recent estimates of the welfare cost of consumption volatility find that it is significant in developing nations, where it may reach an equivalent of reducing consumption by 10 percent per year. Hence, examining the determinants of consumption volatility is of utmost relevance. Based on cross-country data for the period 1960-2005, the paper explains consumption volatility using three sets of variables: one refers to the volatility of income and the persistence of income shocks; the second set of variables refers to policy volatility, considering the volatility of public spending and the size of government; while the third set captures the ability of agents to smooth shocks, and includes the depth of the domestic financial markets as well as the degree of integration to international capital markets. To allow for potential endogenous regressors, in particular the volatility of fiscal policy and the size of government, the system is estimated using the instrumental variables method. The results indicate that, besides income volatility, the variables with the largest and most robust impact on consumption volatility are government size and the volatility of public spending. Results also show that deeper and more stable domestic financial markets reduce the volatility of consumption, and that more integrated financial markets to the international capital markets are associated with lower volatility of consumption
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Domeland, Dorte Trade And Human Capital Accumulation
    Keywords: Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This study provides empirical evidence that trade increases on-the-job human capital accumulation by estimating the effect of home country openness on estimated returns to home country experience of U.S. immigrants. The positive effect of trade on on-the-job human capital accumulation remains significant when controlling for GDP, educational attainment, and institutional quality. It is not the result of self-selection, heterogeneity in returns to experience, English-speaking origin, or cultural background. The effect persists when restricting the sample to non-OECD countries, thereby resolving the theoretical ambiguity of whether trade increases or decreases learning-by-doing. The role of trade in generating economic growth is therefore likely to be more important than generally considered
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schmukler, Sergio L Capital Market Development
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Over the past decades, many countries have implemented significant reforms to foster capital market development. Latin American countries were at the forefront of this process. The authors analyze where Latin American capital markets stand after these reforms. They find that despite the intense reform effort, capital markets in Latin America remain underdeveloped relative to markets in other regions. Furthermore, stock markets are below what can be expected, given Latin America's economic and institutional fundamentals. The authors discuss alternative ways of interpreting this evidence. They argue that it is difficult to pinpoint which policies Latin American countries should pursue to overcome their poor capital market development. Moreover, they argue that expectations about the outcome of the reform process may need to be revisited to take into account intrinsic characteristics of emerging economies. The latter may limit the scope for developing deep domestic capital markets in a context of international financial integration
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Haddad, Mona Trade Integration In East Asia
    Keywords: Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Production networks have been at the heart of the recent growth in trade among East Asian countries. Fragmentation trade, reflected mainly in the trade in parts and components, is expanding more rapidly than the conventional trade in final goods. This is mainly due to the relatively more favorable policy setting for international production, agglomeration benefits arising from the early entry into this new form of specialization, considerable intercountry wage differentials in the region, lower trade and transport costs, and specialization in products exhibiting increasing returns to scale. The economic integration of China has deepened production fragmentation in East Asia, countering fears of crowding out other countries for international specialization. International production fragmentation in East Asia has intensified intraregional trade but has depended heavily on extraregional trade in final goods. While production networks centered on China have contributed significantly to growth in East Asia, they also breed vulnerabilities. They have not automatically led to technology spillovers and have led to an extreme interdependence across East Asian countries
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Insurgency And Credible Commitment In Autocracies And Democracies
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper suggests a new factor that makes civil war more likely: the inability of political actors to make credible promises to broad segments of society. Lacking this ability, both elected and unelected governments pursue public policies that leave citizens less well-off and more prone to revolt. At the same time, these actors have a reduced ability to build an anti-insurgency capacity in the first place, since they are less able to prevent anti-insurgents from themselves mounting coups. But while reducing the risk of conflict overall, increasing credibility can, over some range, worsen the effects of natural resources and ethnic fragmentation on civil war. Empirical tests using various measures of political credibility support these conclusions
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bruno, Valentina G Corporate Governance And Regulation
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Company Behavior ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Governance Regime ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Measures ; Governance Practice ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Small Sector ; Capital Markets ; Company Behavior ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Governance Regime ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Measures ; Governance Practice ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Small Sector ; Capital Markets ; Company Behavior ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Governance Regime ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Measures ; Governance Practice ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Small Sector
    Abstract: For a large number of companies from different countries, the authors analyze how company corporate governance practices and country regulatory regimes interact in terms of company valuation. They confirm that corporate governance plays a crucial role in efficient company monitoring and shareholder protection, and consequently positively impacts valuation. They find substitution in valuation impact between corporate governance measures at the company and country level, with a possibility of over-regulation. Corporate governance appears more valuable for companies that rely heavily on external financing, consistent with the hypothesis that the main role of corporate governance is to protect external financiers
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph Institutions, Infrastructure, And Trade
    Keywords: Air ; Air Transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Development ; Roads ; Tax ; Taxes ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Training ; Trains ; Transp ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Air ; Air Transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Development ; Roads ; Tax ; Taxes ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Training ; Trains ; Transp ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Air ; Air Transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Development ; Roads ; Tax ; Taxes ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Training ; Trains ; Transp ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: The authors examine the influence of infrastructure, institutional quality, colonial and geographic context, and trade preferences on the pattern of bilateral trade. They are interested in threshold effects, and so emphasize those cases where bilateral country pairs do not actually trade. The authors depart from the institutions and infrastructure literature in this respect, using selection-based gravity modeling of trade flows. They also depart from this literature by mixing principal components (to condense the institutional and infrastructure measures) with a focus on deviations in the resulting indexes from expected values for given income cohorts to control for multicollinearity. The authors work with a panel of 284,049 bilateral trade flows from 1988 to 2002. Matching bilateral trade and tariff data and controlling for tariff preferences, level of development, and standard distance measures, they find that infrastructure and institutional quality are significant determinants not only of export levels, but also of the likelihood exports will take place at all. Their results support the notion that export performance, and the propensity to take part in the trading system at all, depends on institutional quality and access to well-developed transport and communications infrastructure. Indeed, this dependence is far more important, empirically, than variations in tariffs in explaining sample variations in North-South trade
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Budina, Nina Quantitative Approaches To Fiscal Sustainability Analysis
    Keywords: Balance of Payments ; Balance of Payments Crises ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Business Cycle ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Management ; Debt Management Policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Balance of Payments ; Balance of Payments Crises ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Business Cycle ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Management ; Debt Management Policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Balance of Payments ; Balance of Payments Crises ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Business Cycle ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Management ; Debt Management Policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: Fiscal sustainability analysis (FSA) is an important component of macroeconomic analysis. The authors review various quantitative approaches to FSA with a major objective to bring these approaches together and to present a user-friendly tool for FSA that reflects modern developments. They combine a dynamic simulations approach with a simplified version of the steady-state consistency approach. They also incorporate two different methods to deal with uncertainty: user-defined stress tests and stochastic simulations. The tool goes further by evaluating the required fiscal adjustment as a consequence of the stochastic realizations of the exogenous variables. Furthermore, the fiscal sustainability tool incorporates an endogenous debt feedback rule for the primary surplus, a fiscal policy reaction function. Besides outlining the theoretical framework, the authors also present a case study for Turkey
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stephanou, Constantinos Financial Services And Trade Agreements In Latin America And The Caribbean
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: The authors review the international framework governing trade in financial services, describe the treatment of financial services in recent trade agreements involving Latin America and Caribbean countries, and analyze the liberalization commitments made in three selected country case studies-Chile, Colombia, and Costa Rica. They give emphasis to free trade agreements because of the generally deeper level of liberalization and rule-making achieved to-date. The authors discuss some of the causes and potential implications of their findings
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Current Challenges In Financial Regulation
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Financial intermediation and financial services industries have undergone many changes in the past two decades due to deregulation, globalization, and technological advances. The framework for regulating finance has seen many changes as well, with approaches adapting to new issues arising in specific groups of countries or globally. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to review current international thinking on what regulatory framework is needed to develop a financial sector that is stable, yet efficient, and provides proper access to households and firms; and to review the key experiences regarding international financial architecture initiatives, with a special focus on issues arising for developing countries. The paper outlines a number of areas of current debate: the special role of banks, competition policy, consumer protection, harmonization of rules-across products, within markets, and globally-and the adaptation and legitimacy of international standards to the circumstances facing developing countries. It concludes with some areas where more research would be useful
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Subramanian, Uma Can Sub-Saharan Africa Leap Into Global Network Trade ?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport ; Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport ; Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport
    Abstract: This paper examines opportunities for Sub-Saharan African countries to effectively participate in globalization, particularly given the increasing interest of China and India in Sub-Saharan Africa. How can Sub-Saharan Africa fully engage and gain benefits from global network trade? Over the past 15 years Asia has become Africa's fastest growing export market. Asian countries are much more open to trade than Europe or America. There seems to be no evidence to suggest that this trend will not continue in the near future. The authors acknowledge the numerous caveats in Asia's growing interest in the African continent, not least the "resource curse" of exports that are heavily concentrated on oil, minerals, and raw materials, as well as the fierce competition from Asia's cheap manufactured exports. However, they believe that there is strong evidence to suggest a clear potential for South-South cooperation in trade and investment. Drawing on evidence from their extensive research into international value chains, the authors identify five critical factors for effective participation in global network trade: price, speed-to-market, labor productivity, flexibility, and product quality. Underlying competitive performance of these critical factors are a country's policies and institutions. Effective policies, efficient institutions, and the necessary infrastructure will ensure the best outcome for trading countries. To improve the depth and sustainability of these five critical factors, it is important that developing countries create a supportive policy and institutional framework from the outset
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ghosh, Swati Enhancing The Efficiency of Securities Markets In East Asia
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Diversified Investor ; Diversified Investor Base ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Market ; Lending ; Liquidity ; Market ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Bank Policy ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Diversified Investor ; Diversified Investor Base ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Market ; Lending ; Liquidity ; Market ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Bank Policy ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Diversified Investor ; Diversified Investor Base ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Market ; Lending ; Liquidity ; Market ; Private Sector Development ; Securities
    Abstract: The authors explore the relative efficiency of stock markets across countries using newly available data on transactions costs and the quality of the informational environment of stock markets. These new measures are constructed from firm-level stock returns in a panel of 60 countries for the period 2000-04. The authors then develop a framework to understand the linkages between efficiency, liquidity, and their determinants. To give empirical content to the framework, they study the determinants of transactions costs and the quality of the informational environment. They find that some institutional arrangements-such as the availability of stock lending and short selling-and the openness of markets are associated with lower transactions costs. The authors also find that, although disclosure rules for directors and officers of listed firms are essential, the ability of shareholders to seek redress is more conducive to a better informational environment in stock markets. This in turn serves as the basis for the policy framework and recommendations for the East Asian region. In particular, the region needs to continue to strengthen the implementation and enforcement of corporate governance, to further enhance the market and institutional infrastructure, and focus on policy measures to foster a larger and more diversified investor base to continue to see gains in the efficiency of stock markets
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Saphores, Jean-Daniel Detecting Collusion In Timber Auctions
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Administered Prices ; Advertising ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Direct Marketing ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Forestry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Inventory ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economies ; Market Economy ; Market Prices ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Access to Markets ; Administered Prices ; Advertising ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Direct Marketing ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Forestry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Inventory ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economies ; Market Economy ; Market Prices ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Access to Markets ; Administered Prices ; Advertising ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Direct Marketing ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Forestry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Inventory ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economies ; Market Economy ; Market Prices ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: Romania was one of the first transition countries in Europe to introduce auctions for allocating standing timber (stumpage) in public forests. In comparison with the former system in the country-administrative allocation at set prices-timber auctions offer several potential advantages: greater revenue generation for the government, a higher probability that tracts will be allocated to the firms that value them most highly, and stronger incentives for technological change within industry and efficiency gains in the public sector. Competition is the key to realizing these advantages. Unfortunately, collusion among bidders often limits competition in timber auctions, including in well-established market economies such as the United States. The result is that tracts sell below their fair market value, which undermines the advantages of auctions. This paper examines the Romanian auction system, with a focus on the use of econometric methods to detect collusion. It begins by describing the historical development of the system and the principal steps in the auction process. It then discusses the qualitative impacts of various economic and institutional factors, including collusion, on winning bids in different regions of the country. This discussion draws on information from a combination of sources, including unstructured interviews conducted with government officials and company representatives during 2003. Next, the paper summarizes key findings from the broader research literature on auctions, with an emphasis on empirical studies that have developed econometric methods for detecting collusion. It then presents an application of such methods to timber auction data from two forest directorates in Romania, Neamt and Suceava. This application confirms that data from Romanian timber auctions can be used to determine the likelihood of collusion, and it suggests that collusion reduced winning bids in Suceava in 2002 and perhaps also in Neamt. The paper concludes with a discussion of actions that the government can take to reduce the incidence of collusion and minimize its impact on auction outcomes
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Foreign Bank Participation And Crises In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Acquisitions ; Bank For International Settlements ; Bank Mergers ; Bank of Greece ; Banking ; Banking Crises ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Distressed Banks ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Interest ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Acquisitions ; Bank For International Settlements ; Bank Mergers ; Bank of Greece ; Banking ; Banking Crises ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Distressed Banks ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Interest ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Acquisitions ; Bank For International Settlements ; Bank Mergers ; Bank of Greece ; Banking ; Banking Crises ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Distressed Banks ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Interest ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper describes the recent trends in foreign bank ownership in developing countries, summarizes the existing evidence on the causes and implications of foreign bank presence, and reexamines the link between banking crises and foreign bank participation. Using data on the share of banking sector assets held by foreign banks in over 100 developing countries during 1995-2002, the results show that countries that experienced a banking crisis tended to have higher levels of foreign bank participation than those that did not. Furthermore, panel regressions indicate that foreign participation increased as a result of crises rather than prior to them. However, post-crisis increases in foreign participation did not coincide with increased credit to the private sector, perhaps because in many cases foreign banks acquired distressed banks
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Larson, Donald F Will Markets Direct Investments Under The Kyoto Protocol ?
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenhouse Gases ; Incentives ; Information ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Joint Implementation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Climate Change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenhouse Gases ; Incentives ; Information ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Joint Implementation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Climate Change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenhouse Gases ; Incentives ; Information ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Joint Implementation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries can meet treaty obligations by investing in projects that reduce or sequester greenhouse gases elsewhere. Prior to ratification, treaty participants agreed to launch country-based pilot projects, referred to collectively as Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ), to test novel aspects of the project-related provisions. Relying on a 10-year history of projects, the authors investigate the determinants of AIJ investment. Their findings suggest that national political objectives and possibly deeper cultural ties influenced project selection. This characterization differs from the market-based assumptions that underlie well-known estimates of cost-savings related to the Protocol's flexibility mechanisms. The authors conclude that if approaches developed under the AIJ programs to approve projects are retained, benefits from Kyoto's flexibility provisions will be less than those widely anticipated
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gasmi, Farid Political Accountability And Regulatory Performance In Infrastructure Industries
    Keywords: Accountability Variables ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Economic Incentives ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Growth ; Growth Performance ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional Environment ; Institutional Quality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Measure ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Science and Technology Development ; Accountability Variables ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Economic Incentives ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Growth ; Growth Performance ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional Environment ; Institutional Quality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Measure ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Science and Technology Development ; Accountability Variables ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Economic Incentives ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Growth ; Growth Performance ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional Environment ; Institutional Quality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Measure ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Science and Technology Development
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to empirically explore the relationship between the quality of political institutions and the performance of regulation, an issue that has recently occupied much of the policy debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure industry reforms. Taking the view that political accountability is a key factor that links political structures and regulatory processes, the authors investigate, for the case of telecommunications, its impact on the performance of regulation in two time-series-cross-sectional data sets on 29 developing countries and 23 industrial countries covering the period 1985-99. In addition to confirming some well documented results on the positive role of regulatory governance in infrastructure industries, the authors provide empirical evidence on the impact of the quality of political institutions and their modes of functioning on regulatory performance. The analysis of the data sets shows that the (positive) effect of political accountability on the performance of regulation is stronger in developing countries. An important policy implication of this finding is that future reforms in these countries should give due attention to the development of politically accountable systems
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Using nationally representative, economywide data, this paper investigates the relative importance of trade-mandated effects on industry wage premia; industry and economywide skill premia; and employment flows in accounting for changes in the wage distribution in Brazil during the 1988-95 trade liberalization. Unlike in other Latin American countries, trade liberalization appears to have made a significant contribution toward a reduction in wage inequality. These effects have not occurred through changes in industry-specific (wage or skill) premia. Instead, they appear to have been channeled through substantial employment flows across sectors and formality categories. Changes in the economywide skill premium are also important
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fink, Carsten Rules of Origin In Services
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Freihandelsabkommen ; Herkunftsbezeichnung ; ASEAN-Staaten ; Agreement On Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Border Trade ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Exports ; External Tariffs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Services ; Agreement On Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Border Trade ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Exports ; External Tariffs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Services ; Agreement On Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Border Trade ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Exports ; External Tariffs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: An important question in the design of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) covering services is to what extent nonmembers benefit from the trade preferences that are negotiated among members. This question is resolved through services rules of origin. The restrictiveness of rules of origin determines the degree of preferences entailed in market opening commitments, shaping the bargaining incentives of FTAs and their eventual economic effects. Even though the number of FTAs in services has increased rapidly in recent years, hardly any research is available that can guide policymakers on the economic implications of different rules of origin. After outlining the key economic tradeoffs and options for rules of origin in services, the paper summarizes the main findings of a research project that has assessed the rules of origin question for five countries in the ASEAN region. For selected service subsectors and a number of criteria for rules or origin, simulation exercises evaluated which service providers would or would not be eligible for preferences negotiated under a FTA. Among other findings, the simulation results point to the binding nature of a domestic ownership or control requirement and, for the specific case of financial services, a requirement of incorporation
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms ?
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While there is considerable empirical evidence on the impact of liberalizing trade in goods, the effects of services liberalization have not been empirically established. Using firm-level data from the Czech Republic for the period 1998-2003, this study examines the link between services sector reforms and the productivity of domestic firms in downstream manufacturing. Several aspects of services reform are considered and measured, namely, the increased presence of foreign providers, privatization, and enhanced competition. The manufacturing-services linkage is measured using information on the degree to which manufacturing firms in a particular industry rely on intermediate inputs from specific services sectors. The econometric results lead to two conclusions. First, the study finds that services policy matters for the productivity of manufacturing firms relying on services inputs. This finding is robust to several econometric specifications, including controlling for unobservable firm heterogeneity and for other aspects of openness. Second, it finds evidence that opening services sectors to foreign providers is a key channel through which services liberalization contributes to improved performance of downstream manufacturing sectors. This finding is robust to instrumenting for the extent of foreign presence in services industries. As most barriers to foreign investment today are not in goods but in services sectors, the findings may strengthen the argument for reform in this area
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Location Decisions of Foreign Banks And Competitive Advantage
    Keywords: Affiliates ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Entry ; Internation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Affiliates ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Entry ; Internation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Affiliates ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Entry ; Internation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: While institutional differences have been found to affect country growth patterns, much has remained unexplained, including how economic actors "overcome" institutional weaknesses and how internationalization helps or hinders development. Banking is an institutionally-intensive activity and the location decision of foreign banks provides a good test of how institutional differences are dealt with and how they may affect economic choices. Specifically, the authors examine whether banks seek out those markets where institutional familiarity provides them with a competitive advantage over other foreign competitor banks. Using bilateral data on banking sector foreign direct investment in all developing countries and controlling for other factors, they find that competitive advantage is an important factor in driving foreign banks' location decisions. The findings suggest that high institutional quality is not necessarily a prerequisite to attract foreign direct investment in banking and that there are specific benefits, as well as risks, to international financial integration between developing countries
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baller, Silja Trade Effects of Regional Standards Liberalization
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Bilateral Trade ; Competition Policy ; Consumer Protection ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Asymmetric Information ; Bilateral Trade ; Competition Policy ; Consumer Protection ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Asymmetric Information ; Bilateral Trade ; Competition Policy ; Consumer Protection ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: This study investigates trade effects of the regional liberalization of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) in the form of harmonization and mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for testing procedures. The theoretical part of the paper is framed in terms of a heterogeneous firms approach. This paper adds to the existing literature by formalizing the effects of MRAs and harmonization initiatives on bilateral trade flows and by applying this new theoretical framework in the empirical part of the paper. The latter consists of a two-stage gravity estimation and investigates sectoral effects of TBT liberalization on parties to the agreement as well as excluded industrial and developing countries. It finds that MRAs have a strong positive influence on both export probabilities and trade volumes for partner countries. Regarding harmonization, results seem to suggest that the impact on parties to the agreement is negligible, however that on excluded OECD countries is large and positive. Third party developing countries do not seem to benefit from the market integration effect brought about by harmonization in other regions. Overall, effects on the probability that a new firm will export are much more pronounced than effects on the trade volumes of incumbent exporters
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lane, Philip R The International Financial Integration of China And India
    Keywords: Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Borrowers ; Capital Flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Assets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Developments ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Literacy ; Holdings ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Borrowers ; Capital Flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Assets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Developments ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Literacy ; Holdings ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Borrowers ; Capital Flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Assets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Developments ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Literacy ; Holdings ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Three main features characterize the international financial integration of China and India. First, while only having a small global share of privately-held external assets and liabilities (with the exception of China's foreign direct investment liabilities), these countries are large holders of official reserves. Second, their international balance sheets are highly asymmetric: both are "short equity, long debt." Third, China and India have improved their net external positions over the past decade although, based on their income level, neoclassical models would predict them to be net borrowers. Domestic financial developments and policies seem essential in understanding these patterns of integration. These include financial liberalization and exchange rate policies, domestic financial sector policies, and the impact of financial reform on savings and investment rates. Changes in these factors will affect the international financial integration of China and India (through shifts in capital flows and asset and liability holdings) and, consequently, the international financial system
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Harding, Torfinn Developing Economies And International Investors
    Keywords: Affiliated organizations ; Debt Markets ; Domestic investment ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investors ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; International Investors ; Investment Promotion ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment incentives ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Public Disclosure ; Tax rates ; Affiliated organizations ; Debt Markets ; Domestic investment ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investors ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; International Investors ; Investment Promotion ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment incentives ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Public Disclosure ; Tax rates ; Affiliated organizations ; Debt Markets ; Domestic investment ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investors ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; International Investors ; Investment Promotion ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment incentives ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Public Disclosure ; Tax rates
    Abstract: Many countries spend significant resources on investment promotion agencies in the hope of attracting inflows of foreign direct investment. Despite the importance of this question for public policy choices, little is known about the effectiveness of investment promotion efforts. This study uses newly collected data on national investment promotion agencies in 109 countries to examine the effects of investment promotion on foreign direct investment inflows. The empirical analysis follows two approaches. First, it tests whether sectors explicitly targeted by investment promotion agencies receive more foreign direct investment in the post-targeting period relative to the pre-targeting period and non-targeted sectors. Second, it examines whether the existence of an investment promotion agency is correlated with higher foreign direct investment inflows. Results from both approaches point to the same conclusion. Investment promotion efforts appear to increase foreign direct investment inflows to developing countries. Moreover, agency characteristics, such as the agency's legal status and reporting structure, affect the effectiveness of investment promotion. There is also evidence of diversion of foreign direct investment due to investment incentives offered by other countries in the same geographic region
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Easterly, William Walking Up The Down Escalator
    Keywords: Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: Fiscal adjustment becomes like walking up the down escalator when growth-promoting spending is cut so much as to lower growth and thus the present value of future tax revenues to a degree that more than offsets the improvement in the cash deficit. Although short-term cash flows matter, a preponderant focus on them encourages governments to invest too little. Cash flow targets also encourage governments to shift investment spending off budget, by seeking private investment in public projects-irrespective of its real fiscal or economic benefits. To evade the action of cash flow targets, some have suggested excluding from their scope certain investments (such as those undertaken by public enterprises deemed commercial or financed by multilaterals). These stopgap remedies might sometimes help protect investment, but they do not provide a satisfactory solution to the underlying problem. Governments can more effectively reduce the biases created by the focus on short-term cash flows by developing indicators of the long-term fiscal effects of their decisions, including accounting and economic measures of net worth, and where appropriate including such measures in fiscal targets or even fiscal rules, replacing the exclusive focus on liquidity and debt
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bayraktar, Nihal Specification of Investment Functions In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Distribution of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Extensive ; External ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Capital ; Income ; Investment ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Functions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Accumulation ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Distribution of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Extensive ; External ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Capital ; Income ; Investment ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Functions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Accumulation ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Distribution of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Extensive ; External ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Capital ; Income ; Investment ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Functions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: It is a well-known fact that one of the most important determinants of growth is private investment. But in the developing country context of widespread poverty, the effects of initial conditions on the process of capital accumulation have seldom been investigated. This paper highlights heterogeneity in the process of capital accumulation across different countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and derives a formal specification of investment functions in the primary, industry, and service sectors in the region using a variation of the combined Tobin's Q Theory and the neoclassical models of investment. The results highlight a more rapid accumulation of capital in the relatively high income subpanel and a widening public-private capital accumulation gap. A functional specification points to the significance of aggregate profitability shocks, the financing cost of investment, and public capital stock in estimating the growth rate of private capital accumulation. These results are supported empirically, as highlighted by the relatively small absolute deviation between actual and predicted value distributions
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schmukler, Sergio L Stock Market Development Under Globalization
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Capital Raising ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Market ; Domestic Market ; Domestic Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Capital Raising ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Market ; Domestic Market ; Domestic Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Capital Raising ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Market ; Domestic Market ; Domestic Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Over the past decades, many countries have implemented significant reforms to foster domestic capital market development. These reforms included stock market liberalization, privatization programs, and the establishment of regulatory and supervisory frameworks. Despite the intense reform efforts, the performance of capital markets in several countries has been disappointing. To study whether reforms have had the intended effects on capital markets, the authors analyze the impact of six capital market reforms on domestic stock market development and internationalization using event studies. They find that reforms tend to be followed by significant increases in domestic market capitalization, trading, and capital raising. Reforms are also followed by an increase in the share of activity in international equity markets, with potential negative spillover effects on domestic markets
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Munoz, Emanuel Salinas Financing of The Private Sector In Mexico, 2000-05
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Accessibility ; Affordability ; Bank loan ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial banks ; Consumer credit ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial system ; Loan portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Private sector financing ; Supply of financing ; Access to Finance ; Accessibility ; Affordability ; Bank loan ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial banks ; Consumer credit ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial system ; Loan portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Private sector financing ; Supply of financing ; Access to Finance ; Accessibility ; Affordability ; Bank loan ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial banks ; Consumer credit ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial system ; Loan portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Private sector financing ; Supply of financing
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe the evolution, composition, and determinants of financing to the nonfinancial private sector in Mexico between 2000 and 2005. Supported by the macroeconomic environment and financial system reforms, total financing to the private sector (particularly consumer credit) increased relative to GDP, while accessibility and affordability generally improved. Equity issuance did not play an important role during the period under consideration. Although the supply of financing shifted toward domestic nonbank providers, commercial banks remain the primary source of funding. Significant progress was made in cleaning up bank loan portfolios and in strengthening financial system soundness and infrastructure. The prospects for continued private sector financing growth remain very positive, but financing is not spread out evenly across all market segments. The authors conclude with some policy implications to further facilitate deeper and broader financing of the private sector
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Do Remittances Have A Flip Side ?
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; General Equilibrium ; High Unemployment ; Information ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; General Equilibrium ; High Unemployment ; Information ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; General Equilibrium ; High Unemployment ; Information ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Econometric analysis has established a negative relationship between labor supply and remittances in Jamaica. The authors incorporate this ex-post evidence in a general equilibrium model to investigate economywide effects of increased remittance inflows. In this model, remittances reduce labor force participation by increasing the reservation wages of recipients. This exacerbates the real exchange rate appreciation, hurting Jamaica's export base and small manufacturing import-competing sector. Within the narrow margins of maneuver of a highly indebted government, the authors show that a revenue-neutral policy response of a simultaneous reduction in payroll taxes and increase in sales taxes can effectively counteract these potentially negative effects of remittances
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hayami, Yujiro An Emerging Agricultural Problem In High-Performing Asian Economies
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Policies to tax farmers in low-income countries and policies to subsidize them in high-income countries have been identified as a major source of the disequilibrium of world agriculture. Recently, as many high-performing economies in Asia advanced from the low-income to the middle-income stage through successful industrialization, they have been confronted with the problem of a widening income gap between farm and non-farm workers corresponding to rapid shifts in comparative advantage from agriculture to manufacturing. In order to prevent this disparity from culminating in serious social and political instability, policies have been reoriented toward supporting the income of farmers. At the same time, governments in middle-income countries must continue to secure low-cost food for the urban poor who are still large in number. The need to achieve the two conflicting goals under the still weak fiscal capacity of governments tends to make agricultural policies in the middle-income stage tinkering and ineffective. Greater research inputs in this area are called for in order to prevent the growth momentum of high-performing economies in Asia from being disrupted by political crises
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brenton, Paul Watching More Than The Discovery Channel
    Keywords: Barriers to entry ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export market ; Export markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market failure ; Market failures ; Market penetration ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Potential demand ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; Barriers to entry ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export market ; Export markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market failure ; Market failures ; Market penetration ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Potential demand ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; Barriers to entry ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export market ; Export markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market failure ; Market failures ; Market penetration ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Potential demand ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility
    Abstract: This paper examines the export performance of 99 countries over 1995-2004 to understand the relative roles of export growth through "discovery" of new products and growth during post-discovery phases of the export product cycle -- acceleration and maturation -- in existing markets and expansion into new geographic markets. The authors find that expanding existing products in existing markets (growth at the intensive margin) has greater weight in export growth than diversification into new products and new geographic markets (growth at the extensive margin). Moreover, growth into new geographic markets appears to be more important than discovery of new export products in explaining export growth. Of particular importance is whether an exporting country succeeds in reaching more national markets that are already importing the product it makes. This geographic index of market penetration is a powerful explanatory variable of export performance. This suggests that governments should not focus solely or even primarily on the discovery channel, but also seek to identify and address market failures that are constraining exporters in subsequent phases of the export cycle
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogetic, Zeljko Cote D'ivoire Volatility, Shocks And Growth
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Cocoa Price ; Cocoa Prices ; Coffee Prices ; Commodity Prices ; Cotton Prices ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Inflation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Indices ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; World Markets ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Cocoa Price ; Cocoa Prices ; Coffee Prices ; Commodity Prices ; Cotton Prices ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Inflation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Indices ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; World Markets ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Cocoa Price ; Cocoa Prices ; Coffee Prices ; Commodity Prices ; Cotton Prices ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Inflation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Indices ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; World Markets
    Abstract: Key economic variables in Cote d'Ivoire vary widely from their long-run trends, moving in multi-year cyclical patterns. Cocoa prices move with cycles in growth rates, capital stock, real exchange rates, terms of trade, cocoa production, and coffee production and output. These patterns have become more pronounced since the 1970s as volatility increased. This paper characterize these cycles, estimates the cocoa price-quantity relationship, and analyzes co-movements due to shocks generate a forecast. Three key conclusions follow. First, the economy of Cote d'Ivoire has experienced two fundamental transitions, one in 1976 related to cocoa, and another in 1994 related to exchange rates. From 1960 to 1976, world cocoa prices grew steadily, and then fell in real terms. The country's growth showed a similar pattern. An econometric model indicates that the relationship between cocoa price and quantity experienced a break in 1976 and provides evidence of Cote d'Ivoire's significant influence on world cocoa prices. Second, cocoa price shocks affect growth rates and trade indicators, and are important sources of volatility in the Cote d'Ivoire. The terms of trade and real exchange rate are also sources of volatility for growth and productivity. Third, a forecast of per-worker output based on these variables predicts continued declines in GDP per worker in Cote d'Ivoire for the near future. This dismal forecast implies the need for a radical and rapid improvement on political, security, and economic management to reverse the two and a half decades of economic decline
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Masson, Paul R The Growing Role of The Euro In Emerging Market Finance
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Issuance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Reserve ; Holdings ; Home Currency ; International Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Issuance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Reserve ; Holdings ; Home Currency ; International Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Issuance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Reserve ; Holdings ; Home Currency ; International Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: More than eight years after the introduction of the euro, impacts on developing countries have been relatively modest. Overall, the euro has become much more important in debt issuance than in official foreign exchange reserve holdings. The former has benefited from the creation of a large set of investors for which the euro is the home currency, while demand for euro reserves has been held back by the dominance of the dollar as a vehicle and intervention currency, and the greater liquidity of the market for US treasury securities. Fears of further dollar decline may fuel some shifts out of dollars into euros, however, with the potential for a period of financial instability
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Growth Diagnostics For A Resource-Rich Transition Economy
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth ; Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth ; Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth
    Abstract: This paper uses a growth diagnostics approach à la Hausmann, Rodrik, and Velasco (HRV) to identify the most 'binding' constraints to private sector growth in Mongolia - a small, low-income, mineral-rich, transition economy. The approach of applying the HRV methodology is useful in those cases where a lack of data prevents us from estimating shadow prices to identify the most 'binding' constraint to growth. We find that although Mongolia is not liquidity constrained and has grown rapidly in recent years, economic growth has been narrowly based. Investment has flowed mainly into a small number of firms operating in mining and construction. The low level of private investment in sectors outside mining and construction has been due to low returns - a result of costly and unreliable transportation services; lengthy and complex transit procedures, including customs and trade rules; distortionary taxes; coordination failures, at both domestic and international levels; and growing corruption. Poor financial intermediation is also a problem that has kept the cost of finance high, although lower than in previous years. Alleviating these binding constraints will ensure that Mongolia maintains the path towards sustained, broad-based growth
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts In Southern India
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Using 40 years of historical rainfall data, this paper estimates a distribution for payouts on rainfall insurance policies offered to farmers in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2006. The authors find that the contracts primarily protect households against extreme tail events; half the expected value of indemnities paid by the insurance are generated by only 2 percent of rainfall realizations. Contract payouts are significantly correlated cross-sectionally, and also inversely associated with real GDP growth. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the potential benefits of insurance to households, the risks facing a financial institution underwriting rainfall insurance contracts, and pricing
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Iimi, Atsushi Infrastructure And Trade Preferences For The Livestock Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; Cred Demand ; Culture ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Equations ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Middle Income Countries ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; Cred Demand ; Culture ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Equations ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Middle Income Countries ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; Cred Demand ; Culture ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Equations ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Middle Income Countries ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Trade preferences are expected to facilitate global market integration and offer the potential for rapid economic growth and poverty reduction for developing countries. But those preferences do not always guarantee sustainable external competitiveness to beneficiary countries and may risk discouraging their efforts to improve underlying productivity. This paper examines the EU beef import market where several African countries have been granted preferential treatment. The estimation results suggest that profitability improvement achieved by countries under the Cotonou protocol compares unfavorably with the returns to nonbeneficiary countries in recent years. Rather, it shows that public infrastructure, such as paved roads, has an important role in lowering production costs and thus increasing external competitiveness and market shares
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brenton, Paul Clothing And Export Diversification
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Policy ; Trade policy ; Value added ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Policy ; Trade policy ; Value added ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Policy ; Trade policy ; Value added
    Abstract: Can the clothing sector be a driver of export diversification and growth for today's low-income countries as it was in the past for countries that have graduated into middle income? This paper assesses this issue taking into account key changes to the market for clothing: the emergence of India and especially China as exporting countries; the rise of global production chains; the removal of quotas from the global trading regime but the continued presence of high tariffs and substantial trade preferences; the increasing importance of large buyers in developed countries and their concerns regarding risk and reputation; and the increasing importance of time in defining sourcing decisions. To assess the importance of the factors shaping the global clothing market, the authors estimate a gravity model to explain jointly the propensity to export clothing and the magnitude of exports from developing countries to the E U and US markets. This analysis identifies the quality of governance as an important determinant of sourcing decisions and that there appears to be a general bias against sourcing apparel from African countries, which is only partially overcome by trade preferences
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (61 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fay, Marianne Product Market Regulation In Romania
    Keywords: Commerce ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Structure ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Controls ; Private Sector Development ; Product Market ; Product Markets ; Public Sector Regulation ; Retail ; Sale ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Commerce ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Structure ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Controls ; Private Sector Development ; Product Market ; Product Markets ; Public Sector Regulation ; Retail ; Sale ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Commerce ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Structure ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Controls ; Private Sector Development ; Product Market ; Product Markets ; Public Sector Regulation ; Retail ; Sale ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Less restrictive product market policies are crucial in promoting convergence to higher levels of GDP per capita. This paper benchmarks product market policies in Romania to those of OECD countries by estimating OECD indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR). The PMR indicators allow a comprehensive mapping of policies affecting competition in product markets. Comparison with OECD countries reveals that Romania's product market policies are less restrictive of competition than most direct comparators from the region and not far from the OECD average. Nonetheless, this achievement should be interpreted in light of the fact that PMR approach measures officially adopted policies. It does not capture implementation and enforcement, the area where future reform efforts should be directed if less restrictive policies are to have an effective impact on long-term growth prospects
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zeng, Douglas Zhihua China And The Knowledge Economy
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic incentives ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farms ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor force ; Market competition ; Policy environment ; Policy instruments ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Quotas ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic incentives ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farms ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor force ; Market competition ; Policy environment ; Policy instruments ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Quotas ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic incentives ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farms ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor force ; Market competition ; Policy environment ; Policy instruments ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Quotas
    Abstract: The rapid pace of economic growth in China has been unprecedented since the start of economic reforms in late 1970s. It has delivered higher incomes and made the largest single contribution to global poverty reduction. Measured by international poverty lines, from 1978-2004, the absolute poor population in rural areas has dropped from 250 million to 26.1 million. Such gains are impressive and have been driven largely by a set of market-oriented institutional reforms, strong investment, and effective adoption and application of various knowledge and technologies, especially foreign ones through trade and foreign direct investment. While enjoying tremendous success, China also faces many challenges that need to be addressed to sustain its long-term development. These include weak institutions, low overall educational attainment, weak indigenous innovation capacity, poor links between research and development and industries, and so on. This paper provides an analysis of some strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges to China's knowledge economy in the areas of economic incentives and institutional regime, human capital, innovation system, and information infrastructure
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dimaranan, Betina China, India, And The Future of The World Economy
    Keywords: Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy ; Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy ; Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Although both China and India are labor-abundant and dependant on manufactures, their export mixes are very different. Only one product-refined petroleum-appears in the top 25 products for both countries, and services exports are roughly twice as important for India as for China, which is much better integrated into global production networks. Even assuming India also begins to integrate into global production chains and expands exports of manufactures, there seems to be opportunity for rapid growth in both countries. Accelerated growth through efficiency improvements in China and India, especially in their high-tech industries, will intensify competition in global markets leading to contraction of the manufacturing sectors in many countries. Improvement in the range and quality of exports from China and India has the potential to create substantial welfare benefits for the world, and for China and India, and to act as a powerful offset to the terms-of-trade losses otherwise associated with rapid export growth. However, without efforts to keep up with China and India, some countries may see further erosion of their export shares and high-tech manufacturing sectors
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph Market Structure And Market Access
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Access ; Market Power ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Retail ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Access to Markets ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Access ; Market Power ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Retail ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Access to Markets ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Access ; Market Power ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Retail ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The authors examine an issue at the nexus of domestic competition policy and international trade, the interaction between goods trade and market power in domestic trade and distribution sectors. Theory suggests a set of linkages between service-sector competition and goods trade supported by econometrics involving imports of 22 OECD countries compared with 69 exporters. Competition in services affects the volume of goods trade. Additionally, because of interaction between tariffs and competition, the market structure of the domestic service sector becomes increasingly important as tariffs are reduced. Empirically service competition apparently matters most for exporters in smaller, poorer countries. The results also suggest that while negotiated agreements leading to cross-border services liberalization may boost goods trade as well, they may also lead to a fall in goods trade when such liberalization involves foreign direct investment leading to increased service sector concentration
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Honohan, Patrick Dollarization And Exchange Rate Fluctuations
    Keywords: Bank Deposits ; Bank Policy ; Central Bank ; Central Banks ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Movements ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Holding ; Inflation ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Deposits ; Bank Policy ; Central Bank ; Central Banks ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Movements ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Holding ; Inflation ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Deposits ; Bank Policy ; Central Bank ; Central Banks ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Movements ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Holding ; Inflation ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Although the worldwide growth in dollarization of bank deposits has recently slowed, it has already reached very high levels in dozens of countries. Building on earlier findings that allowed the main cross-country variations in the share of dollars to be explained in terms of national policies and institutions, this paper turns to analysis of short-run variations, particularly the response of dollarization to exchange rate changes, which is shown to be too small to warrant "fear of floating" by dollarized economies. But high dollarization is shown to increase the risk of depreciation and even suspension, as indicated by interest rate spreads. While specific policy is needed to deal with the risks associated with dollarization, the underlying causes of unwanted dollarization should also be tackled
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Do Regulation And Institutional Design Matter For Infrastructure Sector Performance ?
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing economies ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial returns ; Gross domestic product ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure projects ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private infrastructure ; Private investment ; Private investments ; Privatization ; Regulatory frameworks ; Sustainable Development ; Debt Markets ; Developing economies ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial returns ; Gross domestic product ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure projects ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private infrastructure ; Private investment ; Private investments ; Privatization ; Regulatory frameworks ; Sustainable Development ; Debt Markets ; Developing economies ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial returns ; Gross domestic product ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure projects ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private infrastructure ; Private investment ; Private investments ; Privatization ; Regulatory frameworks ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of economic regulation on infrastructure sector outcomes. It tests the impact of regulation from three different angles: aligning costs with tariffs and firm profitability; reducing opportunistic renegotiation; and measuring the effects on productivity, quality of service, coverage, and prices. The analysis uses an extensive data set of about 1,000 infrastructure concessions granted in Latin America from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The analysis finds that as the theory indicates, regulation matters. The empirical work here reported shows that in three relevant economic aspects-aligning costs and tariffs; dissuading renegotiations; and improving productivity, quality of service, coverage, and tariffs-the structure, institutions, and procedures of regulation matter. Thus, significant efforts should continue to be made to improve the structure, quality, and institutionality of regulation. Regulation matters for protecting both consumers and investors, for aligning closely financial returns and the costs of capital, and for capturing higher levels of benefits from the provision of infrastructure services by the private sector
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Castro, Lucio The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment
    Keywords: Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: For many in Latin America, the increasing participation of China and India in international markets is seen as a looming shadow of two "mighty giants" on the region's manufacturing sector. Are they really mighty giants when it comes to their impact on manufacturing employment? The authors attempt to answer this question by estimating the effects of trade with China and India on Argentina's industrial employment. They use a dynamic econometric model and industry level data to estimate the effects of trade with China and India on the level of employment in Argentina's manufacturing sector. Results suggest that trade with China and India only had a small negative effect on industrial employment, even during the swift trade liberalization of the 1990s
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mohapatra, Sanket Shadow Sovereign Ratings For Unrated Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Capital flows ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging market ; Emerging market economies ; Equity markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign currency ; International bond ; Loan ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sovereign Ratings ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Capital flows ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging market ; Emerging market economies ; Equity markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign currency ; International bond ; Loan ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sovereign Ratings ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Capital flows ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging market ; Emerging market economies ; Equity markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign currency ; International bond ; Loan ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sovereign Ratings ; Sovereign rating
    Abstract: The authors attempt to predict sovereign ratings for developing countries that do not have risk ratings from agencies such as Fitch, Moody's, and Standard and Poor's. Ratings affect capital flows to developing countries through international bond, loan, and equity markets. Sovereign rating also acts as a ceiling for the foreign currency rating of sub-sovereign borrowers. As of the end of 2006, however, only 86 developing countries have been rated by the rating agencies. Of these, 15 countries have not been rated since 2004. Nearly 70 developing countries have never been rated. The results indicate that the unrated countries are not always at the bottom of the rating spectrum. Several unrated poor countries appear to have a "B" or higher rating, in a similar range as the emerging market economies with capital market access. Drawing on the literature, the analysis presents a stylized relationship between borrowing costs and the credit rating of sovereign bonds. The launch spread rises as the credit rating deteriorates, registering a sharp rise at the investment grade threshold. Based on these findings, a case can be made in favor of helping poor countries obtain credit ratings not only for sovereign borrowing, but for sub-sovereign entities' access to international debt and equity capital. The rating model, along with the stylized relationship between spreads and ratings can be useful for securitization and other financial structures, and for leveraging official aid for improving borrowing terms in poor countries
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