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  • 1
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 2012 -
    DDC: 380
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Migration ; Minderheit
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 2012 -
    DDC: 380
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Migration ; Minderheit
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264728448
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (247 pages)
    Series Statement: How's Life?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306
    Keywords: Well-being ; Electronic books
    Abstract: How's Life? charts whether life is getting better for people in 37 OECD countries and 4 partner countries. This fifth edition presents the latest evidence from an updated set of over 80 indicators, covering current well-being outcomes, inequalities, and resources for future well-being.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 235
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The mining sector accounts for a substantial share of exports and GDP in some countries, but rarely creates many direct jobs. This paper examines the mining sector using a value chain perspective, looking at both direct and indirect inputs and outputs. It finds that inputs from other sectors, in particular services, represent an opportunity for some minerals-rich countries. This paper aims to shed light on what those opportunities might be, and on some of the policies that influence whether or not such sectors emerge and develop.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD LEED papers no. 2020, 02
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2020/02
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Estonian policy ecosystem in place for social innovation, social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the country. Key policy issues analysed include: building a culture of social innovation and social entrepreneurship (Section 2); supporting social entrepreneurship through institutional and legal frameworks (Section 3); improving access to finance and to markets to boost social entrepreneurship (Section 4 and 5); and supporting the development of social entrepreneurial skills and capacity (Section 6).
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 142
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade are driving forces in agro-food global value chains (GVCs), allowing companies to spread their activities across countries in complex production chains. This study explores the landscape of FDI in the agriculture and food sectors, using a novel database of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) covering the period 1997-2017. The study finds that FDI plays an important role in driving participation in agro-food GVCs, underscoring the close interdependencies between FDI, trade, and the various other channels that multinational enterprises (MNEs) use to engage with GVCs. The results from a survey of agro-food MNEs suggest that FDI decisions are underpinned by a diverse range of strategic motivations that go beyond commercial considerations and market-related factors. In particular, open, transparent and predictable trade and investment policies can have a strong positive influence on agro-food FDI. The study also highlights the importance of a broader set of policy areas, including dynamic agricultural innovation systems, policies to support supply chain linkages, and strong and effective laws governing responsible business conduct.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 76
    Series Statement: Safer city streets
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents seven case studies of cities that are implementing data-driven road safety policies. It highlights relevant experiences aimed at reducing the number of traffic casualties and protecting vulnerable road users in cities. The case studies from Barcelona, Bogota, Buenos Aires, Fortaleza, London, New York and Rotterdam illustrate the diverse approaches to better understand road crashes and to prevent road traffic deaths and serious injuries.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 147
    Keywords: SPS ; TBT ; trade costs ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) provisions and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) generally raise trade costs, but by providing a positive signal to consumers that enhances confidence in imported products they can also expand trade. This paper seeks to identify which specific elements of SPS and TBT measures are particularly trade enhancing. It investigates the trade cost and trade enhancing effects of SPS and TBT measures along with other types of NTMs in agricultural trade. It provides estimations on the quantity and price effects on 34 SPS and 24 TBT measures. The econometric results show that technical measures can increase import prices of agricultural products by nearly 15%, most of which comes from restriction or special authorisation for TBT or SPS reasons, such as registration requirements. Conformity assessment also tends to significantly increase the cost of trade. Trade enhancing effects are identified for labelling and packaging requirements, which are also the measures with relatively low associated trade costs
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 243
    Keywords: Employment ; worker and firm-level data ; gender pay gap ; skills ; wages ; trade liberalisation ; Trade ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Services trade has become increasingly important, yet its impact on employment has been understudied at present. This paper uses fine-grained data on firm- and worker-level information to shed light on the impact of services trade on employment and wages in the United Kingdom. It finds that firms can benefit from services trade, through increased employment, production and productivity. On average, workers’ wages are also positively impacted by increased services trade. The findings suggest that services imports enhance female wages more than those of males, thereby contributing to narrow the gender wage gap. They also suggest that reduction of services trade barriers in foreign markets with which the United Kingdom trades coincides with higher wages for employees of trading firms in the United Kingdom.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Faire davantage bénéficier les communautés autochtones du développement régional
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Making Africa healthy
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Social trust: An invisible glue for better urban planning
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Afrique : recouvrer la santé
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from the worst health status in the world, according to the authors of Making Medicines in Africa. As policymakers turn their focus to healthcare, in part spurred on by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the authors argue that industrial development in pharmaceuticals and the capabilities it generates can play a crucial role in addressing the healthcare needs of the continent. Through a collection of case studies on industrial policies, Making Medicines in Africa shows the successes and pitfalls along the way.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2020, 01
    Series Statement: Industry and innovation
    Keywords: Fossile Energie ; Öffentliche Einnahmen ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Staatsfonds ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Fossil fuels play an important role in the budget of several governments. On the one hand, half of the countries identified as resource-rich derived 50% or more of their government revenue from fossil-fuel resources. On the other hand, fossil fuel consumption in road transport is an important tax base for several countries. This fiscal entanglement creates specific challenges for countries in preparing for a low carbon future. In addition to the traditional challenges of volatility and unpredictability of resource revenues, resource-rich countries are increasingly exposed to the risk of stranded assets. While energy demand is estimated to grow under current and announced policies, a dramatic reshuffle in the world energy mix will need to take place. In this context, this paper reviews the evidence on the role of fossil fuels in government budget (section 2) and the best practice for the management of resource revenues, including the role of sovereign wealth funds and strategic investment funds (section 3). Section 4 discusses the role of green tax reform in preparing the tax system for the low-carbon transition.
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 28 (April 2020)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Brazil ; Canada ; China, People’s Republic ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; India ; Indonesia ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; Norway ; Spain ; Switzerland ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The design of intergovernmental fiscal relations can help to ensure that tax and spending powers are assigned in a way to promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth. Decentralisation can enable sub-central governments to provide better public services for households and firms, while it can also make intergovernmental frameworks more complex, harming equity. The challenges of fiscal federalism are multi-faceted and involve difficult trade-offs. This synthesis paper consolidates much of the OECD’s work on fiscal federalism over the past 15 years, with a particular focus on OECD Economic Surveys. The paper identifies a range of good practices on the design of country policies and institutions related strengthening fiscal capacity delineating responsibilities across evels of government and improving intergovernmental co-ordination.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264582958 , 9789264450813 , 9789264649521
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (330 Seiten)
    Keywords: Agrarproduktion ; Prognose ; Weltmarkt ; Politischer Prozess ; Regionalentwicklung ; Lebensmittel ; Futtermittel ; Futterpflanzen ; Biokraftstoff ; Erde
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 138
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2016, the People’s Republic of China removed its support prices for maize and started destocking its large public reserves of maize. This paper investigates what would happen if China were to also eliminate its support prices for rice and wheat and reduce its public stocks of these two commodities. The analysis examines domestic and international market impacts over the next ten years by comparing a baseline (or business-as-usual scenario) with three scenarios that each assume support prices are eliminated but incorporate different assumptions about China’s import policies. To account for the uncertainty about China’s actual stock levels, the baseline and three scenarios are conducted under a minimum and maximum stock level assumption. The results show that the impacts will be most pronounced during the first years when temporary public stocks are depleted, with strong drops in domestic prices and reduced production. Over the medium term, domestic prices are projected to recover but will remain below baseline levels. The analysis also shows that even though the actual size of stocks has no significant impact over the medium term, its impact can be substantial during the first years a new policy is implemented, which underscores the importance of transparency when reporting on stock levels and stockholding policies.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 238
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new estimates of policy-induced trade costs in five services sectors for 46 countries. Results demonstrate the significant untapped economic potential of multilateral, plurilateral, and unilateral services trade liberalisation. Even though services trade has more than tripled in the last two decades, the results show that trade costs are still high. The results are not only interesting in and of themselves, but they can also be used as input for further analysis on the economic benefits from different scenarios regarding the dismantling of barriers to trade in services. This paper exploits recent advances related to the measurement of services barriers in the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI).
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264859050 , 9789264668775 , 9789264325135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (262 Seiten)
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 241
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper draws on detailed firm-level and worker-level information to explore the link between services imports and employment dynamics in the case of Viet Nam. The econometric analysis consists of two parts. First, data covering formal firms are exploited to investigate the relationship between sector-level services import intensity and firm-level employment and firm-level average wages. The second part is conducted at the level of workers and also covers informal workers. The results show that sector-level services import intensity positively affects firm-level average wages of Vietnamese formal services firms, whereas a small negative effect on firm-level employment is observed. For manufacturing firms, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the association between services import intensity and firm-level employment. The worker-level analysis identifies a positive wage effect of occupation-level exposure to services imports on domestic workers in foreign-owned businesses in all sectors. The results also suggest that higher skilled workers might be more likely to benefit from services imports. This paper provides support for an approach that combines an emphasis on lowering firms’ costs of sourcing foreign services inputs with efforts to strengthen SMEs’ capabilities and improve workers’ skills.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 146
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Agricultural data and their use for better decision-making and innovation are at the core of the digital transformation of agriculture. But fragmented and unclear data governance arrangements may weaken farmers’ willingness to adopt digital solutions. This, in turn, may reduce the availability and accessibility of agricultural data for policymaking, for the agricultural innovation system, and for developing services for farmers. A key challenge for policy makers lies in finding a balance between protecting the privacy and confidentiality of agricultural data, and farmers’ economic interests in those data, while making it possible to leverage their potential for the sector’s growth and innovation. This report focuses on farmers’ concerns around access, sharing and use of agricultural data and explores whether and how existing policy frameworks and other sectoral initiatives can help to foster greater trust.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 89 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 145
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In light of the urgency for policy action to address climate change, this report provides the first detailed global catalogue of targets and policies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. It covers 20 countries which collectively account for nearly half of the world’s AFOLU emissions. Most of these countries have recently set targets within their AFOLU sector as part of national climate mitigation strategies and commitments, although these targets are only legally-binding for two countries. However, policies to incentivise emission reductions and achieve these targets still need to be developed. Consequently, policy efforts will need to intensify for the AFOLU sector to contribute effectively to limiting global temperature increases to well below 2°C, and especially to meet the more ambitious 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 239
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report draws on individual-level and firm-level data to better understand the relationships between services trade and labour market outcomes. It seeks to shed light on how firms benefit from the rise in services trade, which groups of workers are affected the most, how employment and wages adjust to increased services trade, and the impact of policy settings on outcomes in these areas. It relies on new empirical analyses undertaken on the European Union, Brazil, India, Italy, Slovenia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Viet Nam together with insights from economic literature and a meta-analysis of the results underlying this report. Findings suggest that firms’ importing, offshoring and exporting activities are generally associated positively with firm employment in advanced and emerging market economies, although the relationship is more uncertain for the latter group of countries. Firm’s overall wage responses to services trade are on average positive as well, but quantitatively small. Looking at the distributional impact, there is mixed evidence for a skill bias in wages related to increased services exports and imports. Women are found to benefit from services export growth, while increased imports are estimated to exert downward pressure on the wages of women compared to the ones of men.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 191 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 78
    Series Statement: Case-specific policy analysis
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Industry and Services ; Estonia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews strategic planning in Estonia’s transport sector to support the development of a Transport and Mobility Master Plan 2021-30 for Estonia. It assesses ten key aspects of transport policy with recommendations for reform. The impact of selected proposed reforms are examined under different scenarios modelled for this study.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Confiance sociale : le ciment invisible d’un meilleur urbanisme
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe A more violent world?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Closing the gender gap: Have we reached the tipping point?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 236
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How prevalent are services sold together with goods? Using aggregate and micro-data, this report assesses this prevalence so as to gain a better understanding of how firms combine goods and services in their exports. Leaving aside the specific case of distribution services, 'Other business services', 'Construction' and 'Research and development' are the most common services supplied by manufacturing firms. With respect to industries, 'paper and printing', as well as 'repair and installation' come first in terms of prevalence of bundles of goods and services. Since the trade regime is different for trade in goods and trade in services, manufacturing firms engaged in servitisation strategies may face higher trade barriers just by expanding their activities in sectors that are less open to trade. When negotiating trade agreements, policy makers need to take into account complementarities between goods and services, and look at the joint restrictiveness for goods and services.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) papers no. 2020, 03
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; France ; Poland ; Spain ; Sweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the linkages between regional strategies for the social economy and regional development in four EU countries: France, Spain, Sweden and Poland. It provides a comparative perspective of regional strategies for the social economy (Section 1), based on i) the level of recognition of the social economy itself, ii) multi-level governance arrangements, iii) the regional strategic priority given to the social economy and iv) financial resources available for regional strategies. It gives examples of strategies for the social economy in selected regions in the four countries to document the diversity of practice (Section 2). It outlines conclusions and policy orientations (Section 3) to help reinforce the positive impact of regional strategies for the social economy on regional development.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2020, 02
    Series Statement: Industry and innovation
    Keywords: Stahlindustrie ; Zementindustrie ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Technologie ; Umweltpolitik ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper discusses the main barriers and possible solutions to the decarbonisation of steel and cement industries. First, the paper details the economic, regulatory, technological and political economy barriers that impede a low carbon transition. Then, it addresses the role of material efficiency and enhanced recycling in greening these industries, and reviews the emerging and near commercial low- and zero- emissions production technologies. Finally, the policy packages that could contribute to trigger demand and supply decarbonisation of steel and cement are discussed.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 75
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Transportgewerbe ; Klimapolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Argentinien ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from Argentina’s transport sector. It also identifies the main challenges for that objective, specifically in freight transport. Actions taken at different levels of government are assessed and the impact of policies focused on other priorities - such as lowering logistic costs - is discussed. The paper also highlights what data on transport emissions are available for Argentina and which tools government agencies use for examining them.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 79
    Series Statement: Safer city streets
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report tracks the progress in reducing the number of road traffic fatalities and serious injuries in cities since 2010. It presents traffic safety data collected in 48 cities participating in the ITF Safer City Streets network and compares urban with national road safety trends. It provides indicators for the risk of traffic death for different road user groups, thereby enhancing the evaluation, monitoring and benchmarking of road safety outcomes.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264673540
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 159 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Society has become increasingly aware of environmental and human rights-related risks in global supply chains in recent years. Public procurement can make a positive contribution to economic, environmental and social progress. If not used strategically, though, people and the planet may face more negative impacts. Meanwhile, governments and businesses face calls to take greater responsibility for their purchasing decisions. Risk-based supply chain due diligence can help public buyers to boost responsible business behaviour through public procurement. This report takes stock of current practices integrating responsible business conduct (RBC) in public procurement and identifies possible avenues to increase the impact of public procurement strategies to promote responsible business conduct objectives. Based on a survey with both OECD Members and Adherents to OECD instruments on public procurement and RBC, it covers a wide geographical range and features data focused on responsible business conduct aspects in public procurement. The report encourages policy makers and practitioners in public procurement and RBC to collaborate with all relevant stakeholders, drawing on good practices from across policy areas.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 87
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 80
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Energy ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses future energy-use in the shipping sector of the Nordic region. It centres on pathways that could allow the Nordic shipping sector to meet energy and environmental policy goals, including energy diversification, cutting air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It details the feasible technology options currently available, the status of their adoption and government plans aimed at influencing future developments in this sector. Finally, it assesses implications for policy making for a rapid transition to cleaner maritime shipping. The Nordic region is pioneering efforts to reduce the environmental impact of maritime shipping, making the findings of this report relevant around the globe.
    Note: References page 74-88 , Adobe Acrobat Reader.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264809956
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 152 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Benchmarking the performance of China's education system
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Performance-Messung ; Benchmarking ; China ; Education ; China, People’s Republic ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of both the strengths and potential areas for improvement of the education system of the People’s Republic of China. It articulates the inputs and outputs of China’s education system, brings in up-to-date policies and practices implemented in China, and provides an in-depth analysis on how China’s education system is performing in four overarching dimensions: learning environment, curriculum and teaching practices, student outcomes and education governance. Additionally, this report compares China with other high performing education systems to show the common or divergent patterns between them, offering insights for education systems around the world.
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  • 37
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Un monde plus violent ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes: avons-nous atteint le point de basculement?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 140
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews the literature on the effects of agri-environmental policies on environmental sustainability and economic performance in agriculture. Examining these twin impacts is essential for understanding the scope for “win-win” policies which improve both types of performance, and where trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives may arise. The review considers findings on several underlying questions: i) whether agri-environmental policy instruments successfully deliver on their objectives to improve the environmental performance of agriculture, and ii) whether agri-environmental policy instruments slow down productivity growth or if they contribute to stimulating productivity growth and improved environmental outcomes. As part of this latter question, this review considers the impacts of agri-environmental policies on innovation, economic performance and structural change in agriculture. It brings together literature from across a range of disciplines, including evidence from over 160 papers. As a whole, the reviewed literature identifies significant “room for improvement” in both the effectiveness of agri-environmental policies for improving agricultural sustainability and their economic efficiency, particularly in relation to hybrid instruments (e.g. cross-compliance) and voluntary agri-environmental schemes (AES).
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 237
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report casts light on the impact of regulatory restrictions on the movement of people across international borders on services trade costs. Such restrictions were implemented on health and safety grounds following the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020. The analysis relies on several illustrative scenarios in which all the countries are assumed to close their borders to passengers, but leave freight trade open. Services trade costs are estimated to increase by an average of 12% of export values across sectors and countries in the medium term in such a hypothetical scenario. The analysis identifies a large variability in the increase in services-trade costs across sectors and across countries, reflecting the stringency of initial regulations and the relative importance of business travel and labour mobility to international services trade.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 97 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2020, 03
    Series Statement: Industry and innovation
    Keywords: Rohstoffversorgung ; Kritische Metalle ; Kupfer ; Schwermetall ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Umweltbelastung ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Lifecycle Analysis ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper considers the health and environmental burdens and impacts of the extraction and refining of selected metals (copper, rare earth elements and cobalt) and how impacts can be reduced through the transition to a circular, low-carbon economy. Performance in the global industry is extremely variable. Some businesses operate to high standards within a framework that facilitates the re-use and recycling of metals and other materials. Others cause significant harm to workers (including child labour) and the people and environment around their facilities. Mining for metal ore remains a highly hazardous occupation in some countries. Pollutant emission standards vary substantially between regions. Life cycle analysis has repeatedly demonstrated the benefits of recycling metals. The report includes a number of recommendations to policy makers and the metals and manufacturing industries.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 27 (March 2020)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Burkina Faso ; Chad ; Mali ; Mauritania ; Niger ; Senegal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the gendered impacts of climate change in the Sahel. In particular, it explores the ways in which gender inequality is a critical factor in understanding vulnerability and resilience efforts concerning climate change. It shows that the current climate crisis is affecting livelihoods throughout the Sahel in pronounced ways. In a region highly dependent upon subsistence agriculture and pastoralist livelihoods, climate variability and environmental degradation have made such livelihoods difficult to sustain, the effects of which have broad ranging impacts on social and economic systems. Consequently, migration, livelihood adaptation, social unrest, and political instability emerge from the ecological challenges the Sahel is facing. Those with the resources to respond to and prepare for future climate events will be better equipped to navigate the climate crisis. Unfortunately, those resources are rarely equally distributed at the household, community, and state levels. In particular, gender inequalities within the Sahel pose a very real challenge for adaptation and resilience strategies as states and global institutions make interventions to support at risk populations. The paper then explores what development and state institutions are doing to resolve gender inequity through climate resilience policy, and where these efforts are falling short. The paper concludes with some strategies to improve opportunities for gender equity and climate resilience based on field research within the Sahel.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 139
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report synthesises the key findings and policy messages from recent OECD work on global value chains (GVCs) in agriculture and food. The food and agriculture sector is increasingly organised within GVC around a number of global hubs. Agro-food GVCs have broadened the gains from specialisation and trade through stronger sector and employment growth. Openness to trade, especially services trade, can positively influence domestic value added creation in agro-food GVCs. However, trade protection and distorting agricultural support policies can reduce the gains from GVC participation and impose costs along the value chain. Government policies need to focus on facilitating participation in GVCs and helping to manage any adjustments across the food and agriculture sectorKeywords: Agro-food, value added, employment, policy reform, trade.
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 143
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report contains an empirical analysis of the productivity and sustainability performance of different types of farms in thirteen countries. Farm productivity performance is measured through estimates of average productivity levels and through annual rates of technical change. Evidence on the environmental sustainability of farm groups is based on an index that reflects environmental pressure per hectare and the local environmental sustainability of production practices. In addition to environmental sustainability, the analysis also considers fundamental differences across farms with respect to farm structure, innovation of operations, individual characteristics as well as farm location. Productivity performance by farm classes is related to the environmental sustainability performance and to other farm characteristics in order to shed light on the factors that drive or impede farm performance. Empirically identifying the main conditions for and obstacles to performance improvement supports the development of effective and efficient policies targeting the performance of farms. This analysis contributes in particular to a better understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between productivity and environmental sustainability performance.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD tourism papers no. 2020, 01
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Romania ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report provides an analysis of the state of play for tourism in Romania and examines opportunities and challenges for destination development at the subnational level. In addition, it includes an operating manual providing practical guidance for tourism practitioners, setting out the steps required to establish and operate an effective DMO. It has been produced to help public and private sector stakeholders in Romania to work in partnership to plan, develop, manage and market their destinations. The aim is to strengthen tourism structures at local, regional and national levels, so that Romania is able to compete effectively in international markets, in a way that will bring maximum benefit to the country and its destinations. Examples of international best practices, and recommendations to develop an effective and self-sustaining network of regional DMOs are also presented.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 240
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Intangible capital, a broad category of knowledge-based assets that lack physical embodiment, increasingly shapes the distribution of income in global value chains (GVCs). While some intangible assets are reported in national accounts (e.g. R&D or computer software and databases), others are hard to detect in conventional statistics (e.g. brand value or organisational capital). In this paper, we combine information on factor income from national accounts with the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables in order to estimate returns to measured (i.e. included in national accounts) and ‘unmeasured’ intangible capital (captured as a residual) in GVCs. We find that total intangible capital accounts for about 27% of income in manufacturing GVCs and that this share has increased between 2005 and 2015 in OECD countries. The paper highlights differences across GVC stages and specific types of GVCs. A significant share of income is captured at the distribution stage, particularly in buyer-driven value chains. An econometric analysis suggests that trade and investment openness are important determinants of patterns in returns to intangible capital in GVCs. Direct public funding of R&D and the quality of intellectual property protection are associated with higher returns to intangible assets.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 141
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews the evidence base on how agricultural policies impact environmental sustainability and productivity of the agriculture sector, including the potentially contradictory signals policies may send. It considers impacts for specific policy types, classified according to the OECD’s Producer Support Estimate (PSE) classification for agricultural support. At the farm level, key pathways for environmental impacts identified in the literature are firstly incentivising a change in agricultural production at the intensive margin, extensive margin or entry-exit margin, and secondly the dynamic impacts of land use choice. Beyond this, policies can also affect agriculture’s environmental performance by stimulating (or stifling) the provision of environmental services. Environmental impacts from agricultural policy depend on several factors. Individual responses to economic incentives created by agricultural policies vary, producing variations in environmental impacts. Variation also occurs due to location-specific physical factors, including landscape characteristics, as well as the cumulative effects of decisions across actors and across time. Finally, impacts may differ across scales.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 144
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses the alignment of these changes with relevant sections of the OECD Council Recommendation on Water and the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan on water and food security. The analysis builds on results from a 2019 survey on agriculture and water policy changes which gathered responses from 38 countries – including OECD countries, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Cabo Verde – and the European Union. A methodology was developed to convert survey responses into indices of alignment of policy changes with OECD and G20 recommendations. Results show that changes in water and agriculture policies from 2009 to 2019 were uneven across countries and investigated policy areas (water governance, water quality, water quantity and water risks), with some countries undertaking important reforms whereas others mainly improved existing policies. On average, alignment indices suggest that agriculture and water policies in responding countries progressed towards the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. In order to advance further, relatively water abundant countries should pay attention to their approach to manage water quantity and risks under climate change, all countries should consider improving their policies to reduce pollution from agriculture, and selected countries should consider making additional efforts to recover water charges and to use pricing instruments, in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. Policy changes by responding G20 member countries have also been in the direction of the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan. However, some of these changes are partial, particularly those on water use efficiency and resilience, and those supporting responsible investment in agriculture and water.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 77
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews progress on technical standards for heavy vehicles that could enable trucks and buses with zero or near-zero emissions. It focuses on plug-in and fuel cell electric vehicles that use technologies at the forefront of green and inclusive economic development. It includes information on technical standards on charging and refueling infrastructure, and identifies remaining barriers and opportunities for their future development. The report offers valuable insights for all stakeholders involved in the transition to carbon-free mobility and clean energy.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 242
    Keywords: Intangible capital ; trade policy ; investment policy ; innovation ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Located at the heart of global value chains (GVCs), intangibles are documented to have a high and rising value capture, and to depend on both agglomeration economies and global connectedness for their performance. In this paper, we study how the distinct nature of intangibles require countries to develop novel policy prescriptions to attract intangible-intensive activities and to increase the value capture of these activities. We suggest that such GVC-oriented policies fall into three categories: Attractiveness policies that aim to strengthen the appeal of a location for intangible activities; Buzz policies that intend to strengthen the local production and innovation ecosystem; and Connectedness policies that aspire to strengthen the local ecosystem’s connections to other locations. Together, they constitute the ABCs of GVC-oriented policies.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 244
    Keywords: Inequality ; household expenditure microdata ; trade policy ; modelling ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Whether gains from trade are equally distributed within countries is the subject of a lively debate. This paper presents a novel framework to analyse the distributional effects of trade policy by linking the OECD’s CGE trade model, METRO, with consumption expenditure data from household budget surveys. Specifically, this paper describes a methodology to produce a concordance and transition matrix linking GTAP sectors to household survey classifications based on the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP). A mapping methodology is an important pre-requisite for investigating research questions concerning the influence of household behaviour changes on trade, as well as trade developments and policy on household welfare. The paper provides an illustration of the mapping of trade policy induced price changes onto household expenditures by conducting stylized tariff simulations with METRO and translating those into household expenditures by income decile for selected EU countries.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Sustainable investment: A new landscape
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Oser partager
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le paysage de l’investissement durable
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dare to share
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 57
    Book
    Book
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264424302
    Language: English
    Pages: 212 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD rural studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rural Well-being
    RVK:
    Keywords: Landbevölkerung ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Sozialer Indikator ; OECD-Staaten ; Graue Literatur ; Landbevölkerung ; Ländliche Entwicklung
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264709119
    Language: Croatian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Diretrizes da OCDE sobre Governança Corporativa de Empresas Estatais, Edição 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition: (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Насоки на ОИСР за корпоративното управление на държавните предприятия: Издание 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Leitsätze zu Corporate Governance in staatseigenen Unternehmen, Ausgabe 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance des entreprises publiques, Édition 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD国有企業(SOE)のコーポレートガバナンス・ガイドライン, 2015年版
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Directrices de la OCDE sobre el Gobierno Corporativo de las Empresas Públicas, Edición 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Metodické pokyny OECD pro správu a řízení státem vlastněných společností, vydáno 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Hướng dẫn của OECD về Quản trị Công ty trong Do anh nghiệp Nh à nước: Ấn bản 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, 2015 Edition: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe КЕРІВНІ ПРИНЦИПИ ОЕСР ЩОДО КОРПОРАТИВНОГО ВРЯДУВАННЯ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ФОРМИ ВЛАСНОСТІ, РЕДАКЦІЯ 2015 РОКУ
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Nove Smjernice OECD-a za korporativno upravljanje u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu predstavljaju međunarodno dogovoren standard koji državama pomaže u vrednovanju i unapređivanju svojih vlasničkih funkcija u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu. Dobro korporativno upravljanje poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu ključni je reformski prioritet u brojnim zemljama. Poboljšana učinkovitost i veća transparentnost u javnom sektoru donose brojne ekonomske prednosti, posebno u zemljama u kojima je državno vlasništvo važno. Osim toga, stvaranje ravnopravnih uvjeta za privatna i javna poduzeća doprinosi stabilnosti i konkurentnosti poslovnog sektora. Smjernice koje su prvotno usvojene 2005. predstavljaju skup dobrih praksi za pravni i regulatorni okvir poduzeća u državnom vlasništvu, profesionalizaciju funkcije državnog vlasništva i sustave korporativnog upravljanja u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu. Ova nova verzija preporuka razvijena je nakon gotovo deset godina iskustva u njihovoj provedbi te brojnih tematskih i komparativnih istraživanja razvijenih na temelju ranije verzije Smjernica, koja su ukazala na potrebu za revizijom Smjernica te pomogla u njezinoj izradi, osobito u područjima kao što su objavljivanje i transparentnost, tržišno natjecanje u javnom i privatnom sektoru, prakse nadzornih odbora i financiranje poduzeća u državnom vlasništvu.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264639935 , 9789264363977 , 9789264353848
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (230 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les défis fiscaux soulevés par la numérisation – Rapport sur le blueprint du Pilier Deux : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: The OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project aims to create a single set of consensus-based international tax rules to address BEPS, and hence to protect tax bases while offering increased certainty and predictability to taxpayers. Addressing the tax challenges raised by digitalisation has been a top priority of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework in BEPS since 2015 with the release of the BEPS Action 1 Report. At the request of the G20, the Inclusive Framework has continued to work on the issue, delivering an interim report in March 2018. In 2019, members of the Inclusive Framework agreed to examine proposals in two pillars which could form the basis for a consensus solution to the tax challenges arising from digitalisation. That same year, a programme of work to be conducted on Pillar One and Pillar Two was adopted and later endorsed by the G20. This report explores options and issues in connection with the design of a global minimum tax that would address remaining BEPS issues.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264843851 , 9789264829824 , 9789264827233
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD Improving governance with policy evaluation
    Keywords: Governance-Ansatz ; Politik ; Bewertung ; Politische Entscheidung ; Governance ; Bewertung ; Politik ; Governance
    Abstract: Policy evaluation is a critical element of good governance, as it promotes public accountability and contributes to citizens’ trust in government. Evaluation helps ensure that decisions are rooted in trustworthy evidence and deliver desired outcomes. Drawing on the first significant cross-country survey of policy evaluation practices covering 42 countries, this report offers a systemic analysis of the institutionalisation, quality and use of evaluation across countries and looks at how these three dimensions interrelate. The report also covers cross-cutting aspects related to regulatory assessment and performance budgeting. The analysis illustrates the role and functions of key institutions within the executive, such as centres of government and ministries of finance. It also underlines the role of supreme audit institutions.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264653573
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Chile 2020 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Chile ; Taxation ; Chile ; Chile ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Internationale Amtshilfe
    Abstract: This report contains the 2020 Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Chile.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264985766
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Africa is projected to experience increasing climate hazards for the remainder of the 21st century, which are likely to pose a challenge to hydropower generation in Africa. To minimise the adverse effects of climate change, hydropower is needed to enhance Africa’s resilience to climate change. Resilient hydropower can play a key role in allowing Africa to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), implement clean energy transitions, and adapt to climate change. This report aims to enhance the climate resilience of African hydropower through a climate risk and impact assessment, and by introducing potential resilience measures. It qualitatively assesses climate risks to African hydropower and examines potential climate impacts quantitatively, comparing two climate scenarios. Based on the assessment, it identifies measures to enhance climate resilience and provides policy recommendations.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264460324 , 9789264693845 , 9789264361096
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Policy
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The stock of laws has been growing steadily over time in countries as a result of governments responding to new and emerging challenges. Yet these and other new laws do not always fit well with existing regulatory frameworks, especially as economies and countries are becoming ever-increasingly more interconnected. The OECD Best Practice Principles for Reviewing the Stock of Regulation offers a practical and flexible framework for countries to follow when reviewing laws. The principles provide assistance to countries in establishing their ex post evaluation regimes, whilst also providing practical guidance about relevant methodologies to adopt. This report is part of a series on “best practice principles” produced under the auspices of the OECD Regulatory Policy Committee. As with other reports in the series, it extends and elaborates on principles highlighted in the 2012 Recommendation of the Council on Regulatory Policy and Governance.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264665224
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (112 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making dispute resolution more effective - MAP peer review report: Spain (stage 2)
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Spanien ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Spain
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Spain.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264442566
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Building a high-quality early childhood education and care workforce
    Keywords: Education ; Chile ; Denmark ; Germany ; Iceland ; Israel ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Norway ; Turkey
    Abstract: The work of early childhood education and care (ECEC) professionals is the major driver of the quality of an ECEC system. As evidence accumulates on the strong benefits of investing in early education, countries need effective policies to attract, maintain and retain a highly skilled workforce in the sector. This report looks at the makeup of the early childhood education and care workforce across countries, assessing how initial preparation programmes compare across different systems, what types of in-service training and informal learning activities help staff to upgrade their skills, and what staff say about their working conditions, as well as identifying policies that can reduce staff stress levels and increase well-being at work. The report also looks at which leadership and managerial practices in ECEC centres contribute to improving the skills, working conditions and working methods of staff. The OECD Starting Strong Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS Starting Strong) is the first international survey that focuses on the early childhood education and care workforce. It offers an opportunity to learn about the characteristics of ECEC staff and centre leaders, their practices at work, and their views on the profession and the sector. This second volume of findings, Building a High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Workforce, examines factors that influence the skills development of ECEC professionals, their working conditions and well-being at work, and leadership in ECEC centres.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Development Co-operation Profiles
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les Profils de coopération au développement de l’OCDE synthétisent les statistiques officielles de l’aide publique au développement (APD) et d’autres financements du développement par bailleur. Ils analysent les tendances par géographie et par secteur, les allocations aux organisations multilatérales et à la société civile, aux priorités transversales comme le genre, l’autonomisation des femmes, l’environnement et le climat, ainsi que la mobilisation des financements privés. Les Profils couvrent les flux émis par les principaux bailleurs internationaux publics et privés, dont les pays membres de l’OCDE et de son comité d’aide au développement (CAD), de nombreux pays non-membres et de fondations privées. Ils donnent également un aperçu des priorités stratégiques, des dispositifs institutionnels et des systèmes d’évaluation de chaque bailleur. Les Profils de coopération au développement sont publiés annuellement et représentent une composante essentielle du Rapport Coopération pour le Développement de l’OCDE. Depuis plus de 50 ans, ce Rapport nourrit le CAD et plus largement la communauté internationale en faits, analyses et idées, afin de promouvoir la réforme des politiques de coopération, l’innovation et les meilleures pratiques. Chaque édition annuelle éclaire un thème d’importance particulière pour le financement et les politiques de coopération au développement. Le rapport principal comprend des versions abrégées des profils de chaque bailleur et présente les grandes tendances à travers des infographies.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264757943 , 9789264726567 , 9789264847002
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Global transformations – from population ageing to digitalisation, rising inequalities and climate change – have created profound uncertainties for young people and future generations, despite unprecedented access to information, education and technology. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing challenges in youth’s mental well-being and employment, while raising concerns about the sustainability of public finances. This report provides the first comparative assessment of the policies, laws, institutional capacities and governance tools put in place by 42 national governments and the European Union to promote youth empowerment and intergenerational justice. It sets benchmarks for cross-country comparisons in three main areas: 1) Supporting youth’s transition to an autonomous life, 2) Enhancing youth’s participation and representation in public life as well as trust in government, and 3) Delivering fair policy outcomes for all generations. Finally, it provides practical insights for policy makers, civil society and young people seeking to build a present and future that leaves no generation behind.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264956698 , 9789264858732 , 9789264612525
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Viet Nam
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Vietnam ; Education ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Economics ; Viet Nam ; Vietnam ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Since the launch of the Ðổi Mới economic reforms in 1986, Viet Nam has achieved tremendous economic and social progress. Today, it is well integrated on global markets, has enjoyed robust growth, and has seen remarkable poverty reduction. With its recent successful fiscal consolidation, its attractiveness as a trading destination and rapidly growing domestic middle class, Viet Nam faces a window of opportunity for its transition to an inclusive market economy. Three guiderails should form the basis of this strategy: integration, transparency and sustainability. Better integration between state-owned enterprises, foreign investors and domestic private companies in open markets will be key to future performance gains. Partnerships between universities and enterprises would also help upgrade skills and create innovation, thereby making the integration durable. Transparency and performance of government are prerequisites for trust and a key lever to enhance efficiency and productivity in most areas of the state and the economy. A more sustainable development path will need better management of water, air and energy to address climate change. Reforms of the social security system can also ensure that no one is left behind, especially in the face of a fast ageing population.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264495852
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In 2019 global energy demand increased by less than half the rate of growth in 2018, well below the average rate since 2010. This deceleration was due mainly to slower global economic growth and the impact of milder weather on heating and cooling. There was, however, significant variation across energy sources, with coal showing an absolute decline and renewables a record increase. Electricity demand grew at the slowest rate since the financial crisis. Energy efficiency continued to improve but at levels well below those needed to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Energy-related CO2 emissions remained flat as emissions from electricity generation in advanced economies declined markedly.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264844803 , 9789264547254 , 9789264933378
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (234 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Social Institutions and Gender Index
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als SIGI 2020 Regional Report for Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Norm ; Institutionenökonomik ; Eurasien ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Argentina ; Bahamas ; Barbados ; Belize ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Cuba ; Dominica ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; El Salvador ; Grenada ; Guatemala ; Guyana ; Haiti ; Honduras ; Jamaica ; Mexico ; Nicaragua ; Panama ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Trinidad and Tobago ; Uruguay ; Venezuela ; Karibik ; Lateinamerika ; Frauenfeindlichkeit ; Soziale Norm ; Sozialer Indikator ; Geschichte 2014-2019
    Abstract: Gender equality and women’s empowerment can only be achieved if countries take action to tackle and eliminate discrimination in their legal frameworks, social norms and practices. The SIGI 2020 Regional Report for Latin America and the Caribbean provides new evidence-based analysis on the setbacks and progress in achieving gender equality between 2014 and 2019. The report uncovers discrimination in social institutions faced by Latin American and Caribbean women in various dimensions; within the family and household context, in relation to physical integrity and access to productive and financial resources, as well within the political and civil spheres. It also explores various development perspectives such as the cost of discriminatory social institutions for Latin American and Caribbean countries and the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for women and girls. Building on the regional and sub-regional analysis of how discriminatory social institutions continue to hinder efforts toward SDG 5, the report provides a set of policy recommendations to reshape gender norms, promote women’s empowerment and build a truly inclusive society.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264951839 , 9789264787582 , 9789264800779
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD skills strategy Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Weiterbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Nordirland ; Education ; Employment ; United Kingdom ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future and central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological advances, and demographic change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities and help them build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, “OECD Skills Strategy Northern Ireland (United Kingdom): Assessment and Recommendations”, identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to reduce skills imbalances, create a culture of lifelong learning, transform workplaces to make better use of skills, and strengthen the governance of skills policies in Northern Ireland.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264387867 , 9789264687295 , 9789264802933
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (187 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Enhancing training opportunities in SMEs in Korea
    Keywords: Weiterbildung ; Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement ; KMU ; Südkorea ; Education ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Südkorea ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Betriebliche Ausbildung
    Abstract: This report assesses whether training workers in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea is adequate, relevant, and aligned to skills needs. It analyses policy options to expand access to training for SMEs, remove the barriers to training participation/provision, and ensure that training provided by SMEs supports their growth and encourages innovation, particularly in the context of the 4th industrial revolution. Based on this analysis, this report provides actionable policy recommendations as well as good practice examples from OECD countries.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264888852 , 9789264901025 , 9789264501195
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264439610 , 9789264880467 , 9789264752900
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (179 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 사회 속의 인공지능
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’intelligence artificielle dans la société
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Artificial Intelligence in Society
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: 1950 stellte Alan Turing erstmals die Frage, ob Maschinen denken können. Seitdem wurden im Bereich der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) gewaltige Fortschritte erzielt. Heute verändert KI Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft. KI ermöglicht Produktivitätssteigerungen, kann die Lebensqualität erhöhen und sogar bei der Bewältigung globaler Herausforderungen wie Klimawandel, Ressourcenknappheit und Gesundheitskrisen helfen. Mit der weltweiten Einführung von KI-Anwendungen wachsen aber auch die Bedenken, die ihre Nutzung aufwirft, u. a. in Bezug auf menschliche Werte und Fragen wie Fairness, menschliche Entscheidungsfreiheit, Datenschutz, Sicherheit und Haftung. Dieser Bericht soll helfen, ein gemeinsames Verständnis von künstlicher Intelligenz aktuell und für die nahe Zukunft zu entwickeln. Dazu beschreibt er technische, wirtschaftliche und politische Entwicklungen, geht auf konkrete Anwendungsfälle ein und befasst sich mit grundlegenden Fragen der Politikgestaltung. Zudem soll er für mehr Kohärenz in den Diskussionen sorgen, die in verschiedenen nationalen und internationalen Foren zum Thema künstliche Intelligenz geführt werden.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264751354
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Today, with the completion of First-of-a-Kind Gen-III nuclear reactors, the nuclear sector is at a critical juncture. These reactors have led in several parts of the world to delays and construction costs overruns that have challenged the competitiveness of nuclear power and are driving the risk perception of future projects. Against this background, a review of historical and recent lessons learnt from nuclear and non-nuclear project offers ample evidence that nuclear new build can be delivered cost and time-effectively. This study assesses the policy and governance frameworks needed to drive positive learning and continuous industrial performance for nuclear new build. The study also explores the risk allocation and mitigation priorities needed to define adequate financing schemes for these projects. In the longer-term, it identifies cost reduction opportunities associated with the harmonisation of code and standards and licensing regimes and new innovative designs (i.e. small modular reactors and advanced reactors).
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264552104 , 9789264998735 , 9789264960206
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Taxation ; Kazakhstan
    Abstract: This report is part of the OECD Tax Policy Reviews publication series. The Reviews are intended to provide independent, comprehensive and comparative assessments of OECD member and non-member countries’ tax systems as well as concrete recommendations for tax policy reform. By identifying tailored tax policy reform options, the objective of the Reviews is to enhance the design of existing tax policies and to support the adoption of new reforms. This report provides an assessment of Kazakhstan's tax system and recommendations for tax reform. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the main findings and Chapter 2 sets the scene for tax reform. Chapter 3 considers tax revenue trends and analysis of the tax mix. Chapter 4 examines equity issues in Kazakhstan and provides recommendations on the personal income tax, social security contributions and value added taxes. Chapter 5 focuses on tax competitiveness issues and provides recommendations on how to strengthen the design of both the corporate income tax and special tax regimes for SMEs.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264549319 , 9789264863323 , 9789264638341
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: New Approaches to Economic Challenges
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beyond growth
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; OECD ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: We are facing a series of converging planetary emergencies linked to the environment, the economy, and our social and political systems, but we will not meet these challenges using the tools of the last century. We need to rethink the role of the economy in improving the well-being of people and the planet. As the world’s leading intergovernmental forum on economic policy, the OECD has a central role to play in creating a new economic narrative. OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría therefore invited a high-level group of experts to contribute their proposals on what needs to change in economic policy and policymaking. This report summarises their conclusions. The Advisory Group argues that we need to go beyond growth, to stop seeing growth as an end in itself, but rather as a means to achieving societal goals including environmental sustainability, reduced inequality, greater wellbeing and improved resilience. This requires updating the philosophy, tools and methods underpinning the analysis that influences economic decision-making. Drawing on developments across the modern field of economics and political economy, the report argues for a new approach which recognises the rootedness of economic systems and behaviour in the relationship between people, social institutions and the environment.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264523180 , 9789264511026 , 9789264809437
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Hors d’atteinte ? La route vers l’intégration des personnes LGBTI
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Over the rainbow?
    Keywords: Homosexualität ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Ensuring that LGBTI people – i.e. lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender and intersex individuals – can live as who they are without being discriminated against or attacked is a concern worldwide. Discrimination against LGBTI people remains pervasive, while its cost is massive. It lowers investment in human capital due to bullying at school. It also reduces economic output by excluding LGBTI talents from the labour market and impairing their mental health, hence their productivity. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the extent to which laws in OECD countries ensure equal treatment of LGBTI people, and of the complementary policies that could help foster LGBTI inclusion. The report first identifies the legislative and regulatory frameworks in the areas of civil rights, protection against discrimination and violence, as well as health that are critical for the inclusion of sexual and gender minorities. The report then explores whether these laws are in force in OECD countries and examines the margin for further improvement. Finally, the report investigates the broader policy measures that should accompany LGBTI-inclusive laws in order to strengthen the inclusion of LGBTI people.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264645998
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making dispute resolution more effective - MAP peer review report: The British Virgin Islands (stage 1)
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; British Virgin Islands ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Virgin Islands, British
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer review of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by the British Virgin Islands.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264732407
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The global power sector will change significantly in the coming years, as variable renewable resources are deployed on a large scale and new flexibility options appear, such as energy storage devices. In this context, thermal plants that use fossil fuels will experience a reduction in their share of power sector output, particularly in advanced economies, as efforts to achieve climate goals are increased. In developing economies, overall electricity demand will increase as power demand is pushed up by economic growth, urbanisation and increasing energy access. This report clarifies the role that thermal plants will play in the power systems of emerging economies in different IEA scenarios, including the Stated Policies Scenario and Sustainable Development Scenario of the 2019 World Energy Outlook. International co-operation and knowledge sharing can play significant roles in helping emerging economies carry out an affordable energy transition.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789282114230
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.178
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report reviews possible determinants of global maritime goods transport over the coming decades. It addresses the uncertainties that surround the future of maritime trade flows such as the development of demand, the costs of environmental regulation, maritime business strategies, the Belt and Road Initiative, and Arctic shipping. The report summarises discussions of an ITF Roundtable held in Paris, France in April 2019.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264424159
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiological Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Many countries are dealing with challenges stemming from nuclear and radiological legacy sites. In particular, managing these sites in an open and transparent fashion while taking into account the views of all relevant stakeholders and building confidence in the solutions adopted is an ongoing challenge. This report provides information on the challenges and lessons learnt in legacy management and regulation based on practical experience documented in 13 case studies and site visits conducted by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. A preliminary framework for a stepwise process to help reach an accepted and sustainable end-state is proposed based on this experience. The complex challenges and interactions among stakeholders in progressing in a harmonised, step-by-step manner are also examined in depth. The report concludes with recommendations for future international collaborative work to improve and test the preliminary framework, and to examine and address the complexity of the relevant interactions.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.107
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The benefits of co-operative behaviours have been broadly documented in various social contexts, including neighbourhoods, hospitals, companies and in education. In education, when students, teachers, parents and the school principal know and trust each other, work together, and share information, ideas and goals, students – particularly disadvantaged students – can benefit. However, co-operation and teamwork come with potential drawbacks too. Tasks might not be divided fairly and efficiently; team members sometimes work on tasks for which they are unsuited or that they dislike; some group members may freeride on their teammates’ efforts; and co-ordinating tasks may be too complex and time-consuming. Evidence also suggests that competition can improve academic performance and speed in learning, if only because competition can be thrilling and enjoyable.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.222
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper provides a structured overview of the existing parenting literature with the aim of developing an evidence-based and culture-sensitive framework of parenting and its influence on child development. The paper outlines how changes in the 21st century have altered family life and summarises evidence from 29 meta-studies and 81 quantitative studies for the developmental impact of different parenting styles and dimensions. Overall, results suggest that warm parenting that provides children with age-appropriate autonomy and structure is key for a healthy and prosperous development of children and adolescents across various domains. The parenting approach adopted by parents but also its effect varies and the paper points to various contextual (e.g. culture, socio-economic factors, support within the community and family) and individual (e.g. gender, personality and health condition of children and parents) factors explaining these variations. The paper discusses how a systematic consideration of such factors not only sharpens the scientific understanding of parenting and its impact but also helps improving family policies and support.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.213
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Modern education systems evolve in a context of growing teacher shortages, frequent turnover and a low attractiveness of the profession. In such a context where these challenges interrelate, there is an urgent need to better understand the well-being of teachers and its implications on the teaching and learning nexus. This is the ambition of the OECD Teacher Well-being and Quality Teaching Project. This working paper is an integral part in the development of this project as it proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework to analyse teachers’ occupational well-being and its linkages with quality teaching. The core concept of this framework defines teachers’ well-being around four key components: physical and mental well-being, cognitive well-being, subjective well-being and social well-being. The framework then explores how working conditions, at both system and school levels, can impact and shape teachers’ well-being, both positively and negatively aspects. It also presents two types of expected outcomes regarding teachers’ well-being: inward outcomes for teachers in terms of levels of stress and intentions to leave the profession; and outward outcomes on quality teaching in terms of classroom processes and student’ well-being. In an annex, the paper proposes an analytical plan on how to analyse teachers’ well-being indicators and cross the results with other OECD instruments. It also presents the field trial items of the new module on teachers’ well-being which are included in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2021 teacher questionnaire.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2020/09
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of innovative start-up firms in Trentino, a high-income mountainous area in the North East of Italy. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on regional start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. Following the 2018 OECD Evaluation of the Italian Start-up Act, which embraced a national perspective, it represents a first attempt to analyse the impact of this policy at the local level. Among Italian regions, Trentino boasts the highest density of registered innovative start-ups over all young firms established locally. However, innovative start-ups spread unevenly throughout this territory, concentrating in urban areas. Female and young founders are less prevalent than in Italy at large. Firm dynamism, in particular high-growth and exit trends, the uptake of emerging technologies among local start-ups as well as their propensity to use national incentives are other key areas of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy makers.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: This policy paper sheds light on current trends in development co-operation for data and statistical systems in developing countries. It analyses trends in funding through official development assistance as well as strategic priorities and modalities for providing support. It identifies different approaches to capacity development and discusses their strengths, opportunities and risks. The objectives of the research published in this paper are twofold: first, to understand key challenges to ensuring support is effective, owned by partners, aligned with their priorities and needs, and conducive to producing capacity and results that outlive specific projects and; second, with a view to identifying good practices, to provide insights on how Development Assistance Committee members support statistics and statistical capacity development in developing countries.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: Trends Shaping Education Spotlights no.20
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Strong basic literacy and numeracy skills are important foundations for making sound financial decisions. Curriculum design, pedagogical methods and stakeholder involvement can all be harnessed to build student financial knowledge and well-being.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.219
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Are teachers and principals aligned in their perceptions of the core components of the theory of Leadership for Learning across countries, or are there subgroups of schools in which there is misalignment? The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which a congruency-typology model of leadership for learning is distributed across countries/economies using the TALIS 2018 dataset through examining the interaction of significantly different subgroups of teacher and principal responders through using multilevel latent class analysis (LCA) with a cross-level interaction. I analyse data from lower secondary schools of n=152 635 teachers in 9 079 schools and their principals across 47 countries/economies. Currently in the research literature on school leadership, leadership for learning has emerged as a framework to bring together managerial, transformational, distributed, and instructional leadership. Yet little is known about leadership for learning across national contexts. This study 1) maps the TALIS 2018 survey items to the current literature and surveys for leadership for learning, 2) then details the methods and analysis framework to examine if there are multiple significantly different types of teachers, principals, and schools from a leadership for learning theory framework. The final model 3) identifies a three-group teacher typology and a three-group principal typology, linking these types to school context, covariates, as well as teacher and principal training and experience. Results relate directly to the intersection of research, policy, and practice for training and capacity of school leaders across 47 countries/economies globally.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.223
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report focuses on the adult learning data that was collected as part of the OECD Survey of Adult Skills between 2012 and 2016, which has been a core activity of the ongoing OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The objectives are to: present the data on adult learning made available by PIAAC; provide an international and comparative overview of the extent of adult learning of different types along with trends, where possible, for countries and economies that have so far participated in PIAAC; reveal international and comparative patterns on the distribution of adult learning within participating countries and economies, focusing on who is and who is not participating in terms of the types of jobs they work in as well as their socio-demographic profile; assess empirically the relationship between some types of adult learning and economic as well as social outcomes; discuss systemic features of adult learning systems and their relationship with selected economic and social policy instruments; and to draw out implications of the results in relation to the continued measurement of adult learning.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.69
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How does socio-economic status influence entry into tertiary education?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l’OCDE, les individus dont les parents ne sont pas diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire ont tendance à être considérablement sous-représentés parmi les inscrits dans l’enseignement tertiaire. Cependant, les inégalités tendent à s’accumuler tout au long du parcours scolaire d’un individu. La période allant du début du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire à l’enseignement tertiaire joue notamment un rôle d’une grande importance pour déterminer la poursuite des études ou le parcours professionnel des individus. Si les décideurs politiques entendent concevoir de meilleures mesures visant à améliorer l’équité, il sera essentiel de comprendre la manière dont les disparités associées aux caractéristiques socio-économiques dès les premiers niveaux d’enseignement peuvent influer sur les taux d’accès à l’enseignement tertiaire.
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  • 92
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.29
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Supporting and guiding novice teachers: Evidence from TALIS 2018
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les enseignants débutants apportent une énergie et des idées nouvelles aux écoles et aux salles de classe qui pourraient améliorer l'environnement d'apprentissage des élèves, si elles sont correctement exploitées. Dans le même temps, les enseignants novices sont, par définition, inexpérimentés dans certains aspects des pratiques en classe et du travail scolaire. Comme pour toute autre profession, les enseignants novices ont besoin de temps, de soutien et de conseils pour améliorer leurs compétences et s'adapter aux tâches auxquelles ils sont régulièrement confrontés. Ainsi, fournir aux enseignants débutants un soutien adéquat dans leurs premières années est un défi majeur pour développer l'enseignement en tant que profession.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Adult Skills in Focus no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les écarts de niveau de compétences entre les sexes en compréhension de l’écrit et en mathématiques évoluent-ils entre l’enfance et l’âge adulte ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This issue of the Adult Skills in Focus series looks at gender differences in reading (literacy) and mathematics (numeracy) skills, and in particular how these differences evolve as people grow up. The analysis use data on three different assessments, administered to children in fourth grade (around 10 year-olds), to 15-year old adolescents, and to young adults aged 26-27. The data shows that girls have a small advantage in literacy at age 10, which grows larger by age 15. However, at age 26 this advantage disappears, and young adults achieve on average the same scores in the literacy assessment. The picture is very different in the case of numeracy skills. At age 10 the gaps are very small, with a tiny advantage for boys. The gap is larger at age 15 and grows even more by age 26, when young men achieve on average much higher scores. A possible explanation for these results is that men specialise in occupations and fields of study that make higher use of numeracy skills; men are also able to close the gap in literacy skills because reading is a transversal skill that people need to master to be successful in a wider range of occupations.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.220
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This analysis plan proposes the specifications for analysis for various studies using the third cycle of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS 2018) data. It serves as a link between the TALIS 2018 Conceptual Framework and the reporting plan. After a brief introduction in Section 1, Sections 2 and 3 suggest analyses for the eleven focal themes collected in the 2018 dataset. The analyses are grounded in literature discussed in detail in the conceptual framework and questions of interest based on the priorities set forth by the Board of Participating Countries (BPC) and later in subsequent TALIS Governing Board (TGB) meetings. Section 2 highlights, by theme, new items, items measured across TALIS cycles, scale constructs (when applicable), and within-theme multivariate analyses. Section 3 provides recommendations for research questions to test between thematic indicators and includes a reference look-up table that identifies the most appropriate aggregation unit for analysis (teacher-, school-, or system-level) based on the item construction and the policy questions of interest. Section 4 outlines the reporting standards for the TALIS 2018 data with subsections that discuss: defining the participants, estimation statistics, displaying statistical information, specifications for scales and specifications for statistical models. The target audience for this analysis plan are internal analysts working on the project, such as those at the OECD and, by extension, analysts in national centres.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2020/06
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; United States
    Abstract: This paper explores patterns of short-term labour demand weakening in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) of the United States and the associated regional factors. The paper considers online job vacancy postings in February-June 2020. The data show that in larger MSAs, online job postings contracted more and the recovery was slower compared to smaller MSAs. Non-tradable service occupations, particularly those involving face-to-face interactions, contracted the most. The regression analysis reveals that different metropolitan characteristics were associated with the initial drop (February-April) and the recovery (May-June) in online job posting. The associations of online job postings with regional characteristics also differed between teleworkable (with high feasibility of performing work duties remotely) and non-teleworkable jobs. Cities with higher share of teleworkable employment had more online vacancy announcements during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: Notes ouest-africaines no.28
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Benin ; Burkina Faso ; Cape Verde ; Chad ; Cote d'Ivoire ; Gambia ; Ghana ; Guinea ; Guinea-Bissau ; Liberia ; Mali ; Mauritania ; Niger ; Nigeria ; Senegal ; Sierra Leone ; Togo
    Abstract: L’objectif de cette note est d’analyser l’évolution temporelle et spatiale des violences impliquant les femmes en Afrique de l’Ouest au cours des 20 dernières années. Une première partie montre que le nombre de victimes civiles des conflits ouest-africains dépasse désormais celui attribué aux batailles entre le gouvernement et les groupes armés. Le contrôle de la population civile est désormais devenu l’un des enjeux majeurs des insurrections de la région. Cette évolution conduit à une augmentation des violences faites aux femmes, qui sont souvent les premières victimes des luttes identitaires. Une seconde partie montre que les femmes participent également aux actes de violence, notamment par le biais des attentats-suicides dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Ce phénomène est cependant en forte diminution du fait de la perte de contrôle territorial de Boko Haram depuis le milieu des années 2010. En conclusion, la note souligne la nécessité de mettre en œuvre des stratégies contre-insurrectionnelles qui visent primordialement à protéger les populations, notamment les femmes.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.7
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Wales (United Kingdom) is on the path to transform the way children learn, with a new curriculum aimed to prepare its children and young people to thrive at school and beyond. The new curriculum for Wales intends to create a better learning experience for students, to engage teachers’ professionalism, and to contribute to the overall improvement of Welsh education. An education policy is only as good as its implementation, however, and Wales turned to the OECD for advice on the next steps to implement the curriculum. This OECD Education Policy Perspectives summarises the findings of the complete OECD report Achieving the New Curriculum for Wales. The analysis looks at the four pillars of implementation — curriculum policy design, stakeholders' engagement, policy context and implementation strategy — and builds upon the literature and experiences of OECD countries to provide tailored advice to Wales on the actions it could take to ready the system for further development and implementation. This document holds value not only for Wales, but also for other education systems across the OECD looking to implement a curriculum or to enhance their implementation processes altogether.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2020/08
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of structural adjustment in Japan and identifies several factors that explain the use of certain employment types. Its findings are based on a novel plant-level dataset that provides considerable detail on the types of employees used by Japanese manufacturers between 2001 and 2014. Analysis of this dataset shows that growth in the diffusion of robotics is linked to fewer non-regular employees, which seems to be partially driven by the positive association between robot adoption and the dismissal of certain types of non-regular workers. It also finds that offshoring from Japan to other countries contributes to the use of both regular and non-regular workers, while higher plant productivity is related to the use of more regular workers. Finally, establishments that experienced job dismissals appear to substitute non-regular workers for regular workers.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tourism Papers no.2020/02
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: The report on seamless travel and improved traveller experience considers the concept and scope of seamless travel, the international policy context for its further development, and issues and good practice in four key areas: i) Visa requirements and acquisition; ii) Digital traveller identity and biometrics; iii) Multi-modal transport and connectivity; and iv) Visitor handling, information and management. Based on the findings and analysis, it presents a set of key conclusions and guidelines for action, for the attention of G20, OECD and other countries, and relevant international organisations. The report’s Guidelines for Action on Safe and Seamless Travel were adopted in the Diriyah Communiqué of the 2020 G20 Tourism Ministers’ Meeting.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.36
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Throughout the world, teachers and schools are responding to one of the greatest disruptions to education systems in living memory. Routines and practices they have followed for decades have been changed, overhauled or suppressed to reduce the risk of contagion for students, teachers and parents, while ensuring continuity of teaching and learning. This puts the role and importance of teachers in the spotlight, while adding new demands and pressures to an already delicate job. When the COVID-19 crisis struck, teachers in many education systems had to teach in a new context of online contact and uncertainty over the reopening of schools. When schools opened again, they did so amidst varying safety measures and the constant threat of school closures. All this is likely to have substantially affected teachers’ job satisfaction and stress.
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