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  • 2020-2024  (68)
  • 1985-1989  (433)
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  • Dordrecht : Springer
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400924369
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Investigating our Mental Powers -- 1.1 Hume: Thinking versus feeling -- 1.2 Reid: Conception versus sensation -- 1.3 Laws of our constitution and epistemologically prior principles -- 1.4 How to arrive at laws of nature -- 1.5 Scientific study of the mind? -- II: The Ideal Hypothesis -- 2.1 Ideas as objects of perception -- 2.2 Perception and impressions on the mind -- 2.3 Perception by way of perceiving images -- 2.4 Is the table we see an image? -- 2.5 The role of sensation in perception -- III: The Epistemological Role of Perception -- 3.1 Is there fallacy of the senses? -- 3.2 The appearance of objects to the eye -- 3.3 Reliance on the senses -- IV: The Constituents of Reality -- 4.1 The testimony of the senses and the world of material bodies -- 4.2 Primary versus secondary qualities -- 4.3 Colour versus shape -- 4.4 Are there other minds than mine? -- 4.5 An intelligent Author of Nature? -- V: What Words Signify -- 5.1 Locke’s theory of signification -- 5.2 What proper names and general words signify according to Reid -- 5.3 Individual and general conceptions -- 5.4 Whether proper names signify attributes -- 5.5 The variety of objects of conception -- 5.6 Conceiving the real and the unreal -- 5.7 Attributions to conceivable individuals -- 5.8 Things objectively in my mind -- VI: Active Power -- 6.1 Knowingly giving rise to new actions -- 6.2 Locke on active power -- 6.3 Reid’s account of active power -- 6.4 Difficulties within Reid’s account -- 6.5 Divine prescience and active power -- 6.6 Is every future event already determined? -- 6.7 Moral attributions and active power -- VII; Causality -- 7.1 Concerning some criticisms of Hume’s view of the causal principle -- 7.2 No proof of the causal principle available within Hume’s philosophy -- 7.3 Past instances and the uniformity of nature -- 7.4 Presupposition and the authority of experience -- 7.5 Reid’s notion of cause -- 7.6 Wisdom, prudence and causal law -- VIII: Identity and Continuity -- 8.1 The sameness of a person -- 8.2 Amnesia and the same person -- 8.3 The Brave Officer paradox -- 8.4 The sameness of plants and artefacts -- 8.5 What is found on entry into the self -- 8.6 Consciousness and awareness of self -- 8.7 Memories and personal identity -- IX: Of Common Sense and First Principles -- 9.1 How to detect first principles -- 9.2 First principles and modes of argument -- 9.3 Our faculties are not fallacious -- 9.4 The first principles to be employed in the investigation of the mind -- 9.5 Accounting for beliefs -- 9.6 First principles and judgments -- 9.7 Providential Naturalism -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book is meant to serve as an introduction to the philosophy of Thomas Reid by way of a study of certain themes central to that philosophy as we find it expounded in his extensive and influential published writings. The choice of these themes inevitably reflects philosophical interests of the author of this book to some extent but a main consideration behind their selection is that they are extensively treated by Reid in response to treatments by certain of his predecessors in an identifiable tradition called by Yolton 'The Way ofIdeas'. My interest in Reid's philosophy was first awakened by the brilliant writings of A.N. Prior, and in particular by Part II of his posthumous 'Objects of Thought' called 'What we think about' together with his suggestion that Reid was a precursor of Mill on the signification of proper names. It is my hope that the standard of exegesis and of discussion throughout the book, and especially in the case of these topics, is a not unworthy tribute to that thinker.
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  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400924154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 118
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 118
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1. The Problem of Assessment -- 1. Neurath and Quine: a puzzle of historiography -- 2. Neurath and Carnap: a misleading assimilation -- 3. Neurath and Popper: an epistemological and political polarity -- 2. Enlightenment, Neo-Marxism, Conventionalism: Towards a Critique of Cartesian Rationalism -- 1. Science as ‘a means for life’ -- 2. Scientific holism -- 3. A conventionalistic critique of Cartesian ‘pseudorationalism’ -- 3. Linguistic Reflexivity and ‘Pseudorationalism’ -- 1. Methodological decision and the reflexivity of scientific language -- 2. The ‘physicalist’ overturning of the Circle’s orthodoxy -- 3. Language and reality: a metaphysical relationship -- 4. Reflexivity and the growth of science -- 5. The plurivocality and imprecision of scientific language -- 6. Methodological decision in the praxis of scientific communities -- 7. Empirical rationalism and ‘pseudorationalism’ -- 4. Neurath versus Popper -- 1. Popper’s criticism of Neurath -- 2. Neurath’s reply: Protokollsätze and Basissätze -- 3. Two forms of conventionalism in conflict -- 4. ‘Laws of nature’ and existential propositions: a criticism of the causalist and deductive model of scientific explanation -- 5. Experimenta crucis: against Popper’s conception of science as an asymptotic path toward truth -- 5. The Unity of Science as a Historico-Sociological Goal: From the Primacy of Physics to the Epistemological Priority of Sociology -- 1. From ‘unified science’ to the encyclopedic ‘orchestration’ of scientific language -- 2. Popper’s objections to the projects of Neurath and Carnap -- 3. Esprit systématique versus esprit de système: the encyclopedic paradigm -- 4. The epistemological priority of sociology: a criticism of the ‘covering-laws-model’ of explanation -- 6. Strengths and Weaknesses of an Empirical Sociology -- 1. Logical empiricism and the social sciences: Hempel’s analysis -- 2. Neurath’s criticism of German historicism and the philosophy of values: Mill versus Dilthey and Marx versus Weber -- 3. Marxism as empirical political sociology -- 4. Sociological ‘pseudorationalism’: the inadequacy of behaviourism and the ‘overmathematisation’ of sociology -- 5. Causal asymmetry and the ceteris paribus clause in sociology: the limitations of functionalism and Marxism -- 6. Problems and paradoxes in social prediction: the role of reflexivity -- 7. Neurath and Hempel -- 7. Evaluation, Prescription, and Political Decision -- 1. Towards a sociology of sociology -- 2. Social theory, ethics, and law: theoretical propositions and prescriptive propositions -- 3. Happiness, utilitarianism, and social engineering -- 4. Planning for freedom: Neurath’s criticism of political Platonism and the dispute with Hayek -- Conclusion: Reflexive Epistemology and Social Complexity -- List of Otto Neurath’s Cited Works -- Meta-Bibliographical Note -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Professor Danilo Zolo has written an account of Otto Neurath's epistemology which deserves careful reading by all who have studied the development of 20th century philosophy of science. Here we see the philosophical Neurath in his mature states of mind, the vigorous critic, the scientific Utopian, the pragmatic realist, the sociologist of physics and of language, the unifier and encyclopedist, always the empiricist and always the conscience of the Vienna Circle. Zolo has caught the message of Neurath's ship-at-sea in the reflexivity of language, and he has sensibly explicated the persisting threat posed by consistent conventionalism. And then Zolo beautifully articulates of the 'epistemological priority of sociology'. the provocative theme Was Neurath correct? Did he have his finger on the pulse of empiricism in the time of a genuine unity of the sciences? His friends and colleagues were unable to follow all the way with him, but Danilo Zolo has done so in this stimulating investigation of what he tellingly calls Otto Neurath's 'philosophical legacy' . R.S.COHEN ix ABBREVIATIONS 'Pseudo' = [Otto Neurath], 'Pseudorationalismus der Falsifikation', Erkenntnis,5 (1935), pp. 353--65. Foundations = [Otto Neurath], Foundations of the Social Sciences, in International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-51, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1944. ES = Otto Neurath, Empiricism and Sociology, ed. by M. Neurath and R.S. Cohen, Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel, 1973.
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  • 103
    ISBN: 9789400909878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (552p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 206
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Critial Essays -- Is Science Really Inductive? -- Bolzano’s Theory of Induction -- Cellular Space Models: New Formalism for Simulation and Science -- Some Reflections on Logical Truth as A Priori -- Semantics and Ontology: Arthur Burks and the Computational Perspective -- Names and Attitudes -- Machines and Behavior -- Finite Automata and Human Beings -- On Guiding Rules -- Actuality and Potentiality -- Burks’s Logic of Conditionals -- Presuppositions and the Normative Content of Probability Statements -- Arthur Burks on the Presuppositions of Induction -- Taking Physical Probability Seriously -- Presuppositions of Induction -- Scientific Objectivity and the Evaluation of Hypotheses -- II: The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism -- The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism Replies by Arthur W. Burks -- Bibliography of Works by Arthur W. Burks -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This work is divided into two parts. Part I contains sixteen critical es­ says by prominent philosophers and computer scientists. Their papers offer insightful, well-argued contemporary views of a broad range of topics that lie at the heart of philosophy in the second half of the twen­ tieth century: semantics and ontology, induction, the nature of prob­ ability, the foundations of science, scientific objectivity, the theory of naming, the logic of conditionals, simulation modeling, the relatiOn be­ tween minds and machines, and the nature of rules that guide be­ havior. In this volume honoring Arthur W. Burks, the philosophical breadth of his work is thus manifested in the diverse aspects of that work chosen for discussion and development by the contributors to his Festschrift. Part II consists of a book-length essay by Burks in which he lays out his philosophy of logical mechanism while responding to the papers in Part I. In doing so, he provides a unified and coherent context for the range of problems raised in Part I, and he highlights interesting relationships among the topics that might otherwise have gone un­ noticed. Part II is followed by a bibliography of Burks's published works.
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400923683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions To Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; History ; Humanities ; Art—Study and teaching. ; Education, Higher.
    Abstract: One Phenomenology and the Objective of Historiography -- Two The Idea of Being: A Platonic Speculation -- Three On Parsing the Parmenides -- Four On Participation: Beginning a Philosophical Grammar -- Five On Ritual and Rhetoric in Plato -- Six The Two Republics: A Study in Dialectic -- Seven The Liberal Arts and Plato’s Relation to Them -- Eight Saint Augustine’s Christian Dialectic -- Nine Faith and Reason in Plato and St. Augustine: A Further Dialectic -- Ten Descartes’ Revision of the Cartesian Dualism -- Eleven On Kant’s Philosophic Grammar of Mathematics -- Twelve Is Modern Physics Possible Within Kant’s Philosophy? -- Thirteen On Kant’s Refutation of Metaphysics -- Fourteen Husserl’s Ideas in the Liberal Arts Tradition -- Fifteen On the Structure and Value of the Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty -- Sixteen The Unity of the Liberal Arts and the University -- Seventeen Modes of Being and Their Relation to the Liberal Arts and Artist.
    Abstract: As this collection of essays demonstrates, over a long career Edward Goodwin Ballard has written on a wide range of topics of philosophical interest. Although the present volume can be enjoy­ ably browsed, it is not simply a sampling of his writings. Rather, herein Professor Ballard has chosen and organized essays which pertain to the major concerns of his philosophic life. He has long held that the function of philosophy, particularly in a time such as ours, is the discernment and analysis of basic principles (archai) and their consequences. Indeed, in Philosophy at the Crossroads. he recommended focusing upon the history of philosophy understood as the movement of recognizing and interpreting the shifts in first principles as they reflect and determine human change. For Ballard, the study of the history of philosophy, like philosophy itself, is not so much a body of knowledge as an exercise (an art) whiQh moves the practitioner towards social and individual maturity. He holds, along with Plato and Husserl, that philosophy is a process of conversion to the love of wisdom as well as a grasp of the means for its attainment. Throughout his writings, Ballard has maintained that the difficulties of this journey have to do with the limitations of the pilgrim. Human being is perspectival, finite, and inevitably ignorant. Philosophic command and self -recognition reside in the just assessment of the limits of human knowledge.
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  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400925007
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 23
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements ; Economic policy
    Abstract: I Tests as Tools of Educational Policy: Theory, Attribution, and Belief -- Mandated Tests: Educational Reform or Quality Indicator? -- Student Achievement Tests as Tools of Educational Policy: Practices and Consequences -- Making Sense of School Testing -- The Irish Study Revisited -- II Tests in Educational Decision Making: Psychometric and Political Boundary Conditions -- Using Test Scores for Decision Making -- If Not Tests, Then What? Conference Remarks -- Advice to the Commission Conference Remarks -- III Language, Culture, Ethnicity, and Testing -- Aspects of Differential Performance by Minorities on Standardized Tests: Linguistic and Sociocultural Factors -- Ethnic Group Differences in the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) Performance of American Youth: Implications for Career Prospects -- Testing Bilingual Proficiency for Specialized Occupations: Issues and Implications -- Informal Assessment of Asian Americans: A Cultural and Linguistic Mismatch? -- Black and White Cultural Styles in Pluralistic Perspective.
    Abstract: Bernard R. Gifford In the United States, the standardized test has become one of the major sources of information for reducing uncertainty in the determination of individual merit and in the allocation of merit-based educational, training, and employment opportunities. Most major institutions of higher education require applicants to supplement their records of academic achievements with scores on standardized tests. Similarly, in the workplace, as a condition of employment or assignment to training programs, more and more employers are requiring prospective employees to sit for standardized tests. In short, with increasing frequency and intensity, individual members of the political economy are required to transmit to the opportunity marketplace scores on standardized examinations that purport to be objective measures of their abilities, talents, and potential. In many instances, these test scores are the only signals about their skills that job applicants are permitted to send to prospective employers. THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TESTING AND PUBLIC POLICY In view of the importance of these issues to our current national agenda, it was proposed that the Human Rights and Governance and the Education and Culture Programs of the Ford Foundation support the establishment of a ''blue ribbon" National Commission on Testing and Public Policy to investigate some of the major problems, as well as the untapped opportunities, created by recent trends in the use of standardized tests, particularly in the workplace and in schools.
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  • 106
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400923782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17
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    Keywords: Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Indians—Languages.
    Abstract: One The Issues — Analytical and Theoretical -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The Analytical Problem -- 2. Theoretical Proposals -- 3. Consequences -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter One -- Two Luiseño Features: Background -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Relevant Morphology -- 2. The Feature ADAFF -- 3. The Feature NUM -- 4. The Feature ASP -- 5. Complexities to RIGHT AN -- 6. Combinatorial Complexities -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Two -- Appendix to Chapter Two -- Three Agreement and Anti-Agreement -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Some Facts and Simple Constituents -- 2. The Representation of Constituents -- 3. Facts about Argument Structures -- 4. Incorporation -- 5. A First Look at Category Type -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Three -- Appendix to Chapter Three -- Four The Proposition -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. The Propositional Radical -- 3. The Proposition: Part One -- 4. The Result -- 5. The Relationship between the Functor and the Formal Value -- 6. The Category Type -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Four -- Five The Utility of the Proposition -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The Aux Analyzed -- 4. The Position of the Aux -- 5. Expansion -- Notes for Chapter Five -- Appendix to Chapter Five -- Six The Utility of the Classification -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Data -- 2. Definitions -- 3. An Abbreviated Analysis of a Clause -- 4. Control -- 4.3 Final Comments on Control -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Six -- Addenda to Chapter Six -- Seven Agreement, Anti-Agreement, and Order -- 0. Summary -- 1. Architectural Conclusions -- 2. Analytical Conclusions -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Seven -- References.
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  • 107
    ISBN: 9789400923805
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 117
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 117
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Political science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. Studies in the History and Methodology of Social and Political Theory -- The Logic of Consensus and of Extremes -- Decision Theory, Political Theory and the Hats Hypothesis -- Negative Utilitarianism -- Metaphysical Individualism -- The Ontology of Explanation -- Reflections on Conceptual Openness and Conceptual Tension -- Stereotypes, Statistics, and Schemata -- Human Rights and the New Circle of Equity -- The Degeneration of Popper’s Theory of Demarcation -- Science as a Particular Mode of Thinking and the ‘Taming of the State’ -- II. Studies in the History and Methodology of the Natural Sciences -- Antilogik? -- Kuhn Studies -- Unfathomed Knowledge in a Bottle -- Watkins’s Evolutionism between Hume and Kant -- The ‘Optimum’ Aim for Science -- Why Both Popper and Watkins Fail to Solve the Problem of Induction -- Saving Science from Scepticism -- John Watkins on the Empirical Basis and the Corroboration of Scientific Theories -- The Unity of Theories -- Appendix: Bibliography of the Published Work of J.W.N. Watkins.
    Abstract: x philosophy when he inaugurated a debate about the principle of methodologi­ cal individualism, a debate which continues to this day, and which has inspired a literature as great as any in contemporary philosophy. Few collections of material in the general area of philosophy of social science would be considered complete unless they contained at least one of Watkins's many contributions to the discussion of this issue. In 1957 Watkins published the flrst of a series of three papers (1957b, 1958d and 196Oa) in which he tried to codify and rehabilitate metaphysics within the Popperian philosophy, placing it somewhere between the analytic and the empirical. He thus signalled the emergence of an important implica­ tion of Popper's thought that had not to that point been stressed by Sir Karl himself, and which marked off his followers from the antimetaphysical ideas of the regnant logical positivists. In 1965 years of work in political philosophy and in the history of philosophy in the seventeenth century were brought to fruition in Watkins's widely cited and admired Hobbes's System of Ideas (1965a, second edition 1973d). This book is an important contribution not just to our understanding of Hobbes's political thinking, but, perhaps more importantly, to our understanding of the way in which a system of ideas is constituted and applied. Watkins built on earlier work in developing an account of Hobbes's ideas in which was revealed and clarifled the unity of Hobbes's metaphysical, epistemological and political ideas.
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  • 108
    ISBN: 9789400909533
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (306p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 8
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 8
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    Keywords: Economics ; Industrial management ; Management information systems ; Management. ; Business information services. ; Operations research.
    Abstract: I: A Technical Perspective on Strategic Management Requirements -- 1: Sources of the Strategic Management Challenge -- 2: Alternative Approaches to Strategic Readiness -- II: Modern Strategic Planning/Positioning Platforms -- 3: Structured Strategic Contingency Planning -- 4: Intelligence-Driven, Dynamic Strategic Planning/Positioning -- 5: Approaches to Adaptive Strategic Management -- III: Addressing the Shortfall in Strategic Decision Technology -- 6: Strategic Analysis Capabilities and Confoundations -- 7: Provisions of a Strategic Decision Protocol.
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  • 109
    ISBN: 9789400923270
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 116
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 116
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Apologia pro Simplicio: Galileo and the Limits of Knowledge -- Cartesian Clarity and Cartesian Motion -- Hypotheses and Certainty in Cartesian Science -- Descartes and the Method of Analysis and Synthesis -- Physical and Metaphysical Atomism: 1666–1682 -- The Foundation of All Philosophy: Newton’s Third Rule -- Conscilience and Natural Kind Reasoning -- Leibniz’s ‘Hypothesis Physica Nova’: A Conjunction of Models for Explaining Phenomena -- Russell’s Conundrum: On the Relation of Leibniz’s Monads to the Continuum -- The Philosophers of Gambling -- Reductive Realism and the Problem of Affection in Kant -- The Paradox of Transcendental Knowledge -- Mesmer in a Mountain Bar: Anthropological Difference, Butts and Mesmerism -- History, Discovery and Induction: Whewell on Kepler on the Orbit of Mars -- For Method: Or Against Feyerabend -- World Pictures: The World of the History and Philosophy of Science -- Learning from the Past -- Reduction Without Reductionism? -- Models of Scientific Knowledge -- Circles Without Circularity -- On Applying Learnability Theory to the Rationalism-Empiricism Controversy -- The Relationship between Consciousness and Language -- Realism for Shopkeepers: Behaviouralist Notes on Constructive Empiricism -- Why Thematic Kinships Between Events Do Not Attest Their Causal Linkage -- Neo-Darwinism: Form and Content -- Publications of Robert E. Butts -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    Abstract: The best philosophy of science during the last generation has been highly historical; and the best history of science, highly philosophical. No one has better exemplified this intimate relationship between history and philosophy than has Robert E. Butts in his work. Through­ out his numerous writings, science, its philosophy, and its history have been treated as a seamless web. The result has been a body of work that is sensitive in its conception, ambitious in its scope, and illuminat­ ing in its execution. Not only has his work opened new paths of inquiry, but his enthusiasm for the discipline, his encouragement of others (particularly students and younger colleagues), and his tireless efforts to build an international community of scholars, have stimulated the growth of HPS throughout Europe and North America. Many of the essays in this volume reflect that influence. Our title, of course, is deliberately ambiguous. The essays herein are by colleagues and former students, all of us wishing to honour an intimate friend. Happy Birthday, Bob! IX INTRODUCTION The essays herein cover a variety of concerns: from Descartes to reduction, from Galileo to gambling, from Freud's psychoanalysis to Kant's thing-in-itself. But under this diversity there is an approach common to them all. Things are largely done with a concern for and a sensitivity to historical matters (including contemporary history, of course).
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400909557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 9
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    Keywords: Translators (Computer programs) ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Natural language processing (Computer science).
    Abstract: Introduction: Learnability and Linguistic Theory -- Learning Theory and Natural Language -- The Plausibility of Rationalism -- On Applying Learnability Theory to the Rationalism-Empiricism Controversy -- On Certain Substitutes for Negative Data -- Markedness and Language Development -- Learning the Periphery -- Some Problems in the Parametric Analysis of Learnability -- From Cognition to Thematic Roles: The Projection Principle as an Acquisition Mechanism -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The impetus for this volume developed from the 1982 University of Western Ontario Learnability Workshop, which was organized by the editors and sponsored by that University's Department of Philosophy and the Centre for Cognitive Science. The volume e~plores the import of learnability theory for contemporary linguistic theory, focusing on foundational learning-theoretic issues associated with the parametrized Government-Binding (G-B) framework. Written by prominent re­ searchers in the field, all but two of the eight contributions are pre­ viously unpublished. The editor's introduction provides an overview that interrelates the separate papers and elucidates the foundational issues addressed by the volume. Osherson, Stob, and Weinstein's "Learning Theory and Natural Language" first appeared in Cognition (1984); Matthews's "The Plausi­ bility of Rationalism" was published in the Journal of Philosophy (1984). The editors would like to thank the publishers for permission to reprint these papers. Mr. Marin Marinov assisted with the preparation of the indices for the volume. VB ROBERT 1. MATTHEWS INTRODUCTION: LEARNABILITY AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 1. INTRODUCTION Formal learning theory, as the name suggests, studies the learnability of different classes of formal objects (languages, grammars, theories, etc.) under different formal models of learning. The specification of such a model, which specifies (a) a learning environment, (b) a learn­ ing strategy, and (c) a criterion for successful learning, determines (d) a class of formal objects, namely, the class that can be acquired to the level of the specified success criterion by a learner implementing the specified strategy in the specified enviroment.
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789400911710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (733p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 167
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computational linguistics. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: to Volume IV -- IV.I Quantifiers in Formal and Natural Languages -- IV.2 Property Theories -- IV.3 Philosophical Perspectives on Formal Theories of Predication -- IV.4 Mass Expressions -- IV.5 Reference and Information Content: Names and Descriptions -- IV.6 Indexicals -- IV.7 Propositional Attitudes -- IV.8 Tense and Time -- IV.9 Presupposition -- IV.10 Semantics and the Liar Paradox -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volume I, II, and III.
    Abstract: conceptual, realist) theories of predication. Chapter IV.4 centers on an important class of expressions used for predication in connection with quantities: mass expressions. This chapter reviews the most well-known approaches to mass terms and the ontological proposals related to them. In addition to quantification and predication, matters of reference have constituted the other overriding theme for semantic theories in both philosophical logic and the semantics of natural languages. Chapter IV.5 of how the semantics of proper names and descrip­ presents an overview tions have been dealt with in recent theories of reference. Chapter IV.6 is concerned with the context-dependence of reference, in particular, with the semantics of indexical expressions. The topic of Chapter IV.7 is related to predication as it surveys some of the central problems of ascribing propositional attitudes to agents. Chap­ ter IV.8 deals with the analysis of the main temporal aspects of natural language utterances. Together these two chapters give a good indication of the intricate complexities that arise once modalities of one or the other sort enter on the semantic stage. in philosophical Chapter IV.9 deals with another well-known topic logic: presupposition, an issue on the borderline of semantics and prag­ matics. The volume closes with an extensive study of the Liar paradox and its many implications for the study of language (as for example, self­ reference, truth concepts and truth definitions).
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  • 112
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    ISBN: 9789401578134
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 104 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public Choice 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; Finance, Public. ; Political science.
    Abstract: I Why Is the Rent-Seeking Industry So Small? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rents, Ignorance, and Ideology -- 3 The Cost of Rent Seeking: A Metaphysical Problem -- 4 Efficient Rent Seeking, Diseconomies of Scale, Public Goods, and Morality -- II Random Thoughts on Rent Seeking -- 5 Rent Seeking: The Problem of Definition -- 6 Rent Seeking and the Market -- 7 Strategic Behavior, Mixed Strategies, and the Defects of the Nash Equilibrium -- 8 Rent Seeking and Transfers -- 9 Rent Seeking and Tax Reform -- 10 Concluding Thoughts.
    Abstract: As the reader of this book probably already knows, I have devoted a great deal of time to the topic which is, rather unfortunately, named rent seeking. Rent seeking, the use of resources in actually lowering total product although benefiting some minority, is, unfortunately, a major activity of most governments. As a result of this, I have stumbled on a puzzle. The rent-seeking activity found in major societies is immense, but the industry devoted to producing it is nowhere near as immense. In Washington the rent-seeking industry is a very conspicuous part of the landscape. On the other hand, if you consider how much money is being moved by that industry, then it is comparatively small. The first question that this book seeks to answer is: How do we account for the disparity? A second problem is that almost all rent seeking is done in what superficially appears to be an extremely inefficient way. I recently got estimates of the net cost to the public of the farm program and its net benefit to the farmers. The first is many times the second. Indeed, it is not at all obvious that in the long run, today's farmers are better off than they would be if the program had never been implemented. Of course, in any given year, cancelling the program would be quite painful. The first section of this book, then, is devoted to this problem.
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  • 113
    ISBN: 9789401578219
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 326 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Logic ; Law—History. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Logic -- II Normative Judgements -- III the Possibility of Deontic Logic -- IV Prolegomena for a Deontic Logic -- V A Standard System of Deontic Logic -- VI The Norm-Content of the Standard System -- VII The Negation of Normative Expressions: Weak and Strong Permission, Particularly in Law -- VIII Conditional Norms -- IX The Meaning of Logic for Normative Reasoning -- Notes -- Index of names -- Index of subjects -- A few of the used concepts.
    Abstract: The study presented in this book was entered upon by me from a legal point of view. 'Legal logic' has been known for a long time, concerning itself with the methodology of legal and in particular judicial reasoning. In modern days, however, this 'legal logic' is sometimes also connected with modern formal logic, as it has been developed in the works of G. Boole, A. de Morgan, G. Frege, C.S. Peirce, E. Schroder, G. Peano, A.N. Whitehead, B. Russell and others. For me this gave rise to the as yet not very specific question about the meaning of modern symbolic logic for law. Already in an early stage it appeared that, although traditional legal logic and modern symbolic logic both concern logic, this may not create the misapprehension that a similar matter is at issue. Both concern themselves (among other things) with reasonings and reasoning. Traditional legal logic is, however, as it was said by the German legal theoretician K. Engisch: "a material logic that wants us to reflect on what we have to do if we -within the limits of actual possibility- wish to reach true, or at least correct judgements" (Engisch, 1964, p.5). Modern symbolic logic on the other hand is not concerned with the truth or correctness of the result of an argument, but with its validity, i.e. the question when or under which conditions the truth (correctness) of the conclusion is guaranteed by the truth (correctness) of the premisses.
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  • 114
    ISBN: 9789401578295
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 312 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: Introduction: Practical and Theoretical Framework -- I Conceptualizing and Planning an Evaluation -- 1 Constructing an Operational Evaluation Design -- 2 Conceptualizing Evaluation: The Key Evaluation Checklist -- 3 Journal Writing in Evaluation -- 4 Field Experiences in Evaluation Courses -- 5 Identifying the Evaluation and Its Usefulness -- 6 Evaluability Assessment -- 7 Evaluation Questions and Methods -- 8 Alternative Evaluation Data Collection Techniques -- 9 Establishing Evaluation Boundaries -- 10 Alternative Models for Evaluation -- 11 Planning a Discrepancy-Based Evaluation -- II Qualitative Methods in Evaluation -- 12 Naturalistic Interviewing -- 13 Critical Issues in Participant Observation -- 14 Naturalistic Data Collection: Case Study Discussion -- 15 “Trustworthiness” in Naturalistic Inquiry: Audit Trails -- 16 Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 17 Writing and Interpreting Ethnographic Protocols -- 18 The Computer-Assisted Analysis of Qualitative Data -- 19 Understanding Content Analysis Through the Sunday Comics -- 20 Using Case Records -- III Needs Assessment -- 21 Collection Techniques for Needs Assessment -- 22 A Quick Look at the Nominal Group Technique -- 23 Developing Focus Group Questions for Needs Assessment -- IV Proposal Writing -- 24 Proposal Writing in Early Childhood Special Education -- 25 Responding to an Informal Request to Evaluate: Writing a Proposal -- V Personnel Evaluation -- 26 A Hands-On Experience in Clinical Supervision -- 27 Tensions and Accommodations Among Administrators and Teachers about Staff Appraisal -- VI Issues in Evaluation: Reporting, Utilization, and Ethics -- 28 Information Portrayal and Use -- 29 Ethics and Evaluation: Problems, Issues and Usefulness -- VII Policy Analysis -- 30 Policy/Goal Percentaging -- VIII The Evaluator’s Tools: Statistics, Measurement, and Computers -- 31 Statistical Software Expert System -- 32 Charting Student Progress -- 33 Activities for Teaching Regression to the Mean -- 34 Using Microcomputer Database Management Software to Solve Evaluation Data Management Problems.
    Abstract: In 1976, the first session on the teaching of evaluation was held at an annual meeting of evaluators. A few hardy souls gathered to exchange ideas on improving the teaching of evaluation. At subsequent annual meetings, these informal sessions attracted more and more participants, eager to talk about common teaching interests and to exchange reading lists, syllabuses, assignments, and paper topics. The ses­ sions were irreverent, innovative, lively, and unpredictable. Eventually the group for­ malized itself with the American Evaluation Association as the Topical Interest Group in the Teaching of Evaluation (TIG: TOE). As word of TIG: TOE's activities spread, instructors from all over the country clamored for assistance and advice. It became apparent that a handbook was need­ ed, a practical interdisciplinary guide to the teaching of evaluation. Donna M. Mertens, a long-standing member of TIG: TOE and an accomplished teacher of evaluation, volunteered to edit the book, and her skills, sensitivity, and experience in the craft of teaching are apparent throughout.
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  • 115
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    ISBN: 9789400925755
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Founders -- Marvin Farber and Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Fritz Kaufmann’s Aesthetics -- Fritz Kaufmann’s Literary Aesthetics as Defined by His Study of Thomas Mann -- Moritz Geiger and Aesthetics -- The Place of Alfred Schütz in Phenomenology and His Contribution to the Phenomenological Movement in North America -- Into Alfred Schütz’s World -- John Wild and Phenomenology -- John Wild and the Life-World -- The Legacy of Dorion Cairns and Aron Gurwitsch: A Letter to Future Historians -- II. Current Contributors -- A. The Elder Statesmen -- John M. Anderson -- Harold A. Durfee -- Joseph J. Kockelmans -- Dallas Laskey -- Herbert Spiegelberg -- Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka -- B. The First Generation -- Mary-Rose Barral -- Joseph Catalano -- John J. Compton -- Bernard P. Dauenhauer -- James M. Edie -- Manfred S. Frings -- Patrick A. Heelan -- Don Ihde -- Eugene F. Kaelin -- Frederick I. Kersten -- Theodore Kisiel -- Erazim Kohák -- Thomas Langan -- Alphonso Lingis -- Angel Medina -- Algis Mickunas -- Jitendra Nath Mohanty -- Henry Pietersma -- Calvin O. Schrag -- Hans Seigfried -- Robert D. Sweeney -- Bruce Wilshire -- Richard Zaner -- C. The New Wave -- Harold Alderman -- Richard E. Aquila -- Linda A. Bell -- John Brough -- Ronald Bruzina -- John D. Caputo -- Richard Cobb-Stevens -- Veda Cobb-Stevens -- Martin C. Dillon -- Frederick Allen Elliston -- Lester E. Embree -- Harrison B. Hall -- David Michael Levin -- Gary Brent Madison -- James L. Marsh -- William Leon McBride -- Gilbert T. Null -- Clyde Pax -- Harry P. Reeder -- Robert C. Scharff -- Hugh J. Silverman -- David Woodruff Smith -- Robert C. Solomon -- Dallas Willard -- D. Interdisciplinary Cohorts -- Erling Eng -- Eugene T. Gendlin -- Amedeo Peter Giorgi -- Michael J. Hyde -- Marlies E. Kronegger -- Richard L. Lanigan -- George Psathas -- Beverly Schlack Randles -- Hans H. Rudnick -- John Scudder -- Kurt H.Wolff.
    Abstract: THEODORE KISIEL Date of birth: October 30,1930. Place of birth: Brackenridge, Pennsylvania. Date of institution of highest degree: PhD. , Duquesne University, 1962. Academic appointments: University of Dayton; Canisius College; Northwestern University; Duquesne University; Northern Illinois University. I first left the university to pursue a career in metallurgical research and nuclear technology. But I soon found myself drawn back to the uni­ versity to 'round out' an overly specialized education. It was along this path that I was 'waylaid' into philosophy by teachers like H. L. Van Breda and Bernard Boelen. The philosophy department at Duquesne University was then (1958-1962) a veritable "little Louvain," and the Belgian-Dutch connection exposed me to (among other visiting scholars) Jean Ladriere and Joe Kockelmans, who planted the seeds which eventually led me to the hybrid discipline of a hermeneutics of natural science, and prompted me soon after graduation to make the first of numerous extended visits to Belgium and Germany. The endeavor to learn French and German led me to the task of translating the phenomenological literature bearing especially on natural science and on Heidegger. The talk in the sixties was of a "continental divide" in philosophy between Europe and the Anglo-American world. But in designing my courses in the philosophy of science, I naturally gravitated to the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Polanyi and Toulmin without at first fully realizing why I felt such a strong kinship with them, beyond their common anti­ positivism.
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  • 116
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    ISBN: 9789400924345
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 209
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1. History -- 2. Dimensions Of Observability -- 3. Case Studies -- 4. The Declaration Of Independence -- Summary -- References.
    Abstract: The concept of observability of entities in physical science is typically analyzed in terms of the nature and significance of a dichotomy between observables and unobservables. In this book, however, this categorization is resisted and observability is analyzed in a descriptive way in terms of the information which one can receive through interaction with objects in the world. The account of interaction and the transfer of information is done using applicable scientific theories. In this way the question of observability of scientific entities is put to science itself. Several examples are presented which show how this interaction-information account of observability is done. It is demonstrated that observability has many dimensions which are in general orthogonal. The epistemic significance of these dimensions is explained. This study is intended primarily as a method for understanding problems of observability rather than as a solution to those problems. The important issue of scientific realism and its relation to observability, however, demands attention. Hence, the implication of the interaction-information account for realism is drawn in terms of the epistemic significance of the dimensions of observability. This amounts to specifying what it is about good observations that make them objective evidence for scientific theories.
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  • 117
    ISBN: 9789400922679
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idées 127
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 127
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Henry More: a biographical essay -- Henry More and the limits of mechanism -- Henry More and the scientific revolution -- Henry More versus Robert Boyle: the spirit of nature and the nature of providence -- Leibniz and More’s Cabbalistic circle -- The spiritualistic cosmologies of Henry More and Anne Conway -- Henry More and witchcraft -- Mysticism and enthusiasm in Henry More -- Henry More and Jacob Boehme -- Appendix: A commendatory poem by Henry More -- Henry More and the Jews -- More, Locke and the issue of liberty -- Reason and toleration: Henry More and Philip van Limborch -- A bibliography of Henry More compiled by Robert Crocker.
    Abstract: Of all the Cambridge Platonists, Henry More has attracted the most scholar­ ly interest in recent years, as the nature and significance of his contribution to the history of thought has come to be better understood. This revival of interest is in marked contrast to the neglect of More's writings lamented even by his first biographer, Richard Ward, a regret echoed two centuries after his 1 death. Since then such attention as there has been to More has not always served him well. He has been dismissed as credulous on account of his belief in witchcraft while his reputation as the most mystical of the Cambridge 2 school has undermined his reputation as a philosopher. Much of the interest in More in the present century has tended to focus on one particular aspect of his writing. There has been considerable interest in his poems. And he has come to the attention of philosophers thanks to his having corresponded with Descartes. Latterly, however, interest in More has been rekindled by renewed interest in the intellectual history of the seventeenth century and Renaissance. And More has been studied in the context of seventeenth-cen­ tury science and the wider context of seventeenth-century philosophy. Since More is a figure who belongs to the Renaissance tradition of unified sapientia he is not easily compartmentalised in the categories of modern disciplines. Inevitably discussion of anyone aspect of his thought involves other aspects.
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  • 118
    ISBN: 9789400922570
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics
    Abstract: I. Ingarden’s Philosophical Work: A Systematic Outline. -- II. The Structure of Artworks. -- III. The Work of Art and Aesthetic Categories According to Ingarden. -- IV. Ingarden’s Theory of Values and the Evaluation of the Work of Art. -- V. Ingarden and the Development of Literary Studies. -- VI. Ingarden, Inscription, and Literary Ontology. -- VII. Ingarden’s and Muka?ovsky’s Binominal Definition of the Literary Work of Art: A Comparative View of Their Ontologies. -- VIII. Literary Truths and Metaphysical Qualities. -- IX. On Ingarden’s Conception of the Musical Composition. -- X. The Sculptural Work of Art: Uniquely ‘Within’ the World. -- XI. Ingarden on the Theatre. -- Appendix. Select Bibliography of the Philosophical Works of Roman Ingarden. Danuta Gierulanka.
    Abstract: Roman Ingarden's very extensive philosophical work in metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, and aesthetics con­ tinues to attract increasing attention both in Poland and in North America. Further work left uncompleted at his death is appearing. Major bibliographies of his work as well as of studies about his work are now in print. Ingar­ den's scattered articles on various questions in philosophy are being collected. And conferences devoted to his work are now held regularly. These diverse activities might suggest a similar diver­ sity in Ingarden's philosophical legacy. But such a sugges­ tion would be misleading. For interest in Ingarden's work has continued to centre on the one area which is arguably at the core of his achievement, namely the complex prob­ lems of aesthetics. In this field Ingarden seemed to pull together his various interests in ontology and epistemology especially. Here he brought those interests to focus on a set of issues that would occupy him creatively throughout the vicissitudes of his long and difficult scholarly life. More­ over, aesthetics is also the field where Ingarden perhaps most succeeded in orchestrating the many themes he owed to his phenomenological training while finally transposing the central issues into something original, something dis­ tinctively his own that philosophers can no longer identify as merely phenomenological. Ingarden's aesthetics not surprisingly has captured the interest today of many scholars in different fields.
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9789400925519
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A History of Women Philosophers 2
    Series Statement: History of Women Philosophers 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, medieval ; Philosophy ; History ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Murasaki Shikibu -- 1. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Biography -- IV. Writings -- V. Summary -- 2. Hildegard of Bingen -- I. Biography -- II. Works -- III. The Special Nuances of Hildegard’s Image of God and of the Human Being -- IV. Conclusion -- 3. Heloise -- I. Biography -- II. Heloise the Scholar -- III. Philosophy -- IV. Summary -- 4. Herrad of Hohenbourg -- I. Introduction -- II. Hortus Deliciarum -- III. Philosophical Contributions -- IV. Summary -- 5. Beatrice of Nazareth -- I. Biography -- II. Works -- III. Conclusion -- 6. Mechtild of Magdeburg -- I. Background -- II. Biography -- III. Works -- IV. Influences -- V. Metaphysics and Cosmology -- VI. Anthropology and Epistemology -- VII. Ethics -- VIII. Summary -- 7. Hadewych of Antwerp -- I. Background -- II. Biography -- III. Hadewych’s Doctrine -- IV. Works -- V. Conclusion -- 8. Birgitta of Sweden -- I. Biography -- II. Birgitta’s Writings -- III. Birgitta’s Doctrine -- IV. Summary -- 9. Julian of Norwich -- I. Biography -- II. The Nature of Knowledge -- III. The Sources of Religious Knowledge -- IV. The Limits of Knowledge -- V. Concluding Remarks -- 10. Catherine of Siena -- I. Biography -- 11. Doctrine of Catherine of Siena -- III. The Writings of Catherine of Siena -- IV. Summary -- 11. Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera -- I. Background -- II. Biography -- III. Influence -- IV. Writings -- V. A Question of Authorship -- 12. Marie le Jars de Gournay -- I. Biography -- II. Literary Works -- III. Philosophical Works -- IV. Conclusion -- 13. Roswitha of Gandersheim, Christine Pisan, Margaret More Roper and Teresa of Avila -- I. Introduction -- II. Roswitha of Gandersheim -- III. Christine Pisan -- IV. Margaret More Roper -- V. Teresa of Avila -- VI. Conclusions.
    Abstract: aspirations, the rise of western monasticism was the most note­ worthy event of the early centuries. The importance of monasteries cannot be overstressed as sources of spirituality, learning and auto­ nomy in the intensely masculinized, militarized feudal period. Drawing their members from the highest levels of society, women's monasteries provided an outlet for the energy and ambition of strong-willed women, as well as positions of considerable authority. Even from periods relatively inhospitable to learning of all kinds, the memory has been preserved of a good number of women of education. Their often considerable achievements and influence, however, generally lie outside even an expanded definition of philo­ sophy. Among the most notable foremothers of this early period were several whose efforts signal the possibility of later philosophical work. Radegund, in the sixth century, established one of the first Frankish convents, thereby laying the foundations for women's spiritual and intellectual development. From these beginnings, women's monasteries increased rapidly in both number and in­ fluence both on the continent and in Anglo-Saxon England. Hilda (d. 680) is well known as the powerful abbsess of the double monastery of Whitby. She was eager for knowledge, and five Eng­ lish bishops were educated under her tutelage. She is also accounted the patron of Caedmon, the first Anglo-Saxon poet of religious verse. The Anglo-Saxon nun Lioba was versed in the liberal arts as well as Scripture and canon law.
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  • 120
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    ISBN: 9789400922877
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The GeoJournal Library 11
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Geography ; History ; Human Geography
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    ISBN: 9789400910096
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 49
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Cartography ; Econometrics ; Regional economics ; Human Geography ; Geography. ; Spatial economics.
    Abstract: I/Dynamic Choice Models -- Dynamic Models of Choice Behaviour: some Fundamentals and Trends -- Is Spatial Behaviour Service-Sensitive? An Empirical Test -- Using Consumer Panels to Model Travel Choices -- Robustness in Modelling Dynamics of Choice -- Inference from Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data for Dynamic Behavioural Processes -- An Assessment of Attrition in a Multi-Wave Panel of Households -- Spatial Interaction and Discrete Choice: Statics and Dynamics -- II/Dynamic Urban Models -- Spatial Dynamics and Urban Models -- Some Properties of Spatial-Structural-Economic-Dynamic Models -- Urban Structures, Dynamic Modelling and Clustering -- A Stochastic Model of Intraurban Supply and Demand Structures -- Spatial Systems Modelling: from Land Use Planning to a Geographical Theory Approach -- Measuring and Simulating the Structure and Form of Cartographic Lines -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Thi s book ari ses from The Fourth European Coll oqui urn on Theoret i ca 1 and Quant itat i ve Geography wh i ch was he 1 din Ve 1 dhoven, The Netherlands in September 1985. It contains a series of papers on spatial choice dynamics and dynamical spatial systems which were presented at the colloquium, together with a few other soll icited ones. The book is intended primarily as a state-of-the art review of mainly European research on these two fastly growing problem areas. As a consequence of this decision, the book contains a selection of papers that differs in terms of focus, level of sophistication and conceptual background. Evidently, the dissimination of ideas and computer software is a time-related phenomenon, which in the European context is amplified by differences in language, the profile of geography and the formal training of geographers. The book reflects such differences. It would have been impossible to produce this book without the support of the various European study groups on theoretical and quantitative geography. Without their help the meetings from which this volumes originates would not have been held in the first place. We are also indebted to the Royal Dutch Academy of Science for partly funding the colloquium, and to SISWO and TNOjPSC for providing general support in the organisation of the conference.
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  • 122
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    ISBN: 9789400924253
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 9
    DDC: 333.7
    Keywords: Environmental sciences ; Environmental management ; Economic policy
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  • 123
    ISBN: 9789400910034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 10
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Preface -- Organisms, Vital Forces, and Machines: Classical Controversies and the Contemporary Discussion ‘Reductionism vs. Holism’ -- Epistemological Reductionism in Biology: Intuitions, Explications, and Objections -- Sociobiology an Reductionism -- The Mind-Body Problem: Some Neurobiological Reflections -- Is the Program of Molecular Biology Reductionistic? -- The Variance Allocation Hypothesis of Stasis Punctuation -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present volume aims at giving a discussion ot the problems ot reductionism in contemporary life sciences. It contains six papers which deals with reduction/reductionism in different fields ot biological research. Also, the holistic perspective, 1. e. the systems view, is discussed in some ot the papers. The message ot this discussion Is that - whereas reductionism is indeed an important strategy - the systems approach is needed. It is argued by some ot the authors that organisms are complex systems and not just heaps of molecules, 50 that the analytical method does not suffice. Recent developments in systems theory offer the possibility to install a more comprehensive view ot living systems what can be seen particularly in the field ot evolutionary biology. It is true that any organismic activity is molecular, this is to say that it is based on molecular mechanisms. But it is also true that the whole organism displays certain patterns ot behavior which are not just molecular. Any organism can be described as a system ot different levels ot organization different levels ot order and complexity - and it is important, theretore, to study all ot the organizational levels and to see their peculiarities. It should be obvious, however, that there is not one problem ot reduction/reductionism, but that there are many problems linked together and that these problems appear at different levels ot biological research and bio­ philosophical reflections.
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  • 124
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    ISBN: 9789400910058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reason and Argument 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Computer science ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Routes in Relevant Logic -- I. Relevance and the Connection Requirement -- 2. “Relevance” in Logic and Grammar -- 3. Literal Relevance -- 4. The Relevance of Relevant Logics -- 5. The Classical Logic of Relevant Logicians -- 6. Relevance Principles and Formal Deducibility -- II. The Grander Sweep of Relevant Logics -- 7. Analytic Implication; Its History, Justification and Varieties -- 8. Deducibility, Entailment and Analytic Containment -- 9. Conjunctive Containment -- 10. Real Implication -- 11. What is Relevant Implication? -- III. Technical Investigations and Present Limitations -- 12. The NonExistence of Finite Characteristic Matrices for Subsystems of R2 -- 13. Relevant Implication and Leibnizian Necessity -- 14. Which Entailments Entail Which Entailments? -- 15. Categorical Propositions in Relevance Logic -- 16. Incompleteness for Quantified Relevance Logics -- IV. Wider Applications of Relevant Logics -- 17. Gentzen’s Cut and Ackermann’s Gamma -- 18. Semantic Discovery for Relevance Logics -- 19. Philosophical and Linguistic Inroads: Multiply Intensional Relevant Logics -- 20. Quantification, Identity, and Opacity in Relevant Logic -- 21. Relevance Logic and Inferential Knowledge -- 22. Semantics Unlimited I: A Relevant Synthesis of Implication with Higher Intensionality -- 23. Relevance, Truth and Meaning -- 24. Conclusion: Further Directions in Relevant Logics.
    Abstract: Relevance logics came of age with the one and only International Conference on relevant logics in 1974. They did not however become accepted, or easy to promulgate. In March 1981 we received most of the typescript of IN MEMORIAM: ALAN ROSS ANDERSON Proceedings of the International Conference of Relevant Logic from the original editors, Kenneth W. Collier, Ann Gasper and Robert G. Wolf of Southern Illinois University. 1 They had, most unfortunately, failed to find a publisher - not, it appears, because of overall lack of merit of the essays, but because of the expense of producing the collection, lack of institutional subsidization, and doubts of publishers as to whether an expensive collection of essays on such an esoteric, not to say deviant, subject would sell. We thought that the collection of essays was still (even after more than six years in the publishing trade limbo) well worth publishing, that the subject would remain undeservedly esoteric in North America while work on it could not find publishers (it is not so esoteric in academic circles in Continental Europe, Latin America and the Antipodes) and, quite important, that we could get the collection published, and furthermore, by resorting to local means, published comparatively cheaply. It is indeed no ordinary collection. It contains work by pioneers of the main types of broadly relevant systems, and by several of the most innovative non-classical logicians of the present flourishing logical period. We have slowly re-edited and reorganised the collection and made it camera-ready.
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  • 125
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400910713
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: 1 What Is Constructing Test Items? -- What This Book Is About -- Major Purposes Of This Book -- Why This Information Is Important -- Persons For Whom This Book Is Intended -- Overview Of The Remaining Chapters -- How To Approach the Chapters -- 2 Definition, Purpose, And Characteristics of Items -- Defining A Test Item -- Test Item Nomenclature -- Purpose For Test Items -- Criteria For Good Test Items -- Assumptions For Test Items -- Classification Of Items -- Conclusion -- 3 Determining the Content For Items: Validity -- Basic Concepts of Validity -- The Relationship Between Constructing Test Items and Validity -- Conditions For Items To Contribute To Validity -- Initial Considerations When Selecting Content For Items -- Achieving Clarity In A Test’s Content -- Developing Test Content Specifications -- Melding Cognitive Processing Levels With Items Content -- Test Item Specifications -- Making An Item Consistent With Its Specification -- Conclusion -- 4 Starting To Write Items: Practical Considerations -- The Importance Of Good Writing In Test Items -- Sources For Information On Writing Style -- Using Taxonomies In Writing Items -- Distinctness Between Stem and Response Alternatives -- Importance Of An Interrogative Stem -- Determining The Correct Response For Test Items -- Determining The Optimal Number Of Response Alternatives -- Making Response Alternatives Plausible -- Use Of All Of The Above Or None Of The Above As Response Alternatives -- Using Specific Determiners In Test Items -- Constructing Complex Response Alternatives -- Time Examinees Need To Respond To Items -- Conclusion -- 5 Style, Editorial, and Publication Guidelines For Items in the Multiple-Choice Format -- Understanding The Multiple-Choice Item Format -- Advantages and Criticisms Of Items In The Multiple-Choice Format -- Editorial Format For Items -- Using Directions Correctly -- Specialized Style Rules For Multiple-Choice Items -- Type Characteristics and Page Layout -- Conclusion -- 6 Style, Editorial, and Publication Guidelines For Items in Other Common Formats -- Precision In Wording, Again -- Understanding Items In The True-False Format -- Understanding Items In The Matching Format -- Understanding Short-Answer AndSentence-Completion Items -- Understanding Cloze-Procedure -- Conclusion -- 7 Judging the Quality Of Test Items: Item Analysis -- Measurement Error -- Understanding Item Analysis -- Validating The Content Of Items -- Using Leading Questions In Item Analysis -- Item Statistics -- Item Parameters -- Item Bias -- Conclusion -- 8 Ethical, Legal Considerations, and Final Remarks for Item Writers -- Ethical Concerns For Item Writers -- Concluding Comments About Constructing Test Items -- References -- Author Index.
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  • 126
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400909618
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 205
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of mind
    Abstract: Introduction: Acquaintance and Intentionality -- One: The Experience of Acquaintance -- I: Perceptual Awareness -- II: Consciousness and Self-Awareness -- III: Empathy and Other-Awareness -- Two: The Relation of Acquaintance -- IV: Content in Context -- V: A Sense of Presence -- VI: Grounds of Acquaintance -- Index of Names -- Index of Topics.
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  • 127
    ISBN: 9789400909595
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 44
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 44
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Section I: Constructivism and the logic of science -- Science, a Rational Enterprise? -- The Philosophy of Science and Its Logic -- The Pragmatic Understanding of Language and the Argumentative Function of Logic -- Rules versus Theorems -- On ‘Transcendental’ -- Section II: Constructivism and Protoscience -- Philosophy and the Problem of the Foundations of Mathematics -- Geometry as the Measure-Theoretic A Priori of Physics -- The Concept of Mass -- On the Definition of ‘Probability’ -- Section III: Constructivism and The Value Sciences -- Practical Reason and the Justification of Norms. Fundamental Problems in the Construction of a Theory of Practical Justification -- Protoethics: Towards a Formal Pragmatics of Justificatory Discourse -- Interests -- Is Rational Economics as an Empirical- Quantitative Science Possible? -- Determination by Reality or Construction of Reality? -- Notes On The Contributors.
    Abstract: The idea to produce the current volume was conceived by Jiirgen Mittelstrass and Robert E. Butts in 1978. Idealist philosophers are wrong about one thing: the temporal gap separating idea and reality can be very long indeed - even ten or so years! Problems of timing were joined by personal problems and by the pressure of other professional commitments. Fortunately, James Brown agreed to cooperate in the editing of the volume; the infusion of his usual energy, good judgement and good-natured promptness saved the volume and made its produc­ tion possible. Despite the delays, the messages of the papers included in the book have not gone stale. An extremely worthwhile exercise in international philosophical cooperation has come to fruition; the German constructivist philosophical position is here represented in papers in English that will make its contemporary importance available to a larger audience. The editors owe thanks to many persons. All involved in the project owe much to the interest and support of Nicholas Rescher, a friend of the undertaking from the time of its inception. My review of the translations was helped immensely by Andrea Purvis' careful copy editing of the typescript. Most of all, however, we owe gratitude and admiration for the tireless efforts on behalf of this enterprise to Jiirgen Mittelstrass.
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  • 128
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    ISBN: 9789400926011
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 8
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Ethics ; Political science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: of Ethics -- 1. Value, Morality and Action: Fact, Theory, and Metatheory -- 2. Basic Schema of Values, Norms and Actions -- 3. Relations between Axiology, Ethics and Action Theory -- 4. The Task -- I Values -- 1. Roots of Values -- 2. Welfare -- 3. Value Theory -- II Morals -- 4. Roots of Morals -- 5. Morality Changes -- 6. Some Moral Issues -- III Ethics -- 7. Types of Ethical Theory -- 8. Ethics Et Alia -- 9. Metaethics -- IV Action Theory -- 10. Action -- 11. Social Philosophy -- 12 Values and Morals for a Viable Future -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The purpose of this Introduction is to sketch our approach to the study of value, morality and action, and to show the place we assign it in the system of human knowledge. 1. VALUE, MORALITY AND ACTION: FACT, THEORY, AND METATHEORY We take it that all animals evaluate some things and some processes, and that some of them learn the social behavior patterns we call 'moral principles', and even act according to them at least some of the time. An animal incapable of evaluating anything would be very short-lived; and a social animal that did not observe the accepted social behavior patterns would be punished. These are facts about values, morals and behavior patterns: they are incorporated into the bodies of animals or the structure of social groups. We distinguish then the facts of valuation, morality and action from the study of such facts. This study can be scientific, philosophic or both. wayan animal evaluates environmental A zoologist may investigate the or internal stimuli; a social psychologist may examine the way children learn, or fail to learn, certain values and norms when placed in certain environments. And a philosopher may study such descriptive or explan­ atory studies, with a view to evaluating valuations, moral norms, or behavior patterns; he may analyze the very concepts of value, morals and action, as well as their cognates; or he may criticize or reconstruct value beliefs, moral norms and action plans.
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  • 129
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400910553
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 175p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: 1 — The Self and Its Language -- II — The Final Kingdom -- III — Religion and Philosophical Idealism in America -- IV — Alternative Philosophical Conceptualizations of Psychopathology -- V — Absence, Presence and Philosophy -- VI — The Interpretation of Greek Philosophy in Heidegger’s Fundamental Ontology -- VII — Earth in the Work of Art -- VIII — Linguistic Meaning and Intentionality: The Relationship of the a Priori of Language and the a Priori of Consciousness in Light of a Transcendental Semiotic or a Linguistic Pragmatic -- IX — The New Permissiveness in Philosophy: Does It Provide a Warrant for a New Kind of Religious Apologetic? -- X — Foucault and Historical Nominalism -- XI — Reflexivity and Responsibility -- Index of Names -- Contributors.
    Abstract: It has been a constant intention of the series of AMERICAN UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS IN PHILOSOPHY to present to the philosophical reader books which probed the frontiers of contemporary philosophy. That intention remains true of the following volume, which offers an international dialogue regarding the phenomenological program and succeeding movements. Early in this Series we tried, as well, to initiate philosophical discussion across serious boundaries and barriers which have characterized contemporary reflection. That theme also continued in the original essays presented herein. With the publication of this fifth volume in the Series we have crossed something of a minor milestone in our endeavor, and are appreciative of the kind welcome with which we have been received by the readers. We wish to thank sincerely the contributors to this volume for their helpful and willing cooperation. We also wish to thank Ms. Irmgard Scherer for her translation of Professor Apel's paper, as well as Professor Apel himself for reviewing this translation. We are also pleased to thank the Office of the Dean of the College Of Arts And Sciences and especially Dean Betty T. Bennett, for a grant for typing, as well as Ms. Mary H. Wason for her fine typing skills and her kind cooperation.
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  • 130
    ISBN: 9789400924789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 117
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 117
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1 Einleitung: Fragestellung und Lösungsansatz der folgenden Untersuchungen -- 2 Urteilslehre und Widerspruchsfreiheit bei Husserl: Die verschiedenen Schichten möglicher Thematisierung logischer Konsequenz -- 2.1 Konsequenzlehre als Mathematik der Spielregeln -- 2.2 Konseqiienzlogik als dreischichtige (objektiv gerichtete) „Apophantik“ -- 2.3 Konsequenzlogik als Problem subjektiver Evidenz? Der Stellenwert reflexionstheoretischer Erörterungen Husserls für die Bestimmimg „objektiver“ formaler Logik im ersten Abschnitt von FTL -- 3 Kritik des Satzes vom Widerspruch bei Husserl: Das Programm einer Kritik des Satzes vom Widerspruch und seine Einlösung durch die Theorie widerstreitender Erfahrung -- 3.1 Was heißt „Kritik der logischen Prinzipien“? -- 3.2 Die Kritik der logischen Prinzipien in FTL -- 3.3 Zu den methodischen Voraussetzungen des Übergangs FTL/EU -- 3.4 „Widerstreit“ und „Widerspruch“ in EU -- 4 Urteilstheorie und Dialektikkonzept bei Cohn: Zur Bedeutung des Widerspruchs in Ansehung des Urteils als Urteil im Urteilszusammenhang -- 4.1 Hinführung: „Dialektischer Gedankengang“ — „dialektischer Begriff -- 4.2 Das Verhältnis von TD zu den logischen Prinzipien -- 4.3 Cohns Behandlung der logischen Prinzipien im Verhältnis zur Kritik derselben durch Husserl -- 4.4 Utraquismus und Wahrheit -- 4.5 Urteilszusammenhang und Geltungsanspruch. „Objekt“ und „Subjekt“ für das Erkennen als Aufgabe -- 5 Die Reflexionsproblematik innerhalb der Dialektik Cohns: Erkenntniszusammenhang und Ziel des Erkennens in Cohns Theorie des Selbstbewußtseins -- 5.1 Einleitung -- 5.2 Korrelatives Bewußtsein -- 5.3 Die Dialektik des Selbstbewußtseins -- 5.4 Re-intuivierung und Rekonstruktion -- 5.5 Der Gegensatz „Ich-Kern“ — „Ich-Schale“ -- 6 Reflexionsproblematik und Teleologie der Vernunft bei Husserl: Das „dialektische“ Problem des transzendentalen Psychologismus im Rahmen einer teleologisch konzipierten „transzendentalen“ Phänomenologie -- 6.1 Der Zusammenhang des Paradoxons der Subjektivität mit dem Problem des transzendentalen Psychologismus -- 6.2 Das Programm einer Kritik der Kritik -- 6.3 Teleologische Strukturen innerhalb von FTL -- 6.4 Der entscheidungstheoretische Lösungsansatz des Problems des transzendentalen Psychologismus und seine Probleme -- 7 Telos und Methode bei Husserl und Cohn: Das Unendlichkeitsproblem bei der letztendlichen Bestimmung des Ziels von Phänomenologie und Dialektik -- 7.1 Ausgangspunkt: Zu Unendlichkeitsproblemen und Paradoxien in der Mathematik aus der Sicht Colins und Husserls -- 7.2 Unendlichkeit und Methode in Colins dialektischer Theorie des Erkennens -- 7.3 Unendlichkeitsprobleme in der Phänomenologie Husserls -- 7.4 Das Telos dialektischer Phänomenologie in seiner Bezogenheit auf eine iterativ zu realisierende Methode -- 8 Schlußbemerkungen: Die Grenze obiger Untersuchungen und die Beziehung der Phänomenologie zu anderen „Dialektiken“ -- a) Das Verhältnis der Erkenntnistheorie zur Ethik -- b) Facetten des Lebensweltbegriffs -- c) „Logik“ und „Logiken“ -- d) „Dialektik“ und „Dialektiken“ -- e) Schlußwort -- Beilage I: Brief Husserls an Cohn vorn 15.10.1908 -- Beilage II: Antwort Cohns an Husserl (Briefentwurf vom 31.03.1911) -- Literatur- und Siglenverzeichnis -- A Bibliographien -- B Primär- und Sekundärliteratur -- C Briefe aus dem Jonas Cohn-Archiv, Duisburg -- Stichwortverzeichnis.
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    ISBN: 9789400922594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 150 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée / Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 112
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 112
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; History ; Mathematics. ; Phenomenology .
    Abstract: Introduction: The Origins of Husserl’s Totalizing Act -- I. The Totalizing Act: Key to Husserl’s Early Philosophy -- The Totalizing Act -- The Totalizing Act as Totality -- II. The Concept of the Totalizing Act as Collective Connection: Progenitor of Number -- The Auto-Abstraction of the Concept of Collective Connection -- Number Concepts: Progeny of the Totalizing Act -- The “Attachment” of Number Concepts: Index of the Totalizing Act -- The Preeminence of the Totalizing Act: Refutation of a Prevalent Interpretation -- III. Symbolizing: Prosthesis of the Totalizing Act -- The Hierarchic Complication of Totalizing Acts -- The Anatomy of Abstracta -- The Self-Extension of the Totalizing Act by Proxy -- IV. The Symbolic Totalization of Sensible Multitudes -- The Sensible Individual as Modified Multitude -- The Symbolic Totalization of the Sensible Multitude -- V. The Intuitive Totalization of the Individual Sense Object -- The Sensible Group: Sufficient Context for Analyzing Intuition of Individuals -- The Problem: Non-Convertibility of Simultaneous and Successive Totalizing -- The Resolution: Successive and Simultaneous Totalizing as Continuous -- The Mutual Implication of Intuiting and Representing in the Intuition of the Sensible Thing -- VI. The Totalizing Act as Mediator of the Ideal and Real -- Hypothesis: The Internal Motivation for the Great Inversion -- Confirmation: The Prolegomena of 1900 -- VII. The Ensoulment of Sensation: Triumph of the Totalizing Psyche -- The Immanent Object as Empiricistic Fetish -- The Psychical Production of the Transcendent Object -- The Dilemma: The Uncertainty of the Transcendent and the Imperceptibility of the Immanent -- The Great Reversal: The Causal World as Interpretation -- Afterword: A Hypothetical Answer for Alfred Schutz -- Appendices -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: The Origins of Husserl's Totalizing Act At noon on Monday, October 24th, 1887, Dr. Edmund G. Husserl defended the dissertation that would qualify him as a university lecturer at Halle. Entitled "On the Concept of Number," it was written under Carl Stumpf who, like Husserl, had been a student of Franz Brentano. In this, his first published philosophical work, Husserl sought to secure the foundations of mathematics by deriving its most fundamental concepts from psychical acts.! In the same year, Heinrich Hertz published an article entitled, "Con­ cerning an Influence of Ultraviolet Light on the Electrical Discharge." The article detailed his discovery of a new "relation between two entirely different forces," those of light and electricity. Hermann von Helmholtz, whose theory guided Hertz's initial research, called it the "most important physical discovery of the century," and Hertz became an immediate sensation. He lectured on his discovery in 1889 before a general session of the German Association meeting in Heidelberg. In this lecture that, as he wrote beforehand to Emil Cohn, he was deter­ mined should not be "entirely unintelligible to the laity," Hertz explained that light ether and electro-magnetic forces were interdependent. He went on to tell his audience that they need not expect their senses to grant them access to these phenomena. Indeed, he said, the latter are not only insusceptible of sense perception, but are false from the standpoint of the senses.
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  • 132
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    ISBN: 9789400925816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 198
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / The Origin and Development of the Lvov—Warsaw School -- 1. The Rise of the Lvov—Warsaw School and the Periods in its Development -- 2. Kazimierz Twardowski and the Lvov Stage -- 3. The Lvov—Warsaw School Between the World Wars -- 4. World War II and the Post-1945 Period -- 5. The Typical Philosopher of the Lvov—Warsaw School -- Photographs -- II / Some Philosophical Views of Kazimierz Twardowski -- 1. Twardowski and the Philosophical Tradition -- 2. The Conception of Philosophy -- 3. Psychologism -- 4. Twardowski on Language -- 5. Twardowski on Truth -- 6. Analysis of the Word ‘Nothing’ -- 7. Problems in the Theory of Science -- 8. Conclusion -- III / The Conception of Philosophy in the Lvov—Warsaw School -- 1. ?ukasiewicz -- 2. Kotarbi?ski -- 3. Ajdukiewicz -- 4. Cze?owski -- 5. Conclusion -- IV / The Development of Logic in the Lvov—Warsaw School: The Warsaw School of Logic -- 1. A Concise History of Logic in the Lvov—Warsaw School -- 2. Sociological Comments on the Warsaw School of Logic -- 3. General Remarks on the Further Chapters on Logic in the Lvov—Warsaw School -- V / The Classical Sentential Calculus -- 1. ?ukasiewicz’s Parenthesis-Free Symbolism and his Criteria of Construction of Logical Systems -- 2. The Functionally Complete Classical Sentential Calculus — Axiomatic Approaches -- 3. Partial Sentential Calculi -- 4. The Sentential Calculus with Variable Functors -- 5. Ja?kowski’s System of Natural Deduction -- 6. The Metalogic of the Sentential Calculus -- 7. Addenda. Concluding Remarks -- VI / Non-Classical Logics -- 1. Many-Valued Logics -- 2. Modal Logic -- 3. Intuitionistic Logic -- 4. Ja?kowski’s Discursive Logic -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- VII / Le?niewski’s Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intuitive Formalism -- 3. Semantic Categories and Constructive Nominalism -- 4. Some Formal Properties of Le?niewski’s Systems -- 5. Protothetic -- 6. Ontology -- 7. Mereology -- 8. The Controversy over Le?niewski. Conclusion -- VIII / Metamathematics, the Foundations of Mathematics and the Semantic Conception of Truth -- 1. Metamathematics -- 2. Tarski’s Semantic Theory of Truth. An Introduction -- 3. The Semantic Theory of Truth. The Formal Aspect -- 4. The Semantic Theory of Truth. The Philosophical Aspect -- 5. The General Conception of Semantics -- IX / History of Logic and Interpretations of Traditional Logic. The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics -- 1. History of Logic -- 2. Interpretations of Traditional Logic -- 3. The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics -- X / Logic, Semantics and Cognition: The Epistemology of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz -- 1. The Conception of Meaning -- 2. Radical Conventionalism -- 3. Rejection of Radical Conventionalism -- 4. Toward Radical Empiricism -- 5. Semantics, Epistemology, Ontology -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- XI / Logic, Semantics and the World: The Ontology of Tadeusz Kotarbi?ski -- 1. Genuine and Apparent Names -- 2. Ontological Reism: The Basic Thesis -- 3. The Problem of the Interpretation of the Fundamental Thesis of Reism -- 4. Pansomatism and Radical Realism -- 5. Reism and Materialism -- 6. Why Reism? -- 7. The Troubles of Reism -- 8. Concluding Remarks -- Appendix to Chapters X – XI / Further Epistemological and Ontological Problems Discussed in the Lvov—Warsaw School -- 1. Scepticism -- 2. Foundationalism, Fallibilism, Conventionalism, Truth -- 3. What Exists? -- 4. The Mind-Body Problem -- 5. Time, Space, Causality, and Quantum Theory -- 6. Conclusion -- XII / The Philosophy of Language -- 1. Conceptions of Meaning -- 2. Analytic Sentences -- 3. Empty Names -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- XIII / The Philosophy of Science -- 1. Reasoning and Its Modes -- 2. Induction, Probability, and Justification -- 3. The General Picture of the Scientific Method and Scientific Theories -- XIV / Once More History and Beyond -- 1. The Lvov—Warsaw School and Logical Empiricism -- 2. The Problem of the Unity of the Lvov—Warsaw School -- 3. The Lvov—Warsaw School or the Lvov School and the Warsaw School? -- 4. The Importance of the Lvov—Warsaw School -- Notes -- List of the Philosophers of the Lvov—Warsaw School Mentioned in this Book -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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    ISBN: 9789400911819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 7
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why There Still Has To Be a Language of Thought -- How Much of the Mind is a Computer? -- Computational Functional Psychology: Problems and Prospects -- Belief and Responsibility -- Mental Images: Should Cognitive Science Learn from Neurophysiology? -- How NOT to Naturalize the Theory of Action -- Notes Toward a Faculty Theory of Cognitive Consciousness -- Modularity, Schemas and Neurons: A Critique of Fodor -- Action Explanation and the Nature of Mind -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour began comparatively early - though not always under that name - in the Australasian region. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne imme­ diately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and 1960s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume comprises a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. Papers address general issues, however, rather than local ones; parochial topics are avoided. Further­ more, though in each volume a majority of the contributors is from Australia or New Zealand, contributions from elsewhere are by no means ruled out. Quite the reverse, in fact - they are actively encour­ aged wherever appropriate to the balance of the volume in question.
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  • 134
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401578271
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 220 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Evaluability Assessment: Overview of Process -- 3 Determine Purpose, Secure Commitment, and Identify Work Group Members -- 4 Define Boundaries of Program to be Studied -- 5 Identify and Analyze Program Documents -- 6 Develop/Clarify Program Theory -- 7 Identify and Interview Stakeholders -- 8 Describe Stakeholder Perceptions of Program -- 9 Identify Stakeholder Needs, Concerns, and Differences in Perceptions -- 10 Determine Plausibility of Program Model -- 11 Draw Conclusions and Make Recommendations -- 12 Plan Specific Steps for Utilization of EA Data -- 13 Observations about the Process -- Appendix One The Cooperative Extension System -- Appendix Two Evaluability Assessment of the 4-H Youth Program, Maryland Cooperative Extension Service -- Appendix Three Evaluability Assessment of the Local Government Officials Program, Illinois Cooperative Extension Service -- Appendix Four Evaluability Assessment of the Master Gardener Program, California Cooperative Extension -- References.
    Abstract: My interest in and appreciation for program evaluation began in the early 1970's when conducting a curriculum development research project at the University of Florida's P. K. Y onge Laboratory School. This interest was sparked when it became apparent that testing the success of an education program required more skills than just statistics and research methods. After pursuing additional formal schooling, I embarked on a career featuring educational program evaluation as its central thrust--as a private consultant, later in a university health sciences center involving seven academic colleges, and then in the Cooperative Extension Services of Florida and Maryland. Adding evaluability assessment (EA) to the performance of evaluations, to program development, and to teaching about evaluation has been a significant development for me personally, and I hope to those who have been participants with me in each endeavor. This book grew out of many of these experiences and involved numerous colleagues who made significant contributions. First among these is Dr. George Mayeske, Program Evaluation Specialist, Extension Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. c.
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  • 135
    ISBN: 9789401578257
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 260 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 13
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: One Mapping the Study of Scientific Cognition -- The Units of Analysis in Science Studies -- Contributions of Psychology to an Integrative Science Studies: The Shape of Things to Come -- Two Models for Studying Scientific Cognition -- Error and Scientific Reasoning: An Experimental Inquiry -- Scientific Cognition: Hot or Cold? -- Tacit Knowledge and the Project of Computer Modelling Cognitive Processes in Science -- Three The Modularity of Scientific Cognition -- Granny, the Naked Emperor and the Second Cognitive Revolution -- Cognitive Process and Social Practice: The Case of Experimental Macroscopic Physics -- Four Language as an Indicator of Scientific Cognition -- Models of Language Learning and their Implications for Social Constructionist Analyses of Scientific Belief -- Professor Campbell on Models of Language-Learning and the Sociology of Science: A Reply -- Reductionist Rhetoric: Expository Strategies and the Development of the Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior -- Five The Prospects for an Integration of Approaches -- Representation, Cognition and Self: What Hope for an Integration of Psychology and Sociology? -- Integrating the Science Studies Disciplines -- Participants at the Yearbook Conference.
    Abstract: If nothing else, the twelve papers assembled in this volume should lay to rest the idea that the interesting debates about the nature of science are still being conducted by "internalists" vs. "externalists,"" rationalists" vs. "arationalists, n or even "normative epistemologists" vs. "empirical sociologists of knowledge. " Although these distinctions continue to haunt much of the theoretical discussion in philosophy and sociology of science, our authors have managed to elude their strictures by finally getting beyond the post-positivist preoccupation of defending a certain division of labor among the science studies disciplines. But this is hardly to claim that our historians, philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists have brought about an "end of ideology," or even an "era of good feelings," to their debates. Rather, they have drawn new lines of battle which center more squarely than ever on practical matters of evaluating and selecting methods for studying science. To get a vivid sense of the new terrain that was staked out at the Yearbook conference, let us start by meditating on a picture. The front cover of a recent collection of sociological studies edited by one of us (Woolgar 1988) bears a stylized picture of a series of lined up open books presented in a typical perspective fashion. The global shape comes close to a trapezium, and is composed of smaller trapeziums gradually decreasing in size and piled upon each other so as to suggest a line receding in depth. The perspective is stylized too.
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  • 136
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400924703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (456p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 11
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Business. ; Management science.
    Abstract: to the Volume -- I: Economic Factors and Individual Satisfaction -- National Wealth and Individual Happiness -- Beliefs about Attainment of Life Satisfaction as Determinants of Preferences for Everyday Activities -- Need for Achievement and Entrepreneurial Activity in Small Firms -- The Kibbutz and Private Property -- II: Inflation, Unemployment, and Taxation -- Perceptions of Inflation -- Cross-Sectional Evidence on the Rationality of the Mean and Variance of Inflation Expectations -- The Perceived Causal Structure of Unemployment -- A Cross-National Comparison of Attitudes, Personality, Behaviour, and Social Comparison in Tax Evasion Experiments -- Perception and Judgment of Marginal Tax Rates After a Tax Reduction -- III: Utility and Decision Theory -- Beyond the Expected Utility Proposition in Rational Decision Making -- Levels of Aspiration, Promises, and the Possibility of Revaluation -- Another Attitude Towards Multi-Attribute Attitude Theories -- Application of the Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy and Multiattribute Utility Models in the Prediction of Worker Effort -- Prediction of Preference Reversals by the Linearized Moments Model -- Economic Man or Social Man — Exploring Free Riding in the Production of Collective Goods -- IV: Consumer Behaviour -- From the Consumption of Necessities to Experience-Seeking Consumption -- Personality Traits as Elements in a Model of Eating Behaviour -- The “New Values” and Consumer Behaviour — Some Empirical Findings From Austria -- Understanding Children’s Economic Socialization -- A Model of Consumer Behaviour in the Situation of Shortages -- V: New Views on Economic Analysis -- The Quantitative Analysis of Economic Behavior With Laboratory Animals -- Subjectivism in Economics — A Suggested Reorientation.
    Abstract: may be related to another basic assumption in economic psychology: that the human capacity to process information from the environment is limited, and that the kind of optimal use of that information postulated in many economic theories is therefore not possible. The research methods used are mainly geared towards empirical research, and there mostly towards survey research and experimentation. Experimentation involves most often simulated behaviour in a laboratory, which allows the experimental manipulation of possible causes of behaviour which would not be possible in real life. Survey research is the most widely used instrument for investigating real-world behaviour, with all its caveats about establishing causal explanations. Several introductory books (e. g. , Fumham & Lewis, 1986; Lea, Tarpy, & Webley, 1987; van Raaij, van Veldhoven, & Wlimeryd, 1988) and articles (e. g. , van Raaij, 1979; Wiswede, 1988) have appeared recently, which try to give an overview of the field of economic psychology, and which, in varying degrees, demonstrate the three foundations of economic psychology just mentioned. Others have concentrated on certain subtopics, such as the psychology of the labour market (e. g. , Baxter, 1988; Pelzmann, 1986).
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  • 137
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400924765
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 211
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Humanities ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I. Philosophy? -- 1. Philosophy and the Sciences -- 2. Impressions of Philosophy -- 3. The Computational Model of the Mind, a panel discussion -- 4. Discussion: Progress in Philosophy -- 5. Philosophy and the Academy -- II. Working. -- 1. Pale Fire Solved -- 2. Incremental Acquisition and a Parametrized Model of Grammar -- 3. What are General Equilibrium Theories? -- 4. Effective Epistemology, Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence -- 5. The Flaws in Sen’s Case Against Paretian Libertariansism -- 6. Decisions without Ordering -- 7. Reflections on Hilbert’s Program -- 8. The Tetrad Project -- III. Postscriptum -- 1. Rationality Unbound.
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  • 138
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400924581
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1. Some varieties of Indian theological dualism -- 2. From the fabric to the weaver? -- 3. Religions as failed theodicies: atheism in Hinduism and Buddhism -- 4. Scepticism and religion: on the interpretation of N?g?rjuna -- 5. Some varieties of monism -- 6. The concepts of self and freedom in Buddhism -- 7. Reflections on the sources of knowledge in the Indian tradition -- 8. Omniscience in Indian philosophy of religion -- 9. On the idea of authorless revelation (apaurus?eya) -- 10. ?am?kara on metaphor with reference to G?t? 13.12–18 -- 11. Salvation and the pursuit of social justice -- 12. Caste, karma and the G?t? -- Contributors’ addresses.
    Abstract: With a few notable exceptions, analytical philosophy of religion in the West still continues to focus almost entirely on the Iudaeo-Christian tradition. In particular, it is all too customary to ignore the rich fund of concepts and arguments supplied by the Indian religious tradition. This is a pity, for it gratuitously impoverishes the scope of much contemporary philosophy of religion and precludes the attainment of any insights into Indian religions comparable to those that the clarity and rigour of analytic philosophy has made possible for the Iudaeo-Christian tradition. This volume seeks to redress the imbalance. The original idea was to invite a number of Indian and Western philosophers to contribute essays treating of Indian religious concepts in the style of contemporary analytical philosophy of religion. No further restrietion was placed upon the contributors and the resulting essays (all previously unpublished) exhibit a diversity of themes and approaches. Many arrangements of the material herein are doubtless defensible. The rationale for the one that has been adopted is perhaps best presented through some introductory remarks about the essays themselves.
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  • 139
    ISBN: 9789400910256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The GeoJournal Library 14
    Series Statement: GeoJournal Library 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Population ; Economic policy ; Human Geography ; Population—Economic aspects.
    Abstract: 1 Comparative research, selected themes and data characteristics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Themes and content -- 1.3 Data sources and spatial systems -- 1.4 Conclusions -- I Components of Population Change -- 2 Population projection: Dutch and English multiregional methods -- 3 The components of natural change -- 4 Internal migration -- II Specific Migration Streams -- 5 Labour migration -- 6 Racism and international migration -- 7 Migration of the elderly -- III Population, Households and Housing -- 8 Demographic change, household evolution and housing needs -- 9 Residential mobility -- 10 The housing market as a source of urban demographic and social change: the impact of flat break-ups in London and condominium conversion in the Netherlands -- 11 1983, 1986, …. -- References.
    Abstract: Significant changes have occured in the structural composition and geographical distribu­ tion of the populations of North West European countries during the 1970's and 1980's. Whilst the subject matter of this volume reflects many of the important themes of research activity that have preoccupied British and Dutch spatial demographers and population geographers over the last decade, the structure of the book aims to facilitate comparison of those selected themes between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The book has gradually taken shape over the period of time since the conference in Oxford, in 1986, when the contents were first presented. We are very grateful for the assistance that we have received during the production process from Marjie Salisbury, Tim Hadwin and John Dixon at the School of Geography, University of Leeds; from Annemieke Perquin at the National Physical Planning Agency in The Hague; and from Evert Meijer, Elmy Heuvelmans and Berry van Houten at GEODAN in Amsterdam. We also wish to acknowledge the contributions to the field of population geography that have been made in recent years by John Coward, who died so tragically in the Ke gworth air disaster earlier this year.
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  • 140
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    ISBN: 9789400925953
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 155
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Logic ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: I / Introduction -- 1. The Revival of Mental Philosophy -- 2. Mechanism -- 3. Naturalism -- 4. Two Problems of Mind -- II / What Is a Rule of Mind? -- 1. Signals and Control -- 2. Turing Machines -- 3. Logic and Logic of Mind -- 4. Nerve Networks and Finite Automata -- 5. Computer Logic -- 6. Glimpses from Psychology -- 7. Summary on Rules -- III / Behavior and Structure -- 1. Some Varieties of Automata -- 2. Fitting and Guiding -- 3. Empirical Realism -- IV / Mechanism — Arguments PRO and CON -- 1. Thinking Machines -- 2. The Argument from Analogy -- 3. Psychological Explanation and Church’s Thesis -- 4. On the Dissimilarity of Behaviors -- 5. Computers, Determinism, and Action -- 6. Summary to the Main Argument from Analogy -- V / Functionalism, Rationalism, and Cognitivism -- 1. Psychological and Automaton States -- 2. Behaviorism -- 3. Neorationalism -- 4. Cognitivism -- VI / The Logic of Acceptance -- 1. Universals, Gestalten, and Taking -- 2. Acceptance -- 3. Expectation -- 4. Family Resemblances -- VII / Perception -- 1. Perceptual Objects -- 2. Perception Perspectives -- VIII / Belief and Desire -- 1. Perceptual Belief -- 2. Desire -- 3. A Model of Desire -- 4. Standing Belief — Representation -- IX / Reference and Truth -- 1. Pure Semantics versus User Semantics -- 2. Belief Sentences -- 3. Denotation -- 4. A Theory of Truth -- 5. Adequacy -- X / Toward Meaning -- 1. Linguistic Meaning -- 2. Propositions -- 3. Intensions of Names and Predicates -- XI / Psychological Theory and the Mindbrain Problem -- 1. Realism and Reduction -- 2. Explanation -- 3. Free Will -- 4. Mental Occurrents -- Table of Figures, Formulas, and Tables -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book presents a mechanist philosophy of mind. I hold that the human mind is a system of computational or recursive rules that are embodied in the nervous system; that the material presence of these rules accounts for perception, conception, speech, belief, desire, intentional acts, and other forms of intelligence. In this edition I have retained the whole of the fIrst edition except for discussion of issues which no longer are relevant in philosophy of mind and cognitive psychology. Earlier reference to disputes of the 1960's and 70's between hard-line empiricists and neorationalists over the psychological status of grammars and language acquisition, for instance, has simply been dropped. In place of such material I have entered some timely or new topics and a few changes. There are brief references to the question of computer versus distributed processing (connectionist) theories. Many of these questions dissolve if one distinguishes as I now do in Chapter II between free and embodied algorithms. I have also added to my comments on artifIcal in­ telligence some reflections. on Searle's Chinese Translator. The irreducibility of machine functionalist psychology in my version or any other has been exaggerated. Input, output, and state entities are token identical to physical or biological things of some sort, while a machine system as a collection of recursive rules is type identical to representatives of equivalence classes. This nuld technicality emerges in Chapter XI. It entails that so-called "anomalous monism" is right in one sense and wrong in another.
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  • 141
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    ISBN: 9789400923034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Technology 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Humanities ; Ethics ; Technology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Practical Problems -- Cybernetics, Culpability, and Risk: Automatic Launch and Accidental War -- Catastrophic Possibilities of Space-Based Defense -- Judgment and Policy: The Two-Step in Mandated Science and Technology -- II Historical Dimensions -- Skull’s Darkroom: The Camera Obscura and Subjectivity -- Workplace Democracy for Teachers: John Dewey’s Contribution -- Doing and Making in a Democracy: Dewey’s Experience of Technology -- Pragmatism, Praxis, and the Technological -- III International and Intergenerational Perspectives -- Philosophy of Technology in China -- Design Methodology: A Personal Statement -- Responsibility and Future Generations: A Constructivist Model -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The corps of philosophers who make up the Society for Philosophy & Technology has now been collaborating, in one fashion or another, for almost fifteen years. In addition, the number of philosophers, world-wide, who have begun to focus their analytical skills on technology and related social problems grows increasingly every year. {It would certainly swell the ranks if all of them joined the Society!) It seems more than ap­ propriate, in this context, to publish a miscellaneous volume that em­ phasizes the extraordinary range and diversity of contemporary contribu­ tions to the philosophical understanding of the exceedingly complex phenomenon that is modern technology. My thanks, once again, to the anonymous referees who do so much to maintain standards for the series. And thanks also to the secretaries - Mary Imperatore and Dorothy Milsom - in the Philosophy Department at the University of Delaware; their typing and retyping of the MSS, and especially notes and references, also contributes to keeping our standards high. PAUL T. DURBIN vii Paul T. Durbin (ed.), Philosophy ofT echnology, p. vii.
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  • 142
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    ISBN: 9789400923386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Note on references to the works of Thomas Reid -- Section 1 - Perception -- Reids Attack on the Theory of Ideas -- Reid on Perception and Conception -- The Theory of Sensations -- Reids View of Sensations Vindicated -- Sensation, Perception and Reids Realism -- Reids Opposition to the Theory of Ideas -- Thomas Reid on the Five Senses -- Section 2 - Knowledge and Common Sense -- Reid on Evidence and Conception -- The Defence of Common Sense in Reid and Moore -- The Scottish Kant? -- Did Reid Hold Coherentist Views? -- Reid and Peirce on Belief -- Reid on Testimony -- Section 3 - Mind and Action -- Making Out the Signatures: Reids Account of the Knowledge of Other Minds -- Causality and Agency in the Philosophy of Thomas Reid -- Reid, Scholasticism and Current Philosophy of Mind -- Section 4 - Aesthetics, Moral and Political Philosophy -- Seeing (and so forth) is Believing(among other things); on the Significance of Reid in the History of Aesthetics -- Reid versus Hume: a Dilemma in the Theory of Moral Worth -- Reid and Active Virtue -- Thomas Reid on Justice: A Rights-Based Theory -- Taking Upon Oneself a Character: Reid on Political Obligation -- Section 5 - Historical Context and Influences -- Thomas Reid and Pneumatology: the Text of the Old, the Tradition of the New -- Reid in the Philosophical Society -- Common Sense and the Association of Ideas; the Reid-Priestley Controversy -- Reid on Hypotheses and the Ether: a Reassessment -- The Role of Thomas Reids Philosophy in Science and Technology: the Case of W.J.M. Rankine -- George Jardines Course in Logic and Rhetoric: an Application of Thomas Reids Common Sense Philosophy -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Note on references to the works of Thomas Reid 5 SECTION 1 - Perception Yves Michaud (University of Paris, France) 9 'Reid's Attack on the Theory of Ideas' William P. Alston (Syracuse University, U. S. A. ) 35 'Reid on Perception and Conception' Vere Chappell (University of Massachusetts, U. S. A. ) 49 'The Theory of Sensations' Norton Nelkin (University of New Orleans, U. S. A. ) 65 'Reid's View of Sensations Vindicated' A. E. Pitson (University of Stirling, Scotland) 79 'Sensation, Perception and Reid's Realism' Aaron Ben-Zeev (University of Haifa, Israel) 91 'Reid's Opposition to the Theory of Ideas' Michel Malherbe (University of Nantes, France) 103 'Thomas Reid on the Five Senses' SECTION 2 - Knowledge and COlIIOOn Sense Keith Lehrer (University of Arizona, U. S. A. ) 121 'Reid on Evidence and Conception' Dennis Charles Holt (Southeast Missouri State 145 University, U. S. A. ) 'The Defence of Common Sense in Reid and Moore' T. J. Sutton (University of Oxford, England) 159 'The Scottish Kant?' Daniel Schulthess (university of Berne, Switzerland) 193 'Did Reid Hold Coherentist Views?' VI Claudine Engel-Tiercelin (University of Rouen, France) 205 'Reid and Peirce on Belief' C. A. J. Coady (University of Melbourne, Australia) 225 'Reid on Testimony' SECTION 3 - Mind and Action James Somerville (University of Hull, England) 249 'Making out the Signatures: Reid's Account of the Knowledge of Other Minds' R. F.
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    ISBN: 9789400911697
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: David Hull Through Two Decades -- Rethinking the Propensity Interpretation: A Peek Inside Pandora’s Box -- Species as Entities of Biological Theory -- Individuality, History and Laws of Nature in Biology -- Interaction and Evolution -- Picturing Weismannism: A Case Study of Conceptual Evolution -- Replicators and Interactors in Cultural Evolution -- Darwin’s Theory and Darwin’s Argument -- Some Puzzles About Species -- The Rational Weight of the Scientific Past: Forging Fundamental Change in a Conservative Discipline -- Individuals, Species and the Development of Mineralogy and Geology -- Attaching Names to Objects -- From Reductionism to Instrumentalism? -- Systematics and Circularity -- David Hull’s Conception of the Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- Kinds, Individuals and Theories -- Evolvers are Individuals: Extension of the Species as Individuals Claim -- A Function for Actual Examples in Philosophy of Science -- Publications of David L. Hull -- Authors’ Index.
    Abstract: Philosophers of science frequently bemoan (or cheer) the fact that today, with the supposed collapse of logical empiricism, there are now ;;10 grand systems. However, although this mayor may not be true, and if true mayor may not be a cause for delight, no one should conclude that the philosophy of science has ground to a halt, its problems exhausted and its practioners dispirited. In fact, in this post­ Kuhnian age the subject has never been more alive, as we work with enthusiasm on special topics, historical and conceptual. And no topic has grown and thrived quite like the philosophy of biology, which now has many students in the field producing high-quality articles and monographs. The success of this subject is due above all to the work and influence of one man: David Hull. In his own writings and in the support he has given to others, he has shown true leadership, in the best Platonic sense. It is now twenty years since Hull fnt gave his seminal paper 'What the philosophy of biology is not', and to mark that point and to show our respect, gratitude and affection to its author, a number of us who owe much to Hull decided to produce a volume of essays on and around themes to which Hull has spoken.
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    ISBN: 9789400922655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 433 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of mind ; Pragmatism
    Abstract: One The Method of Phenomenological Reductions -- “Wir wollen auf den ‘Sachen selbst’ zurückgehen” -- 1. The Transcendental Phenomenological Reductions -- 2. Specific Transcendental Phenomenological Procedures -- 3. Further Transcendental Procedures -- 4. The Order of Transcendental Phenomenological inquiry That Wills to Return to the “Things Themselves” -- Two Transcendental Phenomenology of Space, Time, Other -- The Problem, Plan and Historical Setting of the Constitution of Space and Time -- 5. Transcendental Phenomenological Unbuilding to the Tactually, Visually, and Auditorily Presented in Prespace -- 6. Transcendental Phenomenological Building-up of Quasi-Objective Space In Primary Passivity -- 7. The Transcendental Phenomenological Building-up of Phantom Quasi-objective Space. The Transcendental Phenomenological ‘Deduction’ of Space -- 8. The Transcendental Phenomenological Building-up of primordial Quasi-objective Space. The Transcendental Phenomenological “Deduction” of Time -- 9. Time, Space, Other -- Notes -- List of Works Cited.
    Abstract: This book has two parts. The first part is chiefly concerned with critically establishing the universally necessary order of the various steps of transcendental phenomenological method; the second part provides specific cases of phenomenological analysis that illustrate and test the method established in the first part. More than this, and perhaps even more important in the long run, the phenomeno­ logical analyses reported in the second part purport a foundation for drawing phenomenological-philosophical conclusions about prob­ lems of space perception, "other minds," and time perception. The non-analytical, that is, the literary, sources of this book are many. Principal among them are the writings of Husserl (which will be accorded a special methodological function) as well as the writings of his students of the Gottingen and Freiburg years. Of the latter especially important are the writings and, when memory serves, the lectures of Dorion Cairns and Aron Gurwitsch. Of the former especially significant are the writings of Heinrich Hofmann, Wilhelm Schapp, and Hedwig COlilrad-Martius.
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    ISBN: 9789400924406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Criminal Law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Responsibility and Criminal Law -- I. Law as Purposeful Activity -- II. Criminal Law and the Liberal Society -- III. The Two-Fold Aim -- IV. Responsibility -- V. Two Models of Responsibility -- 3. Law and Society -- I. Liability, Grading, and Allotment -- II. Excuse, Justification, and Mitigation -- III. Law and Society -- 4. The Requirement of Conduct -- I. The Act Doctrine -- II. Definitions and Terminology -- III. Omissions -- IV. Limitations of the Doctrine -- 5. Voluntariness -- I. Voluntariness and the Act Doctrine -- II. Involuntary and Nonvoluntary Conduct -- III. Objectivity and Subjectivity -- IV. Voluntariness and the Rationale of Excuses -- 6. Intentionality -- I. Intentionality -- II. Intentionality as Desire and Foresight -- III. Intentionality, Probabilities, and Purposes -- IV. Import and Implications -- 7. Knowledge and Foresight -- I. Introduction -- II. Knowledge and Foresight -- III. Taking Risks -- IV. Negligence -- V. Exculpatory Mistakes -- 8. Responsibility and Conditional Liability -- I. Introduction -- II. Choice and Control -- III. Opportunities and Responsibility -- IV. Primary (Potency) Responsibility -- V. Prior Fault -- VI. Conclusion -- Reference Bibliography -- Table of Cases Cited or Consulted.
    Abstract: autonomy principally in tenns of the agent's conscious choice of ends or conduct. From this, the cognitivist emphasis on mental states and their contents naturally follows. The presence of specified mental states, as signifying agent choice, thus becomes the hallmark of responsible conduct. Capacities model theorists, by contrast, interpret personal autonomy and agent responsibility in tenns of the looser notion of 'control'. From this perspective, conscious choosing is but one (highly responsible) instance of such control, and the presence or absence of mental states is primarily relevant to detennining degrees of responsibility. The examination of these two models occupies the bulk of this manuscript. Exploration of the capacities model and criticism of the orthodox view also generate treatment of legal issues such as the use of negligence liability, the nature of criminal omissions, the character of various legal defenses, and so on. Chapters 2 and 3 set out some of the thematic arguments outlined above and introduce tenninology and useful distinctions. Chapters 4 through 7 provide substantive analyses of agent responsibility and of standards of criminal liability. In these chapters, I argue for the comparative superiority of the capacities model of responsibility and offer recommendations for changes in current legal conceptions and standards of liability. Each chapter centers on an element of individual responsibility and related legal concerns. The final chapter, Chapter 8, comprises an overview of the integrated theory of responsibility and liability and its comparison with the traditional view.
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  • 146
    ISBN: 9789400924178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 207
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction: Language as Calculus vs. Language as the Universal Medium -- 1. Continental and Analytical Philosophy -- 2. The Interpretational Framework -- 3. Some Qualifications and the Main Theses of this Study -- II: Husserl’s Phenomenology and Language as Calculus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formalism—Threat and Temptation—The Emergence of Language as Calculus in the Early Writings -- 3. Defending the Accessibility of Semantics Against Psychologistic Relativism: The Logical Investigations -- 4. Transcendental Phenomenology and the Calculus Conception -- 5. Summary of Husserl’s Notion of Language as Calculus -- III: Heidegger’s Ontology and Language as the Universal Medium -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Heidegger as Adherer to the Conception of Language as Calculus in his Early Writings -- 3. The World as a ”Closed Whole”—The Period of Being and Time -- 4. ”Language is the House of Being”—Language as the Universal Medium in Heidegger’s Later ”Thought” -- 5. Summary of Heidegger’s Conception of Language as the Universal Medium -- IV: Between Scylla and Charybdis—Gadamer’s Hermeneutics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tradition and the Return of the Subject—Why Heidegger had Reason to Dislike the ”Effective-Historical Consciousness” -- 3. Language as Universal Adumbration -- Notes to Part I -- Notes to Part II -- Notes to Part III -- Notes to Part IV -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: I first became interested in Husserl and Heidegger as long ago as 1980, when as an undergraduate at the Freie Universitat Berlin I studied the books by Professor Ernst Tugendhat. Tugendhat's at­ tempt to bring together analytical and continental philosophy has never ceased to fascinate me, and even though in more recent years other influences have perhaps been stronger, I should like to look upon the present study as still being indebted to Tugendhat's initial incentive. It was my good fortune that for personal reasons I had to con­ tinue my academic training from 1981 onwards in Finland. Even though Finland is a stronghold of analytical philosophy, it also has a tradition of combining continental and Anglosaxon philosophical thought. Since I had already admired this line of work in Tugendhat, it is hardly surprising that once in Finland I soon became impressed by Professor Jaakko Hintikka's studies on Husserl and intentionality, and by Professor Georg Henrik von Wright's analytical hermeneu­ tics. While the latter influence has-at least in part-led to a book on the history of hermeneutics, the former influence has led to the present work. My indebtedness to Professor Hintikka is enormous. Not only is the research reported here based on his suggestions, but Hintikka has also commented extensively on different versions of the manuscript, helped me to make important contacts, found a publisher for me, and-last but not least-was a never failing source of encouragement.
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  • 147
    ISBN: 9789400923911
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The GeoJournal Library 12
    Series Statement: GeoJournal Library 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Environmental sciences ; Environmental economics ; Human Geography ; Environment.
    Abstract: Section I: Regional Studies -- 1. The recreational use and abuse of the coastline of Florida -- 2. Management strategies for coastal conservation in South Wales, U.K. -- 3. Recreational uses and problems of Port Phillip Bay, Australia -- 4. Recreation in the coastal areas of Singapore -- 5. The Azov Sea coast as a recreational area -- 6. The influence of ethnicity on recreational uses of coastal areas in Guyana -- 7. Recreational uses in the coastal zone of central Chile -- 8. Recreational uses of Québec coastlines -- Section II: Coastal Recreation in Adverse Environments -- 9. Recreational use of the Washington State coast -- 10. Pacific coast recreational patterns and activities in Canada -- 11. The recreational use of the Norwegian coast -- 12. Patterns and impacts of coastal recreation along the Gulf coast of Mexico -- 13. Wetlands recreation: Louisiana style -- 14. The natural features of the Caspian Sea western coasts in the context of their prospective recreational use -- Section III: Planning for Recreation -- 15. Construction of a recreational beach using the original coastal morphology, Koege Bay, Denmark -- 16. Tourist planning along the coast of Aquitaine, France -- 17. Sydney’s southern surfing beaches: characteristics and hazards -- 18. Twenty five years of development along the Israeli Mediterranen coast: goals and achievements -- 19. Differential response of six beaches at Point Pelee (Ontario) to variable levels of recreational use -- 20. Anthropogenic effects on recreational beaches -- 21. Formulating policies using visitor perceptions of Biscayne National Park and seashore -- Section IV: Miscellaneous -- 22. Marine recreation in North America -- 23. Beach resort morphology in England and Australia: a review and extension.
    Abstract: Human clustering in coastal areas The coastal zone has gained a solid reputation as a place vocated for recreational activities and this is generally related to the presence of the sea. The relationship, however, does not appear univocal or simple: the sea can be perceived as a hostile element by humans and the more general question of whether the presence of the shore is in itself a favourable, repulsive, or irrelevant factor to settlement is a debatable point, at least for pre-industrial societies. Back in the early part of the 19th century, Friedrich Hegel regarded oceans and rivers as unifying elements rather than dividing ones, thus implying a trend towards the concentration of human settlements along them. 'The sea', he wrote, 'stimulates 1 courage and conquest, as well as profit and plunder', although he realized that this did not equally apply to all maritime peoples. In Hegel's view, different approaches to the sea were mainly the results of cultural factors and, in fact, he recognized that some people living in coastal areas perceive the sea as a dangerous and alien place and the shore as aftnis terrae.
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  • 148
    ISBN: 9789400925021
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements ; Economic policy
    Abstract: I Grounding Testing Policy: Three Perspectives -- The Allocation of Opportunities and the Politics of Testing: A Policy Analytic Perspective -- The Mandarin Mentality: Civil Service and University Admissions Testing in Europe and Asia -- Testing Companies, Trends, and Policy Issues: A Current View from the Testing Industry -- II Testing and the Law: Title VII and the Federal Guidelines -- Employment Testing and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Non-Discriminatory Use of Personnel Tests Conference Remarks -- The Uniform Guidelines and Subjective Selection Criteria and Procedures Conference Remarks -- III Testing and the Law: The Role of the Courts -- Testing, Public Policy, and the Courts -- Testing in Elementary and Secondary Schools: Can Misuse Be Avoided? -- IV Testing in the Workplace: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives -- Economic Models of Discrimination, Testing, and Public Policy -- Ability Testing for Job Selection: Are the Economic Claims Justified? -- Examples of Testing Programs in the Insurance Industry and a Discussion of Employment Testing Policy Issues -- Test Scores and Evaluation: The Military as Data -- Los Angeles Testing Policies Conference Remarks.
    Abstract: Bernard R. Gifford In the United States, the standardized test has become one of the major sources of information for reducing uncertainty in the determination of individual merit and in the allocation of merit-based educational, training, and employment opportunities. Most major institutions of higher education require applicants to supplement their records of academic achievements with scores on standardized tests. Similarly, in the workplace, as a condition of employment or assignment to training programs, more and more employers are requiring prospective employees to sit for standardized tests. In short, with increasing frequency and intensity, individual members of the political economy are required to transmit to the opportunity marketplace scores on standardized examinations that purport to be objective measures of their and potential. In many instances, these test scores are the abilities, talents, only signals about their skills that job applicants are permitted to send to prospective employers. THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TESTING AND PUBLIC POLICY In view of the importance of these issues to our current national agenda, it was proposed that the Human Rights and Governance and the Education and Culture Programs of the Ford Foundation support the establishment of a ''blue ribbon" National Commission on Testing and Public Policy to investigate some of the major problems as well as the untapped opportunities created by recent trends in the use of standardized tests, particularly in the workplace and in schools.
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  • 149
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401569422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 473 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 199
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. Deductive Bases and Interpretations -- 3. Logical Matrices -- 4. Tabular Semantics -- 5. Referential Semantics -- 6. Propositional vs. Predicate Logics -- References -- Index of subjects -- Index of names -- Index of symbols.
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  • 150
    ISBN: 9789401719391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 332 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Abstract: One: Articles and Opinion -- The Process of Reform in the United Nations — A Case Study on Planning, Budgeting and Evaluation -- The United Nations Convention against Torture -- The Codification of Diplomatic Law by the International Law Commission -- Expanding Exports from Developing Countries -- Rejuvenating the Trading System -- The Structural Reform of the ILO: Rationale and Parameters -- Suspension of the Government Delegation of the Republic of South Africa at the Twenty-Fifth International Conference of the Red Cross -Different Perceptions of the Same Event -- Privileges and Immunities of Members of Permanent Missions in Geneva and of International Officials in Switzerland -- Geneva — A Major Financial Centre -- Open Diplomacy and the Publication of Treaties -- The Non-Governmental Approach to International Relief -- Two: Institutional Guide -- 1. The United Nations System -- 2. Other Intergovernmental Organizations -- 3. Organizations with Special Status -- 4. Nongovernmental Organizations -- 5. Research and Educational Institutions -- 6. Permanent Missions with the United Nations Office and with Specialized Agencies in Geneva -- 7. Multinational Companies -- Index of International Institutions.
    Abstract: Ludwik Dembinski Richard O'Regan Editor Chairman, Editorial Committee The present volume is a complete revision of International Geneva 1985 which was published on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the United Na­ tions and which was generally received as a useful and informative contribution to the essential reference works on Geneva. Geneva, although a relatively small city with no more than 350,000 inhabi­ tants, probably has a higher concentration of international organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, than any other location in the world. There is a hectic international life with an unceasing round of conferences, meetings and negotiations on virtually the entire spectrum of human activity and most fields of international co-operation. The aim of the present publication is to provide all those directly involved or interested in international activities and international organizations with an up­ to-date guide that can help them find their way through the labyrinth of interna­ tional institutions and issues.
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  • 151
    ISBN: 9789401578110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 428 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 197
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind
    Abstract: I / Conceptual and Categorical Theories of Analogical Understanding -- Categories and Analogies -- Some Constraints on Embodied Analogical Understanding -- Metaphorical Style as Message -- II / Computational and Cognitive Theories of Analogical Reasoning -- Analogy — From a Unified Perspective -- Dimensions of Analogy -- Analogical Transfer: Processes and Individual Differences -- Abstraction-Based Analogical Inference -- Viewing Metaphor as Analogy -- Combining Analogies in Mental Models -- Arguing by Analogy in Law: A Case-Based Model -- III / Logical and Probabilistic Theories of Analogical Reasoning -- Determination, Uniformity, and Relevance: Normative Criteria for Generalization and Reasoning by Analogy -- Analogy by Similarity -- Analogy and Similarity in Scientific Reasoning -- Inductive Analogy by Similarity and Proximity -- IV / Analogy and Information Processing: Perspectives of the Philosophy of Science -- Theories, Family Resemblances and Analogy -- Hypothesis Formation Using Part-Whole Interrelations -- Analogical Information Processing within Scientific Metaphors -- Analogies Hard and Soft -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the last few years, there has been an enormous amount of activity in the study of analogy and metaphor. This is partly because of an interest of artificial intelligence researchers in simulating learning processes using analogy. It also arises from critical examinations of standard theories in the philosophy of language, with their inbuilt literal/meta­ phoric distinction. This volume consists of recent previously unpub­ lished work in this area, with a particular emphasis upon the role of analogies in reasoning and, more generally, their role in thought and language. The papers are contributed by philosophers, computer scientists, cognitive scientists and literary critics. Researchers in these fields whose focus is the study of analogy and metaphor will find much of interest in this volume. These essays can also serve as an introduction to some of the major approaches taken in the investigation of analogy. As noted, this volume brings together the work of researchers in several different disciplines. The various approaches taken with respect to the understanding of analogy tend to be rather different, however, the articles suggest a common conclusion. Analogy and metaphor pervade thought and language; their close investigation thus constitutes a valuable contribution to our understanding of persons. DAVID H. HELMAN Case Western Reserve University vii PART I CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL THEORIES OF ANALOGICAL UNDERSTANDING MARK TURNER CATEGORIES AND ANALOGIES I want to pursue the following claims: The way we categorize helps explain the way we recognize a statement as an analogy.
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  • 152
    ISBN: 9789400927278
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (440p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 2
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: Philosophy and Natural-Language Processing -- Prologue: Modes of Meaning -- Utterer’s Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning -- I: Formal Syntax of Natural Language -- Footlose and Context-Free -- Evidence Against the Context-Freeness of Natural Language -- II: Semantic Aspects of Natural Language -- Truth and Meaning -- Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- III: Connecting Syntax with Semantics -- The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- IV: Natural Language and Logical Form -- Quantifiers in Natural Languages: Some Logical Problems, I -- Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- V: Possible-Worlds and Situation Semantics -- From Worlds to Situations -- Possible Worlds and Situations -- Epilogue: From Semantics to Pragmatics -- Semantics versus Pragmatics -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and phi­ losophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and socio­ biology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemologi­ cal aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. Among the most challenging and difficult projects within the scope of artificial intelligence is the development and implementation of com­ puter programs suitable for processing natural language. Our purpose in compiling the present volume has been to contribute to the foundations of this enterprise by bringing together classic papers devoted to crucial problems involved in understanding natural language, which range from issues of formal syntax and logical form to those of possible-worlds and situation semantics. The book begins with a comprehensive introduc­ tion composed by Jack Kulas, the senior editor of this work, which pro­ vides a systematic orientation to this complex field, and ends with a selected bibliography intended to promote further research. If our efforts assist others in dealing with these problems, they will have been worthwhile. J. H. F.
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  • 153
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400913974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 236 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Medicine -- 2. Philosophy -- 3. The book -- Acknowledgements -- II. Cultural Infusions in the Philosophy of Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An American ontology -- 3. The case of anthropological medicine -- 4. Getting the record straight -- 5. Conclusions -- III. Regular Versus Alternative Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. How not to think about science and philosophy -- 3. What is special about science -- 4. Interlude: how to proceed? -- 5. The scientific status of homeopathy -- 6. Psychic or spiritual healing -- 7. Discussion -- IV. Concepts of Health and Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Health and disease in a biological perspective -- 3. The philosophy of normativism -- 4. Towards a new research program -- 5. The interplay of science, common sense and philosophy -- 6. Afterthoughts -- V. Mind and Body in Science and Philosophy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The philosophical agenda -- 3. The mental and the physical: five philosophical views -- 4. A science of the mental? -- 5. The primacy of human existence: phenomenology -- 6. Things which don’t fit -- 7. Discussion -- VI. Mind and Body in Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mental suppressed: biological psychiatry -- 3. Will psychology help? -- 4. The psychosomatic connection -- 5. The limits of integration -- 6. The philosophical turn -- 7. Conclusions -- VII. Theses -- References.
    Abstract: 1. MEDICINE Illness, disease and disability plague man in every culture. But the form they take is not the same everywhere. Neither is man's reaction. Coping strategies, and the experience and knowledge backing them, depend very much on cultural setting. So medicine, the fabric of strategy and know­ ledge, can only be understood in the context of culture. In western society today, severe judgements are passed on medicine. Its store of knowledge and experience, and its repertory of strategies, have grown immensely during the last few decades. But it hardly alleviates dominant ailments, especially chronic diseases, diseases of old age and disturbances of social and mental functioning. We know that these ailments have come to the fore as the incidence of more "primitive" diseases declined in industrial societies. Infant deaths, and malnutrition and infections striking at young age, have dwindled to marginal significance in Western Europe and life expectancy at birth is twice that of some 150 years ago. Thus our new troubles are connected with past successes.
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  • 154
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400912298
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reviews of United Kingdom Statistical Sources 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: of Review 42 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Coverage and Arrangement of Subjects -- 1.2 Previous Coverage -- 1.3 Recent Changes -- 1.4 Some Specific Points -- 2. Organisation and Functions of Local Authorities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 England and Wales -- 2.3 Scotland -- 2.4 Isles of Scilly -- 2.5 Northern Ireland -- 3. Financial Statistics: General Considerations -- 3.1 Important Characteristics -- 3.2 The Publication of Local Authority Financial Statistics -- 3.3 The Structure of Local Authority Accounts -- 3.4 Northern Ireland -- 4 Financial Statistics: Expenditure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Revenue (or current) Expenditure -- 4.3 Capital Expenditure -- 4.4 Local Authority Expenditure in Context of Public Expenditure -- 4.5 Northern Ireland -- 5 Financial Statistics: Rates -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Rate Income -- 5.3 Rate Poundage and Average Rate Payment -- 5.4 Rate Collection -- 5.5 Rate Rebates -- 5.6 Northern Ireland -- 6 Financial Statistics: Government Grants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Specific and Supplementary Grants -- 6.3 Rate Rebate Grants -- 6.4 Rate Support Grant -- 6.5 Northern Ireland -- 7 Financial Statistics: Borrowing and Debt -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Borrowing -- 7.3 Outstanding Debt -- 7.4 Net Financial Transactions -- 7.5 Northern Ireland -- 8 Financial Statistics: Miscellaneous Income -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rate Fund Services -- 8.3 Housing Revenue Account -- 8.4 Trading Services -- 8.5 Special Funds -- 8.6 Superannuation Funds -- 8.7 Northern Ireland -- 9 Rateable Values and Penny Rate Products -- 9.1 Rateable Values -- 9.2 Penny Rate Product -- 9.3 Northern Ireland -- 10 Manpower Earnings and Hours -- 10.1 Manpower -- 10.2 Earnings and Hours -- 10.3 Northern Ireland -- 11 Elections -- 11.1 Incidence of Elections -- 11.2 Electoral Statistics -- 11.3 Election Results -- 11.4 Northern Ireland -- 12 Public Protection -- 12.1 Police -- 12.2 Fire -- 12.3 Probation -- 12.4 Administration of Justice and Public Protection Items -- 12.5 Consumer Protection (including Trading Standards) -- 12.6 Northern Ireland -- 13 Transport -- 13.1 Highways and Transportation (England and Wales) -- 13.2 Highways and Transportation (Scotland) -- 13.3 Ports -- 13.4 Airports -- 13.5 Northern Ireland -- 14 Environmental Services -- 14.1 Definition and Scope -- 14.2 Environmental Health (England and Wales) -- 14.3 Refuse Collection (England and Wales) -- 14.4 Refuse Disposal (England and Wales) -- 14.5 Cemeteries and Crematoria (England and Wales) -- 14.6 Scotland -- 14.7 Northern Ireland -- 15 Miscellaneous -- 15.1 Museums, Art Galleries and Library Services -- 15.2 Direct Labour Organisations -- 15 3 Smallholdings -- 15.4 Surveys -- 15.5 Northern Ireland -- 16 Complaints -- 16.1 Great Britain -- 16.2 Northern Ireland -- 17 Conclusion -- 17.1 Recent Developments -- 17.2 Shortcomings -- 17.3 Suggestions -- Quick Reference List Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.
    Abstract: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under the auspices of the Royal S~atistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs EJ. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (November 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.
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  • 155
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 32
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: — Moral Theory and Moral Judgments in Biomedical Ethics -- Section I / Deriving Utilitarian Consequences -- Utilitarian Goals and Kantian Constraints (or: Always True to You, Darling, in my Fashion) -- Utilitarians Among the Optimists -- Utilitarianism and the Informed Consent Requirement (or: Should Utilitarians be Allowed on Medical Research Ethical Review Boards?) -- Reply to Ruddick and Reiman -- Section II / Natural Right Casuistry -- Moral Rights and Causal Casuistry -- Death by Omission -- Coffee and Casuistry: It Doesn’t Matter Who Caused What -- Section III / Marx’s Theory: Deriving Moral Implications -- Marxism and Moral Judgment -- Marx, Moral Judgment, and Medical Ethics: Commentary on Buchanan -- Section IV / Christian Casuistry -- Reconciling the Practice of Reason: Casuistry in a Christian Context -- Christianity in a Social Context: Practical Reasoning and Forgiveness -- Section V / From Theory to Praxis -- The Relation of Moral Theory to Moral Judgments: A Kantian View -- Justification in Ethics -- Theory and Practice in Ethics -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: principles. A second solution to this problem is to develop a scale for weighing the significance of the conflicting principles in a given case and for concluding which action should be adopted because it is supported by the weightier considerations in that case. Such a solution seems more realistic than the lexical ordering approach, but the development of such a scale is a problematic task. Still other, more complex solutions are possible. Which is the best solution to this problem of conflicting principles of bioethics? We need a moral theory to answer that question. This is the first reason for concluding that the principles of bioethics are not the true foundations of justified judgment in bioethics. What is the problem of the unclear scope and implications of the principles of bioethics and how can an appeal to moral theory help deal with that problem? The scope of a bioethical principle is the range of cases in which it applies. The implications of a bioethical principle are the conclusions to be derived from that principle in those cases in which it applies. It is clear from a review of the discussions in bioethics that there are major unclarities about the scope and implications of each of the principles. Consider, for example, the principle of autonomy.
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  • 156
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 7
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The Internal Structure of the Syllable -- Reading Complex Words -- A Synthesis of Some Recent Work in Sentence Production -- The Isolability of Syntactic Processing -- Neuropsychological Evidence for Linguistic Modularity -- Parsing Complexity and a Theory of Parsing -- Comprehending Sentences with Long-Distance Dependencies -- Thematic Structures and Sentence Comprehension -- Integrating Information in Text Comprehension: The Interpretation of Anaphoric Noun Phrases -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers in this volume are intended to exemplify the state of experimental psycho linguistics in the middle to later 1980s. Our over­ riding impression is that the field has come a long way since the earlier work of the 1950s and 1960s, and that the field has emerged with a renewed strength from a difficult period in the 1970s. Not only are the theoretical issues more sharply defined and integrated with existing issues from other domains ("modularity" being one such example), but the experimental techniques employed are much more sophisticated, thanks to the work of numerous psychologists not necessarily interested in psycholinguistics, and thanks to improving technologies unavailable a few years ago (for instance, eye-trackers). We selected papers that provide a coherent, overall picture of existing techniques and issues. The volume is organized much as one might organize an introductory linguistics course - beginning with sound and working "up" to mean­ ing. Indeed, the first paper, Rebecca Treiman's, begins with considera­ tion of syllable structure, a phonological consideration, and the last, Alan Garnham's, exemplifies some work on the interpretation of pro­ nouns, a semantic matter. In between are found works concentrating on morphemes, lexical structures, and syntax. The cross-section represented in this volume is by necessity incom­ plete, since we focus only on experimental work directed at under­ standing how adults comprehend and produce language. We do not include any works on language acquisition, first or second.
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  • 157
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927339
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (458p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: A Theoretical and Historical Context for Second Language Acquisition -- Linguistic Theory: Generative Grammar -- The Ontogenesis of the Field of Second Language Learning Research -- B Parameters -- Parameterized Grammatical Theory and Language Acquisition: A Study of the Acquisition of Verb Placement and Inflection by Children and Adults -- Nature of Development in L2 Acquisition and Implications for Theories of Language Acquisition in General -- Linguistic Theory. Neurolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition -- Second Language Acquisition: A Biolinguistic Perspective -- Neurolinguistics and Parameter Setting -- C Markedness in Second Language Acquisition -- The Acquisition of Infinitive and Gerund Complements by Second Language Learners -- Island Effects in Second Language Acquisition -- On the Role of Linguistic Theory in Explanations of Second Language Developmental Grammars -- L2 Learnability: Delimiting the Domain of Core Grammar as Distinct from the Marked Periphery -- Kinds of Markedness -- D Additional Evidence for Universal Grammar -- The Categorial Status of Modals and L2 Acquisition -- UG-Generated Knowledge in Adult Second Language Acquisition -- Prosodic Phonology and the Acquisition of a Second Language -- Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition: Promises and Problems in Critically Relating Theory and Empirical Studies -- E Complementary Perspectives -- Pidginization as Language Acquisition -- All Paths Lead to the Mental Lexicon -- Intermorphology and Morphological Theory: A Plea for a Concession -- F Universal Grammar from a Traditional Perspective -- Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory: The Role of Language Transfer -- Grammatical Theory and L2 Acquisition: A Brief Overview -- Typological and Parametric Views of Universals in Second Language Acquisition -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil Massachusetts Institute of Technology I. INTRODUCTION The theory of Universal Grammar (UG) as explicated e. g. in Chomsky, 1986, has led to explosive developments in the study of natural language as well as to significant advances in the study of first language (L I) acquisition. Most recently. the theory of UG has led to important theore­ tical and empirical advances in the field of adult second language (L2) acquisition as well. The principle impetus for this development can be traced to the work in linguistics which shifted the study "from behavior or the products of behavior to states of the mind/brain that enter into behavior" (Chomksy. 1986:3). Grammars within this framework are conceived of as theoretical accounts of "the state of the mind/brain of the person who knows a particular language" (Chomsky. 1986:3). Research within fields of language acquisition seeks to isolate and specify the properties of the underlying competence necessary for language learning. Full development of a theory of UG demands study and understanding of the nature of both the formal properties of language and of the language acquisition process itself. However. while there is a tradition of debate and dialogue established between theoretical linguistics and Ll acquisition research. relatively few connections have been made between linguistic theory and L2 acquisition research.
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  • 158
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926578
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Mathematics Education Library 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Mathematics ; Mathematics—Study and teaching .
    Abstract: 1/Towards a Way of Knowing -- 1.1. The conflict -- 1.2. My task -- 1.3. Preliminary thoughts on Mathematics education and culture -- 1.4. Technique-oriented curriculum -- 1.5. Impersonal learning -- 1.6. Text teaching -- 1.7. False assumptions -- 1.8. Mathematical education, a social process -- 1.9. What is mathematical about a mathematical education? -- 1.10. Overview -- 2/Environmental Activities and Mathematical Culture -- 2.1. Perspectives from cross-cultural studies -- 2.2. The search for mathematical similarities -- 2.3. Counting -- 2.4. Locating -- 2.5. Measuring -- 2.6. Designing -- 2.7. Playing -- 2.8. Explaining -- 2.9. From ‘universals’ to ‘particulars’ -- 2.10. Summary -- 3/The Values of Mathematical Culture -- 3.1. Values, ideals and theories of knowledge -- 3.2. Ideology — rationalism -- 3.3. Ideology — objectism -- 3.4. Sentiment — control -- 3.5. Sentiment — progress -- 3.6. Sociology — openness -- 3.7. Sociology — mystery -- 4/Mathematical Culture and the Child -- 4.1. Mathematical culture — symbolic technology and values -- 4.2. The culture of a people -- 4.3. The child in relation to the cultural group -- 4.4. Mathematical enculturation -- 5/Mathematical Enculturation — The Curriculum -- 5.1. The curriculum project -- 5.2. The cultural approach to the Mathematics curriculum — five principles -- 5.3. The three components of the enculturation curriculum -- 5.4. The symbolic component: concept-based -- 5.5. The societal component: project-based -- 5.6. The cultural component: investigation-based -- 5.7. Balance in this curriculum -- 5.8. Progress through this curriculum -- 6/Mathematical Enculturation — The Process -- 6.1. Conceptualising the enculturation process in action -- 6.2. An asymmetrical process -- 6.3. An intentional process -- 6.4. An ideational process -- 7/The Mathematical Enculturators -- 7.1. People are responsible for the process -- 7.2. The preparation of Mathematical enculturators — preliminary thoughts -- 7.3. The criteria for the selection of Mathematical enculturators -- 7.4. The principles of the education of Mathematical enculturators -- 7.5. Socialising the future enculturator into the Mathematics Education community -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Mathematics is in the unenviable position of being simultaneously one of the most important school subjects for today's children to study and one of the least well understood. Its reputation is awe-inspiring. Everybody knows how important it is and everybody knows that they have to study it. But few people feel comfortable with it; so much so that it is socially quite acceptable in many countries to confess ignorance about it, to brag about one's incompe­ tence at doing it, and even to claim that one is mathophobic! So are teachers around the world being apparently legal sadists by inflicting mental pain on their charges? Or is it that their pupils are all masochists, enjoying the thrill of self-inflicted mental torture? More seriously, do we really know what the reasons are for the mathematical activity which goes on in schools? Do we really have confidence in our criteria for judging what's important and what isn't? Do we really know what we should be doing? These basic questions become even more important when considered in the context of two growing problem areas. The first is a concern felt in many countries about the direction which mathematics education should take in the face of the increasing presence of computers and calculator-related technol­ ogy in society.
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  • 159
    ISBN: 9789400929159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 33
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: The Foundations of Modality and Conceivability in Descartes and his Predecessors -- Hobbes’s System of Modalities -- Was Leibniz’s Deity an Akrates? -- Hegel on Modalities and Monadology -- Plenitude and Contingency: Modal Concepts in Nineteenth Century French Philosophy -- Frege and his German Contemporaries on Alethic Modalities -- From Possibility to Probability: British Discussions on Modality in the Nineteenth Century -- The Failure of Logical Positivism to Cope with Problems of Modal Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The word "modem" in the title of this book refers primarily to post-medieval discussions, but it also hints at those medieval mo­ dal theories which were considered modem in contradistinction to ancient conceptions and which in different ways influenced philosophical discussions during the early modem period. The me­ dieval developments are investigated in the opening paper, 'The Foundations of Modality and Conceivability in Descartes and His Predecessors', by Lilli Alanen and Simo Knuuttila. Boethius's works from the early sixth century belonged to the sources from which early medieval thinkers obtained their knowledge of ancient thought. They offered extensive discus­ sions of traditional modal conceptions the basic forms of which were: (1) the paradigm of possibility as a potency striving to realize itself; (2) the "statistical" interpretation of modal no­ tions where necessity means actuality in all relevant cases or omnitemporal actuality, possibility means actuality in some rel­ evant cases or sometimes, and impossibility means omnitemporal non-actuality; and (3) the "logical" definition of possibility as something which, being assumed, results in nothing contradic­ tory. Boethius accepted the Aristotelian view according to which total possibilities in the first sense must prove their met­ tle through actualization and possibilities in the third sense are assumed to be realized in our actual history. On these presump­ tions, all of the above-mentioned ancient paradigms imply the Principle of Plenitude according to which no genuine possibility remains unrealized.
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  • 160
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400930612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 201
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Statistics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Logical, Methodological and Philosophical Aspects of Probability -- Probability: A Composite Concept -- Two Faces and three Masks of Probability -- Ambiguous Uses of Probability -- Some Logical Distinctions Exploited by Differing Analyses of Pascalian Probability -- Probability and Confirmation -- Chance, Cause and the State-Space Approach -- World as System Self-synthesized by Quantum Networking -- A Brief Note on the Relationship between Probability, Selective Strategies and Possible Models -- 2: Probability, Statistics and Information -- Critical Replications for Statistical Design -- The Contribution of A.N. Kolmogorov to the Notion of Entropy -- The Probability of Singular Events -- Probability, Randomness and Information -- 3: Probability in the Natural Sciences -- Probability, Organization and Evolution in Biochemistry -- Relativity and Probability, Classical and Quantal -- Probabilistic Ontology and Space-Time: Updating an Historical Debate -- Probability and the Mystery of Quantum Mechanics -- Probability and Determinism in Quantum Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Probability has become one of the most characteristic con­ cepts of modern culture, and a 'probabilistic way of thinking' may be said to have penetrated almost every sector of our in­ tellectual life. However it would be difficult to determine an explicit list of 'positive' features, to be proposed as identifica­ tion marks of this way of thinking. One would rather say that it is characterized by certain 'negative' features, i. e. by certain at­ titudes which appear to be the negation of well established tra­ ditional assumptions, conceptual frameworks, world outlooks and the like. It is because of this opposition to tradition that the probabilistic approach is perceived as expressing a 'modern' in­ tellectual style. As an example one could mention the widespread diffidence in philosophy with respect to self -contained systems claiming to express apodictic truths, instead of which much weaker pretensions are preferred, that express 'probable' interpretations of reality, of history, of man (the hermeneutic trend). An ana­ logous example is represented by the interest devoted to the study of different patterns of 'argumentation', dealing wiht reasonings which rely not so much on the truth of the premisses and stringent formal logic links, but on a display of contextual conditions (depending on the audience, and on accepted stan­ dards, judgements, and values), which render the premisses and the conclusions more 'probable' (the new rhetoric).
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  • 161
    ISBN: 9789400914155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One Prologue: Newton and Leibniz -- 1.1. Newton on Space, Time and Metaphysics -- 1.2. Leibniz: The Ideal and the Real -- Two Kant’s Theory of Space and Time -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Concepts and Definitions -- 2.3. Kant’s Anti-logicist programme -- 2.4. Transcendental Aesthetic -- 2.5. Construction and Schematism -- 2.6. Spaces and Geometries -- 2.7. Incongruent Counterparts & the Intuitive Nature of Space -- 2.8. Infinity: Reason and Experience -- 2.9. Transcendental Idealism -- Three Acts, Intuitions and Constructions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Concepts, Intuitions and the Schematism -- 3.3. Kant’s Constructivism -- 3.4. Incongruity and Constructions -- 3.5. Indirect Proof -- Notes -- Notes on Further Reading.
    Abstract: Many students coming to grips with Kant's philosophy are understandably daunted not only by the complexity and sheer difficulty of the man's writings, but almost equally by the amount of secondary literature available. A great deal of this seems to be - and not only on first reading - just about as difficult as the work it is meant to make more accessible. Any writer deliberately setting out to provide an authentically introductory text thus faces a double problem: how to provide an exegesis which would capture some of the spirit of the original, without gross and misleading over-simplification; and secondly, how to anchor the argument in the best and most imaginative secondary literature, yet avoid the whole project appearing so fragmented as to make the average book of chess openings seem positively austere. Until fairly recently, matters were made even more difficul t, in that commentaries on Kant were very often of a whole work, say, The Critique of Pure Reason, with the result that students would have to struggle through a very great deal of material indeed in order to feel any confidence at all that they had begun to understand the original writings. Recently, things have changed somewhat. There are now excellent commentaries on "Kant's Analytic", "Kant's Analogies" etc. . We have also seen, (at least as reflected in book titles), a resurgence of interest in what is perhaps the most controversial and far-reaching Kantian claim, viz.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789400927445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives internationales d’histoire des idées 117
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 117
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: “No long time of expectation”: Hume’s religious scepticism and the apocalypse -- Religious scepticism and China -- The two scepticisms of the Savoyard vicar -- John Wolley (ca. 1530–1596) and the first Latin translation of Sextus Empiricus, adversus logicos I -- Excluding sceptics; the case of Thomas White, 1593–1676 -- Montaigne on the art of judgment: the trial of Montaigne -- Intellectual autobiography: warts and all -- Publications of Richard H. Popkin, 1950–1986 inclusive.
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  • 163
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Semantics, Wisconsin Style -- Representation and Covariation -- Individualism and Psychology -- Thoughts and Belief Ascriptions -- The Alleged Evidence for Representationalism -- Narrow Content -- A Farewell to Functionalism -- Metaphysical Arguments for Internalism and Why They Don’t Work -- Dual Aspect Semantics -- Innate Representations -- Reflexive Reflections -- Some Reductive Strategies in Cognitive Neurobiology -- Computation, Representation, and Content in Noncognitive Theories of Perception -- Beliefs Out of Control -- Intentionality -- Postscript October, 1987 -- Intentionality Speaks for Itself -- A Narrow Representational Theory of the Mind -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This collection of papers on issues in the theory of mental representation expresses a diversity of recent reflections on the idea that C. D. Broad so aptly characterized in the title of his book Mind and the World Order. An important impetus in the project of organizing this work were the discussions I had with Keith Lehrer while I was a Visiting Scholar in the department of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. His encouragement and friendship were of great value to me and I wish to express my thanks to him here. A word of thanks too for Mike Harnish who casually suggested the title Rerepresentation. I wish to express my thanks to Hans Schuurmans of the Computer Center at Tilburg University for his patient and cheerful assistance in preparing the manuscript. Professor J. Verster of the University of Groningen kindly provided the plates for the Ames Room figures. Thieu Kuys helped not only with the texts but also relieved me of chores so that I could devote more time to meeting deadlines. Barry Mildner had a major role in the text preparation using his skills and initiative in solving what seemed like endless technical problems. My deepest thanks are reserved for Anti Sax whose contribution to the project amount to a co-editorship of this volume. She participated in every phase of its development with valuable suggestions, prepared the indexes, and worked tirelessly to its completion.
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  • 164
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
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  • 165
    ISBN: 9789400913356
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Logic.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Prom linguistic form to situation schemata -- 2. Interpreting situation schemata -- 3. The logical point of view -- II. From Linguistic Form to Situation Schemata -- 1. Levels of linguistic form determining meaning -- 2. Motivation for the use of constraints -- 3. The modularization of the mapping from form to meaning -- 4. Situation schemata -- 5. The algorithm from linguistic form to situation schemata -- III. Interpreting Situation Schemata -- 1. The art of interpretation -- 2. The inductive definition of the meaning relation -- 3. A remark on the general format of situation schemata -- 4. Generalizing generalized quantifiers -- IV. A Logical Perspective -- 1. The mechanics of interpretation -- 2. A hierarchy of formal languages -- 3. Mathematical study of some formal languages -- 4. On the model theoretic interpretation of situation schemata -- V. Conclusions -- Appendices -- A. Prepositional Phrases in Situation Schemata -- by Erik Colban -- B. A Lyndon type interpretation theorem for many-sorted first-order logic -- C. Proof of the relative saturation lemma -- References.
    Abstract: This monograph grew out of research at Xerox PARC and the Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) during the first year of CSLI's existence. The Center was created as a meeting place for people from many different research traditions and there was much interest in seeing how the various approaches could be joined in a common effort to understand the complexity of language and information. CSLI was thus an ideal environment for our group and our enterprise. Our original goal was to see how a well-developed linguistic the­ ory, such as lexical-functional grammar, could be joined with the ideas emerging from research in situation semantics in a manner which would measure up to the technical standards set by Montague grammar. The outcome was our notion of situation schemata and the extension of constraint-based grammar formalisms to deal with semantic as well as syntactic information. As our work progressed we widened our approach. We decided to also include a detailed study of the logic of situation theory, and to investigate how this logical theory is related to the relational theory of meaning developed in situation semantics.
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  • 166
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926998
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Prologue -- The Semantics of Clocks -- I / Ontological Foundations -- The Pseudorealization Fallacy and the Chinese Room Argument -- In Praise of Narrow Minds: The Frame Problem -- Syntactic Semantics: Foundations of Computational Natural-Language Understanding -- Signs and Minds: An Introduction to the Theory of Semiotic Systems -- Logic for the New AI -- II / Epistemological Dimensions -- Artificial Intelligence is Philosophy -- Artificial Intelligence as an Experimental Science -- Defeasible Reasoning: A Philosophical Analysis in Prolog -- When is Reasoning Nonmonotonic? -- Artificial Intelligence and Effective Epistemology -- Maintaining an Inductive Database -- Epilogue -- Automating Creativity -- Index of Names -- Index of Subject.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and to computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The present volume illustrates the approach represented by this series. It addresses fundamental questions lying at the heart of artificial intelligence, including those of the relative virtues of computational and of non-computational conceptions of language and of mind, whether AI should be envisioned as a philosophical or as a scientific discipline, the theoretical character of patterns of inference and modes of argumenta­ tion (especially, defeasible and inductive reasoning), and the relations that may obtain between AI and epistemology. Alternative positions are developed in detail and subjected to vigorous debate in the justifiable expectation that - here as elsewhere - critical inquiry provides the most promising path to discovering the truth about ourselves and the world around us. lH.F.
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  • 167
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926417
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (444p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 113
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 113
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Philology ; History
    Abstract: 1: The Methodological Question -- 1. The Case for a Reorientation in the History of Psychology -- 2. Counterproposition: Psychology as Discourse -- 2: The Paradigm of Conceptual Psychology -- 3. Kant and Herbart: the Initiation of Conceptual Psychology -- 4. Empiricism and Conceptual Psychology: Psychophysics and Philology -- 3: Case Studies -- 5. Dilthey and Descriptive Psychology -- 6. Phenomenology and Conceptual Psychology -- 7. Mach’s Psychology of Investigation and the Limits of Science -- 8. Freud: the Psychology of Psychoanalysis -- Afterword: Some Consequences of Conceptual Psychology -- Notes -- Index of Names.
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  • 168
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 35
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Logic ; History ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: One/ Subject and Programme -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quandaries in recent Aristotle research -- 3. The programme of this study -- Notes to Chapter One -- Two/ The General Doctrine I Some Theorems and Rules -- 1. Multifariousness and common core -- 2. A provisional assumption -- 3. Common properties -- 4. Comparisons -- Notes to Chapter Two -- Three/ The General Doctrine II Absolute and Qualified Modalities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Qualified vs. absolute modalities -- 3. Qualified necessity, syllogisms and the proof per impossibile -- 4. Absolute impossibility and the commensurability of the diagonal -- 5. Real and assumed background knowledge -- 6. Relations between temporal and modal concepts -- Notes to Chapter Three -- Four/ Modality and Time (I) The Principle of Plenitude -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Principle of Plenitude and its role in Aristotle’s modal thinking -- 3. The evidence -- Notes to Chapter Four -- Five/ Modality and Time (II) De Caelo I.12 and The Necessity of What is Eternal -- 1. The problem -- 2. Williams and the supposed logical errors -- 3. Hintikka and the confusion in Aristotle’s “Master Argument” -- 4. Judson and the “grossness of Aristotle’s fallacy” -- 5. The metaphysics in De Caelo I.12 as exposed by Waterlow -- 6. De Caelo I.12 and the necessity of what is eternal -- 7. Some extrapolations and the role of hylê phthartê -- Notes to Chapter Five -- Six/ Modality and Time (III) De Interpretations 9 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The traditional views -- 3. De Interpretations 9 on the statistical reading -- 4. Deliberation and chance events in De Interpretatione 9 -- 5. The interpretation -- Notes to Chapter Six -- Seven/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 The De Omni-Per Se Distinction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zabarella on Aristotelian necessity -- 3. Inseparable accidents -- 4. A first look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6 -- 5. Some commentaries on Posterior Analytics I.4 and 6 -- 6. Real or conceptual modalities? -- 7. Aristotle, matter, and definition -- Notes to Chapter Seven -- Eight/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 Names and Naming -- 1. Abstraction in Metaphysics XIII.3 -- 2. Abstraction and naming -- 3. The issue of names and naming -- 4. A new look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6, part one -- 5. Some major differences -- 6. A new look at Posterior Analytics 1.4-6, part two -- 7. Belonging kath’ hauto and homogeneity -- 8. Homogeneity, the necessity of what is always and the concept of possibility -- Notes to Chapter Eight -- Nine/ Apodeictic Syllogistic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. External criticism -- 3. The nature of Aristotle’s syllogistic theory -- 4. Apodeictic syllogistic -- 5. Incoherence -- 6. McCall’s reconstruction -- 7. The four apodeictic categorical sentences and apodeictic ecthesis -- 8. The apodeictic conversion rules -- 9. The apodeictic Barbaras and domains of discourse -- 10. The status of ALuu -- 11. The soundness of the inference base -- 12. Conversion rules and shifts of type of predication -- 13. Conclusions -- Notes to Chapter Nine -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 169
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    ISBN: 9789400929036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 52
    Series Statement: Sovietica 52
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: One The Human Context -- From ‘Individual’ to ‘Subject’: Marx and Dewey on the Person -- Science, Psychology, and Human Values in the Context of Dewey’s Critique of Marx -- Text, Context, and the Existential Limit: A Jamesian Strain in Marx and Dewey -- Two The Cultural/Political Context -- Politics, Culture and Society in Marx and Dewey -- Dewey’s Understanding of Marx and Marxism -- Philosophy and Politics: A Historical Approach to Marx and Dewey -- The Politics After Deconstruction: Rorty, Dewey, and Marx -- Three The Metaphysical Context -- Marx and Dewey on the Unity of Theory and Practice -- Naturalism, Dialectical Materialism, and an Ontology of Constitutive Relations.
    Abstract: "I should venture to assert that the most pervasive fallacy of philosophic thinking goes back to neglect of context. III John Dewey " . . . philosophers do not grow like mushrooms, out of the earth; they are the outgrowth of their period, their nation, whose most subtle, delicate and invisible juices abound in the philosophical ideas. ,,2 Karl Marx Few issues are more heatedly debated in contemporary philosophy circles than that of con textual ism vs. foundationalism. The genesis for the debate was the publication in 1979 of Richard Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, which announ~ed the death of traditional philosophy. By "traditional" here is meant the quest for a certain or apodictic bedrock upon which an overall general theory or schema might be erected. This approach, for Rorty, characterized most previous philosophy, but especially the era from Descartes to Kant. Further, the three major philosophic thinkers of the 20th century, Dewey, Heidegger, and Wittgenstein, each initially tried to construct a foundational philosophy but each of the three, in his later work, broke free of the Kantian conception of philosophy as foundational, and spent his time warning us against those very temptations to which he himself had once succumbed. Thus their later work is therapeutic rather than constructive, edifying rather than systematic, designed to make the reader question his own motives for philosophizing rather than to 3 supply him with a new philosophical program.
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  • 170
    ISBN: 9789400914254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosphy 31
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 1. The Indivisibilist Controversy -- Indivisibilists: 1.1. Henry of Harclay -- 1.2. Robert Grosseteste -- 1.3. Walter Chatton -- 1.4. William Crathorn -- Divisibilists: 1.5. William of Ockham -- 1.6. John Duns Scotus -- 1.7. William of Alnwick -- 1.8. Walter Burley -- 2. Tractatus de indivisibilibus -- 2.1. The Author -- 2.2. The Contents -- 2.3. Date Written -- 2.4. Quaestio de divisione et compositione continui -- 2.5. The Date of the Quaestio -- 3. Editorial Principles -- 4. Notes to the Introduction -- II / Text and Translation -- Question 1: Whether forms or extended continua are composed of indivisibles -- Question 2: Whether among continua there is any indivisible extensive quantum, or among augmentable forms any intensive indivisible -- Question 3: Doubts about whether a continuum is infinitely divisible or composed of indivisibles -- Question 4: Whether the infinite divisibility of a continuum can be reduced to actuality -- Question 5: Whether there are more parts of the same proportion in a larger continuum than in a smaller -- III / Notes to the Text -- Notes to Question 1 -- Notes to Question 2 -- Notes to Question 3 -- Notes to Question 4 -- Notes to Question 5 -- IV / Appendix -- William Crathorn, “De continuo” -- Indices.
    Abstract: The English Franciscan philosopher and theologian, Adam of Wodeham (d. 1358), was a disciple and friend of William of Ockham; he was also a student of Walther Chatton. Nevertheless, he was an independent thinker who did not hesitate to criticize his former teachers - Ockham sporadically and benevolently, Chatton, frequently and aggressively. Since W odeham developed his own doctrinal position by a thorough critical examination of current opinions, the first part of this introduc­ tion briefly outlines the positions of the chief figures in the English controversy over indivisibles. The second part of the introduction pre­ sents a summary of Wodeham's views in the Tractatus de indivisibilibus, lists the contents of the treatise, and considers the question of its date and its chronological position in the context of Wodeham's other works. In the third part, the editorial procedures used here are set forth. 1. THE INDIVISIBILIST CONTROVERSY In the literature of the 13th and 14th centuries, the term 'indivisible' refers to a simple, un extended entity. Consequently, these indivisibles are not physical atoms but either mathematical points, temporal instants or indivisibles of motion, usually called mutata esse. I THOMAS BRADWARDINE (d. 1349), roughly contemporary with Wodeham, classified the positions it was possible to take regarding indivisibles. He described his own view as the common view, that of "Aristotle, A verroes, and most of the moderns," according to which a "continuum was not composed of atoms (athomis) but of parts divisible without end.
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  • 171
    ISBN: 9789400928732
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (494p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 107
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 107
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Narrative of Personal Events and Ideas -- List of Published Writings of Lewis Feuer -- On the Reality of Economic Illusion -- Institutional Economics as an Ideological Movement -- Generalization, Value-Judgment and Causal Explanation in History -- Theory and Practice: An Unsteady Dichotomy? -- Development and Underdevelopment: Conflicting Pespectives on the Third World -- Occupational Mobility: A Personal Perspective -- From Animism to Rationalism -- Toward Greater Equality -- Left-Wing Fascism and Right-Wing Communism: The Fission-Fusion Effect in American Extremist Ideologies -- The Nature of Bronson Alcott -- Is Marxism a Religion? -- Judaism in the Culture of Modernism -- Panteleimon Kulish — A Ukrainian Romantic Conservative -- Idea (English and Polish Versions) -- Organizational Weapons and Political Sects -- Millenarianism in England, Holland and America: Jewish and Christian Relations in England, Holland and Newport, Rhode Island -- John Dewey’s Philosophy of War and Peace -- To L.F. from V.C.R., 1984 -- China Today: Retreat from Mao and Return to Marx? -- Life and Work: A Biography of Lord Kelvin Reconsidered -- The Case of Lewis S. Feuer, Crime Writer -- After Strange Gods: Radical Jews in Modern America -- The Concept of Alienation Revisited -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Two articles by Lewis Feuer caught my attention in the '40s when 1 was wondering, asa student physicist, about the relations of physics to philosophy and to the world in turmoil. One was his essay on 'The Development of Logical Empiricism' (1941), and the other his critical review of Philipp Frank's biography of Einstein, 'Philosophy and the Theory of Relativity' (1947). How extraordinary it was to find so intelligent, independent, critical, and humane a mind; and furthermore he went further, as I soon realized when I looked for his name on other publications. I recall arguing with myself over his exploration of 'Indeterminacy and Economic Development' (1948), and even more when I read his 'Dialectical Materialism and Soviet Science' (1949). More papers, and then the fascinating, sometimes irritating, always insightful, books. His monograph on Psychoanalysis and Ethics 1955, the beautiful sociological and humanist study of Spinoza and the Rise of Liberalism (1958), his essays on 'The Social Roots of Einstein's Theory of Relativity' (1971) together with the book on Einstein and the Genera­ tions of Science (1974), the splendid reader from the works of Marx and Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (1959) which was a major text of the '60s, the stimulating essays on the social formation which seems to have been required for a modern scientific movement to develop, set forth most convincingly in The Scientific Intellectual (1963).
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  • 172
    ISBN: 9789400928633
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 41
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A. On the Nature of Probabilistic Causation -- Causality Testing in a Decision Science -- Causal Tendency: A Review -- Intuitions: Good and Not-So-Good -- Response to Salmon -- Regular Associations and Singular Causes -- Eliminating Singular Causes: Reply to Nancy Cartwright -- Reply to Ellery Eells -- Probabilistic Causal Levels -- Probabilistic Causality in Space and Time -- B. Physical Probability, Degree of Belief, and De Finettis Theorem -- Symmetry and Its Discontents -- A Theory of Higher Order Probabilities -- Conditioning, Kinematics, and Ex-changeability -- Ergodic Theory and the Foundations of Probability -- Indexes.
    Abstract: The papers collected here are, with three exceptions, those presented at a conference on probability and causation held at the University of California at Irvine on July 15-19, 1985. The exceptions are that David Freedman and Abner Shimony were not able to contribute the papers that they presented to this volume, and that Clark Glymour who was not able to attend the conference did contribute a paper. We would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the School of Humanities of the University of California at Irvine for generous support. WILLIAM HARPER University of Western Ontario BRIAN SKYRMS University of California at Irvine VII INTRODUCTION TO CAUSATION, CHANCE, AND CREDENCE The search for causes is so central to science that it has sometimes been taken as the defining attribute of the scientific enterprise. Yet even after twenty-five centuries of philosophical analysis the meaning of "cause" is still a matter of controversy, among scientists as well as philosophers. Part of the problem is that the servicable concepts of causation built out of Necessity, Sufficiency, Locality, and Temporal Precedence were constructed for a deterministic world-view which has been obsolete since the advent of quantum theory. A physically credible theory of causation must be, at basis, statistical. And statistical analyses of caus­ ation may be of interest even when an underlying deterministic theory is assumed, as in classical statistical mechanics.
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  • 173
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    ISBN: 9789400928770
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 6
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: Some Issues Concerning Relativism and Realism in Science -- Does the Sociology of Science Discredit Science? -- It’s All in the Day’s Work: A Study of the Ethnomethodology of Science -- The Strong Sociology of Knowledge Without Relativism -- Evolutionary Epistemology and Relativism -- Are All Theories Equally Good? A Dialogue -- Realism and Descriptivism -- On a Dogma Concerning Realism and Incommensurability -- Realism in the Social Sciences: Social Kinds and Social Laws -- The Ultimate Argument for Scientific Realism -- Radical Pluralism — An Alternative to Realism, Anti-Realism and Relativism -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour began comparatively earl- though not always under that name - in the Australasian region. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appoint­ ments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and 1960s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume comprises a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. Papers address general issues, however, rather than local ones; parochial topics are avoided. Further­ more, though in each volume a majority of the contributors is from Australia or New Zealand, contributions from elsewhere are by no means ruled out. Quite the reverse, in fact - they are actively encour­ aged wherever appropriate to the balance of the volume in question.
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  • 174
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    ISBN: 9789400913370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (486p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Seperating Linguistic Analyses from Linguistic Theories -- Applicability of Indexed Grammars to Natural Languages -- A Natural Language Toolkit: Reconciling Theory with Practice -- An Extension of LR-Parsing for Lexical Functional Grammar -- An Efficiency-Oriented LFG Parser -- Parsing with a GB-Grammar -- Combining Categorial Grammar and Unification -- A feature-Based Categorial Morpho-Syntax for Japanese -- The Treatment of the French adjectif détaché in Lexical Functional Grammar -- Some Problems of Coordination in German -- German Word Order and Universal Grammar -- Nonlocal-Dependencies and Infinitival Constructions in German -- GPSG and German Word Order -- Nested Cooper Storage: The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary Noun Phrases -- Compositional Semantics for LFG.
    Abstract: presupposition fails, we now give a short introduction into Unification Grammar. Since all implementations discussed in this volume use PROLOG (with the exception of BlockjHaugeneder), we felt that it would also be useful to explain the difference between unification in PROLOG and in UG. After the introduction to UG we briefly summarize the main arguments for using linguistic theories in natural language processing. We conclude with a short summary of the contributions to this volume. UNIFICATION GRAMMAR 3 Feature Structures or Complex Categories. Unification Grammar was developed by Martin Kay (Kay 1979). Martin Kay wanted to give a precise defmition (and implementation) of the notion of 'feature'. Linguists use features at nearly all levels of linguistic description. In phonetics, for instance, the phoneme b is usually described with the features 'bilabial', 'voiced' and 'nasal'. In the case of b the first two features get the value +, the third (nasal) gets the value -. Feature­ value pairs in phonology are normally represented as a matrix. bilabial: + voiced: + I nasal: - [Feature matrix for b.] In syntax features are used, for example, to distinguish different noun classes. The Latin noun 'murus' would be characterized by the following feature-value pairs: gender: masculin, number: singular, case: nominative, pred: murus. Besides a matrix representation one frequently fmds a graph representation for feature value pairs. The edges of the graph are labelled by features. The leaves denote the value of a feature.
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  • 175
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    ISBN: 9789400927070
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 31
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health laws ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I / Historical and Conceptual Foundations -- Back from the Grave: Recurring Controversies over Defining and Diagnosing Death In History -- Does Anyone Survive Neocortical Death? -- Reexamining the Definition of Death and Becoming Clearer about What it is to be Alive -- II / Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria of Death: Legal Considerations -- Should the Law Define Death? — A Genuine Question -- Legal Issues Leading to the Notion of Neocortical Death -- III / The President’s Commission and Beyond -- The Report of the President’s Commission on the Uniform Determination of Death Act -- Whole-Brain, Neocortical, and Higher Brain Related Concepts -- Brains and Persons: A Critique of Veatch’s View -- Human Death and the Destruction of the Neocortex -- IV / The Cultural Context -- Beyond a Whole-Brain Definition of Death: Reconsidering the Metaphysics of Death -- The Many Times of Death -- The Element of Choice in Criteria of Death -- Person Perception and the Death of the Person: A New Role for Health Professionals in Cases of Brain Death -- Notes on contributors.
    Abstract: From the tone of the report by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Re­ search, one might conclude that the whole-brain-oriented definition of death is now firmly established as an enduring element of public policy. In that report, Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death, the President's Commission forwarded a uni­ form determination of death act, which laid heavy accent on the signifi­ cance of the brain stem in determining whether an individual is alive or dead: An individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards ([1], p. 2). The plausibility of these criteria is undermined as soon as one confronts the question of the level of treatment that ought to be provided to human bodies that have permanently lost consciousness but whose brain stems are still functioning.
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  • 176
    ISBN: 9789400930674
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Education 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Education Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction: The Intentionalist Manifesto -- II. An Erotetic Concept of Teaching -- III. A Philosophical Critique of Process-Product Research in Teaching -- IV. Erotetic Logic and Teaching -- V. Erotetic Causation -- VI. Erotetic Teaching Strategies -- VII. Socratic and Erotetic Teaching -- VIII. Teachers’ Questions -- IX. Erotetics, Cognitive Psychology and the Process of Problem Solving -- X. Erotetic Prospects -- References -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Topics.
    Abstract: happens, how it happens, and why it happens. Our assumption ought to be that this is as true in education as it is in atomic physics. But this leaves many other questions to answer. The crucial ones: What kind of science is proper or appropriate to education? How does it differ from physics? What is wrong with the prevai1~ ing, virtually unopposed research tradition in education? What could or should be done to replace it with a more adequate tradi­ tion? What concepts are necessary to describe and explain what we find there? It is in this realm that we find ourselves. Where to start? One place - our place, needless to say - is with one limited but central concept in education, teaching. A long philosophical tradition concerned with the nature of teaching goes back (along with everything else) to Plato, divulging most recent­ ly in the work of such philosophers as B. O. Smith, Scheffler, Hirst, Komisar, Green, McClellan, Soltis, Kerr, Fenstermacher, et al. An empirical tradition runs parallelto the philosophers -it has its most notable modern proponents in Gage, the Soars, Berliner, Rosen­ shine, but its roots can be traced to the Sophists. These two tradi­ tions have been at loggerheads over the centuries.
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  • 177
    ISBN: 9789400928657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 42
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Decisions and Games -- Conditional Preference and Causal Expected Utility -- Causal Decision Theory and Game Theory: A Classic Argument for Equilibrium Solutions, a Defense of Weak Equilibria, and a New Problem for the Normal Form Representation -- Consistency and Decision: Variations on Ramseyan Themes -- Powers -- II / Rational Belief Change -- Causation and the Dynamics of Belief -- Ordinal Conditional Functions: A Dynamic Theory of Epistemic States -- The Logic of Evolution, and the Reduction of Holistic-Coherent Systems to Hierarchical-Feedback Systems -- III / Statistics -- Four Themes in Statistical Explanation -- Artificial Intelligence for Statistical and Causal Modelling.
    Abstract: The papers collected here are, with three exceptions, those presented at a conference on probability and causation held at the University of California at Irvine on July 15-19, 1985. The exceptions are that David Freedman and Abner Shimony were not able to contribute the papers that they presented to this volume, and that Clark Glymour who was not able to attend the conference did contribute a paper. We would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the School of Humanities of the University of California at Irvine for generous support. WILLIAM HARPER University of Western Ontario BRIAN SKYRMS University of California at Irvine Vll INTRODUCTION PART I: DECISIONS AND GAMES Causal notions have recently corne to figure prominently in discussions about rational decision making. Indeed, a relatively influential new approach to theorizing about rational choice has come to be called "causal decision theory". 1 Decision problems such as Newcombe's Problem and some versions of the Prisoner's Dilemma where an act counts as evidence for a desired state even though the agent knows his choice of that act cannot causally influence whether or not the state obtains have motivated causal decision theorists.
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  • 178
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    ISBN: 9789401722094
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (III, 172 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Mathematics ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Sociology.
    Abstract: Mathematical Education and Aboriginal Children -- On Culture, Geometrical Thinking and Mathematics Education -- School Mathematics in Culture-Conflict Situations -- Mathematics Education in Its Cultural Context -- Values, Mathematics Education, and the Task of Developing Pupils’ Personalities: An Indonesian Perspective -- Outcomes of Schooling: Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes Towards Mathematics Learning in Hong Kong -- Institutional Issues in the Study of School Mathematics: Curriculum Research -- The Computer as a Cultural Influence in Mathematical Learning -- Book Reviews -- Erich Ch. Wittmann, ElementargeometrieundWirklichkeit -- C. C McKnight, F. J. Crosswhite, J. A. Dossey, E. Kifer, J. O. Swafford, K. J. Travers, and T. J. Cooney, The Underachieving Curriculum — Assessing US School Mathematics from an International Perspective -- Louise Lafortune (ed.), Women and Mathematics -- J. Dhombres, A. Dahan-Dalmedico, R. Bkouche, C. Houzel, and M. Guillemot, Mathématiquesau fil des âges.
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  • 179
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    ISBN: 9789401165259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tutorial Guides in Electronic Engineering 3
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Basic Concepts -- Algorithm -- Programming languages -- Software tools -- Pascal -- Identifiers -- Pascal structure -- Comments -- Examples of bad and good programming -- 2 Scalar Data Type: Constant, Integer, Real. Input-Output -- Constant definition -- Variable declarations -- Integers -- Reals -- Pascal arithmetic -- Arithmetic functions -- Input to a program -- Output from a program -- Formatted output -- A step by step development of simple Pascal programs -- 3 Scalar Data Type: Char, Boolean, Enumerated and Subrange. The Array Data Structure -- Computer character set -- The data type character -- Input and output of character variables -- Standard function identifiers for character -- The data type boolean -- Operator hierarchy -- Standard functions for boolean -- Scalar data type -- Enumerated scalar data type -- Subrange scalar data type -- The array data structure -- 4 Conditional, Repetitive and Goto Statements -- Assignment statement -- Compound statement -- The if statement -- The case statement -- The while-do statement -- The repeat-until statement -- The for-statement -- The goto statement -- 5 Functions and Procedures -- Why use functions and procedures? -- Functions -- Local declarations within functions -- Scope of identifiers and side effects -- Procedures -- Procedures with no formal parameters -- Procedures with value parameters -- Using global variables -- Procedures with variable parameters -- Procedural and functional parameters -- Recursion -- Forward directive -- 6 Structured Data Types: Array, File, Set and Record. The Pointer Data Type -- The array structure -- Arrays as subprogram parameters -- Packed arrays -- Strings -- The file structure -- Standard Pascal procedures for files -- Textfiles and standard procedures -- The set structure -- Set operators -- The record structure -- Variant record -- The pointer data type -- 7 Case Studies -- Network transfer functions -- Transfer function analysis program -- Active filter synthesis -- Active circuit synthesis program -- Linear passive circuits -- Circuit analysis program -- Appendix A Syntax diagrams -- Appendix B Pascal special symbols -- Standard Pascal identifiers -- Description of standard functions -- References.
    Abstract: In the last few years there has been a tremendous increase in the number of Pascal courses taught at various levels in schools and universities. Also with the advances made in electronics it is possible today for the majority of people to own or have access to a microcomputer which invariably runs BASIC and Pascal. A number of Pascal implementations exist and in the last two years a new Pascal specification has emerged. This specification has now been accepted as the British Standard BS6192 (1982). This standard also forms the technical content of the proposed International Standard IS07185. In addition to a separate knowledge of electronic engineering and programming a marriage of engineering and computer science is required. The present method of teaching Pascal in the first year of electronic engineering courses is wasteful. Little, if any, benefit is derived from a course that only teaches Pascal and its use with abstract examples. What is required is continued practice in the use of Pascal to solve meaningful problems in the student's chosen discipline. The purpose of this book is to make the use of standard Pascal (BS6192) as natural a tool in solving engineering problems as possible. In order to achieve this aim, only problems in or related to electrical and elec­ tronic engineering are considered in this book. The many worked examples are of various degrees of difficulty ranging from a simple example to bias a transistor to programs that analyse passive RLC networks or synthesise active circuits.
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  • 180
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (572p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Sociology. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I: The Social Sciences and Biomedicine -- Relationships between Society, Culture, and Biomedicine: Introduction to the Essays -- II: Mind, Body, Values, and Society -- Tenacious Assumptions in Western Medicine -- Mind and Body as Metaphors: Hidden Values in Biomedicine -- Psyche, Soma, and Society: The Social Construction of Psychosomatic Disorders -- III: Reproducing Medical Perception and Practice -- Medical Students and the Cadaver in Social and Cultural Context -- Patients, Physicians and Context: Medical Care in the Home -- Discourse, Descriptions and Diagnoses: Reproducing Normal Medicine -- IV: Medicine Evolving, Medicine Adapting -- Space and Time in British General Practice -- Thinking Prevention: Concepts and Constructs in General Practice -- Clinical Science and Clinical Expertise: Changing Boundaries Between Art and Science in Medicine -- V: Medical Construction of life Cycle Processes -- Babyhood: The Social Construction of Infant Care as a Medical Problem in England in the Years Around 1900 -- Menopause as Process or Event: The Creation of Definitions in Biomedicine -- On the Boundary of Life and Death: The Definition of Dying by Medical Residents -- VI: Biomedical Knowledge and Practice Across Cultures -- A Nation at Risk: Interpretations of School Refusal in Japan -- Medical Practice in Response to a Folk Illness: The Treatment of Nervios in Costa Rica -- VII: Constructing the “Ordinary” out of the “Extraordinary” -- Physicians and the Disclosure of Undesirable Information -- The Technological Imperative in Medical Practice: The Social Creation of a “Routine” Treatment -- The Social Construction of a Machine: Ritual, Superstition, Magical Thinking and Other Pragmatic Responses to Running a CT Scanner -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The culture of contemporary medicine is the object of investigation in this book; the meanings and values implicit in biomedical knowledge and practice and the social processes through which they are produced are examined through the use of specific case studies. The essays provide examples of how various facets of 20th century medicine, including edu­ cation, research, the creation of medical knowledge, the development and application of technology, and day to day medical practice, are per­ vaded by a value system characteristic of an industrial-capitalistic view of the world in which the idea that science represents an objective and value free body of knowledge is dominant. The authors of the essays are sociologists and anthropologists (in almost equal numbers); also included are papers by a social historian and by three physicians all of whom have steeped themselves in the social sci­ ences and humanities. This co-operative endeavor, which has necessi­ tated the breaking down of disciplinary barriers to some extent, is per­ haps indicative of a larger movement in the social sciences, one in which there is a searching for a middle ground between grand theory and attempts at universal explanations on the one hand, and the context-spe­ cific empiricism and relativistic accounts characteristic of many historical and anthropological analyses on the other.
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  • 181
    ISBN: 9789400927179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 The Principles-and-Parameters Model and the Verb Phrase -- 1.1. From the Generative Tradition to Principles-and-Parameters -- 1.2. V* Constructions -- 1.3. $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 1.4. Predication -- 1.5. Subcategorization and Theta-Theory -- Notes -- 2 Auxiliary Verbs in $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Arguments for VP with Auxiliaries as Specifiers -- 2.3. Auxiliaries as Heads of Full Phrases -- 2.4. Specifiers and Adjuncts of Layered VP -- 2.5. Clausal-Type Restrictions on Occurrences of Aspectuals -- 2.6. Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Licensing of VP -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Predication and the Distribution of VP -- 3.3. Theta-marking of VP by INFL -- 3.4. Subcategorization Licensing and the Argumenthood of VP -- 3.5. Auxiliaries and Head-Head Agreement -- 3.6. The Verbal Case Hypothesis -- Appendix: Syntactic Aspect and the Distribution of VP and AP -- Notes -- 4 Proper Government of VP -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Tense-Government -- 4.3. INFL and Tense-Identification -- 4.4. Antecedentless Null VP (VP-Deletion) -- 4.5. Null VP and Auxiliary Clitics (Contraction) -- 4.6. Clitics and Proper Government -- 4.7. VP-Preposing -- Notes -- 5 Structure of VP in Spanish -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Spanish Aspectual and Copular Verbs -- 5.3. The Verbal Complex Hypothesis -- 5.4. Arguments for Standard Phrasal Structure for Auxiliaries -- 5.5. Summary and Discussion -- Notes -- 6 V0 Chains and Government of VP in Spanish -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Issues -- 6.3. Movement of Non-defective (Main) Verbs -- 6.4. V0 Movement of Haber + Participle -- 6.5. Movement of Estar and Ser -- 6.6. Temporal Role Assignment and Agreement in Declaratives -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This study is concerned with the structure of verb phrases in English and Spanish, and with syntactic processes involving VP and Vo. A primary focus of attention is auxiliary verbs. It is argued that the structure dominating these verbs is essentially the same in English and Spanish, as is the structure dominating auxiliaries and 'main' verbs in each language. It must be concluded that the occurrence of distinct syntactic processes affecting auxiliaries and other VP constituents in the two languages does not follow from parametrization of phrase structure. It is argued that similarities between the two languages with respect to the composition of so-called "V*" constructions derive from the fact that VP is licensed under both clauses of the Principle of Full Interpretation, i. e. , predication and sub categorization. Distinct syntactic processes in English and Spanish are argued to follow from the fact that there are inflectional features related to each of these licensing conditions (including specification for [ ± PAST) and nominal person/number features) which affect government relations in distinct ways, resulting in parametrization of S-structure representa­ tions. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreCiatIOn to the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Washington for support for preparation of the final manuscript, and to the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese at the University of Virginia for a leave during which much of this research was accomplished.
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  • 182
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400928091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 382 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 123
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 123
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Preamble -- Newton, the Man — Again -- I: Newton’s Science -- Newton’s Third Law and Universal Gravity -- Newton’s Alchemy and his ‘Active Principle’ of Gravitation -- Newton’s Biblical Theology and his Theological Physics -- Newton’s ‘Opticks’ and the Incomplete Revolution -- Newton’s Pendulum Experiment and specific Characteristics of his Scientific Method in Physics -- II: Newton’s Scientific Heritage -- The Surprises of Newtonian Determinism -- Newton’s Conception of Time in Modern Physics and Philosophy -- Gravitation and Nineteenth-Century Physical Worldviews -- Electricity in Eighteenth-Century Holland: a Newtonian Legacy -- Reconcilation of the Newtonian Framework with Thermodynamics by the Reproducibility of a Collective Physical Quantity -- Newtonian Gravitational Theory and General Relativity in the Light of the Correspondence between their Mathematical Models -- Chemical Affinity in the 19th Century and Newtonianism -- III: Newton’s Methodological Heritage -- Newton, Lavoisier and Modern Science -- Inertia, the Innate Force of Matter: a Legacy from Newton to Modern Physics -- A Charactarization of the Newtonian Paradigm -- Newton’s Mathematization of Physics in Retrospect -- Probability, Planets, and Newton’s Methodology -- Isaac Newton’s Legacy: an Insight into Resilient Patterns of Thought -- Newton’s Construction of the Law of Gravitation -- IV: Newton’s Philosophical Heritage -- Partnership in Glory: Newton and Locke through the Enlightenment and beyond -- What Survives from the Classical Concept of Absolute Time -- Newton’s Theory of Matter -- Ethics, Politics and Sociology as Newtonian Sciences -- Aristotle Wittgenstein, alias Isaac Newton between Fact and Substance -- A Word About the Authors.
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  • 183
    ISBN: 9789400928374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (616p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 104
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 104
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Pragmatism
    Abstract: 1 / Reducing Texts to Formulas -- 1. Seeking Canonical Forms -- 2. Analysis of Word Combinations -- 3. Details of the Analysis -- 2 /Result: Formulas of Information -- 1. Meta-science Segments -- 2. Word Classes -- 3. Word Subclasses -- 4. Word Modifiers and Local Operators -- 5. Summary of Word Classes -- 6. Sentence Types -- 7. Sentence Formulas -- 3 / From Structure to Information -- 1. Differences in Structure and Differences in Information -- 2. Formula-based Critique of Information -- 3. Sublanguage Properties -- 4. Further Work -- 5. Toward the Grammar of Science -- 4 / Sublanguage Formulas as Information Units -- 1. Normal Form Linearity: Projection and the Use of the Arrow -- 2. Local Operator Modifiers -- 3. The Classifier ‘Response’ -- 4. Correlations between W and V Operators -- 5. Sublanguage Homonymities -- 6. Extending Sublanguage Grammar -- 7. Information Structure and the ‘r’ Operator -- 5 / The Apparatus of Sublanguage Transformations -- 1. A Preliminary Survey of Sublanguage Transformations -- 2. Relinearization -- 3. Reconstruction of Repetitional Zeroing -- 4. Reconstruction of Low-information Zeroing -- 5. Relative Clause -- 6. Larger Transformations -- 7. Comparative -- 8. Quantifiers and the Negative -- 9. Further Regularization -- 6 / Extending the Analysis: The Informational Environment of the Science Sentences -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Word Classes and Sentence Types -- 3. Conclusions -- 7 / Information Units in a French Corpus -- 1. Information Grammar as a Pattern-matcher on Sentences and Linearization Rules to Produce Sentences from Informational Units -- 2. An Applicative Grammar of Informational Units -- 3. Using the Grammar of Informational Units as a Pattern-matcher for a Direct Recognition of Informational Units -- 4. Linearization Rules: Producing Sentences Out of Units -- 5. Questions Which Are Not Fully Treated Here -- 6. Conclusion and Applications of the Method Presented Here -- 8 / The Cellular Source of Antibody: A Review -- 1. Background -- 2. Early Observations and Experiments on the Macrophage in Relation to Antibody Formation -- 3. Early Studies on the Lymphatic System in the Production of Antibodies -- 4. Lymphocyte or Plasma Cell as the Antibody-synthesizing Cell -- 5. Correlation of Tissue-extract Antibody with Microscopic Observations -- 6. Extraction of Cells -- 7. Release of Antibody from Tissues and from Cells Cultivated in Vitro -- 8. Studies Involving Aggregation of Bacterial Cells Around Tissue Cells -- 9. Histochemical Staining for Nucleic Acid in Lymph Nodes in Relation to Formation of Antibodies -- 10. Fluorescence Staining for Antibody -- 11. Transfer of Cells of Lymph Nodes, Lymph and Spleen -- 12. Resolution of the Problem: Electron Microscopic Studies of Antibody-producing Cells -- Appendix 1 / Tables of Immunology Reports: English -- Appendix 2 / Tables of Immunology Reports: French -- Appendix 3 / Notes to the Tables of the English Articles -- List of Symbols.
    Abstract: DOES DISCOURSE HAVE A 'STRUCTURE'? HARRIS'S REVOLUTION IN LINGUISTICS As a freshman back in 1947 I discovered that within the various academic divisions and subdivisions of the University of Pennsylvania there existed a something (it was not a Department, but a piece of the Anthropology Department) called 'Linguistic Analysis'. I was an untalented but enthusiastic student of Greek and a slightly more talented student of German, as well as the son of a translator, so the idea of 'Linguistic Analysis' attracted me, sight unseen, and I signed up for a course. It turned out that 'Linguistic Analysis' was essentially a graduate program - I and another undergraduate called Noam Chomsky were the only two undergraduates who took courses in Linguistic Analysis - and also that it was essentially a one-man show: a professor named Zellig Harris taught all the courses with the aid of graduate Teaching Fellows (and possibly - I am not sure - one Assistant Professor). The technicalities of Linguistic Analysis were formidable, and I never did master them all. But the powerful intellect and personality of Zellig Harris drew me like a lodestone, and, although I majored in Philosophy, I took every course there was to take in Linguistic Analysis from then until my gradua­ tion. What 'Linguistics' was like before Zellig Harris is something not many people care to remember today.
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  • 184
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400914216
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 191
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Epistemological Cognition as Historical Cognition -- 1.1. Factographical Versus Theoretical Historicism -- 1.2. Framework Regularities -- 1.3. Assumptions of Historical Epistemology -- 1.4. The Relation Born by General Statements of Historical Epistemology on Methodological Norms and Directives -- Notes -- 2 / The Relation of Correspondence -- 2.1. Literal Reference -- 2.2. The Characteristics of Essentially Corrective (Strict) Correspondence -- 2.3. Remarks of Traditional Understandings of Correspondence -- 2.4. An Example of Essentially Corrective Correspondence, A Debate with the Views of P. K. Feyerabend -- Notes -- 3 / The Opposition of Theory and Experience -- 3.1. ‘Dogma of Empiricism’ -- 3.2. Performed Action as the Essentially Corrected Correspondence Rendering of Undertaken Action -- 3.3 Two Kinds of Opposition of Theory and Experience: The Relative and the Absolute -- Notes -- 4 / The Duhem-Quine Thesis -- 4.1. The Comprehensive Instrumentalism of W. V. Quine -- 4.2. The Comprehensive Instrumentalism of W. V Quine from the Viewpoint of Historical Epistemology -- Notes -- 5 / Althusser’s Instrumentalism -- 5.1. A Marxist Variant of Theoretical Historicism Methodology -- 5.2. Althusser’s Conception of Historical Materialism -- 5.3. ‘Anti-Empiricism’ as a Consequence of the ‘Methodologically’ Instrumentalist Interpretation of Historical Materialism -- Notes.
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  • 185
    ISBN: 9789400928435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 32
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: On Boethius’s Notion of Being: A Chapter of Boethian Semantics -- Logic in the Early Twelfth Century -- The Distinction Actus Exercitus/Actus Significatus in Medieval Semantics -- Denomination in Peter of Auvergne -- Concrete Accidental Terms: Late Thirteenth-Century Debates About Problems Relating to Such Terms as ‘Album’ -- Concrete Accidental Terms and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech -- The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent -- Tu Scis Hoc Esse Omne Quod Est Hoc: Richard Kilvington and the Logic of Knowledge -- Logic and Trinitarian Theology: De Modo Predicandi ac Sylogizandi in Divinis -- A Seventeenth-Century Physician on God and Atoms: Sebastian Basso -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: The studies that make up this book were written and brought together to honor the memory of Jan Pinborg. His unexpected death in 1982 at the age of forty-five shocked and saddened students of medieval philosophy everywhere and left them with a keen sense of disappoint­ ment. In his fifteen-year career Jan Pinborg had done so much for our field with his more than ninety books, editions, articles, and reviews and had done it all so well that we recognized him as a leader and counted on many more years of his scholarship, his help, and his friendship. To be missed so sorely by his international colleagues in an academic field is a mark of Jan's achievement, but only of one aspect of it, for historians of philosophy are not the only scholars who have reacted in this way to Jan's death. In his decade and a half of intense productivity he also acquired the same sort of special status among historians of linguistics, whose volume of essays in his memory is being G. L. Bursill-Hall almost simultane­ published under the editorship of ously with this one. Sten Ebbesen, Jan's student, colleague, and successor as Director of the Institute of Medieval Greek and Latin Philology at the University of Copenhagen, has earned the gratitude of all of us by memorializing Jan 1 in various biographical sketches, one of which is accompanied by a 2 complete bibliography of his publications.
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  • 186
    ISBN: 9789400929111
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: The problem -- The approach -- Aim and objectives -- The thesis and its background -- Ideality of language -- ?ruti -- The ‘dogma’ of sruti: apauru?eya -- The text and its author -- Cit: consciousness in the knowing process -- Dharmar?ja and Navya-ny?ya -- 1. Outline of the Argument for ?abdapramÅ?a -- 2. On Words -- Linguistic kara?a and the word -- 3. On Meaning -- A. Some general remarks on ‘meaning’ -- B. Indian theories of ‘meaning’ -- C. The linguistic functions of ‘meaning’ -- 4. ??bdabodha: Psycholinguistics of Sentence Understanding -- A. ??bdabodha -- B. Sa?sargamary?d? -- 5. The K?ra?s -- A. Ák??k?? — syntactic expectancy -- B. ?satti — linguistic contiguity -- 6. The Phenomenological K?ranas -- A. Yogyat? — semantic competency -- B. T?tparya — intentionality -- 7. ?abdapr?m?nya — Problem of Truth and Authority of the Word -- A. Truth and falsity of ??bdabodha -- B. ‘Authority and Praxis’ —?ptabh?va -- Appendixes -- B. Bibliography -- A. Primary sources -- B. Secondary sources and related texts -- Indexes -- Name index -- General index.
    Abstract: Dr PurusQttama Bilimoria's book on sabdapramaIJa is an important one, and so is likely to arouse much controversy. I am pleased to be able to write a Foreword to this book, at a stage in my philosophical thinking when my own interests have been turning towards the thesis of sabdapramaIJa as the basis of Hindu religious and philosophical tradition. Dr Bilimoria offers many novel interpretations of classical Hindu theories about language, meaning, understanding and knowing. These interpretations draw upon the conceptual resources of contemporary analytic and phenomenological philosophies, without sacrificing the authentIcity that can arise only out of philologically grounded scholarship. He raises many issues, and claims to have resolved some of them. Certainly, he advances the overall discussion, and this is the best one could hope for in writing on a topic to which the best minds of antiquity and modern times have applied themselves. In this Foreword, I wish to focus on one of the issues which I have raised on earlier occasions, and on which Dr Bilimoria has several important things to say. The issue is: is sabdabodha eo ipso a linguistic knowing, i. e. , sabdapramll, or does Sabdabodha amount to knowing only when certain specifiable conditions are satisfied. It the second alternative be accepted, these additional conditions could not be the same as the familiar Ilsatti (contiguity), yogyata (semantic fitness), dka;,k~ll (expectancy) and tlltparya (intention), for these are, on the theory, conditions of sabdabodha itself.
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  • 187
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400928992
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: 1: Preliminaries -- 1.1 The central issues -- 1.2 The contributions of previous scholars -- 1.3 The argument of this book -- Notes -- 2: Rational Skepticism in Pre-Di?n?gan Buddhism -- 2.1 The foundation of skepticism in the Nik?yas -- 2.2 The influence of N?g?rjuna -- Notes -- 3: Nominalism in Pre-Di?n?gan Buddhism -- 3.1 The ?gama literature and Milindapañha -- 3.2 Nominalism in N?g?rjuna -- 3.3 Nominalism in Vasubandhu -- Notes -- 4: Di?n?ga’s Theory of Knowledge -- 4.1 Hetucakranir?aya -- 4.2 The Pram??asamuccaya -- 4.3 The skepticism implicit in Di?n?ga’s epistemology -- Notes -- 5: Di?n?ga’s nominalism -- 5.1 The ?lambanapar?k?? -- 5.2 The context of the discussion of nominalism in the Pram??asamuccaya -- Notes -- Translations Introduction to translation -- The history of the Pram??asamuccaya in Tibet -- 6: Pram??asamuccaya II “On reasoning” -- 6.1 Inference differentiated from sensation -- 6.2 The three characteristics of legitimate evidence -- 6.3 Property-bearer as the subject of inference -- 6.4 On restricted and errant properties -- 6.5 Non-symmetry of restriction and pervasion -- Notes -- 7: Pram??asamuccaya V: On the nature of signs in language -- 7.1 On the question of what verbal symbols make known -- 7.2 On the relationships between symbols that express preclusion -- 7.3 On the unreality of universals outside thought -- 7.4 On the question of what linguistic symbols preclude -- Notes -- 8: Conclusions -- Appendix A: Glossary of Sanskrit Terms -- Appendix B: Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon -- Selected Bibliography -- Subject and Author Index.
    Abstract: Buddhist philosophy in India in the early sixth century C. E. took an important tum away from the traditional methods of explaining and systematizing the teachings in Siitra literature that were attributed to the Buddha. The new direction in which several Indian Buddhist philosophers began to move was that of following reasoning to its natural conclusions, regardless whether the conclusions conflicted with traditional teachings. The central figure in this new movement was DiIinaga, a native of South India who found his way to the centre of Buddhist education at Nalanda, studied the treatises that were learned by the Buddhist intellectuals of his day, and eventually wrote works of his own that formed the core of a distinctly new school of Buddhist thought. Inasmuch as virtually every Indian philosopher after the sixth century had either to reject Dirinaga's methods or build upon the foundations provided by his investigations into logic, epistemology and language, his influence on the evolution of Indian philosophy was considerable, and indeed some familiarity with Dirinaga's arguments and conclusions is indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand the historical development of Indian thought. Moreover, since the approach to Buddhism that grew out of Dirinaga's meditations on language and the limits of knowledge dominated the minds of many of the scholars who took Buddhism to Tibet, some familiarity with Dirinaga is also essential to those who wish to understand the intellectual infrastructure of Tibetan Buddhist philosophy and practice.
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  • 188
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Ethics and Science Policy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Environmental management ; Sociology.
    Abstract: One: Introduction to Mandated Science -- Identifying Mandated Science -- The Character of Mandated Science -- The Approach to be Taken in the Study of Mandated Science -- Standard Setting: A Case Study of Mandated Science -- The Design of the Study -- Specific Methodological Decisions -- The Organization of the Book -- Two: An Introduction to Standards -- The Features of Standards -- Confusions in Terminology -- The Data Problem in Standard Setting -- The Debates about Standards -- Standard Setting as an Example of Mandated Science -- Three: In the Eye of the StormCase Study One: The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -- The Early History -- The Active Phase -- The Transition Period -- ACGIH Today -- Membership of the TLV Committee -- Standard Setting in ACGIH -- ACGIH Standards -- Controversies about Standards -- The Status of ACGIH Standards -- The Use of ACGIH Standards -- Discussion -- Four: Alphabet SoupCase Study Two: The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues -- The Codex Alimentarius -- The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) -- The Joint Management Committee on Pesticide Residues -- The Three Organizations -- The Standards -- The Status of Codex Standards -- Discussion -- Five: Political ChemicalsCase Study Three: The Toronto Lead Controversy -- Background Information -- Standards in the Toronto Lead Controversy -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (1) — Early History -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (2) — the Case Goes to Court -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (3) — Words Become Dangerous -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (4) — Studying the Problem -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (5) — The Hearing Acts as a Court -- Discussion -- Six: An Economic PoisonCase Study Four: Pentachlorophenol -- Sorne Background Information -- The Standards -- History of the Controversy -- Discussion -- Seven: Standards Revisited -- The Characteristics of Standards -- The Character of Standard Setting: The Two Organizations -- The Character of Standard Setting: The Two Controversies -- Standards and the Debate about Regulation -- The Debate about Standards: Prescriptive versus Performance Standards -- Standards and Mandated Science -- Eight: Mandated Science -- The Character of Mandated Science -- Questions Arising from the Study of Mandated Science -- The Debates in Mandated Science -- Conclusions from the Study of Mandated Science -- Notes.
    Abstract: For a long time I would not eat strawberries. In 1977, a scandal broke about a testing laboratory having falsified the data that was used to register a large number of pesticides. The Canadian government, along with several others, began the process of re-evaluating both the procedures for testing and these specific chemicals. One chemical proved particularly controversial, the commonly-used pesticide named captan. In light of the controversy, which was manifest in a conflict between two government departments, in 1981, the Canadian government chose to appoint a special panel of experts to advise them. I was a member of this expert committee. The experience on the captan committee did little to reassure me, either about captan or about the way that decisions had been made about many pesticides in widespread use. Although it could not be demonstrated that captan was dangerous to people in the amounts to which they would likely be exposed, the animal studies provided the basis for concern. Prudence required at the very least that consumers take the precaution of washing their fruit, for captan is widely used on apples, cherries and berry fruits. Captan residues wash off apples relatively easily; they are less easily removed from berry fruits, such as straw­ berries.
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  • 189
    ISBN: 9789400927667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 149 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Cohen, Charles L. [Rezension von: Golden, R. M., The Huguenot Connection: The Edict of Nantes, Its Revocation, and Early French Migration to South Carolina] 1990
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 125
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 125
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: The Crown, the Huguenots, and the Edict of Nantes -- Understanding the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes from the Perspective of the French Court -- The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and Huguenot Migration to South Carolina -- Chronological Table -- Appendix I: The Edict of Nantes -- Appendix II: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes -- Appendix III: Letter from Louis Thibou, 20 September 1683.
    Abstract: Richard M. Golden Possibly the most famous event in Louis XIV's long reign (1643-1715) was the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, issued by the French king on 17 October 1685 and registered five days later by the parlement of _Paris, a sovereign judicial institution having jurisdiction over approximately one-half of the kingdom. The Edict of Fontainebleau (the Revocation's technical name, derived from the palace southeast of Paris where Louis had signed the act) declared illegal the public profession of Calvinist Protestantism and led perhaps as many as 200,000 Huguenots/ as French Protestants were known, to flee their homeland. They did so despite royal decrees against emigration and the harsh punishment (prison for women, the galleys for men) awaiting those caught escaping. The Revocation is a landmark in the checkered history of religious toleration (or intolerance); Huguenots, many Roman Catholics, and historians of all persuasions have heaped scorn on Louis XIV for withdrawing the Edict of Nantes, issued by his grandfather, Henry IV (1589-1610). King Henry had proclaimed the 1598 Edict to be both "perpetual" and "irrevocable. " Although one absolutist king could not bind his successors and although "irrevocable" in the context of French law simply meant irrevocable until superseded by another edict, historians have accused Louis XIV of 2 breaking faith with Henry IV and the Huguenots. Louis did only what Henry prob­ ably would have done had he possessed the requisite power.
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  • 190
    ISBN: 9789401733502
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 305 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Comparative Literature ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Questions of Method: On Describing the Individual as Exemplary -- 2. The Necessity of Intersubjectivity -- 3. Existence and Essence in Thomas and Husserl -- 4. A Phenomenological Exploration of Popper’s ‘World 3’ -- 5. Dwelling -- 6. Textuality and the Origin of the Work of Art -- 7. On the Occlusion of the Subject: Heidegger and Lacan -- 8. From the Deconstruction of Hermeneutics to the Hermeneutics of Deconstruction -- 9. Communication Science and Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of the Objectivist Illusion -- 10. Merleau-Ponty: The Depth of Memory as the Depth of the World -- 11. Towards an Erotics of Art -- 12. Merleau-Ponty on Silence and the Work of Philosophy -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: lacan. Barthes. Jakobson. Horkheimer. Adorno. Gadamer. Ricoeur. Foucault. Deleuze. Derrida. lyotard. Vattimo. Kofman. and Irigaray are also part of that outer horizon of continental philosophy. The purpose of this volume however is to establish that space within the core of continental philosophy -­ specifically in relation to the work of Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty -- and to move out to some of its various horizons. In some cases. these horizons are set by the history of philosophy. in others by newer directions in contemporary philosophy. and in others by alternative modes of philosophizing. The horizons also appear in areas as diverse as epistemology and the philosophy of science. metaphysics. philosophical psychology. and aesthetics. Furthermore. these limits are set by the relationships between philosophy and other disciplines such as psychology. communication theory. and the arts. Nevertheless the volume is organized around each of the three major figures in the phenomenological core of continental philosophy. The twelve essays provide important investigations into current research -- they represent the range and skills of contemporary work in relation to Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty. In themselves however they indicate advances in philosophical research and are hardly simple commentaries on these three figures. Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty constitute texts on the basis of which phenomenology is taken to its limits -- and even beyond.
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  • 191
    ISBN: 9789400928756
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 195
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Systematic Analyses -- Do Experiments Depend on Theories or Theories on Experiments? -- On Experimental Questions -- II. The Roles of Experiment: Theory Generation and Theory Testing -- Reconstructing Science: Discovery and Experiment -- The Role of Experiment and Theory in the Development of Nuclear Physics in the Early 1930’s -- Empirical Support for the Corpuscular Theory in the Seventeenth Century -- Theory and Experiment in the Early Writings of Johan Baptist Van Helmont -- The Significance of Empirical Evidence for Developments in the Foundations of Decision Theory -- Testing Freudian Hypotheses -- Experiment, Theory Choice, and the Duhem-Quine Problem -- III. The Role of Theoretical Conceptions -- Physical Reality and Closed Theories in Werner Heisenberg’s Early Papers -- Experiment and Theory in Ptolemy’s Optics -- Newton’s and Goethe’s Colour Theories — Contradictory or Complementary Approaches? -- On the Structure of Physics as a Science -- Models and Interpretation in Human Sciences: Anthropology and the Theoretical Notion of Field -- On the Dynamics of Scientific Paradigms -- Breaking the Link between Methodology and Rationality. A plea for Rhetoric in Scientific Inquiry -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This is not "another collection of contributions on a traditional subject." Even more than we dared to expect during the preparatory stages, the papers in this volume prove that our thinking about science has taken a new turn and has reached a new stage. The progressive destruction of the received view has been a fascinating and healthy experience. At present, the period of destruction is over. A richer and more equilibrated analysis of a number of problems is possible and is being cru'ried out. In this sense, this book comes right on time. We owe a lot to the scholars of the Kuhnian period. They not only did away with obstacles, but in several respects instigated a shift in attention that changed history and philosophy of science in a irreversible way. A c1earcut example - we borrow it from the paper by Risto Hilpinen - concerns the study of science as a process, Rnd not only as a result. Moreover, they apparently reached several lasting results, e.g., concerning the tremendous impact of theoretical conceptions on empirical data. Apart from baffling people for several decades, this insight rules out an­ other return to simple-minded empiricism in the future.
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  • 192
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 36
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I Possible Worlds: Introduction -- 1 Possible Worlds -- 2 Semantic Competence -- 3 Semantics and Logic -- 4 Physical Theories and Possible Worlds -- II Situations and Attitudes: Introduction -- 5 The World Situation (It’s a small world after all) -- 6 Quotational Theories of Propositional Attitudes -- 7 More about Inscriptionalism -- III Quantification and Reference: Introduction -- 8 Identity and Intensional Objects -- 9 The Greek-Turkish Imbroglio (Do we need game-theoretical semantics?) -- 10 Some Recent Theories of Anaphora.
    Abstract: Over a longer period than I sometimes care to contemplate I have worked on possible-worlds semantics. The earliest work was in modal logic, to which I keep returning, but a sabbatical in 1970 took me to UCLA, there to discover the work of Richard Montague in applying possible-worlds semantics to natural lan­ guage. My own version of this appeared in Cresswell (1973) and was followed up in a number of articles, most of which were collected in Cresswell (1985b). A central problem for possible­ worlds semantics is how to accommodate propositional attitudes. This problem was addressed in Cresswell (1985a), and the three books mentioned so far represent a reasonably complete picture of my positive views on formal semantics. I have regarded the presentation of a positive view as more important than the criticism of alternatives, although the works referred to do contain many passages in which I have tried to defend my own views against those of others. But such criticism is important in that a crucial element in establishing the content of a theory is that we be able to evaluate it in relation to its com­ petitors. It is for that reason that I have collected in this volume a number of articles in which I attempt to defend the positive semantical picture I favour against objections and competing theories.
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  • 193
    ISBN: 9789400926790
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I The Service Study Years: 1929 to 1938 -- 1 Overview -- 2 Service Studies in Higher Education -- 3 Constructing Achievement Tests -- II Appraising and Recording Student Progress: The Eight-Year Study -- 1 Overview -- 2 Appraising and Recording Student Progress -- III Tyler’s Rationale for Curriculum Development -- 1 Overview -- 2 New Dimensions in Curriculum Development -- IV National Testing Programs -- 1 Overview -- 2 Appraisal of Educational Achievement Gained in the Armed Forces -- 3 The Objectives and Plans for a National Assessment of Educational Progress -- 4 National Assessment — Some Valuable By-Products for Schools -- V Tyler’s Recent Reflections on His Work -- 1 Overview -- 2 An Interview with Ralph Tyler -- 3 Appendix: Vitae of Ralph Winfred Tyler -- VI A Chronological Bibliography.
    Abstract: I personally learned to know Ralph Tyler rather late in his career when, in the 1960s, I spent a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford. His term of office as Director of the Center was then approaching its end. This would seem to disqualify me thoroughly from preparing a Foreword to this "Classic Works. " Many of his colleagues and, not least, of his students at his dear Alma Mater, the University of Chicago, are certainly better prepared than I to put his role in American education in proper perspective. The reason for inviting me is, I assume, to bring out the influence that Tyler has had on the international educational scene. I am writing this Foreword on a personal note. Ralph Tyler's accomplishments in his roles as a scholar, policy maker, educational leader, and statesman have been amply put on record in this book, not least in the editors' Preface. My reflections are those of an observer from abroad but who, over the last 25 years, has been close enough to overcome the aloofness of the foreigner. Tyler has over many years been criss-crossing the North American con­ tinent generously giving advice to agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, lecturing, and serving on many committees and task forces that have been instrumental in shaping American education.
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  • 194
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400929630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 235 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 54
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: One Why do People join the Communist Party? -- Two The Top Hierarchy of Party Members -- Three The Middle-Level Party Layer -- Four The Rank and File of the Party -- Five Expulsion from the Party -- Six Women in the Party -- Seven Non-Party Members -- Eight The Party and the KGB -- Nine The Party as a Myth -- Ten The People’s Attitudes and the Future of the Party -- Notes.
    Abstract: In March of 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Seviet Union. Initially, one could discern serious changes in the policy and statements of this new, young, and obviously efficient leader only with great difficulty. While abroad, Gorbachev had said that anti-Stalinism was a form of anti-Communism. The newspapers were filled with words lauding "the sacred traditions of the 1930's". At the same time, the campaign against drunkenness, corruption, and sloppiness launched by Yuri Andropov was given a new impetus and the highest Party support. In April, 1986, the Chernobyl tragedy took place. The first reaction of the Soviet authorities was the usual one. The Soviet public was not properly informed about the disaster and its unprecedented peril. Millions of jubilant Soviet citizens crowded the squares and streets of Kiev and Minsk during the May Day festivities. We can only guess what the reaction of the Kremlin authorities would have been had not Swedish scientists traced and announced to the world the threatening level of radioactivity. Would the terms "glasnost'" and "perestrojka" have spread through the world press with such intensity and alacrity? A popular Soviet author wrote a year later in the Soviet media: "Chernobyl appeared to be not only a national event, a disaster shared by each of us, but also a dividing line between two eras of time.
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  • 195
    ISBN: 9789400927131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 393 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: Medicines in Context: an Introduction -- The Transaction of Medicines -- Introductory Note -- Commercial Pharmaceutical Medicine and Medicalization: a Case Study from El Salvador -- Traditional Practitioners and Western Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka -- Medicines and Rural Health Services: an Experiment in the Dominican Republic -- Buying Drugs in Addis Ababa: a Quantitative Analysis -- ‘Casi como doctor’: Pharmacists and their Clients in a Mexican Urban Context -- The Articulation of Formal and Informal Medicine Distribution in South Cameroon -- The Rise of the Modern Jamu Industry in Indonesia: a Preliminary Overview -- The Meaning of Medicines -- Introductory Note -- Culture and Pharmaceutics: Some Epistemological Observations of Pharmacological Systems in Ancient Europe and Medieval China -- The Use of Herbal and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals on Mauritius -- The Power of Medicines in East Africa -- Traditional Medication at Pregnancy and Childbirth in Madura, Indonesia -- The Reinterpretation and Distribution of Western Pharmaceuticals: an Example from the Mende of Sierra Leone -- Cultural Meanings of Oral Rehydration Salts in Jamaica -- Penicillin: an Ancient Ayurvedic Medicine -- Cultural Constructions of Efficacy -- Conclusion -- Pharmaceutical Anthropology: Perspectives for Research and Application -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Western pharmaceuticals are flooding the Third World. Injections, capsules and tablets are available in city markets and village shops, from 'traditional' practitioners and street vendors, as well as from more orthodox sources like hospitals. Although many are aware of this 'pharmaceutical invasion', little has been written about how local people perceive and use these products. This book is a first attempt to remedy that situation. It presents studies of the ways Western medicines are circulated and understood in the cities and rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America. We feel that such a collection is long overdue for two reasons. The first is a practical one: people dealing with health problems in developing countries need information about local situations and they need examples of methods they can use to examine the particular contexts in which they are working. We hope that this book will be useful for pharmacists, doctors, nurses, health planners, policy makers and concerned citizens, who are interested in the realities of drug use. Why do people want various kinds of medicine? How do they evaluate and choose them and how do they obtain them? The second reason for these studies of medicines is to fill a need in medical anthropology as a field of study. Here we address our colleagues in anthropol­ ogy, medical sociology and related disciplines.
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  • 196
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements ; Assessment.
    Abstract: 1 Teacher Selection: A Problem of Admission Criteria, Certification Criteria, or Prediction of Job Performance? -- 2 Evaluation of Teacher Education Programs -- 3 The Professional Education Unit -- 4 An Outcomes-Based Teacher Preparation Program -- 5 Teacher Education Follow-up Evaluation: How To Do It -- 6 Pupil Achievement: The Weakest Link in the Evaluation Chain -- 7 Reflections on Conference Proceedings for the Center for Teacher Education Evaluation -- 8 Some Missing Links.
    Abstract: In an age that dictates accountability and verifiability of educational programs, institutions of higher education are called on to justify their programs. To meet these demands, there is a need for improved methods for the evaluation of teacher education programs. More importantly, there is a need for the development of methods and procedures to conduct continuous and on-going evaluation that can aid the process of program improvement. Many institutions have had difficulties in developing and implementing satisfactory systems for conducting needed evaluation. In recent years the standards for the approval of teacher education programs in all of the states were strengthened as were the standards for approval by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). These revised standards put even more emphasis on accountability and the need for both summative and formative evaluation in a teacher education program. Tennessee Technological University has long been recognized as an institution with an exemplary project in program evaluation. As a result, in 1986, the state of Tennessee established at Tennessee Technological University, a Center for Teacher Education Evaluation. The Center began work in July 1986, on the development of models and systems for conducting teacher education program evaluation. To most, teacher education program evaluation is simple and straightforward. Evaluation includes a set of options, a set of criteria, data collection and interpretation, x and then use in meeting accountability needs.
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  • 197
    ISBN: 9789400928398
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXV, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreground -- I / Toward the Extended Phenomenology of The Soul: The Soul as the “Soil” of Life’s Forces and the Transmitter of Life’s Constructive Progress from the Primeval Logos of Life to Its Annihilation in the Anti-Logos of Man’s “Transnatural Telos” -- II / In Which the Principles of a New Phenomenological Explication of Spiritual Interiority, as Well as an Outline of its Philosophical Interpretation, are Proposed -- One The First Movement of The Soul: Radical Examination -- I / “Radical Examination” and the Current of Man’s Life -- II / The Second Movement of the Soul: Exalted Existence. The Discovery of the Finiteness of Life (Does the Soul Have Its Very Own Resources and Hidden Means for Passing beyond This Finitude ?) -- III / The Third Movement of the Soul: Toward Transcending -- Two Progress in the Life of the Soul as the Logos of Life Declines -- I / Inward “Communication” -- II / “Personal Truth” and the Essential Point of Communiscation -- Three The Secret Architecture of the Soul -- I / The Establishment of the “Inward Sacredness” of the Soul’s Quest -- II / The Dianoiac Thread of the Logos Running Through Our Polyphonic Exploration of the Pursuit of Destiny: Creative Self-Interpretation between the Self and the Other -- Notes -- Index of Names -- of Book 1.
    Abstract: PART I THE CRITIQUE OF REASON CONTINUED: FROM LOGOS TO ANTI-LOGOS 1. THE NEW CRITIQUE OF REASON A new critique of reason is the crucial task imposed on the philosophy of our times as we emerge more and more from so-called "modernism" into a historical phase which will have to take its own paths and find its own determination. It may be considered that the main developmental line of modern times in its philosophy as well as in its culture at large was traced by the Cartesian cogito. The unfolding of Occidental philos­ ophy has culminated in reason or intellect's being awarded the central place. This is its specific trait. We can see a direct line of progression from the cogito to Kant's Critique. It is no wonder that this work is the landmark of modern philosophy. Kant's Critique was concerned with the foundation of the sciences. Edmund-Husserllaunched a second major, renewed, critique of reason, one which addresses not only the critical situation of the sciences but extends the critique even to the situation of Occidental culture as its malaise is diagnosed by this great thinker. Edmund Husserl voiced, in fact, the conviction that Occidental humanity has reached in our age the peak of its unfolding. His identify­ ing this peak with the formulation of phenomenological philosophy strikes at the point in which the significant and novel developments of Occidental culture and philosophy (phenomenology, that is) coincide.
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  • 198
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Celtic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1. The Descriptive and Theoretical Goals -- 1.2. An Overview of Government Binding Theory -- 1.3. An Overview of the Major Results of This Study -- 2 Celtic Agreement, the Avoid Pronoun Principle, and Binding Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Breton Agreement Markers Determined by the Avoid Pronoun Principle -- 2.3. Generalizing the Analysis of Breton Agreement to Welsh -- 2.4. Evidence from the Binding Theory: Breton and Welsh Have a Null AGR -- 2.5. AGR as a SUBJECT for the Binding Theory -- 3 Raising and Passivization in Breton: An Argument for Anaphoric Traces -- 3.1. The Theoretical Status of Anaphoric Traces -- 3.2. The Breton Raising to Subject Construction -- 3.3. Raising Structures Parallel Passive Structures -- 3.4. Breton Raising and Pseudopassive: Further Implications -- 3.5. Conclusion -- 4 PRO-INFL and Reduced Structures -- 4.1. Reduced Structures Have Missing INFLs -- 4.2. Some INFLs Missing in Welsh and English Are PRO-INFL -- 4.3. Corroborating Evidence for the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 4.4. Contraction and Reduced Structures -- 4.5. A Competing Analysis -- 4.6. Breton is Consistent with the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 5 Government and the Connection Between Relative Pronouns, Complementizers and Subjacency -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Relative Pronouns in English -- 5.3. Relative Pronouns Are Pronominal Anaphors -- 5.4. Welsh and Breton Lack Relative Pronouns -- 5.5. Competing Analyses and Other Arguments -- 5.6. Conclusion -- 6 The Interaction of Government Theory with Synthetic Agreement -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The ECP Gives a Unified Treatment of Complementizers and Agreement in Welsh Movement Structures -- 6.3. Two Asymmetries in Breton and Welsh Extraction -- 6.4. Welsh and Breton Extraction from Negatives -- 6.5. Competing Analyses and Arguments -- 6.6. Subject-Object Asymmetries at LF and the ECP -- 6.7. Conclusion -- References -- Index of Languages -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book is based in large part on fieldwork that I conducted in Brittany and Wales in 1983 and 1985. I am thankful for a Fulbright Award for Research in Western Europe and a Faculty Development Award from the University of North Carolina that funded that fieldwork. lowe a less tangible, but no less real, debt to Steve Anderson, G. M. Awbery, Steve Harlow and Jim McCloskey whose work initially sparked my interest, and led me to undertake this project. I want to thank Joe Emonds and Alec Marantz who read portions of Chapter 3 and 5. I am particularly grateful though to Kathleen Flanagan, Frank Heny and two anonymous referees who read a dyslexic and schizophrenic manuscript, providing me with criticisms that improved this final version considerably. The Welsh nationalist community in Aberstwyth and its Breton coun­ terpart in Quimper helped make the time I spent in Wales and Brittany productive. I am indebted to Thomas Davies, Partick Favreau, Lukian Kergoat, Sue Rhys, John Williams and Beatrice among others for sharing their knowledge of their languages with me. Catrin Davies and Martial Menard were especially patient and helpful. Without their assistance this work would have been infinitely poorer. I am hopeful that this book will help stimulate more interest in the Celtic languages and culture, and assist, even in a small way, those in Wales and Brittany who struggle to keep their language and culture strong.
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  • 199
    ISBN: 9789400929579
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 110
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 110
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Limits of a Deductive Construal of the Function of Scientific Theories -- Limits of a Deductive Construal of the Function of Scientific Theories: A Comment -- Cognitive Limits of Science -- How Philosophy and Science Came to Differ -- The Nature and Scope of Rational-Choice Explanation -- Rational-Choice Explanation — The Limits to Grounding: A Comment -- Realism Versus Anti-Realism: What Is the Issue? -- Epistemic and Semantic Reflections on Scientific Realism: A Comment -- Can a Naturalist Believe in Universals? -- Can a Naturalist Believe in Universals? A Comment -- The Hermeneutical Status of the History of Science: The Views of Hélène Metzger -- The Hermeneutical Status of the History of Science: The Views of Hélène Metzger: A Comment -- The Era of Independent Inventors -- Social Interests and the Organic Physics of 1847 -- Social Interests and the Organic Physics of 1847: A Comment -- The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Israel Colloquium for the History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science presents before you its third volume of proceedings. The philosophy section of the volume has three main foci: the scientific explanation (Hempel and Ben-Menachem, Elster and Dascal); realism in science (Cohen and Zemach) and its implications for the problem of universals (Armstrong and Bar-Elli); and the question of demarcation: the dividing line between science and philosophy (KrUger), as well as the cognitive limits of science (Stent). There is no neat separation in this volume between essays on the history of science and those on the sociology of science, and perhaps properly so. Thus, Lenoir's contribution is a clear example of the way the two disciplines combine and interrelate. Joseph Ben-David's comment on this lecture was among the last things he wrote, knowing full well that his days were numbered. Reading his contribution imparts a strong sense of loss, the loss of a great sociologist and a wise man. Not only history, however, but also historiography is a subject for reflection in this volume (Freudenthal and Kerszberg). And, finally, a couple of articles convey the sense of fascination with science as a story (Heilbron, Hughes). We have by now come to expect from the investigations reported in the Israel Colloquium series not surface unity of theme and method, but rather an underlying common commitment and zest for the scientific enterprise at its best. The third volume hopes to join the first two in footing this bill.
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  • 200
    ISBN: 9789400929456
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 53
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: 18th- and 19th-century German Philosophy: Epistemology and Metaphysics -- One Science and Critique: The Evolution of the German Perspective from Kant to Marx -- Two Time and Critique: The Temporal Dimensions of the Dialectical Method -- Three Materialism and Critique: The Schelling and Feuerbach Responses to Hegel -- II: Epistemology and Method in Marx’ Later Works -- Four Rethinking Method: Reflective Reconstruction of History -- Five Against Epistemology and Foundationalism: From the Theory of Political Economy to Social Practice -- III: Meta-Critique and Political Economy: Marx’ Legacy -- Six Epistemology and Political Economy: From Philosophy to Social Theory -- Notes.
    Abstract: political economy. With this in mind the reader will be taken through three meta-theoretical levels of Marx' method of analysis of the struc­ tures of capitalism: (1) the clarification of 'critique' and method from Kant's epistemology, Hegel's phenomenology, to Marx' political economy (Chapter One); (2) the analysis of 'critique' and time, that is, the temporal dimensions of the critical method as they evolve from Hegel's Logic to Marx' Capital and the difference between the use of the future in explanatory, positivist science and 'critique' (Chapter Two); (3) and finally, 'critique' and materialism, a study of the complexity of the category of materialism, the ambivalence and ambiguity of its use in Marx' critical method, and the ontological and logical dilemmas created by the Schelling-Feuerbach turn toward materialism in their critique of Hegel (Chapter Three). The critique of political economy is, therefore, examined at the levels of methodology, temporality, and ontology. To what do the categories of political economy really refer when the positivist interpretations of Marx have been shattered and 'critique' be­ comes the method of choice? What kind of knowledge do we have if it is no longer "scientific" in the traditional sense of both epistemology and methodology? And what kind of applicability will it have when its format is such as not to produce predictive, technical knowledge, but practical knowledge in the Greek sense of the word (Praxis)? What be­ comes of the criterion of truth when epistemology itself, like science, is.
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