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  • 2015-2019  (1,095)
  • 1970-1974
  • 2015  (1,095)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (667)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing.  (428)
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  • 2015-2019  (1,095)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Responding to the challenge of fragility and security in West Africa (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464804649 , 9781464804656
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 303.690966
    Keywords: Conflict management Africa, West ; National security Africa, West ; Political stability Africa, West ; Conflict management ; Political stability ; National security
    Abstract: Trends in conflict and violence -- An overview of conflict and violence in West Africa -- Emerging threats : trafficking, maritime piracy, and religious extremism -- The complex challenges of youth and migration -- The struggle for greater fairness and equity : the challenge of regional imbalances and improved benefit from extractives -- The fragility of political institutions : managing the competition for power -- Security : responding to new threats -- Land institutions : a neverending conundrum -- Lessons in resilience : the end of the Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Cote d'Ivoire conflicts -- Improving the way donors and development agencies support the reduction of fragility -- Annex : political leadership in West Africa
    Note: "January 2015.". - "This report has been prepared by the Fragility, Conflict and Violence Group at the World Bank.". - Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0464-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    From potential to reality : what will it take to harness a demographic dividend in Africa? (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464804892 , 9781464804908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa's demographic transition
    DDC: 304.620967
    RVK:
    QG 700
    RVK:
    QU 200
    Keywords: Demografischer Übergang ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Age distribution (Demography) Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Demographic transition Economic aspects ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Demographic transition Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Demographic transition ; Age distribution (Demography) ; Demographic transition Economic aspects ; Economic development ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Fertilität ; Familienplanung ; Bildung ; Erziehung ; Schulbildung ; Frauenbildung ; Beschäftigung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Population ; Subsaharisches Afrika
    Abstract: Overview -- The state of demographics in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Speeding the demographic transition -- Selected social and economic effects of the demographic dividend -- Afterword
    Note: "October 23, 2014.". - Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0489-2
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Central Kalimantan Land Governance Assessment (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for Central Kalimantan
    DOI: 10.1596/28514
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sierra Leone : Land Governance Assessment Framework (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The importance of land governance in the socio-economic development of a nation cannot be overemphasized, as the allocation of land across competing uses can determine the type and level of economic activities that can be carried out by individuals, groups, and businesses. The need for a systematic assessment of land governance arises from three factors: policy importance, institutional fragmentation, and technical complexity. The land governance assessment framework (LGAF) was developed by World Bank, in partnership with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), IFAD, IFPRI, United Nation (UN) habitat and the African union land policy initiative to facilitate an analysis of this nature, will allow for the comparison of the state of land governance in Sierra to global good practices in key areas of responsible land governance. The results of the LGAF in Sierra Leone will feed into the ongoing voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries, and forests in the context of national food security (VGGT) discussions. The World Bank generally organizes a high level policy dialogue with the government to discuss key conclusion and policy recommendations. This report starts with a presentation of the methodology used in the implementation of the LGAF in Sierra Leone. It will provide an overview of the role of land in the economy and the history and context of land and tenure governance in Sierra Leone. It then presents the results of the assessments, followed by for improving land governance. Finally, it presents the policy matrix in relation to land matters in Sierra Leone
    DOI: 10.1596/28511
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Land Governance Assessment Framework : Afghanistan (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for Afghanistan
    DOI: 10.1596/28508
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tunisia : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Tunisia Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities to achieve the twin goals of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable way. This SCD takes into account Tunisia's historical sociopolitical context and the political economy of past reforms to provide the context for the challenges and opportunities that exist today to make progress toward the twin goals. The economic policies of the two decades preceding the 2011 revolution delivered widely recognized achievements, including growth rates above the regional average, impressive progress in human development indicators and reduced poverty. However, they failed to address, and even exacerbated, the deep-rooted distortions in the economy that closed the channels, in particular, productive employment and job creation, for a more equal and inclusive society. These distortions were also grounded in a tightly controlled social and political space that favored the elite while repressing others. This development model proved to be economically and socially unsustainable. With a new constitution adopted in 2014 and a democratically-elected government established in 2015, there is today an unprecedented window of opportunity for Tunisia to embark on deep structural reforms to open the channels conducive to a more equal and inclusive society and put the country on a path of more sustainable development. The SCD identifies key opportunities to build on Tunisia's multiple strengths and economic potential to help guide future development policies. It highlights the importance of social and political stability (as well as domestic security) as prerequisites for critical reforms to be undertaken, as well as the importance of voice, transparency, and accountability in all economic and institutional spheres for those reforms to be sustainable
    DOI: 10.1596/23112
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uganda Systematic Country Diagnostic : Boosting Inclusive Growth and Accelerating Poverty Reduction (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: After a destructive civil war and extreme political instability, Uganda began its reconstruction process in 1987. Within the enabling environment of macroeconomic stability, most of the progress on the twin goals was attributable to higher agricultural incomes. Poverty reduction among households primarily engaged in agriculture accounted for 53 percent of the reduction in poverty from 2006 to 2010 and 77 percent of the reduction in poverty from 2010 to 2013. Despite significant progress on the twin goals, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda is high and the sparse social safety nets and limited access to finance have provided little protection. Change in economic and social policies is required to prevent a slowdown in poverty reduction and an increase in vulnerability. In this context, a comprehensive framework based on the three interrelated blocks of growth, inclusion, and sustainability has been used to identify the challenges to and opportunities for ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The first block emphasizes the development of a competitive and resilient private sector to lead the growth process by adequately capitalizing on all the available opportunities. The second block, complementary to the first one, reinforces the need to ensure a fair distribution of the growth dividend across all Ugandans, especially those living in the north and the east, by providing them with access to social and infrastructure services so that they can increase their productive capacity and income generating opportunities. The third block emphasizes the need to undertake the inclusive growth process in a fiscally, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner
    DOI: 10.1596/23500
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lesotho : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Lesotho is one of the poorest and most unequal countries in the world. It is a small, mostly mountainous, and largely rural country of about 2 million people, completely surrounded by South Africa. The persistence of poverty and rising inequality are striking for an economy that grew at annual rates of 4 percent per capita over the past decade. Redefining the role of the state will be critical for meeting the twin goals through boosting inclusive growth and avoiding macroeconomic and social risks. In this context, this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is intended to assess development challenges and identify priorities for rapid progress in achieving the objectives of: (i) eliminating extreme poverty on a sustainable basis and (ii) ensuring shared prosperity by improving the welfare of Lesotho's poorer citizens. The report analyzes the opportunities and challenges in meeting these objectives, focusing on growth, inclusiveness, and sustainability. The SCD concludes by prioritizing the key challenges. Lesotho has an opportunity to eradicate extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity in coming years. It will require shifting to a growth model led by an export-oriented private sector, fortified by higher skilled, more productive, and more entrepreneurial individuals, households, and firms. Lesotho cannot realize this new growth model without redefining the role of the state. For this new model to develop, strong political consensus is necessary to push the difficult reforms needed
    DOI: 10.1596/23109
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Azerbaijan : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Azerbaijan's performance on the twin goals has been commendable. The middle class has doubled in size and extreme poverty has almost been eliminated in the space of a decade. At the same time, regional differences persist, with significantly higher poverty rates in lagging regions, and Baku dominating overwhelmingly in terms of share of GDP. Disparities in welfare also persist between rural and urban areas as well as across social groups. As the share of the poor fell in the bottom 40 percent of the welfare distribution, the share of the vulnerable has increased. All of this suggests taking a closer look at the challenges facing Azerbaijan as it seeks to sustain and 'even out' progress on the twin goals
    DOI: 10.1596/23105
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Moldova Public Expenditure Review : Agriculture (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Agriculture is vital to Moldova's economy. It accounts for 14 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 25 percent of the labor force; together with agro-processing, it generates more than 20 percent of GDP. While the size of the agriculture sector is one of the largest in Europe, it is comparable to other countries at similar income levels. The sector is also a major foreign exchange earner, with agro-food products comprising about 60 percent of merchandise exports. The Government of Moldova (GoM) identifies agriculture as one of the main drivers of growth in its 2020 national development strategy. Agriculture in Moldova faces both short-and-long term challenges. Increasing public spending on agriculture is not an optimal response to these challenges. Instead, to make the sector more competitive and resilient to shocks, direct budget spending should be reduced in some areas and redesigned or increased in others. Tax expenditures can be streamlined to make them more efficient, cost effective, and equitable
    DOI: 10.1596/28331
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Integration of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics and Identity Management Systems : Botswana Success Story (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The initiative of a case study on Botswana's successful integration of civil and identification registers comes against a backdrop of major continental and global efforts to accelerate improvement in the area of civil registration. The national identification system (NIS) is linked with other government systems such as the elections system, the social benefits registration system (SOBERS), the government payroll, the transport system, and others to facilitate service delivery because a person's identity serves as a gateway for accessing services. In addition, through this link the NIS is updated in real-time when a death occurs and the status of the registered citizen is automatically changed from live to deceased, and this update is imported to all other interfaced government systems in real-time. Civil registration is a credible source from which vital statistics in Botswana can be generated and was used previously to generate population reports. The creation of one department to provide civil and national registration headed by a single Registrar for both civil and national registration brought about benefits of synchronization of processes and immediate decision-making. Furthermore, having an institutional framework in place facilitates the smooth implementation of civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) and identity management (ID-M) through a network of offices strategically placed across the country to ensure that services are brought closer to the people
    DOI: 10.1596/28079
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Cultural Roots of Effective Institutions (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Development Report Background Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In many countries, the resistances that obstruct the setting-up of development-enhancing forms of governance are problematic. In many cases, these resistances are linked to firmly anchored beliefs that have to do with to the proper ways of acting in society. For many years, much was expected from a cultural modernization that was to bring about a radical change in attitudes and beliefs. But in many places, the positive behavioral changes observed seem to relate more to making the most of the potentialities inherent to the cultures concerned. This paper begins in analyzing how the appeal of such positive potentialities has materialized in the countries that served as the laboratories of modernity. The second part is grounded in observations made in emerging countries, identifying modern institutional systems that best take advantage of the cultural context. This paper shown that successful organizations make good creative use of the local cultural context
    DOI: 10.1596/26208
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Affordable Higher Education in Mexico : Implications for Career Advancement and Social Mobility (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Laureate universities offer higher education degrees in the Mexican context, an environment where there is a significant, unmet demand for college degrees and yet, private universities face a highly competitive market to expand their services. This study is an ex-post impact evaluation. Namely, it was planned and implemented, years after the individuals participating in this study enrolled and graduated from college, cancelling the possibility of having baseline information available. Thus, the study relies on data collected directly from the field, including a college graduate's survey, an employer's survey, and in-depth interviews to Laureate former students. The analysis is based on a quasi-experimental approach for an impact evaluation, complemented with descriptive statistics and qualitative information. The outcome results assessed in this report can be grouped into three categories: a) economic capital and employment, which refers to various aspects of the alumni's professional career and income generation after graduation; b) career advancement, which measures ability to be promoted and access to managerial positions, and c) social progress, which captures the change in an individual's position within a power hierarchy via occupational prestige and the change in socioeconomic levels during shorter periods of time (as opposed to an intergenerational change)
    DOI: 10.1596/26052
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification for Development : Botswana (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report analyzes the Identity Management System of the Republic of Botswana with respect to 1) accessibility, 2) robustness, 3) integration and regulated access to data, and 4) legal frameworks and data protection, and documents the extent to which the legal and institutional framework and the human and physical infrastructures have facilitated the establishment, operationalization and management of identity management as a comprehensive system. Botswana has a single foundational Identity Management System which is a primary tool for public administration and governance as well as facilitation of service delivery to the public. It creates one identity per person pursuant to the current legal framework which is used several times by the person at various institutions to facilitate the individual's access to services including social safety net programs, claiming of rights and entitlements. The national identity card is used as a breeder document for obtaining other documents such as passports, driver's licenses and voter registration cards. The Botswana National Identity System is facilitated by legal reforms and reviews, risk management, rigorous re-engineering and re-design of business processes, an effective ID management cycle, continuous monitoring and evaluation, and data security and integrity management. It is envisaged that the ID-management system will in the future be linked to the immigration and citizenship system under the department of immigration and citizenship to progress it to a fully-fledged population register or people hub
    DOI: 10.1596/26051
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Agriculture in Nicaragua : Performance, Challenges, and Options (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This work summarizes background papers prepared for the World Bank Group with significant input from government counterparts and other development partners. It takes stock of major recent developments and argues that a lot has been achieved in the last decade in terms of production of commodities for export and food consumption, with favorable impact on rural poverty reduction. It also argues that the two factors driving the recent agricultural performance, namely favorable international prices and expansion of the agricultural frontier, have reached their limits. So while trade policies are broadly on target, much can be done by focusing on the productivity of small family agriculture and improving competitiveness by reducing transaction costs (logistics) affecting small, medium, and large commercial farms. In the short to medium term, the household income of the rural poor will continue to depend largely on agriculture. Thus interventions will need to take into account the heterogeneity of smallholder agriculture while simultaneously increasing its resilience to climate risks through climate-smart agriculture
    DOI: 10.1596/25978
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bangladesh Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes : Accounting and Auditing (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - Accounting and Auditing (ROSC A&A) program is part of a 12-module joint World Bank-IMF initiative to assist member countries to strengthen their financial systems by improving their capacity to comply with internationally recognized standards and codes. The ROSC A&A program focuses on the institutional framework underpinning national accounting and auditing practices, and degree of conformity with international standards and good practices. This 2014 update to the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - Accounting and Auditing (ROSC A&A) assesses the degree to which the policy recommendations of the 2003 ROSC A&A review have been implemented, identifies issues that have emerged since the last review, and proposes a number of policy recommendations aimed at further improving the quality of corporate financial reporting and auditing which contributes to improving country's business climate, investors' confidence and economic growth potential of Bangladesh. The policy recommendations should form the basis for a prioritized, stakeholder-driven Country Action Plan (CAP), aimed to assist in further enhancing financial reporting processes in accordance with international standards and good practices, taking into account Bangladesh's country specific circumstances
    DOI: 10.1596/25727
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking Growth Potential in Kenya : Dismantling Regulatory Obstacles to Competition (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Kenya's business environment has been weakening over recent years and this has limited the private sector's ability to grow, create jobs, and contribute to economic development. Competitive domestic markets are necessary to boost Kenya's competitiveness. There are two pillars that sustain effective competition policy: (i) opening markets and removing anticompetitive regulation; and (ii) effectively enforcing competition law. The main focus of this report is the identification of regulations that could restrict competition and distort markets and business decisions, having a negative effect on Kenya's competitiveness and growth. This report contains results from a review of the regulatory framework in key areas identified using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators, the World Bank Group's framework to identify anticompetitive regulations, and interviews with stakeholders. This report is concerned only with certain regulations that affect market competition in select sectors and topical areas. The report stems from the policy dialogue with various Kenyan institutions, supported by the Kenya Investment Climate Program. This report contains three parts. Part one identifies restrictive regulations that affect the whole economy, while Part two focuses on select sectors. Part three provides policy recommendations to promote greater competition in Kenyan markets through the assessment and modification of regulations that create obstacles to competition. It also provides estimates of the potential benefits of reforming product market regulations
    DOI: 10.1596/25789
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Corridors for Shared Prosperity : Intra South-Asia Replication of Inclusive Business Models (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This research study identified replication opportunities and white spaces across focus sectors of agriculture, healthcare, and renewable energy. These include short-term opportunities in trade, technology transfer, and strategic alliances to cater to immediate demand for products such as solar home systems and services such as healthcare for non-communicable diseases. Long-termopportunities include addressing demand that arises from changing socio-economic scenarios and improving market efficiencies, such as organic farming and domestic manufacture of solar industry components. While increasing cooperation among South Asian countries might present different trends in the future, most current replication activities are focused on India-Bangladesh replication in the sectors of agriculture and healthcare. Finally, the study also recommends a way forward for scaling the intra-South Asia replication of inclusive businesses with the involvement of stakeholders such as donors, investors, incubators, advisors, academia, and policy makers. Given the inherent challenges in replication and nascent state of inclusive business ecosystems in most countries, their early catalytic involvement is crucial. Specific action steps are proposed for each category of stakeholder, but from past evidence of what works' in building supporting ecosystems for inclusive businesses, these organizations will be most effective when they work together to draw out opportunities for replication and address the key hurdles of doing business in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/25792
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SME Finance in Chile : Enhancing Efficiency of Support Programs (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: This review of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) finance support programs aims to enhance the efficiency of SME finance support in Chile. Chile's good economic policies have successfully promoted growth, but inequality has remained high. Supporting access to finance for SMEs is an important part of developing more equal opportunities in Chile. The purpose of the analysis is to identify options for strengthening corporacion de fomento de la produccion (CORFO's) role in addressing the SME finance gaps arising from market failures. The study focuses on determining if the various partial credit guarantee (PCG) programs are efficient and optimal in their design and how CORFO's role can be expanded to support SMEs. To achieve a new more complex role, the study also considered that CORFO as an institution needed to be more self-contained and autonomous in terms of financial risks and reserving, and have a corporate structure more akin to a public owned corporation rather than a budget supported state agency. In order for the programs to have the desired effects, they must adequately address the gap, be effectively implemented, and be cost efficient. The paper is organized as follows: section one gives summary, section two gives introduction. Section three analyzes the gap in finance for SMEs in Chile to establish the relevance of the programs. Section four provides an overview of programs in support of SME finance, the implementation effectiveness, and the associated costs. Sections five to seven presents recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/34954
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Palestinian Territories Workforce Development : SABER Country Report 2013 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: This report presents a comprehensive diagnostic of the Palestinian Territories' workforce development (WfD) policies and institutions. The analysis is based on a World Bank research tool created under the Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) initiative and purposefully designed to provide systematic documentation and assessment of WfD policies and institutions. The SABER WfD benchmarking tool also aims to assist the government with the implementation of the VET Development Strategy in the context of international experience and global good practices
    DOI: 10.1596/35843
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    Peru - Selected Issues in Fiscal Policy : Taxation and Equity (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Keywords: Equity ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Law ; Tax Reform ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This report takes an in-depth look, from a policy perspective, at the trade-offs between increasing tax collection and improving the equity of the fiscal system. As part of this effort, the report places the Peruvian tax system in an international context and considers the key challenges the government is facing in its drive to increase revenue. It also conducts qualitative and quantitative analyses of the impact of taxes and transfers on inequality and on the distribution of income. The report then makes several policy proposals that would increase tax collection without jeopardizing equity, and it then simulates the impacts of these changes on collection and equity. This advice spanned the 2012-2014 period, and included research on several tax policy-related issues, such as legal advice on double-taxation treaties and in-depth analyses of tax exemptions. To keep the focus tight, some of the work is not included in this report. Contributions were originally written in Spanish to provide the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) with timely advice on the subject and were discussed with the counterparts during and immediately after its preparation. As a result of prioritizing this process, two teams focused on different areas of research and were able to contribute to the analytical base behind the ongoing tax reform. The report summarizes the main elements of this process and resulting advice. It comes out at the same time as the finance ministry announces the first set of tax reforms that were informed by this work
    DOI: 10.1596/36221
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    The Distributional Consequences of Group Procurement : Evidence from a Randomized Trial of a Food Security Program in Rural India (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Public transfer programs that allow beneficiaries to choose the transferred good may be more efficient, but the poorest beneficiaries may not participate if the good chosen is too costly. A model shows that program targeting and consumption impacts are tied to selected quality of the provided good. Evidence from a randomized trial in rural India in which groups of beneficiaries choose the variety of rice to be offered as a subsidized loan confirms that choosing lower cost goods self-targets the program towards the poorest beneficiaries. Consumption impacts are biggest for wealthiest households and may be negative for moderately poor households
    DOI: 10.1596/24785
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    The Art and Science of Benefit Sharing in the Natural Resource Sector (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to contribute to theunderstanding and discussion of how the costs andbenefits of natural resource development are sharedacross society. This paper presents how IFC, as both aninvestor and a development organization, determineswhether benefits and costs are shared reasonably, and how this assessment influences IFC's decision to invest ina particular natural resource project. the goal of the paper is to promotea broad, constructive dialogue across stakeholders-governments, investors, civil society, and others-around benefit sharing. The paper draws on IFC's experience and presents anoverarching framework for multi-stakeholder benefitsharing, providing analysis and guidance for a range ofcomplex topics. The paper is intended to provide entrypoints for stakeholders of varying levels of familiarity with the issues to benefit-sharing assessment. The paper is not a definitive manual for all the issues coveredfor which more detailed, high-quality and excellentreferences and literature exists. This paper is organized along these broad areas of impact that IFC considers in the benefit sharing assessment:fiscal, economic, environmental, and social. The approaches IFC uses to evaluate benefit sharing arepresented in each area, along with some lessons learned. This is complemented by a discussion of key issues thatare topical in the field. Each chapter opens with a list of questions that can be used as a guide to assess the potential benefits and costs of an investment. As a result, there is a spectrum of what can be considered reasonable overall. However, there may be particular features of a benefit-sharing arrangement that stand out and can signal a risk to its legitimacy. Our aspiration is that this paper will complement as well as stimulate work by others that can enhance the collective knowledge and encourage dialogue
    DOI: 10.1596/24793
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    The Intricacies of Attracting and Sustaining Investment in WASH in Fragile States : Lessons from Liberia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Abstract: The choice made early in the post-conflict transition by the international community to directly fund WASH service delivery through non-state actors rather than through the Liberian government undermined both sector policy dialogue and the formation of robust government institutions able to lead and orchestrate service delivery by non-state actors. This paper aims to inform this new wave of support to Liberia's WASH sector by looking back at service provision in the country over the period 2003 to 2015 and reflecting on the transition from the post-war emergency response to the nascent development response. The paper first describes key trade-offs encountered by the international community in this transition, describing choices made in Liberia that held back government capacity to orchestrate a national response to service delivery. It then goes on to describe how WSP and other development partners have, since 2011, worked with the government of Liberia to build and attract investment to a country-led WASH development program. The paper presents lessons for sector practitioners operating in post-crisis transition situations, both those in developing country governments and their development partners
    DOI: 10.1596/24787
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    Guide for Designing Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Programs (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Partnership for Market Readiness Technical Papers
    Abstract: Over the past decade, greenhouse gas reporting programs have emerged to provide information on emission sources and trends. As more jurisdictions plan to design and implement these programs, this report draws on the experience of 13 existing and proposed programs to guide policymakers and practitioners in developing such GHG reporting programs. Business, industry associations, civil society and funding agencies may also find this guide useful in facilitating their participation in the development of a reporting program. The guide provides step by step guidance on the four basic steps to design a reporting program: determining program objectives; creating an enabling environment for program design and implementation; determining program structure and requirements; and conducting program review
    DOI: 10.1596/21981
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    Uganda Country Economic Memorandum : Economic Diversification and Growth in the Era of Oil and Volatility (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: The objective of the Ugandan government is to make Uganda an upper - middle income country within thirty years. Economic diversification is a key component of that strategy. The country economic memorandum (CEM) report discusses how the emergence of oil and mineral production can contribute to Uganda's effort to promote economic diversification as a means to achieve sustainable and shared growth. Based on the lessons from international experience, the report outlines the elements of a development and diversification strategy, which the Ugandan government may wish to consider in the design of its macroeconomic, fiscal, and sectoral development policies. It then focuses on the set of policies required to maximize the benefits of a diversification strategy in an oil-producing country. Finally it describes a series of actions which the government should plan, and carry out to deal with a number of specific implementation issues. The first part of the report focuses on the importance of economic diversification for Uganda and on the prospects and challenges of oil and mineral development. It addresses the following three issues: (a) why diversification is important for economic development?; (b) where Uganda stands in that area and why it should give a new impetus to its diversification strategy?; and (c) what are the prospects, possible impact, and challenges associated to oil and mining development for Uganda's economy?
    DOI: 10.1596/24789
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    Education Service Delivery in Tanzania (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Abstract: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) provide a set of metrics for benchmarking service delivery performance in education and health. The overall objective of the indicators is to gauge the quality of service delivery in primary education and basic health services. The indicators enable the identification of gaps and tracking of progress over time and across countries. It is envisaged that the broad availability, high public awareness and a persistent focus on the indicators will mobilize policymakers, citizens, service providers, donors and other stakeholders for action to improve the quality of services and ultimately to improve development outcomes and social welfare. This report presents the findings from the implementation of the Service Delivery Indicators in the Education sector in Tanzania in 2014. Survey implementation was preceded by an extensive consultation with Government and key stakeholders on survey design, sampling, and adaptation of survey instruments. Pre-testing of the survey instruments, enumerator training, and fieldwork took place in 2014. In conclusion, comparing the 2010 and 2014 SDI surveys, one clearly notices that Tanzania has made substantial progress in some areas, but there are still remaining gaps. Also, the achieved progress is from a very low base and there is still quite a bit of room for the Tanzanian education system to deliver quality to its pupils and get them prepared and equipped to face competition in the national, regional, and international labor markets
    DOI: 10.1596/24797
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    Pakistan--Tracing the Flow of Public Money : Punjab Expenditure and Quantity of Service Delivery Survey in Primary School Sector (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The main objective of the report is to provide recommendations for policy makers and sector managers to help improve service delivery and the resultant outcomes in primary education. The fundamental premise of this analysis stems from Punjab Social Sector Public Expenditure Review conducted in FY2013
    DOI: 10.1596/24693
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    Who is Poorer? : Poverty by Age in the Developing World (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This note shows that based on headcount poverty rates, at the household level, households with elderly members are roughly equally poor to non-elderly households, though with variation when using more detailed compositions, and the elderly are less poor than children in 98 percent of the countries sampled when comparing different age groups. Further, as a share of the poor, elderly average only 10 percent, children 36 percent, and adults 54 percent. Moderate equivalence adjustments result in a four percentage point change in the number of countries with children better off than elderly. (A separate note provides detailed sensitivity analysis). These results can be seen as a starting point for further analysis that would look at the reasons behind differences between countries as well as age sub-groups within countries. The findings provide preliminary evidence that households with elderly, and especially elderly individuals are often not the most poor. The analysis is relevant to countries considering new policies or reforms of existing programs targeting particular age groups, such as the elderly or children
    DOI: 10.1596/24992
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    Keeping Girls in School : A Review of the Global Evidence (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: Gender gaps in education have closed in almost all countries, especially at the primary level. In fact, these gaps have reversed in many countries in secondary education, especially in Latin America, the Caribbean, and East Asia, where it is now boys and young men who are disadvantaged. Despite the overall progress, however, primary and secondary school enrollments for girls remain much lower than for boys for disadvantaged populations in many Sub-Saharan countries and some parts of South Asia (World Bank 2012). One of the key messages of the World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development is that much of the progress was possible when the removal of a single barrier was sufficient to make significant gains. Three main areas where this has been possible are: (i) increasing returns to education for women; (ii) removing institutional constraints; and (iii) increasing household incomes. In this policy brief, we summarize the extant evidence in these three areas and draw some policy conclusions
    DOI: 10.1596/23866
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    Providing Out-of-School Girls with Skills : Situation Analysis (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: Skills development offers a range of benefits to out-of-school adolescent girls and alleviates a key obstacle to youth employment in developing countries. But do increased skills lead to delays in early marriage and pregnancy? Not always, according to the available empirical evidence. Although the global evidence base on skills training is growing, and despite a theoretical basis for the relationship between skills, employment and fertility, the documented impacts of skills interventions on fertility outcomes are still too limited to draw strong conclusions. The substantial heterogeneity of what constitutes a "skills" intervention contributes to the uncertainty. The strongest evidence is in support of holistic community-based programs that combine information on sexual and reproductive health with skills training and other financial and social assets. More research is needed to isolate the impacts of these different program components and disentangle the causal pathways leading to delays in marriage and pregnancy
    DOI: 10.1596/23867
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    Adolescent Girls in Zambia : Introduction and Overview (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: Adolescence is a time of transitions that foster both challenges and opportunities. Indeed, choices made during adolescence not only have immediate consequences but also greatly influence the economic opportunities, health outcomes, and skill sets attained later in life, and yet it is the same period when social norms create pathways largely defined by gender. Poverty and ethnic minority status can further magnify gender discrepancies for youth worldwide, as reductions in household spending on education, health care, and nutrition are often more likely to affect adolescent girls than boys. In Zambia, adolescents make up 24% of the total population, a substantial proportion that is expected to become higher than neighboring countries if current trends continue. The high prevalence of child marriage and teenage pregnancy among Zambian girls greatly contributes to the high fertility and population growth trends, and is also closely interrelated with a range of economic and socio-cultural determinants that perpetuate a vicious cycle for the poorest and most vulnerable girls and have costly consequences for them and for the nation as a whole. In order to initiate the potential for a demographic dividend, Zambia will need to initiate a demographic transition. Reducing child marriage and teenage pregnancy can significantly contribute to the fertility declines needed to accelerate this demographic transition and would lead to better life outcomes for adolescent girls and better opportunities for the next generation. Accordingly, this series of policy briefs focuses on four key areas of interventions (or pillars) as follows: (i) maintaining girls in school; (ii) equipping out-of-school girls with skills; and (iii) beginning a family and supporting girls to adopt healthy lifestyles; and (iv) addressing the child development needs of children born to teenage mothers
    DOI: 10.1596/24597
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    Qualitative Assessment of Health Equity among the Elderly People in Thailand : Utilization and Financial Protection (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Thailand has succeeded in expanding coverage of publicly-funded and publicly-managed health insurance schemes, following the introduction of universal health coverage policy in 2001. While Thailand's achievement of universal health coverage (UC) is well noted, recent researches and studies have indicated that there are still gaps in health utilization and financial protection. A recent study by Thailand's health insurance system research office (HISRO) shows that utilization of health services by patients of three main health insurance schemes combined increased markedly after age 45 for both outpatient care and in-patient care but later dropped during an advanced age. Utilization of out-patient care services decreases among patients who are over 75 years of age while that of in-patient care services decreases after 85 years of age. The objective of the study is to identify the gaps of accessing UC scheme's care system by the elderly population, focusing on utilization and financial protection aspects. The team conducted small-scale area-based qualitative case studies, focusing on elderly UC members who live in selected urban and rural areas in four different geographical regions of Thailand - Central, North, Northeastern, and South. The analysis confirms that there are poor elderly people who still need to pay for the costs of out-patient and in-patient care services at publicly run health facilities
    DOI: 10.1596/22810
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    Madagascar Public Expenditure Review 2015 : Education (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Management of the primary education system in Madagascar follows a centralized model, supported by de-concentrated services. Education is divided into (a) preschool, (b) 5 years of primary education, (c) 4 years of lower secondary, (d) 3 years of upper secondary, and (e) higher education. An important feature of the Malagasy education system is the relatively well developed framework for school-based management. The school management committees (FAFs, Fiaraha-miombon'Antoka ho amin'ny Fampandrosoana ny sekoly) consist of parents, teachers, the school director, and representatives from the local community. They have been in existence in each school since 2002, when the government started providing annual grants to schools on a per capita basis to cover part of schools' operating expenses. The FAFs are responsible for managing these grants, and play a critical role in improving accountability of service delivery and promoting community engagement and social dialogue among local stakeholders. The FAFs are also increasingly participating in the financing of school operations, including hiring and paying community teachers and financing basic supplies. Trends in contributions from school committees in the financing of education are examined in details later in the paper
    DOI: 10.1596/24449
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    Coordination of Strategies and Programs for EU and State-Funded Investments in Romania's Infrastructure (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Abstract: This report provides a diagnostic and a set of recommendations for the coordination of infrastructure investments in three main sectors in Romania: roads; water and wastewater; and social infrastructure (education, health, culture, and sports). The proposals formulated are targeted primarily at the main client of this work, the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA) and specifically at the Directorate General for Regional Development and Infrastructure (DG RDI), which manages the most important state-budget-funded program for local infrastructure investments - the National Local Development Program (PNDL). Other key stakeholders include the Center of Government (CoG), the Ministry of Public Finances, the Ministry of European Funds, other central authorities in charge of EU and/or state-funded investment programs, Regional Development Agencies, and county and local councils. While customized for the PNDL, the recommendations that follow can be replicated across all state-budget-funded investment programs. This report presents multiple instruments for promoting coordination: dedicated platforms, harmonization of investment programs (design, financing criteria, producers), and knowledge sharing of good practices at the local level
    DOI: 10.1596/24455
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    Bhutan Macroeconomic and Public Finance Policy Note : Hydropower Impact and Public Finance Reforms towards Economic Self-Reliance (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Bhutan's hydropower generation potential raises the prospect of tremendous development opportunities for the country: fast increasing export revenue, sustained economic growth, and rapid poverty reduction. Driven by developments in the hydropower sector, the country has grown at an average rate of 7 percent per year over the last decade, while poverty has declined remarkably fast. But hydropower development also creates significant challenges as follows: (i) macroeconomic instability; (ii) lack of self-reliance; and (iii) few private sector jobs. This policy note assesses the opportunities and challenges associated with hydropower development. It informs a possible strategy supportive of macroeconomic stability, fiscal self-reliance and private sector development. And it argues that fundamental changes in public finance, amounting to a paradigm shift, are central to the implementation of such strategy
    DOI: 10.1596/24581
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    The New Horizon in Education : From Access to Quality (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discuss equity and learning in education that should be integral to our final push to end extreme poverty by 2030. He speaks about education that also raises productivity in the informal sector and is associated with better health and resilience. He talks about educated women and girls who can be particularly effective agents of socio-economic change. He also talks about the need for development financing and technical expertise to effect radical change in the quality of labor. He highlights about technology that can be used to leapfrog current practices, plugging isolated teachers and students into connected classrooms of the twenty first century. He concludes by saying that education is a public good and a fundamental right is essential to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/24305
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    Inclusive and Sustainable Industrialization in the Future Global Development Agenda (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discuss the critical role of inclusive and sustainable industrialization in the future global development agenda, including to end extreme poverty by 2030. He speaks about working with UNIDO and the government of Ethiopia to ensure that new industrial parks make use of recycled water and renewable resources, develop green areas, and reflect upgraded environment standards and environmental inspection systems. The World Bank Group is looking for opportunities to work closely with UNIDO on industrial zones in Senegal
    DOI: 10.1596/24299
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    Remarks at MENA Stakeholders Event, Lima, Peru, October 10, 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discusses conflicts that have caused a devastating amount of violence and destruction, severely affecting the livelihoods of millions of people, and creating destabilizing effects at the global level. He talks about the World Bank Group's new strategy to support recovery and reconstruction efforts in the Middle East and North Africa. He speaks about blending grant resources from donors with lending from multilateral development banks in order to provide concessional-level financing to middle-income countries that are hosting refugees. In conclusion he said that we must work together to mobilize support for the millions of children, women, and men who are victims and hostages of war, and to demonstrate our common commitment to help them survive these conflicts, and create a better life once the guns fall silent
    DOI: 10.1596/24292
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    Ethiopia Rising : Aspiring to Become a Carbon Neutral Middle Income Manufacturing Hub by 2025 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discuss Ethiopia's commitment to climate action, the role of industrialization in delivering development, and bringing these together for low-carbon, equitable growth. He speaks about the government's promotion of low-carbon growth, poverty reduction, and climate resilience to tackle the impact of climate changes. He talks about the crucial component of Ethiopia's drive for growth and transformation will be the development of a vibrant manufacturing and industrial base, which creates jobs for growing urban areas. The World Bank Group is working with the government to ensure that new industrial parks make use of recycled water and renewable resources, develop green areas, and reflect upgraded environmental standards and inspection systems
    DOI: 10.1596/24300
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    Remarks at Press Conference, Accra, Ghana, October 16, 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: This is the transcript of the remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group at a press conference in Accra, Ghana. He discusses on the two goals, to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity to the bottom 40 percent in developing countries. He talks about improving the productivity of agriculture and making sure that every industry, every person in Africa has access to energy to end extreme poverty. He talks about the importance of investing in the health and education of people for future economic growth in developing countries. He commended Ghana on its structural transformation, shift out of a solely agricultural-focused economy and in one in which non-agricultural self-employment and, to a lesser degree, wage jobs have also become part of the economy. He concludes by talking about taking action on improved and fair, more just, more efficient tax systems and stopping illicit financial flows, in order to benefit the development of the country
    DOI: 10.1596/24291
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    Samoa Education Management Information Systems : SABER Country Report 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: In 2011, the World Bank Group commenced a multiyear program designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education systems. Part of the World Bank's new Education Sector Strategy, this evidence-based initiative, called SABER (Systems Approach for Better Education Results), uses diagnostic tools for examining education systems and their component policy domains against global standards and best practices and in comparison with the policies and practices of countries around the world. This report discusses the results of applying the SABER Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) tool in Samoa. The objectives of this report are to examine the system according to key policy areas, identify successes and challenges in the system, and provide recommendations to support the continued advancement of EMIS in Samoa. Samoa's system is assessed in the following six policy areas: (1) legal framework, (2) organizational structure and institutionalized processes, (3) human resources, 4) infrastructural capacity, (5) budget, and (6) data-driven culture. To conclude, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) profile (table 6) summarizes key points from the needs assessment and informs recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/24435
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    Monitoring Welfare and Perceptions in South Sudan 2012-2014 : Findings from the High Frequency South Sudan Survey (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Since early 2012, the World Bank's High Frequency South Sudan Survey has collected a panel data set to monitor the welfare and perceptions of citizens in a selected number of state capitals in South Sudan. This note presents the findings of all six rounds of the survey on the topics of (1) Security, (2) Economic Conditions, (3) Assets and Consumption, and (4) Access to Services. The results are based on 143 households in Juba, Wau and Rumbek revisited six times. The analysis is restricted to households present in all rounds and, thus, is not statistically representative but only provides a descriptive narrative of the livelihood of the selected urban households in Juba, Rumbek and Wau. These cities are not among the cities most affected by the conflict
    DOI: 10.1596/22512
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    Improving the Effectiveness of TalentCorp's Initiatives : Assessment of Returning Expert Program and Residence Pass-Talent (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The information contained in this summary report reflects the analysis and assessment that have been undertaken beginning January 2013 mainly to assess the effectiveness of TalentCorp's efforts to attract and retain global talent through its Returning Expert Program (REP) and Residence Pass-Talent (RP-T). The initial research included various activities aimed at improving the client's ability to meet its mandate. The main activities completed were as follows: (1) creation of a platform to identify and monitor local labor market conditions and human capital/talent needs; (2) creation of a profile of the Malaysian diaspora living abroad; (3) creation and implementation of two surveys, both surveys focused on gauging the attractiveness of working in Malaysia and were targeted at the Malaysian diaspora and foreign talent living in Malaysia; (4) an impact evaluation of the REP, which aims to facilitate highly skilled members of the Malaysian professionals abroad back to Malaysia; and (5) an assessment of the effectiveness of the RP-T Program, which aims to retain foreign talent in Malaysia. In both the impact evaluation and the assessment, the main questions investigated are whether these programs effectively attract/retain talent
    DOI: 10.1596/24453
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    Flood Risk Management in Dhaka : A Case for Eco-Engineering Approaches and Institutional Reform (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to propose recommendations for addressing flood risks in Greater Dhaka. This is based on an analysis of flood risks facing the city, historical analysis of decision-making about flood risk management, and institutional and political economy analysis. Looking ahead, the study also considers how relatively new approaches to managing flood risk-green defense, eco-engineering, or ecosystem-based approaches- might inform the management of flood risk in Dhaka city. The study was initiated at the request of the Government of Bangladesh and carried out in close consultation with the Ministry of Environment and Forests-the focal agency for the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF), with the Dhaka North and South City Corporations and RAJUK. It contributes to the goals of the Country Partnership Framework 2016-20 prepared in collaboration by the Government of Bangladesh and the World Bank (World Bank 2016). At present, the World Bank is undertaking an analysis of options to engage in eastern Dhaka and also developing a broader platform for engagement in the city. The study also informs these endeavors. It is fully aligned with the preparation of the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, a collaborative long-term planning initiative being undertaken by Bangladesh's Planning Commission and the Netherlands. Further, it is consistent with the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009, which highlights the urgency of strengthening resilience to urban flood risks.The study is based on extensive fieldwork, documentary research, and consultations with government and other stakeholders. It has the following focus areas: First, to set the stage, an analysis of flood risks facing Dhaka city is undertaken. Using publicly accessible satellite imagery, geographic information system (GIS)-based mapping tools, and available satellite-based analysis, the study assesses spatial changes in urbanization and urban ecosystems that are shaping flood risk in the city. Second, a historical analysis of flood management interventions in Dhaka and the sequence in which they occurred is undertaken. Third, an institutional and organizational capacity assessment for urban planning and flood risk management is undertaken. In proposing these recommendations, an extensive review of international experience using green defense or eco-engineering approaches was undertaken
    DOI: 10.1596/29348
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    The Role of the Private Sector in Providing Basic Education Services in Kasoa, Ghana (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: Despite significant government investments in the public education system, population growth and migration have led to an undersupply of school places, especially in urban centers, leading to an increase in private education enrollments in Ghana. Ghana has nearly doubled enrollment at the primary and junior high school levels since the introduction of free and compulsory universal basic education. Ghana's primary net enrollment rate of 86.8 percent in 2013 is still slightly below the average for lower-middle-income countries, which was 87.3 percent. Its net rate of secondary enrollment (including junior and senior high school), 51 percent, is also lower than the 58 percent average for lower-middle-income countries (EdStats). Ghana's public spending on education is comparable to that of other middle-income countries and the government is currently focusing its attention on upper secondary education (senior high school), with plans to build more schools to increase access. Rising enrollment rates have not been accompanied by gains in student learning; some parents are choosing private schools due to their perceived higher quality. The education system in Ghana is currently facing fiscal pressures due to low levels of accountability, inefficient allocation of resources, and plans to expand upper secondary provision. Although the Ghanaian government has made progress in improving equitable access to education through new programs and policies, government resources are currently unevenly distributed across regions in terms of spending per pupil as well as the allocation of teachers. Ghana currently has a budget deficit, with teacher salaries forming a large part of recurrent costs in education. The country also plans to expand education at the senior secondary level to meet the needs of the economy. The construction of 200 schools will put further pressure on government budgets
    DOI: 10.1596/29103
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    The Incredible Adventures of Carla : Practical Guide for Nominee Directors (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This is a book about directorship. More precisely, it's about nominee directors, who are nominated by IFC and other development finance institutions (DFIs) to the boards of investee companies to fulfill a dual mandate: first, they are expected to perform all the duties and tasks of a board member. Second, they are also charged with improving the corporate governance, sustainability, and ethical behavior of the investee company. This need exists because the empirical evidence indicates that in many developing countries it is nearly impossible to create long-term shareholder value without marked improvements in these areas. This book, based on sound research and real-life examples, offers not only a useful learning platform but also, the authors hope, an entertaining read. It focuses on directorship and leadership skills in the boardroom and does not attempt to cover the whole 'waterfront' on corporate governance issues. Many other publications (including some found on the IFC website) deal extensively with the structures, processes, and legal frameworks of corporate governance. The story emphasizes the learning and adapting that must go on for a nominee director to be effective in encouraging change and improvement on the board and in the company. It draws on specific situations to illustrate that IFC rules and instructions cannot always be perfectly followed: the nominee director is in the 'heat of the battle', under time pressure, and confronted with dilemmas and uncertainty that only in hindsight can be structured and analyzed clearly. The target audience of the incredible adventures of Carla is nominee directors, especially those who are newly appointed or candidates who are considering taking on such a role. It aims to expose them to the challenges in the behavioral dimension of corporate governance and to help them learn, through Carla's experience, the actions and communications that can help them, or not help them, achieve the goals they are committed to
    DOI: 10.1596/22062
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    Republic of Armenia : Drivers of Dynamism (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to facilitate a productive policy dialogue in support of Armenia's efforts to build a more dynamic economy capable of thriving in an increasingly knowledge-driven global marketplace. The report supports the objectives of the Armenian government's national development strategy, which focuses on economic versatility and robust job creation. While Armenia faces a complex set of macroeconomic challenges, this report will concentrate on a select number of issues crucial to the creation of a more open, adaptable and resilient economy. Armenia's medium-term outlook is complicated by a mix of adverse domestic and external factors, but there is reason for cautious optimism. Despite its considerable progress over the past two decades Armenia is still struggling to free itself from the vestiges of central planning. As the period of macroeconomic adjustment following the global financial crisis comes to a close the authorities are renewing their efforts to build a sophisticated modern economy based on human-capital accumulation and technological innovation. Recognizing that Armenia is at a critical juncture in its development, this report identifies a number of reforms designed to increase competitiveness on both the supply and demand sides of the economy
    DOI: 10.1596/30213
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    Mutual Funds in Developing Markets : Addressing Challenges to Growth (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This World Bank publication provides an overview of mutual funds in developing countries, outlining their role in the financial sector; the different types of mutual funds; the structure of the mutual fund industry; and the industry's interdependency with other sectors such as pension funds and insurance companies. The report then outlines the key elements of the legal/regulatory/ taxation framework that typically governs mutual funds and identifies aspects of these frameworks that can drive the growth of mutual funds. Lastly, the report provides an analysis of key market drivers and impediments to mutual fund development. The report builds on five case studies of mutual fund industries in Brazil, Kenya, Morocco, Peru, Turkey, which are provided in the annex
    DOI: 10.1596/23234
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  • 50
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    Speech at Migration and the Global Development Agenda Conference (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discussed the following topics. The Bank is helping many manage the humanitarian and development challenge. The Bank supports the global knowledge partnership on migration and development (KNOMAD), which helps countries develop evidence-based policy options and capacity to reap the benefits of migration. The future research agenda aims to build a database that identifies legal and policy restrictions that prevent countries from realizing migration's possibilities and to develop approaches to education and social policy that facilitate migrants' integration
    DOI: 10.1596/31106
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    Uniting Behind Universal Health Coverage (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, remarked that the Isay-Shima summit next May is our opportunity to finally act on the unfulfilled promise of Alma Ata, and move rapidly toward universal health coverage, and to prepare ourselves before the next pandemic hits. Accomplishing these twin goals will represent a quantum leap forward in people's health and economic wellbeing
    DOI: 10.1596/31107
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    LAC Poverty and Labor Brief, June 2015 : Working to End Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: Workers, Jobs, and Wages (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464806858
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Poverty and Labor Brief
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Commodity Boom ; Equity ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty ; Shared Prosperity ; Unskilled Labor ; Wages
    Abstract: While LAC continues its progress towards becoming a middle-class region, in 2013 poverty reduction was slower than in previous years. The bottom 40 percent of the population has also seen decelerating income growth since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. Driving the lower gains in shared prosperity and poverty reduction is the region's slowing economic growth. Similarly, after more than a decade of steady decline, inequality has been stagnant since 2010 and remains high. Given the crucial role of labor earnings in poverty and inequality reduction, this report analyzes more deeply LAC's labor markets and its implications for the region's social gains going forward. It shows that the region's push to increase its human capital has yielded dividends; increases in the educational attainment of the labor force are evident across the region. Nonetheless, the substantial growth in wages observed during the last decade was not accompanied by significant changes in the labor market: agriculture and low-productivity, informal service employment continued to be key sources of income for the poor in LAC. Instead, most of the gains were seen in countries that benefitted from the commodity boom of the last decade. As the commodity boom fades and growth wanes, there is a risk that the social gains achieved in the century's first decade will erode
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    Environmental and Social Management System Implementation Handbook : Health Care Facilities (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Today, health care facilities are confronted with a number of significant envi-ronmental and social challenges. None of the challenges is insurmountable, but if not effectively assessed and managed, they will hurt the quality of your patient care, profitability, reputation, and prospects for future sustainability. Among these challenges are the increasing cost of energy and water, the growning power and influence of regulatory agencies, and rapidly evolving community awareness and concerns about environmental and social issues. These risks are in addition to the primary risk of failing to provide high-quality health care or build patient confidence. All of these risks ultimately have financial consequences and are driving forces that should motivate you to implement a management system for your health care facility. A management system will enable you to consistently foresee and address issues confronting your facility so you can prevent potential risks from becoming actual problems. Implementing an environmental and social management system (ESMS) can have direct financial benefits. Conserving and using energy and water more efficiently helps to reduce operational costs
    DOI: 10.1596/22783
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Central America Social Expenditures and Institutional Review : Costa Rica (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The evolution of Costa Rica's social sectors over the past decade has been dichotomous. On the one hand, economic growth has remained relatively high, however poverty and inequality have not declined (moreover, they have increased), and persistent employment challenges remain. On the other hand, the country has continued experiences advances in many social indicators, such as pre-primary and tertiary enrollment rates, access to improved sanitation, and labor force participation, though not in others (secondary school completion, immunizations, employment). Higher economic growth and (to a lesser extent) revenues seem to have allowed a substantial increase in public social spending. Looking forward, the key challenges Costa Rica faces are related to continuing improving the quality and efficiency in the social sectors, while improving targeting to serve the most in need, in a tight and severe fiscal context. To expand coverage of excluded population, priority will have to be given to reallocations and improvements within the spending envelope for the social sectors to maximize impact. With a fiscal deficit of more than 6 percent of GDP, further expanding public social spending is no longer an option and budget cuts are looming. Improvements in public spending management and budget execution, including the need of institutional reform to consolidate programs and improve coordination among executing agencies is equally important. In a country that has long been the champion in expanding universal welfare state, sustainability concerns will imply that hard fiscal decisions would need to be made to increase the social returns of budget allocation
    DOI: 10.1596/23608
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Identification for Development : Nigeria (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Nigerian federal government recognized the need to create a national identity program, incorporating lessons from past attempts of Department of National Civic Registration, and following leading practices of national identity programs in other countries. With an aim to create a comprehensive identity system, Nigeria constituted "The Committee on the Harmonisation of National Identity Cards" to create a national policy and institutional framework for an identity management system in Nigeria. As per the recommendation of the Committee, and subsequent enactment of a law, the government established NIMC as the agency responsible for developing a National Identity Management System (NIMS). several government agencies issue an identity credential to residents for specific uses, but NIMC leads the identity agenda of Nigeria, and offers a "foundational identity" or an "official identity."
    DOI: 10.1596/26437
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Beginning a Family and Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle : Situation Analysis for Zambia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: Decisions during youth have great long-term impacts on human development, which is key to poverty alleviation and economic development. During adolescence, two of the primary transitions are beginning a family and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Youth face many choices and challenges around these key decisions, such as when to initiate sex, when to marry, when to have children, and whether to engage in risky behaviors- all of which affect their future health and future opportunities. Consequences of these early decisions can have long-lasting effects on adolescents and their communities, potentially increasing public health costs and depleting human capital. This policy brief discusses a situation analysis of adolescent girls in Zambia with respect to these transitions and highlights the challenges they face. Specifically, issues of reproductive health (fertility, maternal health, use of family planning), early marriage, use of family planning, nutrition and risky behaviors are analyzed and presented
    DOI: 10.1596/23869
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    Why Should We Care about Care? : The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This note examines the provision of childcare and eldercare in FYR Macedonia with an emphasis on the availability, price, and quality of care, and suggests policy priorities that address the identified challenges. The analysis in this note is based on a study aimed at exploring childcare and eldercare in the Western Balkans region, drawing primarily from a new mixed-methods dataset, described in the following section, and building on relevant quantitative surveys and data sources specific to Western Balkans countries. The note is structured as follows: section two introduces the new, independent mixed methods data set that is the basis for the analysis and findings presented. Section three describes the use of formal care arrangements in FYR Macedonia, based on the analysis of perspectives both from families with care needs and from care providers and discussing the role of norms and perceptions of childcare and eldercare use, the following sections are dedicated to the description of supply and demand of childcare and eldercare, respectively. Sections four and five focuses on the supply and demand of childcare, and sections six and seven describe supply and demand of eldercare. Section eight concludes by examining what we know in terms of policies that can support families in informal care provision in a sustainable and incentive-compatible manner
    DOI: 10.1596/29546
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    Maldives : Identifying Opportunities and Constraints to Ending Poverty and Promoting Shared Prosperity (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Maldives is an island nation scattered in the Indian Ocean comprising 1,190 small coral islands of which 190 are inhabited by a local population of 341,000. Maldives' unique archipelagic coral island provides the country with an extremely rich and diverse marine ecological system. With more territorial sea than land, marine resources have played a vital role shaping the contours of economic development, with nature-based tourism being the key driver of economic growth and fisheries an important sector of employment for the local population. Maldives developed a successful high-end tourism sector, whose sizeable rents have been redistributed to the population to address its development challenges. This systematic country diagnostic for Maldives aims at identifying the most critical constraints and opportunities facing the country as it works towards promoting sustainable growth, reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. In addition to serving as a public good for the government, civil society, research and academic community, and local and international development partners, the findings of the SCD will be used as key inputs in the preparation of the WBG strategy, the Country Partnership Framework, which will outline how the Bank Group's engagement in Maldives can best contribute towards achieving the twin goals
    DOI: 10.1596/23118
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    State Systems for Skill Development in India : A Study of Bihar, Gujarat, Rajastha, and Maharashtra (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: South Asia Human Development Sector Discussion Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: At a time when the World's leading economies are rapidly greying, India is set to have the largestand youngest workforce the world has ever seen. Indeed, by 2020, when the global shortage ofmanpower soars to 57 million, India is expected to be the world's leading provider of human resources, with a surplus of 46 million working-age people. However, this window of opportunity will not just be rare, it will also be short-lived, since it is predicted to only last until 2040.It is in this context that Prime Minister Modi has made it a national priority to make India the skill capital of the world.The report endeavors to identify the institutional and systemic structures that will be needed to improve the effectiveness of skills training across India's states. It also seeks to pinpoint innovative best practices and outline ways to scale them up throughout the country.The report covers skill development institutional structures at the state level (in most cases, the State Skill Development Missions), economic zones and future high-growth industries in those zones,corporate engagement in skill development, and finally, innovation in skilling models by states and the corporate sector. In addition, the report also describes some best practices observed globally, especially from Australia, Germany, Japan and South Korea. These models cover three areas of resource optimization pertaining to increasing apprenticeships and industry participation, leveraging technology, and providing training at the grassroots. The key lesson learned is that skilling is a highly localized issue, and models need to be adapted to target groups rather than be force-fitted using a one-size-fits-all kind of approach. Finally, it must be pointed out that high-level recommendations have been provided to enhance the skill development landscape, particularly at the state level, from an institutional and systemic point of view
    DOI: 10.1596/24439
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    Skills in Guinea : Supply and Demand (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In Guinea, the quality of human capital is as crucial for economic success as its vast mineral resources. Improving the quality of education, ensuring the creation of a productive labor with high returns, and, above all, encouraging the creation of private enterprises through a favorable business climate are all essential to boosting productivity and skills. Today, traditional civil service opportunities available are insufficient to absorb ever-growing numbers of Guinean graduates. University enrollments have increased tenfold over the past 10 years, reaching more than 95,000 students in 2012. Graduates between the ages of 25 and 35 face an unemployment rate close to 30 percent, posing a threat to social stability. Education remains disconnected from work, and students are not distributed among academic disciplines according to any economic logic. Technical and vocational training is underdeveloped relative to the needs of industry, namely mining, construction, and agriculture in particular. Companies hire mainly through personal connections, creating a system in which, for all sectors but agriculture, the majority of employee's report obtaining their jobs through acquaintances. Even in the formal economy, firms recruit predominantly via informal networks. The lack of transport infrastructure and weak electrical power grid, coupled with a poorly developed financial system and challenging institutional environment hinder both the creation of new businesses and growth of existing businesses. Growth projections are encouraging, although not as high as expected due to the Ebola virus disease, and demand for skilled labor is now a national priority. Maximizing the outputs of these new jobs will require strengthening the linkages between higher education (including technical and vocational education and training (TVET)) and high-growth sectors. In this note, we review the current state of education and workforce skills in Guinea. With the support of the new employer-employee survey prepared under this technical assistance and household surveys covering years 2007 and 2012, the note will identify the key bottlenecks faced by firms in hiring qualified workers. The note will conclude by providing recommendations to improve workforce quality
    DOI: 10.1596/28055
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    Estonia : A Successfully Integrated Population-Registration and Identity Management System (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Integrated civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) and identity management systems (IDMS) provide a critical basis for identity management and the establishment of personal identity. When developed in an integrated matter, these systems can provide major savings in terms of time and costs, in addition to creating efficiencies in the flow of information across relevant institutions. Some countries are leading the development of more integrated approaches, and the lessons learned, if properly documented, may be useful to many low- and middle-income countries. This report describes the particular case of Estonia, and the process through which the country has developed an integrated population registration and identification system aiming at improve public service delivery. The report identifies enabling factors and best practices that may be applicable to other countries
    DOI: 10.1596/28077
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  • 62
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    Higher Education Financing in Guinea (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank's Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Guinea in FY 2014-17 confirmed the Government's priority to build 21st century skills for improved employability and to implement systemic reforms. Guinea is emerging from years of political and economic isolation and instability. The democratic election of President Alpha Conda has opened the door for the international donor community, including the World Bank, to come forward and support the new government. Its important reform agenda, PREMA, has helped restore the confidence of the international community. The World Bank will partner with the Government of Guinea to develop systems that will 'improve lagging human development indicators for absolute poverty reduction, through more efficient and transparent allocation of resources, and to build shared prosperity by aligning the business environment and education system with Guinea's economy' (World Bank, 2013, pp. 1). This is in line with the government's priorities, as per the Third National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP3) approved in 2013. The PRSP3 aims to reduce poverty and to create and sustain a vibrant private economy by maximizing rents from Guinea's substantial mining sector. The Bank supports the Government's agenda on improving human capital by: (a) promoting both the quantity and quality of education and (b) upgrading skills for the needs of emerging and export-oriented sectors such as agriculture, tourism, mining, and telecommunications and Information and Communications Technology (ICT). In 2012, the Government requested special support from the Bank in the form of technical assistance to conduct an analysis of the higher education system. This analysis will be used to prepare a comprehensive higher education strategy to meet the needs of both the economy and the labor market. Since the early 2000s, the Bank had limited involvement in this critical sub-sector. Per the Government's request, the Bank mobilized resources to engage in policy and analytical work in the areas of governance, financing, and diagnostic of skills demand and supply from a new employer survey prepared specifically under this technical assistance project
    DOI: 10.1596/28054
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 63
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    Contemporary Aquaculture Technologies : Fish Markets and Export - Armenia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Fish farming has been carried out for centuries and is essentially fairly simple. It becomes a challenge when it is used for commerce. This brochure highlights the major complications associated with intensive and cost-efficient fish farming. In Armenia, there are a number of pro and cons to its relationship with fish farming. Armenia has abundant clean water sources. The water has limited suspended solids and little to no dissolved nitrogen. The effect of urbanization is also very limited, and water availability varies based on geographic location. However, Armenia's geographical location presents a challenge. Feed, eggs, and equipment have to be imported, mainly from the United States (U.S.) and European Union (EU), which adds extra transportation costs that have significant impact especially on the cost of feed. To obtain a competitive farm gate price, several topics have to be addressed and are discussed in this report, along with common perspectives of fish farming
    DOI: 10.1596/28081
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  • 64
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    Diagnostic of Higher Education in Guinea : Current Outcomes and Challenges (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank's Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Guinea in FY 2014-17 confirmed the Government's priority to build 21st century skills for improved employability and to implement systemic reforms. Guinea is emerging from years of political and economic isolation and instability. The democratic election of President Alpha Conda has opened the door for the international donor community, including the World Bank, to come forward and support the new government. Its important reform agenda, PREMA, has helped restore the confidence of the international community. The World Bank will partner with the Government of Guinea to develop systems that will 'improve lagging human development indicators for absolute poverty reduction, through more efficient and transparent allocation of resources, and to build shared prosperity by aligning the business environment and education system with Guinea's economy' (World Bank, 2013, pp. 1). This is in line with the government's priorities, as per the Third National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP3) approved in 2013. The PRSP3 aims to reduce poverty and to create and sustain a vibrant private economy by maximizing rents from Guinea's substantial mining sector. The Bank supports the Government's agenda on improving human capital by: (a) promoting both the quantity and quality of education and (b) upgrading skills for the needs of emerging and export-oriented sectors such as agriculture, tourism, mining, and telecommunications and Information and Communications Technology (ICT). In 2012, the Government requested special support from the Bank in the form of technical assistance to conduct an analysis of the higher education system. This analysis will be used to prepare a comprehensive higher education strategy to meet the needs of both the economy and the labor market. Since the early 2000s, the Bank had limited involvement in this critical sub-sector. Per the Government's request, the Bank mobilized resources to engage in policy and analytical work in the areas of governance, financing, and diagnostic of skills demand and supply from a new employer survey prepared specifically under this technical assistance project
    DOI: 10.1596/28052
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
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    Belarus Student Assessment : SABER Country Report 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Belarus has focused on increasing student learning outcomes by improving the quality of education in the country. An effective student assessment system is an important component of efforts to improve education quality and learning outcomes because it provides the necessary information to meet stakeholders' decision making needs. To gain a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of its existing assessment system, Belarus decided to benchmark this system using standardized tools developed under the World Bank's Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) program. SABER is an evidence-based program to help countries systematically examine and strengthen the performance of different aspects of their education systems. SABER-Student Assessment is a component of the SABER program that focuses specifically on benchmarking student assessment policies and systems. The goal of SABER-Student Assessment is to promote stronger assessment systems that contribute to improved education quality and learning for all
    DOI: 10.1596/26537
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  • 66
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    Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities : Kampala, Uganda, Urban Environmental Profile (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The city of Kampala has undergone a period of rapid urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city's natural environment. The urban environmental profile for Kampala has been prepared as the first component of the assignment promoting green urban development in Africa: enhancing the relationship between urbanization, environmental assets, and ecosystem services, a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. An overall objective of this project is to link the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The profile summarizes the existing quality of the wetlands and other aquatic and terrestrial environmental assets, identifies the key drivers that are the cause of their vulnerability, and describes the key institutional challenges and constraining factors that limit the city's ability to address environmental management challenges. Identification of the key environmental assets and key drivers of environmental degradation within the city required a more comprehensive review of reports on urban planning and infrastructure services. The city has recently made progress in the development of key infrastructure systems such as solid waste management and sanitation. The report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two sets the background and context for Kampala, providing an overview of the impacts of rapid urbanization and climate change, drawing linkages to urban environmental assets. Section three, quality of the environmental assets of Kampala describes the state of the key environmental assets, including the terrestrial assets, aquatic assets, and air quality, and attempts to infer the associated historic and current trends. Section four, drivers of environmental vulnerability and degradation describes the key issues that are driving degradation and the impacts caused. Section five, institutional issues and challenges describes the key factors that constrain Kampala's ability to effectively address environmental management challenges. Section six, provides a synthesis of key findings
    DOI: 10.1596/22941
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  • 67
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    Cambodia Rice : Export Potential and Strategies (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2010, Cambodia exported 40,000 metric tons of rice. In 2013, Cambodia exported nearly 400,000 metric tons ofrice to 66 countries. A ten-fold increase in just three years. Moreover, in only five years, Cambodia moved from apaddy to a milled rice exporter, and is now well on the way to evolving from a commodity trader to a demand driven export marketer. The evolution is evident in both the product and the process, with the sector now equipped with modern milling capacities, both in terms of volumeand quality management. This includes the introduction of Food Safety certification programs vital for penetrating international markets. Such progress will contribute substantially to the government's rice sector policy of exporting one million tons of rice in 2015. This publication will present strategies and opportunities for Cambodian rice as an export product. It will illustrate how the Cambodia rice sector can improve its product image and how and where it can better place its rice in international markets given a more detailed analysis of its current and potential customers
    DOI: 10.1596/26109
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  • 68
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    Measuring Poverty in Lebanon Using 2011 HBS (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The purpose of this technical note is to describe how the welfare aggregate and poverty line were constructed in Lebanon using HBS 2011. It is a part of broader collaboration between CAS and the World Bank to improve data quality and poverty monitoring capabilities in the country. Different approaches have been tested to correct non-response and to measure poverty. The note consists of eight sections. Section 2 briefly discusses main methodological issues in poverty measurement. Section 3 explains construction of different components of welfare aggregate. Section 4 documents construction of poverty lines. Triangulation of obtained poverty estimates, sensitivity analysis are conducted in section 5. This section also contains supplementary poverty numbers based on consumption per adult equivalent. Finally, section 6 concludes and discusses areas for further consideration in poverty measurement
    DOI: 10.1596/26049
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  • 69
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, October 2015 : Staying the Course on Economic Reforms (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Myanmar Economic Monitor (MEM) aims to periodically take stock of economic development and highlight economic prospects and policy priorities in Myanmar. Myanmar grew at an estimated 8.5 percent in real terms in 2014/15. The MEM touches on continued recovery in growth, public consumption, private investment, services, investment in manufacturing and industry, rebound in agriculture and the impact of floods. The monitor examines foreign trade and investment; the inflation, monetary and exchange rates; fiscal policy; and Myanmar's economic outlook. The Policy Watch section covers a few selected priority issues closely related to Myanmar's overall economic developments and outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/22893
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  • 70
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    CNG for Commercialization of Small Volumes of Associated Gas (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) provides its members with overviews of the potential solutions to recover and monetize the flared and/or associated gas. This study analyses two options that could be used for this monetization of small volumes (1 -15 MMscf/d): the LNG and CNG chain concepts. Technologies are available for both concepts, with different maturity level from the gained experiences and for different transportation conditions (quantities, distances). The available technologies allow a choice of implementation options to suit the volume of gas to be transported and the distance from field to consumer. The cost of the chain depends upon the parameters governing the gas recovery, its transportation and its delivery. Among these parameters the most important are the gas volume and the transportation distance
    DOI: 10.1596/25918
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  • 71
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    Sustainable Management of the Fisheries Sector in Oman : A Vision for Shared Prosperity (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Fishery and aquaculture are among the most ancient and important sectors of Oman economy, with deep cultural and social significance. Before oil was discovered in the 1960s, 80 percent of the population lived from agriculture and fishing. However currently fishing is not economically productive. Many fishers are not involved full time in fishing, and despite significant subsidies, remuneration is often low. There is a need to improve economic management of the fisheries sector and create viable and sustainable employment opportunities. As a starting point, the Sultanate engaged the World Bank to assist in its effort to overhaul the fisheries sector, and help devise a plan for increasing the contribution that fisheries make to Oman's economy. This review offers a summary of the collaborative efforts involving the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth (MAFW), the World Bank (WB), and fishery stakeholders. Collaborative work laid rigorous groundwork for the development and implementation of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Vision 2040: "To create a profitable world-class sector that is ecologically sustainable and a net contributor to Oman's economy." Vision 2040 and an accompanying Implementation Plan establishes a framework and processes to achieve these goals. The preparatory work has produced the Sultanate of Oman Fisheries and Aquaculture Vision 2040; the Implementation Plan of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Vision; and a proposed investment project document. The next stage includes implementation of the pilot investment project and technical support, as well as stakeholder co-management of four pilot fisheries. This strategy points to a better future in fishing higher-value species. Phase II, the first five years of implementing Vision 2040, will establish the policy and capacity for executing global best practices in the fisheries through organizational development, business development and management training, as well as planning for new institutions built around key players
    DOI: 10.1596/25788
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  • 72
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    Morocco - Mind the Gap : Empowering Women for a More Open, Inclusive and Prosperous Society (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report is about wome ...
    DOI: 10.1596/24004
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  • 73
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    Risk Culture, Risk Governance, and Balanced Incentives : Recommendations for Strengthening Risk Management in Emerging Market Banks (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The International Finance Corporation (IFC), as a member of the World Bank, believes that sound, inclusive, and sustainable financial markets are essential to building shared prosperity and ending extreme poverty. Access to finance is a key barrier to the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and the establishment of micro-enterprises. The access to finance gap in emerging markets is large, 2 billion adults do not have access to savings or credit, while 200 million micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) do not have access to credit. Working through financial intermediaries enables IFC to encourage them to become more involved in sectors which are strategic priorities such as women-owned businesses, climate change, and agriculture and in underserved regions such as fragile and conflict-affected states as well as in housing, manufacturing, infrastructure, and social services. Our work with these clients has supported an estimated 100 million jobs. Through its Advisory Services, IFC has also scaled up the sustainable provision of financial services in developing countries by addressing systemic issues such as credit information and credit bureaus, improvements in risk management, corporate governance, and the introduction of environmental and social standards. The approaches provided in this handbook are complementary to a bank's existing risk management practices and framework and can provide a useful tool and guide for banks to further improve the effectiveness of their risk management activities. In risk management, there cannot be a one size fits all' solution, and therefore recommendations provided should be tailored to fit each bank's size, complexity of business, and any other rules, regulations, and guidelines provided by the bank's regulator
    DOI: 10.1596/25790
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  • 74
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    The Use of Video in Teacher Professional Development : Design, Implementation and Impact Evaluation of an Innovative In-service Course for Mathematics Teachers in Indonesia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) and the World Bank jointly conducted a large-scale video study to gain a better understanding of what takes place in the classroom, particularly in terms of the practices involved in the teaching of mathematics and the relationship of these practices with student learning outcomes. The study involved the production of more than 600 hours of video footage of 205 eighth grade mathematics teachers across Indonesia while these teachers were engaged in their day-to-day classroom activities. The study was conducted in two phases, in 2007 and 2011 respectively, with the produced video footage forming the basis for detailed coding and analysis. This study provided many important insights into the teaching practices of mathematics teachers, identifying both relative strengths and areas for improvement. The study focused on five key dimensions that frame classroom practices in the teaching of mathematics, these being: (i) the structure of lessons; (ii) the content of lessons; (iii) the actions of participants; (iv) instructional practices; and (v) classroom climate and resources. Key areas of teaching practice were explored in depth, including the nature and quality of teacher-student interaction; the quality and effectiveness of the language used in instruction; teachers' management of students' questions; teachers' management of student misconceptions; the time teachers spent on different tasks; and the manner in which they combined different techniques and approaches in the instruction of their students. Mathematical problems were explored in terms of the problem type, problem approach and level of complexity. The study also assessed teachers' beliefs and the level of teachers' knowledge to determine the relationship of these factors with the teaching practices they used and with student learning outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/24782
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  • 75
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    Accounting Vouchers and Principles of Bookkeeping : Expectations in 21st Century (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The current regulations and practices related to accounting vouchers and bookkeeping in Poland, including cross-cutting tax regulations, were assessed and compared with selected EU countries (France, Germany and UK). The study was undertaken at the request of the Polish Ministry of Finance, and funded under the Financial Reporting Technical Assistance Program (FRTAP), to contribute to efforts to enhance harmonization with other relevant regulations, reduce unnecessary requirements and red tape for entities (especially SMEs and micro entities), and to reflect current and potential future technology changes whilst retaining control over diligence and quality of bookkeeping. The content, quality and scope of legislation in this area was found to be generally good. In contrast to the other countries studied, however, it takes a detailed, prescriptive approach. The report suggests moving away from setting detailed requirements and towards the development of a clear general framework. This would help preserve the quality of bookkeeping and accounting practices but reduce the need for continuous amendments to regulations to keep pace with changing circumstances, for example technological changes. It would also create space for more liberalization and greater flexibility for market practitioners and would be in keeping with the approach adopted in the other countries looked at. The report identifies gaps and inconsistencies in the areas of accounting policy and maintenance of books; accounting vouchers; financial statements; storage; provision of bookkeeping services; and information technology (IT) and makes a number of suggestions to address these
    DOI: 10.1596/24799
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  • 76
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    Improving Utility Performance in Fragile Environments : Lessons from Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation in Liberia and Guma Valley Water Company in Sierra Leone (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Abstract: This note summarizes lessons from the Water and Sanitation Program's (WSP) technical assistance to improve performance and cost-recovery at the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) and Sierra Leone's Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC). The focus on cost-recovery reflects its critical importance to the viability of utilities. There are 'almost no examples in developing countries' of utilities 'whose operating revenues are significantly below O&M costs and that are nevertheless able to develop and maintain their infrastructure and provide a reliable and efficient service'. (McPhail, and others, 2012). WSP's technical assistance sought to strengthen reform efforts initiated by the management teams at LWSC and GVWC by improving the utilities' ability to sustainably fund their operations. Three aspects of cost-recovery were prioritized: (a) improving metering, billing and collection processes (b) reducing commercial non-revenue water and (c) investigating options to expand the utilities' revenue base by connecting new customers more effectively
    DOI: 10.1596/24786
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    Health Service Delivery in Tanzania (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Abstract: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDIs) provides a set of key indicators serving as a benchmark for service delivery performance in the health and education sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. The overarching objective of the SDIs is to ascertain the quality of service delivery in primary education and basic health services. This would in turn enable governments and service providers alike to identify gaps and bottlenecks, as well as track progress over time, and across countries. The SDI survey interviewed 403 heath providers across Tanzania between May 2014 and July 2014. This technical report presents the findings from the implementation of the SDI in the health sector in Tanzania in 2014. Survey implementation activities took place following extensive consultations with the government and key stakeholders on survey design, sampling, and adaptation of survey instruments. A major challenge for Tanzania's health sector is the shortage of skilled human resources for health (HRH). This survey found that provider knowledge and abilities were not adequate to deliver quality services. Caseload per provider and absenteeism are relatively low, so the issue is not over burdened providers. There seems to be ample room for a significant increase in the caseload of Tanzanian providers, id est the level of productivity in health service delivery, without jeopardizing quality. In addition to increasing the volume of skilled HRH to address the shortage of providers, improvements in management, supervision and training is important to improving service delivery. Health for all in Tanzania will mean the simultaneous availability of widely accessible inputs and skilled providers
    DOI: 10.1596/24796
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  • 78
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    Losing the Gains of the Past : The Welfare and Distributional Impacts of the Twin Crises of 2014 in Iraq (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Iraq was plunged into two simultaneous crises in the second half of 2014, one driven by a sharp decline in oil prices, the other, by Islamic State militants. Since June 2014, crude oil prices per barrel have fallen from around 112 USD to 97 USD in September and 62 USD by December. Given Iraq's heavy dependence on oil as a share of GDP and exports, and a source of government revenues, this decline in prices alone would have hit Iraq's fragile economy hard. In addition, since June 2014, Islamic State (IS) or Da'ash militants extended their influence from Syria into Iraq's northern and western provinces of Anbar, Nineveh, Salahadin, and to a lesser extent, Kirkuk and Diyala. A total of 354,000 families were internally displaced between June and December of 2014 which represents about 2.1 million individuals; and those left behind have been cut off from the rest of the country. The internally displaced persons (IDPs) have sought refuge across Iraq and about half of those who have crossed governorates boundaries were settled in Iraqi Kurdistan
    DOI: 10.1596/24991
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    Providing Out-of-School Girls with Skills : A Review of the Global Evidence (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: Promoting relevant technical and life skills is one option to empower adolescent girls by increasing their capacity to generate income and therefore by enhancing their bargaining power within the household. This Note presents a situation analysis of the current skills set and employment outcomes of adolescents (aged 15-19 years) in Zambia, with a focus on adolescent girls. The main source of data is several rounds of the Zambia Labor Force Survey (years 2005, 2008, 2012). The data reveal that although adolescent girls are more economically active than their male counterparts, they are also more likely to be engaged in part-time employment, be unemployed, and earn less than their male counterparts. However, little is known about how these trends affect choices made by adolescent girls and their households
    DOI: 10.1596/23868
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  • 80
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    Adolescent Girls in Zambia : Executive Summary (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: Adolescence (defined here as 10 to 19 years of age) is a time of transition that fosters both challenges and opportunities. Choices made during adolescence not only have immediate consequences but also greatly influence the economic opportunities, health outcomes, and skill sets attained later in life. Yet adolescence is also a period when social norms create pathways defined largely by gender. During adolescence, gendered roles and responsibilities often create opportunities for males, but curtail them for girls. Zambia's persistently high fertility combined with decreasing mortality is not only causing high population growth but also creating a large share of youth dependents, giving way to higher dependency ratios which result in low investments in human capital and productivity. In Zambia, adolescents make up a substantial 24 percent of the population, and the already large number of adolescents is expected to more than double in the upcoming decades from 3.7 million to 9.8 million in 2050, adding challenges for society to provide health, education and job training services to prepare them for a productive future
    DOI: 10.1596/24576
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  • 81
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    Republic of Serbia Public Finance Review 2015 : Toward a Sustainable and Efficient Fiscal Policy (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Since the global economic and financial crisis of 2008, Serbia has struggled with a weak economy and a deteriorating fiscal position. Until 2008, fiscal deficits were moderate and public debt declined significantly. Since the start of the global economic and financial crisis in 2008, however, Serbia has struggled with the interlinked problems of minimal growth and unfavorable fiscal dynamics. As economic activity has stagnated, revenues have fallen and expenditures, particularly mandatory spending on pensions and wages, have remained high. At the same time, structural fiscal issues, such as continued state support to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and tax administration inefficiencies, have been a drag on growth. As a result of these pressures, general government fiscal deficits averaged 5.6 percent of GDP a year between 2009 and 2014. Reflecting the high fiscal deficits and poor economic growth, Serbia's public debt has more than doubled, from 34 percent of GDP in 2008 to 71 percent at yearend-2014. The objective of this report is therefore two-fold: (i) policy options and recommendations (beyond those built into the current program) that would help solidify the ongoing fiscal consolidation program and help achieve public debt sustainability over the medium term; and (ii) given near-term fiscal constraints, identify opportunities for enhancing the efficiency, quality, and equity of current public spending on health, education, and social protection over the medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/24274
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  • 82
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    Transitioning from Status to Needs Based Assistance for Georgia IDPs : A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report presents to the Government of Georgia (GoG) an analysis of the implications of potential policy changes to internally displaced person (IDP) assistance. A pressing question for policy makers in Georgia is the sustainability of status-based IDP assistance and what efforts can be made to tailor this assistance to favor the poor and vulnerable. Elimination of the IDP benefit has been subject to debate among policymakers. The World Bank has worked with the government to support improvements to the socioeconomic situation of IDPs in Georgia since 2008. The IDP Community Development Project, implemented between 2009-2012 improved service delivery, infrastructure, and livelihoods in over 40 IDP communities. Evidence on the socio-economic needs of IDPs has been collected by both government and donors; yet no comprehensive research has been conducted to critically compare their situation to that of the overall population. The objective of this research is to generate more evidence on the significance of the IDP benefit, and consequences that may be expected if this benefit is removed, in order to inform future policy decisions of the GoG in this regard. The report examines: (i) the policy and institutional framework and considerations that may support or obstruct a shift in IDP assistance; (ii) quantitative evidence on the socio-economic situation of IDPs as compared to non-IDPs in Georgia; and (iii) qualitative evidence on the significance of the IDP benefit, attitudes towards the benefit program, and vulnerabilities that may arise from its potential elimination. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for mitigating negative poverty and social impacts, should the government pursue a decision to remove the IDP benefit program
    DOI: 10.1596/24412
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  • 83
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, December 2015 : Reforming Amid Uncertainty (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: 2015 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: The Indonesia Economic Quarterly (IEQ) has two main aims. First, it reports on the key developments over the past three months in Indonesia's economy, and places these in a longerterm and global context. Based on these developments, and on policy changes over the period, the IEQ regularly updates the outlook for Indonesia's economy and social welfare. Second, the IEQ provides a more in-depth examination of selected economic and policy issues, and analysis of Indonesia's medium-term development challenges. It is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Indonesia's evolving economy. This paper discusses about the economic conditions of Indonesia for the year 2015. Emerging market assets rebounded in October 2015 after the sharp losses recorded in August and September, when the uncertainty about the Chinese economic slowdown and the U.S. interest rate outlook was particularly high. Despite a more favorable market sentiment, capital flows to emerging economies have remained weak and borrowing costs relatively high. In addition to tight financing conditions, Indonesia faced subdued external demand for its exports in the near term and persistently low commodity prices over the medium run. In 2015, fire in Indonesia cost nearly twice that of reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami in Aceh. Agriculture and forestry have sustained losses and damages in trillions. Sustained exposure to haze could also lead to the volcano effect, id est, a decrease in plant productivity in the short term due to limited sun exposure and a deleterious effect on plant physiology and photosynthesis. The recurring nature of Indonesia's fire crisis is of particular concern. Another potential step in Indonesia's new reform process was the country's signaling its intention to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement in the near future. Whether membership materializes or not, the agreement is likely to have a limited impact on trade, because import tariffs in member countries are already low and Indonesia has trade agreements with most of them
    DOI: 10.1596/24437
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  • 84
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    Mali Financial Sector Assessment : Development Module (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: Mali is a vast, land-locked country in West Africa with a population of approximately 14.9 million, and a GDP per capita of USD 480. The economy is largely rural, with over two-thirds of the population living off agriculture, notably cotton. Gold is the country's largest export, though production has been declining and the industry faces an uncertain future as proven reserves are limited. The service sector, which represents 40 percent of GDP, is dominated by trade and commerce. Mali's dependence on crops and gold makes it vulnerable to terms of trade shocks. Industry, which employs just 3 percent of the active population, consists largely of small-scale food processing and textile plants. The overwhelming majority of the population (over 90 percent) works in the informal sector. The FSAP Development Module focused on: i) the banking sector and legal framework (credit to the economy); ii) microfinance; iii) agricultural finance; iv) insurance; and v) housing finance2. The mission carried out in-depth assessments on each topic and provided recommendations aiming at mitigating financial vulnerabilities and supporting the development of the financial sector (i.e. development the credit to the economy while insuring financial stability)
    DOI: 10.1596/24582
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  • 85
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    Financing for Gender Equality : Results and Good Practices (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group. The Third International Conference on Financing for Development represents an important milestone in efforts to achieve universal and sustainable development as we move beyond 2015 and introduce a new set of Sustainable Development Goals. This event aims to mobilize high-level political support for financing gender equality and women's empowerment, drawing on global good practices. He discusses the array of financing sources-private, public, domestic, and international-and policy changes needed to realize the vision of transformative gender equality and women's empowerment
    DOI: 10.1596/24298
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  • 86
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    Creating Opportunity and Prosperity in East Asia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the opportunities and challenges facing the economic development of Indonesia and East Asia, and how the World Bank Group can help end extreme poverty and foster share prosperity more widely in the region. He remarked that the progress most admired about Indonesia is its accomplishment in reducing extreme poverty. The Group has aligned its work with two goals -- to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of the population in low- and middle-income countries. The Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Mandiri, or PNPM, has helped distribute the gains from this growth more equitably across the population. He concludes saying that, we can make sure your successes help build a more just and equal world
    DOI: 10.1596/24337
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  • 87
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    Billions to Trillions : Ideas to Actions (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, focus on moving from ideas to action for mobilizing trillions of dollars needed for development. He notes that with the end of the Millennium Development Goals and the introduction of the Sustainable Development Goals comes an opportunity to make important changes in how we approach development. He suggests exploring ways to use our shareholder capital, innovative financing solutions, knowledge, and convening power to catalyze and crowd-in trillions of public and private sector dollars. The flexibility of the MDB model, which allows us to leverage these investments through the development of innovative solutions to global challenges. To go from billions in official assistance to trillions in investments, we will have to push even further our willingness to collaborate through creative partnerships
    DOI: 10.1596/24302
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  • 88
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    A Global Perspective : Tackling Three 'Intractable' Challenges Facing the World (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Remarks delivered by Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, at Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany, discuss applying the world's best ideas, knowledge, and experience in development to accomplish the World Bank Group's twin goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030, and boosting shared prosperity. He speaks about helping the poor and vulnerable in low- and middle-income countries in the world not only for poverty reduction within their borders, but is important for growth around the world, especially going forward. He talks about the strategy to invest in people, especially through education and health. He stresses investments in girls and women as particularly important because they have a multiplier effect on the well-being of the extreme poor. He speaks about protecting people from deadly pandemics especially in developing countries. He insists the students that they must apply what they have learned, and must do, for the sake of the poorest, for the children, and for the sake of our humanity
    DOI: 10.1596/24320
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  • 89
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    Ending Poverty : How Health and Innovation Can Lead the Way (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank, discusses seeking transformative solutions to challenges of development and poverty that are necessarily cross disciplinary and what a great university should be doing. He talks about the investments that developing countries can make in the health and education of their people which will help reduce extreme poverty in the countries. He speaks about the importance of early childhood development. He talks about stronger health systems in developing countries that can extend the reach of doctors and nurses, and serve as disease outbreak alert and response networks critical to containing infections. He concludes by saying that the pregnant woman who lives in a conflict zone should be focused and we must do whatever it takes to support her so that her newborn child will have a world of opportunity, equal to that of any child in the world
    DOI: 10.1596/24289
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  • 90
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    Morocco School Autonomy and Accountability : SABER Country Report 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: In 2011, the World Bank Group commenced a multiyear program designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education systems. Part of the World Bank's Education Sector Strategy, the evidence based initiative called SABER (Systems Approach for Better Education Results), is building a toolkit of diagnostics for examining education systems and their component policy domains against global standards, best practices, and in comparison with the policies and practices of countries around the world. By leveraging this global knowledge, the SABER tools fill a gap in the availability of data and evidence on what matters most to improve the quality of education and achievement of better results. This report discusses the results of applying the SABER School Autonomy and Accountability (SAA) tool in Morocco
    DOI: 10.1596/24458
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  • 91
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    Verification of Performance in Results-Based Financing : The Case of Panama's Health Protection for Vulnerable Populations (PSPV) Program (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Verification differentiates results-based financing (RBF) from other health-financing mechanisms, and it is considered an important process of RBF program design and implementation. Despite the vital role it plays in RBF, not much has been written about verification as a process, and information about different elements of the process, frequency, cost, and direct and indirect effects among others, is scarce. Panama's Health Protection for Vulnerable Populations Program (PSPV) uses an RBF mechanism to deliver health services to the country's rural poor. As in many RBF schemes, a major component of the PSPV is the verification of results. This study focuses on PSPV's verification process, highlights its results and their application, and identifies lessons learned. Such information is useful to policy makers and technical experts interested in or designing RBF mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/24448
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  • 92
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    Kenya Leather Industry : Diagnosis, Strategy, and Action Plan (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: In 2014, Kenya's Ministry of Industrialization requested technical assistance from the World Bank to conduct competitiveness assessments and develop competitiveness strategies for four key industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, furniture, and leather and leather products. In the context of Kenya's long-term vision to become an industrialized middle-income country by 2030, its leather and leather products sector offers an important opportunity for industrialization and diversification of exports. The development of the sector involves improving the raw material base (especially the quality of hides and skins), boosting the tanning subsector, producing leather goods, and marketing. Key strategic questions about the leather industry include: what is the status of development of the industry, what are the most critical competitiveness challenges and opportunities, what are the most are promising leather products that Kenya should focus on moving forward, and how can support be increased to value addition and exports by upgrading production processes, technology, marketing, and branding of leather products. The basic research methodology followed a standard approach of gathering existing reports and data, and interviewing a wide range of local and international experts. To increase the competitiveness of the leather industry and accomplish the product market objectives, strategies, and actions are recommended in this report and grouped according to a framework, which consists of three key strategies: promote the dynamic restructuring of the leather industry; increase access to markets and induce greater demand for Kenyan leather and leather products; and build quality and standards
    DOI: 10.1596/22779
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  • 93
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    Building Regulation for Resilience : Managing Risks for Safer Cities (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The global toll of human suffering and material loss due to disasters has led to growing public concern and expanded institutional response in the form of disaster relief and recovery assistance from individuals, governments, and intergovernmental organizations. Initial humanitarian concern has primarily been focused on dealing with the consequences of disasters. However, we must begin to address the causes of these events while ensuring the implementation of policies to reduce disaster risks or losses. Low- and middle-income countries will experience a doubling of their building stocks in the next 15- 20 years, and it is crucial to assure that this new construction does not recreate and expand the disaster vulnerability of the present. Priority must be placed on the production of safe and resilient cities, communities, and homes. While safer, code-compliant construction may add to initial construction costs, these investments can be balanced against the reduced loss of life and property in future disasters. The agenda provides the international community with an opportunity to leverage regulatory governance as a powerful means to shift the focus from post-disaster relief and response to proactive population protection, disaster prevention, and sustainable and resilient urban development
    DOI: 10.1596/24438
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  • 94
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    Creating a Framework for Public-Private Partnership Programs : A Practical Guide for Decision-makers (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Public private partnerships (PPP) represent an approach to procuring infrastructure services that is radically different from traditional public procurement. It moves beyond the client-supplier relationship when government hires private companies to supply assets or a service. PPP is a partnership between public and private to achieve a solution, to deliver an infrastructure service over the long term. It combines the strength of the public sector's mandate to deliver services and its role as regulator and coordinator of public functions with the private sector's focus on profitability and therefore commercial efficiency. There is a tendency to approach reform of the PPP framework as a single action, generally delivered by external consultants in one massive report, with a few workshops and training sessions (in an effort to deliver the guidance in a more digestible form). Achieving a viable PPP framework involves a complex series of parallel, iterative initiatives, and efforts. It involves updating the different elements of the PPP framework discussed in this text as each new lesson is learned from PPP transactions as they are implemented and national best practice as it develops. Section one introduces the framework required to support PPP and provides a summary of the text. Sections two to six describes five key elements of the PPP framework and what the government can do to improve them
    DOI: 10.1596/22822
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  • 95
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    Energizing Africa : Achievements and Lessons from the Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program Phase I (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Access to energy and economic development go hand in hand. Improving electricity supply and distribution boosts economic growth, creates jobs, and expands the reach of educational and health services. It can also empower women, providing income-generating opportunities and enabling them to spend their time more productively. Unfortunately, more than 589 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) live without access to electricity: only 35 percent of the population in SSA has access, compared with 96 and 78 percent in East Asia Pacific and South Asia, respectively. For most Africans, electric power is inaccessible, unaffordable, or unreliable. The lack of both quality energy services and access to modern sources of fuel, such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), diesel, and biofuels, traps them in a world of poverty. The World Bank Group's engagement in the energy sector is designed to help client countries secure the affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy supply needed to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. The Bank's approach mirrors the objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative, achieving universal access, accelerating improvements in energy efficiency, and doubling the global share of renewable energy by 2030. The Bank recognizes that each country determines its own path for achieving its energy aspirations: each country's sustainable energy transition involves a unique mix of opportunities and challenges, prompting different emphases on access, efficiency and renewable
    DOI: 10.1596/25201
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  • 96
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    Banking Supervisors and External Auditors : Building a Constructive Relationship (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The 2008 financial crisis highlighted weaknesses in the risk management, control and governance processes of banks as well as in their statutory audit and financial supervision. This led to increased scrutiny of the respective roles and interactions of banking supervisors and external auditors who are key contributors to market discipline. Auditors ensure that financial information is transparent and reliable while supervisors provide confidence in the financial systems. Both supervisors and auditors allow market players to make informed decisions and contribute to financial stability. Since 2008, regulators and lawmakers have strived to address the shortcomings identified during the crisis by taking various initiatives to reform the international financial architecture In particular, a 2014 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision paper explored the interaction between supervisors and external auditors and linked their enhanced relationships with improved audit quality of banks' financial statements and effective banking supervision. This report presents the findings of the survey conducted by the World Bank Centre for Financial Reporting Reform (CFRR) - Financial supervisors and external auditors: building a constructive relationship. The survey was sent to supervisors from the European Union and other countries in Eastern Europe, South Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus to explore practices that make better use of information provided by external auditors and influence the audit quality of banks' financial statements. The report was developed after several workshop discussions amongst senior staff from central banks and banking regulatory agencies, who recognized the importance of an effective relationship to assist both supervisors and auditors in discharging their duties
    DOI: 10.1596/25074
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  • 97
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    Federal Republic of Nigeria Slum Upgrading, Involuntary Resettlement, Land and Housing : Lessons Learned from the Experience in Lagos and Other Mega-Cities (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This report aims to extract lessons on slum upgrading and involuntary resettlement policies and practices learned from the process of addressing the Badia East case, which involved complex interactions between affected people, NGOs, the Bank and Lagos State Government. In doing so, this report will discuss the Local Government Support Programme (LMDGP) as a complex and rich case study from which to extract lessons on involuntary resettlement, land, housing and slum upgrading, as well as overall urban development issues, although it is by no means meant to be an evaluation of the LMDGP project itself nor of process that followed the submission of a request for inspection to the Inspection Panel. Rather, it intends to provide an in-depth analysis of, and make recommendations on urban land and housing issues and the modalities of urban sector engagement in mega-cities like Lagos with inefficient land markets. The report was based on an extensive desk-review of relevant documents on urban issues in Nigeria and Lagos and on the LMDGP; interviews conducted in Lagos and Abuja during the period of January 18-31, 2015 with a range of stakeholders; and a series of case-studies on relevant international experiences in the areas of slum upgrading, involuntary resettlement, land and housing
    DOI: 10.1596/25063
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  • 98
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    Armenia Skills toward Employment and Productivity : Survey Findings (Urban Areas) (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Governments around the world assign top priority to job creation and productivity growth. Developing the right skills among potential and actual workers not only makes capital and labor more productive, it also makes the adoption and invention of new technologies possible. Recent research also indicates that skill acquisition has a long-lasting impact on the trajectory of a person's life and that inequality in skills is associated with inequality in income. Moreover, the proportion of non-agricultural low-earning jobs is high in Armenia. Low-earning jobs are defined as those that earn less than two-thirds of the median wage. By this criterion, one in four jobs in Armenia falls into this category, which represents a significantly higher share than that in most European countries, where the incidence of low pay is within the 15-20 percent range. The significant presence of informality in non-agricultural sectors is another factor that contributes to the low-productivity and low-earnings employment. To better understand skill shortages in Armenia, this report looks into the current demand for skills from the labor market, together with the landscape of skills formation and utilization in the country, using the newly available data from the World Bank's Skills Toward Employment and Productivity (STEP) household and employer surveys, which were undertaken in the country between 2012 and 2013. These extensive surveys sampled Armenia's urban population and firms. Based on these surveys, this report aims to provide a key diagnosis of skills demand and supply issues in Armenia, highlighting a few initial steps that need to be taken to build a highly productive Armenian labor force, one that can contribute to as well as benefit from the accelerated economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/25199
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  • 99
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    Costa Rica's Development : From Good to Better (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Costa Rica stands out for being among the most politically stable, progressive, prosperous, and environmentally conscious nations in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. Its development model has brought important economic, social, and environmental dividends, with sustained growth, upward mobility for a large share of the population, important gains in social indicators, and significant achievements in reforestation and conservation. However, there are a number of development challenges that need to be addressed to maintain the country's successful development path. This Systematic Country Diagnostic takes stock of the poverty, inequality, and growth trends, addressing the following questions: To what extent has the Costa Rican development model been inclusive? What has driven growth in Costa Rica in recent years, and what are the bottlenecks that need to be addressed? How sustainable is the development model of Costa Rica economically, socially, and environmentally?
    DOI: 10.1596/22023
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  • 100
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    Why Should We Care about Care? : The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Despite significant progress in closing the gender gap in education, there is a significant disparity between male and female labor participation rates in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Among men aged 15 to 64 years, 65.7 percent participate in the labor force compared to only 41 percent of females in the same age group. It is estimated that BiH forgoes around 16 percent of gross national income due to gender disparities in labor force participation. The conflicting demand of women's time for care and work activities represents a fundamental barrier to economic participation and generates a vicious circle of low labor market attachment and prominence of the care provider role that leads to increased vulnerability and gender-based inequalities
    DOI: 10.1596/29548
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