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  • 2010-2014  (1,036)
  • 1940-1944  (4)
  • 2012  (1,036)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (640)
  • München : GRIN Verlag GmbH
  • Oxford : Oxford University Press
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of social history (1967-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Pittsburgh, Pa. : Carnegie Mellon Univ. Press ; 1.1967/68 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-1897 , 0022-4529 , 0022-4529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1967/68 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. 1.1967/68 - 39.2005/06 Journal of social history
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. ab 40.2006/07 Journal of social history, societies & cultures
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 19.03.15
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2007084
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%22JSH%22&scope=site
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    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistory
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistory
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=1818318
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
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    Online Resource
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    HBZ
  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Benezit dictionary of Asian artists (2012-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISBN: 9780199923014
    Language: English
    DDC: 709.2/25
    Keywords: Artists Biography ; Dictionaries ; Wörterbuch ; Asien ; Künstler
    Note: Erschienen: 1-2
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Book
    Weltkulturen Museum
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 3
    Book
    Book
    The organization in its environment (1987-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Oxford books for BTEC national awards
    DDC: 302.35024658
    Keywords: Organization
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Book
    GBV
  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Journal of social history, societies & cultures (from 2006-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Fairfax, Va. : George Mason Univ. ; 40.2006/07 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-4529 , 1527-1897
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 40.2006/07 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Journal of social history
    Former Title: Vorg. Journal of social history
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialgeschichte
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    German history : the journal of the German History Society (1984-)
    London : Arnold | [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Sage | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1984 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1477-089X , 0266-3554 , 0266-3554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1984 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als German history
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Deutschland ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 01. Februar 2017
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%2231M%22&scope=site
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/gh/issue
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/gh/issue
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=1819272
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/gh/issue
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?1484879-X
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/gh/issue
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    HeBIS
  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    The shape of the world : explorations in human geography (from 1995-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Milton Keynes : open University ; 1.1995 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1995 -
    DDC: 910
    RVK:
    RB 10558
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Oxford handbook of organizational psychology (2012-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
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    Details
    Language: English
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    The American historical review (from 1895-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | New York, NY [u.a.] : Macmillan | Washington DC [u.a.] : Assoc. | Chicago, Ill. : Univ. of Chicago Press ; 1.1895/96 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-8762 , 1937-5239 , 1937-5239
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1895/96 -
    Additional Information: Beil. American Historical Association Recently published articles
    Additional Information: Index 1895/1945=1944,1 von American Historical Association Annual report of the American Historical Association Washington, DC : Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1889 0065-8561
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The American historical review
    DDC: 050
    RVK:
    NA 1000
    Keywords: History Periodicals ; United States Periodicals History ; Zeitschrift ; Weltgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; USA ; Geschichte ; Amerika ; Geschichte
    Note: Repr.: Nendeln : Kraus
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    The American historical review (from 1895-)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Macmillan | Washington DC [u.a.] : Assoc. | Chicago, Ill. : Univ. of Chicago Press | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1895/96 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-8762 , 1937-5239 , 1937-5239
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1895/96 -
    Additional Information: Beil. American Historical Association Recently published articles
    Additional Information: Index 1895/1945=1944,1 von American Historical Association Annual report of the American Historical Association
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. The American historical review
    RVK:
    NA 1000
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Weltgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; USA ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Repr.: Nendeln : Kraus
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    HeBIS
  • 10
    Book
    Book
    The Oxford handbook of new religious movements (2004-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
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    Details
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Oxford handbooks in religion and theology
    Keywords: Cults ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Neue Religion
    Note: Band 2 herausgegeben von James R. Lewis und Inga B. Tøllefsen , Teilweise mit dem Gesamttitel Oxford handbooks in religion and theology erschienen
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Book
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Fast forward advanced (1991-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
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    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
    Series Statement: Oxford intensive English courses
    DDC: 428.24
    Keywords: English language
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    Media Combination
  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Journal of social history, societies & cultures (from 2006-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Fairfax, Va. : George Mason Univ. ; 40.2006/07 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-4529 , 1527-1897
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 40.2006/07 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Journal of social history
    Former Title: Vorg.: Journal of social history
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    HeBIS
    HBZ
  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    European heart journal - cardiovascular imaging (from 2012-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 13.2012 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 2047-2404 , 2047-2412 , 2047-2412
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 13.2012 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. European heart journal - cardiovascular imaging
    Former Title: Vorg. European journal of echocardiography
    DDC: 610
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Hull monographs on South-East Asia (from 1968-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Zug : Inter Documentation Co. | London : Oxford University Press ; 1.1968 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1968 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    Weltkulturen Museum
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social politics : international studies in gender, state, and society (1994-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1994 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2893 , 1072-4745 , 1072-4745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1994 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social politics
    Keywords: Sozialpolitik ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/234
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/sp/issue
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/sp/issue
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/sp/issue
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/sp/issue
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/234
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2085321-X
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    Online Resource
    HeBIS
  • 16
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Journal of social history, societies & cultures (from 2006-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Fairfax, Va. : George Mason Univ. ; 40.2006/07 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-4529 , ISSN 1527-1897
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 40.2006/07 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Journal of social history
    Former Title: Vorg. Journal of social history
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialgeschichte
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The English historical review (1886-)
    London : Longmans, Green and Co. | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1886 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1477-4534 , 0013-8266 , 0013-8266
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1886 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The English historical review
    Former Title: The english historical review online
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Großbritannien ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 01.04.13
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%22EHR%22&scope=site
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2059456-2
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
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    HeBIS
  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of refugee studies (1988-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1988 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1471-6925 , 0951-6328 , 0951-6328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1988 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Journal of refugee studies
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Flüchtling
    Note: Gesehen am 31.01.05
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050042-7
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jrs/issue
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://heinonline.org
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    MPI-MMG
  • 19
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    International affairs (from 1931-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press | Guildford : Butterworth | Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press | Oxford : Blackwell | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell ; 10.1931 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-5850 , 1468-2346 , 1468-2346
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 10.1931 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als International affairs
    Former Title: Vorg. Royal Institute of International Affairs Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
    Former Title: International affairs review supplement
    DDC: 320
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Keywords: Internationale Beziehungen ; Welt ; Zeitschrift ; Internationale Politik
    Note: Repr.: Folkestone : Dawson , Beteil. Körp. 10.1931 - 80.2004,4: Royal Institute of International Affairs, London , Ersch. zweimonatl., bis 78.2002 vierteljährl.; 79.2003 - 81.2005 5x jährl.
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    HU Berlin
    MPI-MMG
  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of American history (1964-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Bloomington, Ind. : OAH ; 51.1964/65 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1945-2314 , 0021-8723
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 51.1964/65 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The journal of American history
    Former Title: Vorg.: Mississippi Valley historical review
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; USA ; USA ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; USA ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; USA ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 19.02.2021
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2002867
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002867-2
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002867-2
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002867-2
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    HBZ
  • 21
    Book
    Book
    Trials of the diaspora : a history of anti-semitism in England (2012)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 9780199600724
    Language: English
    Pages: lxii, 827 Seiten , 24 cm
    Edition: First published in paperback
    DDC: 305.892/4042
    RVK:
    BD 9340
    RVK:
    NY 4750
    RVK:
    NY 8000
    RVK:
    HD 400
    Keywords: Antisemitism History ; Jews History ; Jews Social conditions ; Jewish diaspora ; Antisemitismus ; Geschichte ; Großbritannien ; Juden ; Judentum ; Diaspora ; England ; England Ethnic relations ; England ; Antisemitismus ; Geschichte
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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    Book
    GBV
  • 22
    Book
    Book
    New headway English course; Pre-Intermediate : student's book / Liz and John Soars (2012)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
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    Details
    ISBN: 9780194769556
    Language: English
    Pages: 159 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Fourth edition
    Keywords: Lehrmittel ; Englischunterricht ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Englisch ; Fremdsprache
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    Book
  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    England's culture wars : Puritan reformation and its enemies in the Interregnum 1649-1660 (2012)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 9780191744228
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Capp, Bernard, 1943 - England's culture wars
    DDC: 941.062
    RVK:
    HD 300
    Keywords: England ; Intellectual life ; 17th century ; England ; Social life and customs ; 17th century ; Great Britain ; History ; Stuarts, 1603-1714 ; Great Britain ; History ; Puritan Revolution, 1642-1660 ; Influence ; England ; Alltagskultur ; Puritanismus ; Reform ; Geschichte 1649-1660
    Abstract: This text explores what happened once the monarchy had been swept away after the Civil War and puritans found themselves in power. It examines campaigns to regulate sexual behaviour reform language, and suppress Christmas traditions, disorderly sports, and popular music.
    DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641789.001.0001
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Resource
    BSZ
  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Development Report 2013 : Jobs (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821395769
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (401 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Report
    Abstract: Jobs provide higher earnings and better benefits as countries grow, but they are also a driver of development. Poverty falls as people work their way out of hardship and as jobs empowering women lead to greater investments in children. Efficiency increases as workers get better at what they do, as more productive jobs appear, and less productive ones disappear. Societies flourish as jobs bring together people from different ethnic and social backgrounds and provide alternatives to conflict. Jobs are thus more than a byproduct of economic growth. They are transformational ?they are what we earn, what we do, and even who we are. High unemployment and unmet job expectations among youth are the most immediate concerns. But in many developing countries, where farming and self-employment are prevalent and safety nets are modest are best, unemployment rates can be low. In these countries, growth is seldom jobless. Most of their poor work long hours but simply cannot make ends meet. And the violation of basic rights is not uncommon. Therefore, the number of jobs is not all that matters: jobs with high development payoffs are needed. Confronted with these challenges, policy makers ask difficult questions. Should countries build their development strategies around growth, or should they focus on jobs? Can entrepreneurship be fostered, especially among the many microenterprises in developing countries, or are entrepreneurs born? Are greater investments in education and training a prerequisite for employability, or can skills be built through jobs? In times of major crises and structural shifts, should jobs, not just workers, be protected? And is there a risk that policies supporting job creation in one country will come at the expense of jobs in other countries? The World Development Report 2013: Jobs offers answers to these and other difficult questions by looking at jobs as drivers of development?not as derived labor demand?and by considering all types of jobs?not just formal wage employment. The Report provides a framework that cuts across sectors and shows that the best policy responses vary across countries, depending on their levels of development, endowments, demography, and institutions. Policy fundamentals matter in all cases, as they enable a vibrant private sector, the source of most jobs in the world. Labor policies can help as well, even if they are less critical than is often assumed. Development policies, from making smallholder farming viable to fo ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9575-2
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Matching Contributions for Pensions : A Review of International Experience (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821394939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (334 p)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Abstract: The use of matching contributions to enhance the participation and level of savings in pensions system has now been in use for nearly three decades in a number of high income countries. Increasingly, countries across the full range of economic development are looking to the design as a means of addressing the low rates of participation in formal pension and other retirement savings systems. A number of countries have recently introduced innovations in their pension systems that significantly rely on contributions matches and related types of direct subsidies to provide incentives for groups that mandates and other indirect methods such as preferential tax treatment have been unsuccessful in reaching. There is particular interest among developing countries in utilizing this design to extend coverage to informal sector and low income workers that typically do not pay income related taxes. This volume provides descriptions and analysis of the design, experience and outcomes achieved in the high income countries where there information about the dynamics and outcomes that this approach has achieved is not beginning to emerge. It also reviews new efforts to use the design in a number of other settings in which the matching contributions have been included as a significant element in reform of the pension system. The review of the experience with matching contribution across this full range of settings provides important observations and some initial lessons for policy makers and analysts who may be considering or evaluating the use of this approach to increase pension coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9492-2
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact Evaluation of Business License Simplification in Peru : An Independent Assessment of an International Finance Corporation-Supported Project (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821398029
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation is about the nature and magnitude of the cost savings and other benefits of business license simplification in one of the central districts of Lima, Peru. IEG asked whether the project’s license simplification reform reduced costs and operating procedures and whether it increased business registration. The project was implemented from 2005 to 2007. Two evaluations done in 2007 and 2008-11 examined, respectively, whether the project led to reductions in time and procedures and whether it led to improved business outcomes. This evaluation reviewed both of those, collected additional data, and drew lessons for future operations. The evidence points to significant reductions in time, monetary costs, and business procedures for businesses that registered to obtain licenses. However, the greater formality of the business environment did not improve the enterprises’ access to financing, facilitate investment, or remove invisible barriers to business growth. These results have policy implications for formal business environments. Although there were not large positive effects for enterprise outcomes, enterprise owners and society overall gained through owners spending less time away from their firms to certify and register their firms. Such projects are sometimes promoted as a way to foster dynamic businesses, but the evidence in this report suggests that the more mundane time and cost savings are a significant part of the benefits. These results offer the promise of sharpening the understanding of the circumstances under which reforms may be viewed as a growth engine for a society; they also enable IFC to provide a more focused understanding of reasonable expectations for such projects. Based on these findings, IEG’s evaluation offers several recommendations about follow-up evaluations, investment in data collection, and developing a base of evidence to aid in setting expectations for projects
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9801-2
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    Agricultural innovation systems : an investment sourcebook (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821386842 , 9780821389447
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Agriculture and rural development
    Keywords: Agricultural innovations Economic aspects ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Rural development ; Agricultural innovations Economic aspects ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Rural development ; Agricultural innovations ; Agriculture ; Rural development ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8684-2
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    The Little Data Book on External Debt 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821395202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Abstract: 'The Little Data Book on External Debt' provides a quick reference for users interested in external debt stocks and flows, major economic aggregates, key debt ratios, and the currency composition of long-term debt for all countries reporting through the Debtor Reporting system. A pocket edition of 'Global Development Finance 2012, Summary and Country Tables', it contains statistical tables for 135 countries as well as summary tables for regional and income groups
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8999-7
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    International Debt Statistics 2013 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: International Debt Statistics (IDS) 2013 is a continuation of the World Bank’s publications Global Development Finance, Volume II (1997 through 2009) and the earlier World Debt Tables (1973 through 1996). IDS 2013 provides statistical tables showing the external debt of 128 developing countries that report public and publicly guaranteed external debt to the World Bank’s Debtor Reporting System (DRS). It also includes tables of key debt ratios for individual reporting countries and the composition of external debt stocks and flows for individual reporting countries and regional and income groups along with some graphical presentations. IDS 2013 draws on a database maintained by the World Bank External Debt (WBXD) system. Longer time series and more detailed data are available from the World Bank open databases, which contain more than 200 time series indicators, covering the years 1970 to 2011 for most reporting countries, and pipeline data for scheduled debt service payments on existing commitments to 2019. International Debt Statistics 2013 is unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of the developing world. This report is an indispensible resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. In addition, International Debt Statistics will showcase the broader spectrum of debt data collected and compiled by the World Bank. These include the high frequency, quarterly external debt database (QEDS) and the quarterly public sector database (QPSD) developed in partnership with the International Monetary Fund and launched by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9787-9
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    Youth Employment Programs : An Evaluation of World Bank and International Finance Corporation Support (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Youth employment issues are a major concern for many countries because they have negative effects on the welfare of young people, and may also adversely affect economic performance and social stability. This is the first Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) evaluation of the World Bank Group’s support to countries trying to address youth employment issues. The World Bank lending portfolio for youth employment is relatively small, although components of programs appear in 57 countries. Most projects include interventions in skills development and school-to-work transition. Half of the projects include interventions to foster job creation and work opportunities for youth. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has a broad approach to job creation. Between FY01and FY11, youth employment was not specifically targeted, except in the Middle East and North Africa region and in a small number of other interventions. IFC invested
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9794-7
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    Improving Land Sector Governance in Malawi (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for Malawi
    DOI: 10.1596/28526
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    Improving the Quality of Public Expenditure in the Dominican Republic (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This book addresses the achievements, challenges, and opportunities to improve the quality of public spending. Steps to make such changes have come through monitoring and evaluation approaches that can be replicated or expanded; sectoral efforts to improve the performance of priority programs; Congress's use of information on the results of public spending; the implementation of performance budgeting at subnational levels; and the harmonization of accounting between the three levels of the federal government. All these aspects are key elements of comprehensive reform. Currently, as the book states, accountability focuses on achieving results rather than on centering attention on mere compliance with rules and procedures. In this context, based on a new legal framework, the government of Mexico has decisively promoted results-based management and budgeting. The Performance Evaluation System (SED) was finally established in 2008 with the institution of the principles, concepts, methodologies, guidelines, procedures, and systems that support its operation. Its adoption as a common practice in the Federal Public Administration (APF) process will require a gradual, progressive, systematic learning and continuous improvement that should allow performance evaluation to take root in the APF. This calls for consolidating the Results-Based Budgeting (RBB)-SED in all agencies, expanding its use and improving the quality of the information that feeds it. However, not just the APF benefit will from the implementation of the RBB-SED. As the publication suggests, the approach to an expenditure budget based on performance information offers Congress great opportunities to enhance its regulatory and supervisory functions. The improvement in the quality of Matrices de Indicadores para Resultados (MIRs), program evaluations, and their integration into the budgetary programming cycle also contributes to this purpose
    DOI: 10.1596/27801
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    Agro-Logistics in Central America : A Supply Chain Approach (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Latin American and Caribbean Occasional Paper Series
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This chapter uses supply chain analysis (SCA) to identify transport and logistics bottlenecks that add costs, times and uncertainty to the exportation of perishable agricultural products from Central America. Macro-level analyses of logistics performance, including the logistics performance index, Doing Business Reports and Enterprise Surveys of the World Bank, as well as the Global Competitiveness Index of the Global Economic Forum, often leave policy-makers unclear on exactly what poor performance means for exporters and producers in Central America. How does poor road quality eat away at the profit margins of my country's producers? Extensive procedures add time to export processes, but how much time? How and to what extend does this additional time hurt the competitiveness of key industries? How does this effect vary by product type? By tracking the movement of seven carefully selected exports, these supply chains complement macro-level analyses by answering these questions for some of the region's key agricultural exports. A range of unique characteristics makes the success of perishable exports exceedingly dependent on the efficiency of the related logistics systems and the ability to connect effectively and reliably to global supply chains. Remote production zones add cost, time and variability to transport from the farm gate to the distribution, collection or processing center. Increasingly complicated international sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) add institutional and procedural complexity to the supply chain. Above all, the time sensitivity of most perishable products increases the value of time and makes cold chain infrastructure and the availability of refrigerated containers essential for successful exportation
    DOI: 10.1596/27227
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    Grenada Education Management Information System (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Education Management Information System (EMIS) country report for Grenada includes the following headings: background which includes education data in Grenada, EMIS staff, facilities and equipment, EMIS data, and publications; prerequisites of quality; assurances of integrity; methodological soundness; accuracy and reliability; serviceability; and accessibility
    DOI: 10.1596/27078
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    Antigua and Barbuda Education Management Information System (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Education data in Antigua and Barbuda is collected through both paper and electronic questionnaires. The electronic questionnaires are collected from three secondary schools through the AbusSTAR Education Management Information System (EMIS) software that was developed in Barbados. The Ministry of Education (MOE) has plans to expand the use of the EMIS software to all secondary schools, but currently continues the use of an annual paper data collection questionnaire in the absence of a fully digitized EMIS throughout the country. This report includes the following headings: facilities and equipment, EMIS staff, EMIS data, data collection, data processing, and publications
    DOI: 10.1596/27080
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    Malaysia Economic Monitor, November 2012 : Unlocking Women's Potential (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Malaysian economy maintained a vigorous pace in the first nine months of 2012 despite external headwinds. Continuing a trend in the past two years, Malaysia's stronger-than-expected Gross Domestic Product, or GDP growth in the first nine months of 2012 was driven by rapid expansion of domestic demand while external demand (and export-oriented industries) stagnated due to continuing global uncertainty. Malaysia's low participation of women in labor markets is linked to a pattern whereby women do not return to work after marriage and childbearing. Education alone is not sufficient to close gender gaps as social norms and formal institutions continue to affect the choices of all women. In the long-term, norms need to evolve for gender gaps to be bridged; in the meantime measures can be put in place to help men and women balance responsibilities. Changing prevailing social norms takes time. In the medium-term, supportive measures at all stages of the life-cycle can be put in place, ranging from flexi-work arrangements and expanded childcare options, to incentives for more female participation in 'non-female' educational fields and job types. While current initiatives to leverage on women's talent are laudable, other policy options must be explored, evaluated, and tailored, to enable Malaysian women to fully contribute to Malaysia's transformation towards a high-income, inclusive and sustainable economy
    DOI: 10.1596/27228
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    Africa Can Help Feed Africa : Removing Barriers to Regional Trade in Food Staples (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Africa's growing demand for food has been met increasingly by imports from the global market. This, coupled with rising global food prices, brings ever-mounting food import bills. In addition, population growth and changing demand patterns will double demands over the next 10 years. Two key issues must be addressed: (a) establishing a consistent and stable policy environment for regional trade in fertilizers; and (b) investing in institutions that reduce the transaction costs of coordination failures. Many countries have enacted new fertilizer laws in recent years, but few have provided the resources to define and enforce regulations through standards and testing capacity. This report shows that reducing regulatory burdens on fertilizers and the consequent increase in use of fertilizers will have substantial impacts on returns to farmers, with consequent impacts on poverty. The report highlights the range of barriers to food trade in Africa along the entire value chain. The issues pertain to many ministries and agencies within government: trade, agricultural, health and safety, transport, and finance. This in turn requires a "whole of government' approach to freeing up food trade, which will require strong and effective leadership to articulate the rationale and sustain the momentum for reform. Leaders must also address the hard choices that will arise in dealing with the political economy constraints that have until now blocked the capacity of Africa to exploit its enormous potential to feed Africans
    DOI: 10.1596/26078
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    Aspirations on Hold : Young Lives in the West Bank and Gaza (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Seventy percent of West Bank and Gaza's population is under the age of 30, and their share will continue to grow in the years ahead. The aspirations and ambitions of this large and growing population of children and youth have the potential to define the future of the West Bank and Gaza. This assessment seeks to contribute to the understanding of factors driving the choices of young men and women at this critical juncture of their lives, with a particular emphasis on the roles that changing gender norms and the conflict environment are having on their aspirations for education, jobs, and forming families. Young Palestinians are moving into adulthood in a world surrounded by roadblocks and barriers, and gripped by soaring unemployment and uncertainty about what their futures may hold. Still, this generation remains optimistic and ambitious. They are pursuing high school and college degrees, and hanging on to expectations for better jobs and better lives than was possible for their parent's generation. In the face of such bleak prospects, why? What is driving these youth's aspirations for high levels of education and good jobs? To provide a broad context for the youth's testimonies, this report first takes stock of developments affecting the West Bank and Gaza over the past decade. In this period, the Palestinian territories witnessed two major episodes of conflict: the second intifada beginning in 2000 and the crisis in Gaza in 2007. Both episodes had severe and wide-ranging economic repercussions, and were accompanied by restrictions on internal and external mobility of people and goods. As a result, in the last decade, the West Bank and Gaza has witnessed economic volatility without parallel (even in comparison to countries affected by large financial crises), massive spikes in poverty, and some of the highest rates of unemployment in the world. Young people's unemployment rates are even higher, and much more so for young women. The youth's focus groups indicate that traditional gender norms remain very strong in their society, and mainly seem to be reinforced by the difficult conflict environment. Men's status as the breadwinners means that boys, especially from poor families, are likely to withdraw from school sooner than girls in order to take up income earning roles; and the weak economy intensifies these pressures
    DOI: 10.1596/26875
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    Integrating Leading and Lagging Areas : A Strategy for Making Prosperity for All a Reality (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Uganda's fast growth, which has averaged more than 7 percent during the past two decades, has helped reduce poverty the proportion of people living in poverty in the early 1990s has declined to less than half, from 56 percent to 24.5 percent by 2010. However, the reduction in poverty was uneven, and in some cases, poverty increased and inequality persists between and within regions. Partly driven by the uneven reduction in poverty, persistent inequality, and rising unemployment, Ugandan authorities have raised concern about the inclusiveness of Uganda's development. New programs, including prosperity for all, are being undertaken by the government to raise the incomes of households and, hence, close the income gap. Many developing countries are facing the same challenge of reducing spatial differences in living standards. The structural transformation that takes place as countries grow from low to high incomes is accompanied with prosperity in a few places, as has been observed from the history of many developed countries, and is being repeated in many developing ones, such as China, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. This note is organized into six sections. Section two outlines the geography of living standards. Section three describes the transformation that has already happened in the geography of production and how it relates to the geography of living standards. Section four analyzes how the fluidity of two important markets in labor and land should contribute to Uganda's transformation and where the constraints to increased fluidity could be. A strategy for connecting people to prosperity is presented in section five. And finally, section six concludes with the summary of recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/27440
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    Policy Note on the Business Environment for Inclusive Business Models (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This policy note has two ...
    DOI: 10.1596/27232
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    Health Equity and Financial Protection in Zambia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report analyzes equity and financial protection in the health sector of Zambia. In particular, it examines inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Data are drawn from the 2007 Zambia demographic and health survey, the 2006 Zambia living conditions monitoring survey, the 2003 Zambia world health survey and the 2003 Zambia national health accounts. All analyses are conducted using original survey data and employ the health modules of the ADePT software. Overall, health care financing in Zambia in 2006 was fairly progressive, i.e. the better-off spent a larger fraction of their consumption on health care than the poor. The financing sources that contribute to the overall progressivity of health care finance are general taxation, which finances 42 per cent of domestic spending on health, and contributions made by private employers, which finance 9 per cent of spending. An additional contribution to overall progressivity is made through pre-payment mechanisms, but this remains fairly limited given that they only represent 1 per cent of total health finance. Out-of-pocket health payments, which account for 47 per cent of total health financing, appear to be proportional to income, with only slight and not statistically significant evidence of progressivity
    DOI: 10.1596/27169
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    Lebanon Economic Monitoring Note, September 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The stalemate between domestic political forces continues to impede reforms while the ongoing Syrian conflict is imposing a security, political, and economic toll on Lebanon. The stalemate in the executive and legislative branches of government remains an impediment to reforms. Important bills, regulations and appointments are still pending in cabinet and Parliament. This deadlock could well last until the June 2013 Parliamentary elections. The Syrian crisis is fueling political divide among sectarian lines in Lebanon, leading to sporadic violence incidents across the country. These incidents have materially impacted the economy, with sectors such as tourism strongly affected. Politically, the turmoil has sparked social unrest and overshadowed the reform drive. To tackle the situation, the government devised a minimum political understanding to restore order in the country. Political backing for a large security operation has also been given; results have yet to fully materialize. The fiscal deficit and public debt positions remain major challenges for the Lebanese economy. The fiscal deficit deteriorated somewhat during the first half of the year. Notwithstanding this slight widening of the fiscal balance, public debt continues its recent downward trend. Rising international commodity prices and the Syrian crisis are adding further pressure on both trade and current account deficits
    DOI: 10.1596/27076
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    India Economic Update, March 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2011, India's economic growth has slowed to below 7 percent and the stock markets mirrored the weakening economic conditions, but recovered somewhat in early 2012. Industrial sector output growth briefly slipped into negative territory. On the demand side, fixed investment and consumption growth slowed. India's exports were growing very strongly through 2011 despite the worsening economic conditions in Europe, which continued to be India's most important export market. The balance of payments continued to be in surplus during April-September 2011, but the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reserves declined by a small amount since then. The rupee nevertheless depreciated by 20 percent between August and December, before recovering somewhat in early 2012. Macroeconomic policies presented a mixed picture: the central government is likely to miss the ambitious target for fiscal consolidation it had set in the FY2011-12 budget by about one percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Slippages are due to lower-than-expected revenues and increasing outlays on subsidies, which had been given low budgetary allocations in anticipation of strong policy changes, which failed to materialize. In India, the slowdown in GDP growth witnessed over the last two quarters is likely to extend into the coming fiscal year because of the weakness in investment. In FY2011-12 and FY2012-13, GDP growth is forecast to reach around 7-7.5 percent, a significant slowdown from the 9-10 percent growth in the run-up to the global financial crisis. The slowdown is at least partly caused by structural problems (power projects facing delays due to the lack of coal and gas feedstock, mining and the telecom sectors hit by corruption scandals, unavailability of land and infrastructure)
    DOI: 10.1596/27071
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    Bangladesh Economic Update, October 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Despite an unfavourable global economy, economic growth in Bangladesh is projected at close to 6 percent in fiscal 2013 (FY13). Adverse external demand and domestic supply constraints continue to be a drag on growth. Shortfalls in exports and investments due to a possible protracted crisis in the euro area and internal supply constraints may underpin the moderation of growth. Investment targets of the medium term budget framework 2013 to 2017 face major obstacles in shortage of electricity and gas supplies, and poorly functioning roads and ports. One positive prospect on the investment front is the increase in foreign direct investment in FY12, which surpassed the US
    DOI: 10.1596/27068
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    Soft Skills or Hard Cash? : What Works for Female Employment in Jordan? (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Jordan faces extremely high levels of youth unemployment: 19 percent of male and 48 percent of female youth between the ages of 19 to 24 years old want to work but can't find jobs. For men, the transition from school to work is slow (on average 15 months), but for women the school to work transition often never takes place. In this context of high female unemployment and low female labor force participation, the Jordanian government, requested the World Bank's support to develop an employment pilot targeting female community college graduates in 2009. This pilot is part of a broader technical assistance program supporting the reform of the public community college system in Jordan. The objective of the Jordan New work Opportunities for Women (NOW) pilot was to increase female labor force participation and help women gain real world job experience. In particular, the hope was to improve information between firms and potential workers, create an opportunity to change negative stereotypes from firms and young women about women's role in the labor market, and improve soft skills and communication. Overall, the objectives of the Jordan NOW pilot were to increase labor force participation and to give young female graduates a chance to accrue some work experience
    DOI: 10.1596/26884
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    Agriculture for Inclusive Growth in Uganda (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Agriculture is critical for sustainable development and poverty reduction, and agricultural growth can be a powerful means for inclusive growth. Uganda's success in using agriculture for development and inclusive growth will depend on a variety of factors, some of which are within the sector, some are cross-cutting and general to the economy, and some are outside Uganda's sphere of influence, such as the global and regional price development of agricultural commodities. This policy note focuses on those factors that Ugandan policymakers can influence, both within and outside the direct mandate of agricultural policymakers. The key policy question in the Ugandan context is how to shift as many farmers as possible out of subsistence agriculture into commercial agriculture. During the past two decades, a diverse array of initiatives has promoted the commercialization of smallholder agriculture in Uganda. This policy note presents major interventions needed to accelerate agricultural commercialization. This policy note is part of the larger analytical work carried out by the World Bank on inclusive growth in Uganda. It therefore feeds into that larger effort. This note does not deal with migration from rural to urban areas because that topic is covered in other notes
    DOI: 10.1596/27436
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    Certification, Verification and Governance in Forestry in Southeast Asia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The overall objective of the study is to explore the current effectiveness of certification and verification schemes in Southeast Asia to strengthen the legality and sustainability of future forest management, wood processing and related trade. It analyzes how the linkages among credible certification and verification schemes and the enforcement of forest laws can be strengthened in Southeast Asia. The analysis will in particular focus on five case study countries, which are important producer or wood processing hubs in the region: Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. In particular, the study assesses the status and perceived credibility of certification and verification schemes in Southeast Asia and illustrates the extent to which they offer proof of compliance with national laws and regulations. The analysis also explores the potential impact certification could have on facilitating law enforcement and influencing market practices and sector governance. Finally, it illustrates the potential role certification could play in determining a company's qualifications with financial institutions and, hence, its access to finance
    DOI: 10.1596/27433
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    Water Security for Central Kosovo : The Kosovo-Ibar River Basin and Ibar Lepenc Water System (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Kosovo is a small and young state that gained an interim United Nations (UN)-administered status in the wake of the Dayton peace accord only in 1999; it declared independence in 2008. Compared to neighboring countries, it is still lacking in its basic infrastructure and its administrative and technical skills. In addition, with the onset of the War in Yugoslavia in 1992 most investment and normal maintenance came to a standstill. Much of the publicly owned infrastructure fell into disrepair or was vandalized, but private investments led to a construction boom which, however, is leading to many environmental problems. The government is committed to reconstruction and to the development of a peaceful state. It also intends to align with EU policies. Thus, the study has the specific objectives to: (i) assist the government to improve its river basin planning and management by providing (for demonstration purposes) a replicable tool and simulation model for integrated river basin planning and management; and (ii) support the government in its identification of priority measures of structural and non-structural nature to help strengthen the water resources sector performance. The source(s) for the financing of the identified projects will need to be identified further by the Government as the World Bank has not committed to involvement in the sector
    DOI: 10.1596/27116
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    Using Asset Disclosure for Identifying Politically Exposed Persons (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between two regimes for preventing corruption: the detection and monitoring of politically exposed persons (PEPs) for the purpose of combating money laundering, and asset disclosure requirements for public officials. These regimes are generally designed and implemented separately. Yet as this paper shows, an innovative use of asset disclosure tools could benefit PEP practitioners. The paper seeks to raise awareness of this potential and to connect asset disclosure and PEP practitioners
    DOI: 10.1596/26790
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  • 50
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    Scaling Up and Sustaining Innovation Policies and Projects : Schumpeterian Development Agencies in Small Open Economies (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper examines how two historically low-technology economies, Finland and Israel, assumed leadership in new, rapid innovation-based industries. The paper argues that Schumpeterian development agencies, the Finnish Fund for Research and Development and the Israeli Office of the Chief Scientist in the Ministry of Trade and Industry played a transformative role, introducing new science and technology policies and facilitating industrial restructuring. In contrast to literature on the developmental state, however, argues that these agencies were located the periphery of the public sector, with few hard resources. The paper describes how their peripheral location facilitated successful experimentation. It also explains how ostensibly marginal agencies could successfully scale and monitor new initiatives. More specifically, it argues that reform-oriented policy-makers in small states could leverage extensive inter-personal networks to facilitate scaling and international openness to facilitate monitoring. In identifying specific mechanisms by which policy-makers introduced, scaled and monitored policies, it also explains why these two historically innovative economies have struggled to support experimentation in recent years
    DOI: 10.1596/26797
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    Rumours of Peace, Whispers of War : Assessment of the Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report
    DOI: 10.1596/26808
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    Estimating Employment Effects of Powerlinks Transmission Limited Project in India and Bhutan (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2003 International Finance Corporation (IFC) committed a loan of US
    DOI: 10.1596/26713
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    Consolidating and Accelerating Exports in Bangladesh (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Bangladesh sixth five year plan underscores the importance of exports for dynamism in the manufacturing sector and provision of high productivity and high income jobs. Indeed, faster export growth will be critical if Bangladesh is to achieve the accelerated growth necessary to reach its goal of becoming a middle income country by 2021. The focus of this study is to analyze the constraints to continued rapid growth in overall exports. This study seeks to focus on issues relating to i) continuation of fast growth in the basic garment sector; ii) providing an environment for encouraging export of mid and higher-value garments; iii) possibilities for diversification into IT-enabled services-business process outsourcing, or ITES-BPO; and iv) drawing some more general lessons for overall export growth
    DOI: 10.1596/26887
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    Thinking Systematically About Scaling Up : Developing Guidance for Scaling Up World Bank-Supported Agriculture and Rural Development Operations (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to assess the usefulness of providing guidance for scaling up good practices in core ARD business lines, and to test the prospects for doing so. The output of the document is a guide for a systematic discussion on scaling up of Competitive Grant Schemes (CGSs) for agricultural research and extension at key decision points during the life of an ARD project. This report addresses the other end of the state-of-practice spectrum - good practices and beyond. The preparation of this report entailed five main activities: An overview of scaling up concepts and approaches; the selection of a particular sub-area within one of ARD s core business lines - scaling up CGS for agricultural research and extension; application of the IFAD/Brookings framing questions to five World Bank projects that were identified as addressing that business line - using information provided by the project's task team leaders (TTLs) or other member of the project team; the development of sub-area specific guidance for a systematic discussion on scaling up based on the findings from a series of five case studies; and validation of the scaling up guidance for CGSs for agricultural research and extension by World Bank practitioners and other internal consultations
    DOI: 10.1596/26876
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    The Road to 2020 : Scenarios for a World in Crisis (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The paper is based on a scenario workshop held on January 20, 2009, where leading financial and private sector development experts from IFC, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank discussed the unfolding crisis. This paper is a product of the staff of the Financial and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency of the World Bank Group. The scenarios described in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The scenarios described serve as the basis of a planning exercise and are not to be interpreted as forecasts or projections on the part of the World Bank Group or the authors of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to sketch scenarios taking into account the information currently at hand. In this way, scenarios can provide decision makers with alternative views of the future. Decision makers can test their strategies against the different ways in which the future might play out. Scenarios provide a framework for debate, leading to better policy making and strategies. They are especially useful in situations where major global changes are under way but there is huge uncertainty over what may happen. Staffs of the World Bank Group are providing these scenarios to help governments and organizations prepare for an uncertain future. Being well prepared and open to thinking about different outcomes is much better than continually being behind the curve and having to chase events
    DOI: 10.1596/26781
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    Innovative Approaches to Energy Access for the Urban Poor : Summaries of Best Practices from Case Studies in Four Countries (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Rapid urban growth in developing countries has created an unprecedented demand for energy services. Cities face the enormous challenge of improving energy access to urban communities in order to improve education, health, and basic socioeconomic conditions. South Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa have the fastest growing urban populations in the world projected to grow by 50 percent by 2025. This will put tremendous pressure on cities in these regions as they work to provide basic services, including energy services, to underserved areas. While there is widespread understanding of the critical role energy access plays in sustainable development, there is still a lack of policies targeted at growing urban poor populations. The objective of these case studies is to share lessons learned in successful energy access initiatives and to provide a point of reference for energy practitioners. The case studies identify barriers to energy access that are unique to the urban poor, innovative approaches to finding solutions, and the roles of communities, service providers, and governments in successfully providing access to legal modern energy services. Eight case studies focused on electrification and clean fuels were selected from India, Bangladesh, Colombia, and Brazil all countries that have had varying success in providing access to modern energy services for slum dwellers. The cases selected highlight several common barriers facing the urban poor in achieving access to safer, cleaner, and legal sources of energy. They also outline the innovative approaches adopted by all stakeholders. This study demonstrates several common barriers and highlights diverse ways to overcome them. It shows that success depends on several enabling factors working together, such as stakeholder collaboration and community empowerment. Sustainable initiatives that have the potential to be replicated in other urban poor communities depend on the continued commitment of stakeholders, and the presence of strong financial and institutional mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/26510
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    Assessment of the Viability of PPPs and Sub-national Lending in Ghana (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2011 the Ghanaian government issued a policy establishing Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for the purpose of implementing infrastructure projects and improving the capacity of services provision. A World Bank Mission visited Ghana early in 2012 to assess the legal and practical feasibility of participation in PPPs at the sub-national level of the Government and the possibility that private commercial banks can provide non-sovereign financing to such PPPs. This report will present a summary of the available information on local governments and financial markets in Ghana, and identify potential infrastructure investments that could later be supported directly or indirectly by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) sub-national window, such as with bank guarantees, non sovereign loans, equity or other means. This report also discusses the legal framework for financial operations of SOEs
    DOI: 10.1596/26865
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    Pakistan Federal Government : Public Financial Management and Accountability Assessment (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This document reports on a Public Financial Management and Accountability Assessment (PFMAA) for the Federal Government of Pakistan (GoP). Measured against the six core Public Financial Management (PFM) objectives examined by the assessment, the assessment indicates that there have been improvements in some areas in recent years, which have served to improve general public financial management. The last PEFAA for the Federal Government was published in June 2009. Overall, the maximum number of indicators remained unchanged. As PFM concerns the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of public resources, the interdependence of the components of the budget cycle means that weaknesses in one part can adversely affect other parts thereby constraining the achievement of better budgetary outcomes; conversely, improvements in one area which are not matched by corresponding changes in other areas can undermine the initial reforms. The strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan's public financial management system found in the assessment have an impact on the three measures of budget effectiveness-aggregate fiscal discipline, allocates efficiency and efficient service delivery. The GoP has a continuing agenda of PFM reform. Current programs are focused on areas of weaknesses in PFM administration that have been identified by the GoP and development partners. Pakistan's prospects for reform implementation should be regarded as positive considering the impact of the reform programs so far which have made visible contributions in improving budgeting, reporting and external audit. The PEFA framework focuses on operational performance of the key elements of the PFM system based on evidence rather than on the inputs that enable the PFM system to reach a certain level of performance. The PFMAA assesses the extent to which the PFM system is an enabling factor for achieving budgetary outcomes at the three levels of aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources and efficient service delivery
    DOI: 10.1596/26816
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, July 2012 : Rising to Present and Future Challenges (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: 2012 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: The Indonesia economic qu ...
    DOI: 10.1596/26665
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    The Growing Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in the Eastern Caribbean (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to examine and propose options for policy design and implementation, based on a situational analysis for six Eastern Caribbean countries and a review of the lessons of other nations in prevention and control. A committed partner of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) countries, the World Bank is responding to their needs to address the increasing Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) burden by providing this report. This report analyzes the situation, reviews lessons learnt in other countries in the prevention and control of major NCDs, and proposes policy options to address the challenges. Specifically, this report aims to provide policy makers with an overview of the NCDs and key risk factors in the region and make inter-country comparisons; assess the economic impact of key NCDs and risk factors where data are available; outline policy options and cost effective interventions for controlling major NCDs that are common to the OECS countries; and provide input for developing a regional health strategy. In the belief that powerful information can drive strategic action, the report aims to: raise awareness of the reality and consequences of failure to take strong action; and identify priority actions that are realistic and tangible for policy makers in developing strategies and allocating resources
    DOI: 10.1596/26867
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    Botswana Development Policy Review : An Agenda for Competitiveness and Diversification (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Development Policy Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Botswana has been one of the most successful countries in the developing world over the last 40 years by many measures. Incomes have grown at a sustained pace, poverty has fallen, and the citizenry has become more educated. To be sure, poverty and income inequalities remain a problem, but rising standards of living have meant a better life for this generation of Batswana than any before it. The question facing the country leadership is whether this commendable performance can be sustained into the next generation. There are clouds on the horizon that cannot be ignored. Diamond earnings, the life blood of decades of prosperity, have flattened out. In per capita terms they are falling. Moreover, because revenues from diamonds going to the public sector have been falling for more than a decade, a growth model predicated upon an ever expanding state presence is not viable. Diamond earnings accruing to the state for subsequent redistribution have peaked. Employment and wages in the public sector have reached their natural limits as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP); recycling revenues from mining into the private sector, either directly or through the financial sector, has been inefficient with low social returns; and redistributive mechanisms to support social safety nets are also likely be approaching their limits. The country confronts the challenge of looking for new sources of growth outside of government
    DOI: 10.1596/26074
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    Bosnia and Herzegovina : Diagnostic Review of Consumer Protection in the Microfinance Sector (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This 2012 microcredit sector diagnostic review complements the 2011 review of the Banking sector and analyses the following five areas of consumer protection in microcredit: i) existing institutional arrangements, ii) consumer disclosure; iii) business practices; iv) dispute resolution mechanisms; v) and financial education programs. Bosnia and Herzegovina was the largest microfinance market in Europe and Central Asia until the 2008 global crisis prompted a rapid reversal. Authorities identified consumer protection in microfinance as high priority and introduced new regulatory provisions to stabilize the sector. This review analyzes the existing consumer protection framework and offers recommendations for further improvements. The Institutional Arrangements section covers the agencies responsible for implementing consumer protection, as well as industry and consumer associations. The section on Consumer Disclosure focuses on standard formats for price and product comparison, disclosure provisions, and basic rights of consumers. The Business Practices section covers unfair or abusive practices, standard consumer contract provisions, and industry Code of Conduct. The section on Dispute Resolution focuses on internal complaints mechanisms in financial institutions and out-of-court mechanisms. The section on Financial Education focuses on measures aimed at increasing consumer financial literacy and awareness
    DOI: 10.1596/25893
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    Peligros Naturales, Desastres Evitables : La economia de la prevencion efectiva (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (332 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Este informe sintetiza el conocimiento sobre los efectos de los riesgos naturales en el bienestar humano, especialmente en sus aspectos economicos. Es una combinacion excelente de estudios de casos, datos en varias escalas y la aplicacion de los principios economicos a los problemas planteados por terremotos, fenomenos climaticos anormales y similares. Proporciona un conocimiento profundo sobre el papel relativo de los mercados, la intervencion gubernamental y las instituciones sociales en la determinacion y mejora tanto de la prevencion como de la respuesta a los acontecimientos daninos. This book is available directly from the publisher: Ediciones GONDO Maese Nicolas,9 45224 TOLEDO SPAIN Website: http://www.edicionesgondo.com
    DOI: 10.1596/978-8-4937-9429-3
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    De Rio a Rio : 20 anos promoviendo la economia verde (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Este libro provee una narrativa y un analisis breve y de facil lectura sobre los ultimos 20 anos de historia de proyectos del FMAM. Si bien la conferencia de Rio+20 genero la idea original para el libro, este tendra un valor de larga duracion para cualquier lector interesado en la economia verde en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y la erradicacion de la pobreza, o en el marco institucional para el desarrollo sostenible. Ya que esta destinado a lectores no profesionales interesados, el libro tambien se basa en experiencias concretas de los proyectos FMAM en el campo e incluye historias pertinentes y conmovedoras que demuestran los logros alcanzados y la evolucion del FMAM al igual que los desafios que estan por venir. El libro consiste en un analisis de 20 proyectos seleccionados que describen las lecciones de aprendizaje fundamentales que emergen de los 20 anos de trabajo del FMAM, ademas de una introduccion general y una conclusion. Cada capitulo sobre un proyecto seleccionado se destaca por si solo, pero tomados en conjunto estos capitulos construyen una narrativa mas larga que presentan una amplia variedad de aprendizajes producto de las experiencias del FMAM
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-9393-3902-7
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    Does FDI Bring Good Jobs to Host Countries? (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Report Background Papers
    Abstract: This study examines whether jobs created as a result of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows can be considered to be good jobs both from the worker's and the country's perspective. For the worker, such jobs are likely to pay higher wages than jobs in indigenous firms in developing countries, and foreign employers tend to offer more training than local firms. From the country's perspective, jobs in foreign affiliates are good, because FDI inflows tend to increase the aggregate productivity of the host country. Existence of positive externalities associated with FDI may suggest that government intervention in the form of subsidies aimed at increasing FDI inflows may be warranted, but investment promotion activities may offer a less costly course of action, because obtaining information on investment opportunities in developing countries tends to be more difficult than gathering data in industrialized economies. Once FDI enters the country, governments may wish to maximize the productivity benefits by assisting local firms with becoming suppliers to foreign affiliates by extending subsidized credit to prospective suppliers of foreign affiliates or by setting up supplier development programs to bring local firms and foreign affiliates together
    DOI: 10.1596/12132
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    The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Student Assessment : SABER Country Report 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: In 2001, FYR Macedonia embarked on a new education policy agenda. One of the goals of this agenda was to improve the country's student assessment system. In order to gain a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of its existing assessment system, FYR Macedonia decided to benchmark this system using standardized tools developed under The World Bank's Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) program. SABER is an evidence-based program to help countries systematically examine and strengthen the performance of different aspects of their education systems. The key policy areas for this student assessment status are as follows: (i) Classroom Assessment; (ii) Examinations; (iii) National Large-Scale Assessment (NLSA); and (iv) International Large-Scale Assessment (ILSA)
    DOI: 10.1596/24486
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    Addressing Climate Challenges in ECA Cities (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Much of the world's built environment is found in urban areas, and cities are thought to be responsible for up to 70 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and up to 80 percent of primary energy demand. Most of the energy consumed in the world fuels urban industry, powers urban homes and offices, and moves people within and between cities. This paper is about climate change mitigation in cities, and will primarily look at how local authorities can provide a higher quality of life for their citizens while at the same time achieving higher resource efficiency. It will also look at how climate change mitigation measures could help boost local employment and drive economic growth. The focus will be on buildings (residential, commercial, and office), public services infrastructure (water, sewage, solid waste management, and public lighting), and urban form. Other topics of interest in this respect, such as transport and industrial production will be discussed tangentially in relation to the other topics (e.g. urban form influences and is influenced by transport patterns and strategies)
    DOI: 10.1596/24434
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    Debt Management Performance Assessment : Lesotho (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Abstract: From September 21 to September 28, 2012, a joint World Bank and Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa (MEFMI) team visited Maseru, Lesotho to undertake a comprehensive assessment of debt management functions. The team used the Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) tool. In the governance and strategy area, there is a clear delegation to the minister of finance for borrowing and issuance of guarantees, but the mechanisms for coordination are not well developed. The coordination with macroeconomic policies generally meets the minimum requirements even though there is no clear separation with monetary operations. Cash management is not actively conducted despite very large cash balances in the Central Bank of Lesotho (CBL). There is no cash flow forecasting and no interest is earned on government cash balances. Strengths have been identified in the operational risk management area. There is a duality requirement for recording of both domestic and external loans. The debt records are not complete as domestic guarantees generally are not recorded. The treasury bonds and bills are recorded by the Public Debt Management Division (PDMD) with an average lag of three months
    DOI: 10.1596/33213
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    Do IFC Investments Reduce Poverty by Creating Jobs? : A Case Study of a Manufacturing Investment in Indonesia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: .8 million. However, there has been no significant increase in Kabil in employment, and in fact a decrease in formality. Based on qualitative interviews in Batam, this expected. The investment resulted in the employment of many high-paid workers, as Ecogreen hired mostly skilled labor with college degrees in the natural sciences. These workers generally migrated from outside of Batam to join Ecogreen, thus boosting the local economy through additional demand for products and services from local enterprises. As expenditures per capita is a measure of the welfare of the local economy, this increase is expected. However, employment did not increase faster than the control group, possibly demonstrating that existing local businesses grew, and this growth was not spread to additional businesses and additional employment. Additionally, employment rates in Batam have historically been high (90-95 percent) given that it is a Special Economic Zone, so increases are not likely to be large and therefore difficult to observe in the data. Finally, formality actually decreased, likely because much of the job growth in the local economy was in the informal sector. This evaluation demonstrates that investments in skilled labor can have positive spillover effects to the local economy. It also represents the first time the IFC has used econometric methods and survey data to understand induced impact. This evaluation therefore also provides a methodological example for how the IFC can evaluate its impact in the future
    Abstract: .8 million. However, there has been no significant increase in Kabil in employment, and in fact a decrease in formality. Based on qualitative interviews in Batam, this expected. The investment resulted in the employment of many high-paid workers, as Ecogreen hired mostly skilled labor with college degrees in the natural sciences. These workers generally migrated from outside of Batam to join Ecogreen, thus boosting the local economy through additional demand for products and services from local enterprises. As expenditures per capita is a measure of the welfare of the local economy, this increase is expected. However, employment did not increase faster than the control group, possibly demonstrating that existing local businesses grew, and this growth was not spread to additional businesses and additional employment. Additionally, employment rates in Batam have historically been high (90-95 percent) given that it is a Special Economic Zone, so increases are not likely to be large and therefore difficult to observe in the data. Finally, formality actually decreased, likely because much of the job growth in the local economy was in the informal sector. This evaluation demonstrates that investments in skilled labor can have positive spillover effects to the local economy. It also represents the first time the IFC has used econometric methods and survey data to understand induced impact. This evaluation therefore also provides a methodological example for how the IFC can evaluate its impact in the future
    DOI: 10.1596/28532
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    Vanuatu Early Grade Reading Assessment Baseline Survey : Francophone Stream Results Report (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In August 2010, the Government of Vanuatu carried out early grade reading baseline assessments in English and Francophone schools with financial support from local education partners and technical assistance from the World Bank. The results of the Vanuatu Early Grade Reading Assessment (VANEGRA) are cause for concern. French language findings show that while most students develop some fundamental skills in grade levels 1, 2 and 3, by the end of grade 3, less than 1 in 4 students are able to develop fluency in reading to understand most of the text they read. The VANEGRA survey also collected data on the attributes of students, teachers and schools. Factors that were shown to be predictors of better reading performance in the early grades include: speaking French at home, owning the school textbook, having literate parents, having books at home, reading at school and at home, attending kindergarten, doing homework, and receiving help from a family member to do homework. Neither teacher experience nor in-service training showed statistical effects on student reading outcomes and two types of certification showed negative and statistically significant effects on student outcomes both in reading fluency and comprehension. VANEGRA also asked about use of seven reading instructional activities. Students who were never asked to learn the meaning of new words or practice grapheme sound correspondences showed negative and statistically significant effects. Conversely, students who were assigned reading daily in their own school time showed positive and statistically significant results. Lastly, VANEGRA asked about teacher expectations for students' reading performance. Interestingly, the fact that some teachers allowed students to consolidate some reading skills later than the median expectation was associated with better and statistically significant results. Based on the analysis presented, recommendations for improved reading instruction and greater parental involvement are presented at the end of the report
    DOI: 10.1596/27826
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    Planning for Uganda's Urbanization (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Uganda has started its journey into urbanization and economic development. The pace of urbanization is picking up currently at 4.5 percent per year, and likely to accelerate with rising incomes. The economic benefits from urban growth will come from exploiting economies of scale and agglomeration and by increasing fluidity in factor markets that enable substitution between land and non land inputs. Uganda's urban transformation is occurring in a period of particular flux a changing climate is likely to adversely influence rain fed agriculture, which will have bearing on the prospects of small towns that serve as interlocutors with the rural economy. At the other end, closer economic integration in East Africa will increase the reach of the country's largest metropolis, but place it in direct competition with other metropolises in the region. As prices of tradable converge in an open economy, considerable thought and effort will be needed to reduce the prices of non tradable services that can help maintain economic competitiveness. Policymakers both at the national and local levels need to see themselves as change managers who encourage flexibility in how Uganda's towns and cities respond to emerging needs of business and households. Planning ahead is important, but not locking settlements into today's market needs becomes even more important. What are policy priorities to harness economic and social aims from urbanization? This policy note is organized in three sections to answer this question. The first section provides stylized facts on the pace, form and efficiency of Uganda's urban transformation. Section two identifies how land policies, urban planning and transport constraints, and housing shortages are choking urbanization and the economy. Section three lays out a framework for prioritizing and sequencing urbanization policies. A statistical annex is also provided at the end
    DOI: 10.1596/27439
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    Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region : GFDRR Country Notes (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LCR) is exposed to a wide variety of natural hazards including earthquakes, volcanoes, storms, extreme temperatures, droughts, floods, landslides, etc., many of which are regularly aggravated by the recurrent El Nino and ENSO phenomenon. The global trend toward increasing climate variability is likely to exacerbate many of these hazards. The World Bank Natural Disaster Hotspots study (Dilley et al. 2005) indicates that seven among the world's top 15 countries exposed to three or more hazards are located in LCR.Similarly, 15 among the world's top 60 countries exposed to two or more hazards are LCR countries. The Latin American and Caribbean governments have long recognized the need to address disaster risk, and their efforts 'to develop the tools to effectively mainstream disaster risk management into development activities' (ibid., p. 1) have evolved over the last few decades. Since the mid-20th century, most of the countries in the region were working to address disasters through their respective civil protection agencies. Just like elsewhere in the world, efforts focused on ex-post response and recovery needs. While these efforts are undeniably important, they are increasingly proving to be insufficient. Over the last decade, governments, intergovernmental, non-governmental, and development organizations have gradually shifted the focus of their efforts towards ex-ante approaches to disaster risk management, with a special focus on disaster risk reduction via reducing vulnerability, capacity building, better information, and institutional strengthening
    DOI: 10.1596/27336
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    Innovative Solutions for Business Entry Reforms : A Global Analysis (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report shows how business registers employ information and communication technology (ICT) to perform their functions more efficiently while at the same time providing businesses with more user-friendly services. Particular attention is paid to achieving innovative solutions, that is, solutions using ICT as a catalyst for re-engineering the registration process to improve users experiences and to provide useful services and high-quality information for both the private and the public sectors. In addition, this analysis demonstrates that business registers play an increasingly important part in e-Government solutions. Aimed at integrating services, e-Government solutions build on information sharing. This underscores the importance of business registers as master data sources. This analysis is based on data from the following sources: a 2011 survey of 41 business registers conducted by the Bronnoysund register centre in cooperation with the World Bank Group; case studies undertaken in 2011 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Italy, Vietnam, and Norway; the 2011 World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) doing business report; the 2011 World Bank Group study of ICT solutions in 34 company registers; the 2011 European commerce registers forum report; and the International Council On Archives (CIA) factbook
    DOI: 10.1596/27096
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    South Africa Economic Update, July 2012 : Focus on Inequality of Opportunity (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Section one provides an economic update and assesses the challenges and near-term prospects facing the South African economy. In particular, it looks at the implications for South Africa of the resurgence of uncertainty in global financial markets, the surge in capital flows to safe-haven assets, the continuing Euro zone crisis, and signs of slowdown in some of the large emerging market economies. Section two focuses on inequality of opportunity in South Africa. For the first time, using innovative techniques, this section presents an analysis of the interlinked inequality of opportunities for children and for access to employment. Every society has a degree of inequality of outcomes that reflects differences in innate human capabilities, effort, education, experience, and skills. But a recognized goal for public policy is to ensure at least the equality of opportunity for every individual in a country. Many countries have used this new approach to develop targeted policies to promote such equality of opportunity and to monitor and evaluate the success of public programs
    DOI: 10.1596/26076
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    Why Banks in Emerging Markets Are Increasingly Providing Non-financial Services to Small and Medium Enterprises (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Banks in emerging markets are increasingly providing non-financial services to their SME clients, typically consisting of information sharing, training and consultancy. This study, published by IFC in partnership with the Austrian Government, is the first to explore reasons behind this trend, finding that banks' key motivations include attracting and retaining customers, and strengthening portfolio quality. The report consists of an overview followed by case studies of three banks, namely Tark Ekonomi Bankasa (TEB), Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), and ICICI Bank. It is estimated that there are 365 to 445 million formal and informal micro, small, and medium enterprises, with a subset of 25 to 35 million formal SMEs, in the developing world. Of these, 70 percent do not use external financing from financial institutions, although they are in need of it. Approximately 85 percent suffer from credit constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/27115
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    Education in a Changing World : Flexibility, Skills, and Employability (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: New technologies, globalization, the information revolution, and labor market changes have affected the world economy on an unprecedented scale. As a consequence, the demand for a skilled workforce has increased, world trade and migration have intensified, and the divide between the haves and have-nots has vastly widened. While many developed countries have by now gone through a demographic transition, with declining birth rates and an increase in the aging population, low-income countries in particular will see an upswing in population growth. Between now and 2050, for example, the labor force in Africa is projected to increase by 125 percent; in Latin America, by 26 percent; and in Asia, by 22 percent. At the same time, the labor force in Europe will decline by 23 percent. Given these circumstances, the key policy challenge is to ensure that the emerging workforce in developing countries has the skills needed to escape the cycle of poverty and take advantage of the opportunities made possible by globalization and technological change. This paper puts education under the lens of the changing demands of technology, the labor market, demography, and migration. It identifies the weaknesses in current education systems, such as restricted access, skills mismatches, and weak school-to-work linkages. It calls for making education systems more flexible and responsive to change so that they maximize human resources, equip people with updated skills, and prepare youth for the world of work. It specifically looks at the education status of four types of countries at different stages of development and growth and makes recommendations on priorities and strategies for each group
    DOI: 10.1596/27092
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    The Role of Emerging-Market Economy Demand during the Post-2005 Boom (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The post-2005 commodity price boom took place when most emerging-market economies (EMs) were experiencing strong and sustained economic growth, prompting numerous commentators to argue that a structural shift in the demand for commodities by emerging countries had occurred. Indeed, the size of China and India alone, which together account for 37 percent of the world's population, implies that even minor changes in their pattern of demand growth may have a measurable impact on world commodity prices. This note examines the role of demand by EMs for both extractive and food commodities. It concludes that a structural shift in metal demand has taken place, driven, for the most part, by China. Energy prices have also been influenced by EM demand. However, the role of demand for food commodities from EMs has been much less than what much of the literature argues
    DOI: 10.1596/27113
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    Revitalizing the HIV Response in Pakistan : A Systematic Review and Policy Recommendations (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Pakistan has made strides over the last decade in its Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) response, with active surveillance, considerable research, both governmental and non?governmental prevention and care activities, and treatment since 2005 to 2006. However, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) has not declined, coverage of current prevention and treatment programs remains limited and the gains made to date are threatened by internal and external factors. This report attempts to review and synthesize available data on HIV in Pakistan and to use these data to suggest strategic priorities for the next phase of the HIV response in an effort to improve the allocative efficiency of resources and effective and efficient implementation of the response. This report presents an integrated model for HIV services delivery that depicts a continuum of care from prevention outreach to treatment with a focus on evidence based interventions and strong linkages. It describes three potential models for Volunteer Counseling and Testing (VCT) services for most at risk populations that increase outreach and engagement with PWID, hijra communities, and Male Sex Workers (MSWs), and their clients. It also places heavy emphasis on evidence based approaches to prevention including expanding treatment for High Risk Groups (HRGs) and improving the linkages for HIV positive and HIV negative PWID for drug treatment services, such as Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT), and outlines the steps for an evidenced based, effective and efficient policy response at a time of shrinking resources for HIV in overall low prevalence settings. This report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two presents epidemiology methods; chapter three gives country context; chapter four presents status of HIV epidemic; chapter five gives summary of key findings; chapter six deals with systems response to HIV and AIDS in Pakistan; chapter seven gives key policy recommendations; and chapter eight gives conclusion
    DOI: 10.1596/27222
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    Poverty and Food Security in Afghanistan : Analysis Based on the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment of 2007/08 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Afghanistan faces a severe problem of poor nutrition and food insecurity. Chronic malnutrition among Afghan children is one of the highest in the world. This report investigates the status of food insecurity in Afghanistan with a focus on mapping provincial differences and an emphasis on understanding the impact of rising food prices on key measures of food security. It synthesizes findings from analysis of rising food prices and their impact on different measures of food access and utilization (such as calorie intake, protein consumption and the quality of diet) in Afghanistan. The findings are based on the analysis of data from the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) 2007/08, a sample of over 20,000 households from all 34 provinces of Afghanistan. This analytical work is an integral part of the on-going collaboration between the Government of Afghanistan and the World Bank in the domain of poverty and vulnerability assessment. It aims to further the understanding of household wellbeing and vulnerability from the standpoint of food security and complements the earlier work presented in 'poverty status in Afghanistan. Finally, given that poor nutrition and food insecurity affect a sizeable proportion of the Afghan population year-round but more so during bad times, there is genuine need for a scaled-up and well-targeted safety nets program in Afghanistan
    DOI: 10.1596/27099
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    Gender and Climate Change in Bangladesh : The Role of Institutions in Reducing Gender Gaps in Adaptation Program (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This study on Bangladesh was undertaken to analyze the gender dimensions of climate change and the role of institutions in reducing gender gaps. The study was carried out in 20 sites covering 600 households, from March 2010 to May 2011, using both qualitative and quantitative instruments. This note is organized into five sections. The next section gives an overview of climate change and the gender and institutional context in Bangladesh. The third section presents the key study findings and is divided into three subsections: site- and household-specific vulnerabilities; analysis of gender dimensions of climate change using the household data and four propositions; and description of institutional challenges and gaps in supporting the resilience of women and men. Section four provides examples of adaptation programs in Bangladesh, and section five provides recommendations for enhancing gender-responsive adaptive capacity in Bangladesh
    DOI: 10.1596/27416
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    Ending War, Building Peace : Contribution of the National DDR Program in DRC to Peace in the African Great Lakes Region (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The National Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Program (NDDRP) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was implemented over a period of seven years (2004- 2011) with the World Bank's support and funding. The NDDRP had three objectives: 1) disarmament of all combatants willing to be granted a status of demobilized person; 2) demobilization of all ex-combatants who met the conditions for a return to civilian life through a downsizing process of armed forces or groups; and 3) reintegrate the demobilized in the social and economic practices of the community of their choice with opportunities and conditions similar to those of other members of the community. To achieve these objectives, the DRC government initially established a National Commission of Demobilization and Reinsertion (CONADER, 2003), then established the NDDRP (2004), and finally created a new NDDRP Implementation Unit (IU-NDDRP, 2007). NDDRP was divided into three distinct phases, each capitalizing on the gains as well as the mistakes of the past. Economic reintegration of demobilized ex-combatants represented four out of five demobilized as recorded by the program. At the program's conclusion, the implementing partners decided to support the creation, legalization, and strengthening of demobilized persons' economic associations. This model of economic and social reintegration developed by the NDDRP can serve as a model framework for future rehabilitation and reintegration processes in DRC as well as in other countries. Finally, as the results were not as high as expected in regard to the number of women as well as wounded and disabled veterans demobilized, the NDDRP can be lauded for successfully reaching and reintegrating a highly significant number of Children Associated to Armed Forces and Groups (CAAFG) through special projects executed by different implementing partners
    DOI: 10.1596/27214
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    SMEs for Job Creation in the Arab World : SME Access to Financial Services (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has brought to the forefront key challenges: the need to create job opportunities, equal access, a level playing field, transparency and accountability, and a fair and competitive environment. Crony capitalism, the privileged access of certain elites to favorable legal and regulatory treatment, access to markets, and the coincidence of political and economic power, was a major concern contributing to the uprising. Many saw privilege and corruption as the source of unemployment and inequality, effectively raising barriers to entry and growth for the majority of entrepreneurs. At the same time, practices such as connected lending and preferential land allocations, contributed to poor performance of key institutions, underpinning the market economy. It is critical for the MENA countries to achieve the aspirations of their people and attain sustainable and inclusive development by expanding private-led employment and creating entrepreneurship opportunities. This report assesses the supply and demand of financial services to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the MENA region, as well as the regulatory, institutional and policy environment that determines the cost, risk, and scale of SME finance. Emerging and promising SME finance models for banks, investors, government and regulators are outlined. These could significantly improve the outreach, viability, risk management, and development impacts of SME finance in the MENA region. SMEs need access to longer term credit products and equity, in addition to working capital loans and trade finance. They also need payment and card services, deposit facilities, liquidity management, risk management tools and insurance. The principal role of the state is as an enabler and regulator, providing the financial infrastructure, and legal and policy frameworks that financial institutions need to be able to meet the range of SME financial needs profitably. All this will contribute to attaining a more sustainable and inclusive system that can play a more important role in economic growth, and the regions prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/27098
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    A Toolkit of Policy Options to Support Inclusive Green Growth (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2012, the Mexican Presidency of the G20 introduced inclusive green growth as a cross-cutting priority on the G20 development agenda. The second meeting of the G20 Development Working Group (DWG), hosted by the Government of the Republic of Korea, took place in Seoul the 19th and 20th of March 2012. As agreed during the first DWG meeting, this second meeting focused on the priorities for their presidency in the first half of 2012: infrastructure, food security and inclusive green growth (IGG). At its Seoul meeting, the DWG also agreed that IGG co-facilitators and relevant international organizations (IOs) should work together in 2012 to develop a nonprescriptive good practices guide/toolkit on enabling national policy frameworks for inclusive green growth to support countries who voluntarily wish to design and implement affordable and inclusive green growth policies, with the aim of achieving sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The toolkit is organized as follows. First, the necessity of applying the different tools in the context of a broad inclusive green growth strategy is stressed, and a harmonized framework combining approaches and tools identified by all four IOs is set forth. Second, the document offers an overview of key tools that can be mobilized to implement an inclusive green growth strategy. Quick technical descriptions of these tools are offered along with suggested sources for further details. Finally, capacity building and knowledge sharing initiatives are presented, with the Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP) highlighted as a powerful collaborative tool to advance policies for inclusive green economies
    DOI: 10.1596/27097
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    Municipal Solid Waste Management : Opportunities for Russia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) management system is one of the key components of a country's overall environmental and resource efficiency framework. Inefficient MSW treatment in Russia today is causing negative environmental impact, and results in suboptimal use of raw materials and energy. If Russia optimized its MSW management policy and implemented modern technologies, by 2025 it could fully shift towards environmentally friendly MSW management system and recover up to 45 percent of waste. As a result, by 2025 more than 200 metric tons of MSW would be recovered to raw materials and energy instead of landfilling. This would require investing up to 40 billion and would generate additional 2 billion in revenues from recoverable fractions
    DOI: 10.1596/27102
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  • 85
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    Constrained Gazelles : High Potentials in West Africa's Informal Economy (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The informal sector is typically characterized as being very heterogeneous and possibly composed of two clearly distinct segments, sometimes called the lower and upper tier. However, empirical evidence shows that even among lower tier entrepreneur's profitability can be quite high. The authors combine these findings and develop an innovative approach to identify what is called constrained gazelles, next to the well-known survivalists in the lower tier and growth-oriented top-performers in the upper tier. The sample of informal entrepreneurs in seven West-African countries allows linking the relative size of these three groups to the structural and macroeconomic environment in these countries
    DOI: 10.1596/26877
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  • 86
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    Corporate Governance and Development : An Update (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: What do we know about the links between economic development and corporate governance in emerging markets? Stijn Claessens and Burcin Yurtoglu have sifted through scores of academic studies on various countries, sectors, and business organizations - from state-owned enterprises to publicly listed companies - to determine how corporate governance can influence economic development and well being, and what is needed to promote good practices. The Focus 10 draws on new evidence that has become available since Focus 1: Corporate Governance and Development was published in 2003. While the paper reviews research literature, it is written to be accessible to the nonacademic audience: board members, investors, government regulators, development professionals, and other CG practitioners. Research findings sited in the Focus include: 1) improved corporate governance practices increase firm share prices; 2) operational performance is higher in better corporate governance countries; 3) well governed companies have less volatile stock prices in times of crisis; 4) companies with boards composed of a higher fraction of outsider or independent directors usually have a higher market valuation; 5) improvements in corporate governance quality lead to higher GDP growth, productivity growth, and the increased ratio of investment to GDP; 6) when a country's overall corporate governance and property rights systems are weak, voluntary and market corporate governance mechanisms have limited effectiveness; 7) large, more concentrated ownership can be beneficial, unless there is a disparity of control and cash flow rights; 8) the quality of shareholder protection positively correlates with the development of countries' capital markets; and 9) better corporate governance leads to a better developed financial system. The paper concludes by identifying several main policy and research issues that require further study. For example, more research is needed on family-owned, state-owned or controlled firms that predominate in many sectors and economies. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/26874
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  • 87
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    Philippine Quarterly Update : Investing in Inclusive Growth amid Global Uncertainty (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Philippine quarterly update provides an update on key economic and social developments, and policies over the past three months. Despite heightened global economic uncertainty, the Philippine economy grew by 6.4 percent in the first quarter of 2012, a solid recovery from the relatively low 3.9 percent outturn for 2011. Higher growth was driven by a recovery in net exports and government spending, and robust private consumption. However, the ongoing European debt crisis and the slowdown in China pose significant downside risks to growth. The main channels of contagion to the Philippines are direct exports and remittance linkages to Europe, and indirect impact through regional production networks centered on China. The challenge for policymakers is to cushion the economy from potential external shocks, while ensuring that the Philippines invest in inclusive growth. Political commitment and strong macroeconomic fundamentals provide a window of opportunity for investing in inclusive growth by accelerating the implementation of reforms that improve the business environment for firms of all sizes, and boosting public investment in key infrastructure. Faster human capital accumulation will enhance productivity and drive growth in the medium term by enabling the country to shift gears towards higher value-added activities and more innovation
    DOI: 10.1596/26746
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  • 88
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    Cape Verde Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes : Accounting and Auditing (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) provides an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the existing financial reporting infrastructure that underpins financial accounting and auditing practices in Cape Verde. The assessment focuses on six pillars of financial reporting infrastructure: statutory framework, professional education and training, accountancy profession, accounting standards, auditing standards, and monitoring and enforcement of the applicable standards. The main purpose of this assessment is to assist the development and implementation of a country action plan for strengthening institutional capacity with attendant effects on enhancing corporate financial reporting in Cape Verde. The findings reveal that Cape Verde has recognized the importance of a strong corporate financial reporting architecture. In terms of accounting and auditing standards, Cape Verde adapted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for the private companies and fully adopted IFRS for banking and insurance institutions sector. However, there is no tradition of financial analysis in the country (except within the financial institutions when issuing credit) and no credit-rating agencies. The banks do not rely on corporate financial statements; generally, the lenders manage credit risks using collaterals. The Bank of Cape Verde mandated IFRS for banks and insurance companies in 2008. In addition, the capacity of regulators would be built to cope with the demands of IFRS-compliant financial reporting. The central bank would include in its scope the regulation of micro-finance institutions, which are currently unregulated. In order to improve the legal framework of corporate financial reporting, there is need to enact a Financial Reporting Act with focus on all regulatory aspects of accounting and auditing
    DOI: 10.1596/25734
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  • 89
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    Export Competitiveness in Indonesia's Manufacturing Sector (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Indonesian manufacturing sector experienced a 'lost decade' in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis. While many believe that the sector is now in inexorable decline, this note argues that there may be a 'second chance' for export manufacturing, given Indonesia's relative cost competitiveness, the rapidly growing domestic market, and the opportunities of integrating into value chains facilitated by new regional growth poles. Simply relying on these factors, however, may result in short-term growth but will ultimately lead back to stagnation. Instead, Indonesia must use this opportunity to make an aggressive effort to improve manufacturing sector competitiveness, including addressing traditional investment climate issues, but most importantly, weaknesses in the quality and innovation environment. It is through this that the Indonesian manufacturing sector will begin to move up the value chain, build deep and competitive domestic value chains, and deliver quality and sustainable job opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/26719
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
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    Poverty Trends in Uganda : Who Gained and Who Was Left Behind? (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Uganda had one of the best poverty reduction performances in the world since 1992, a result of a subtle structural transformation of household livelihood portfolios, rooted in strong growth of private wage and salary employment and non-farm household enterprises, and increased agricultural productivity among agricultural households. But depth and character of growth was not the same across Uganda. This triggered rising inequality throughout the country (within and between rural and urban and all regions) resulted in many households in the North and the East being left behind while the center pulled away. The evolution of spatial inequality is tightly linked to spatial differences in public and private investments, particularly in education - a legacy of inadequate public investments and conflict in the lagging regions. Addressing this inequality in growth is Uganda's shared growth challenge
    DOI: 10.1596/26712
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
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    Bridging the Atlantic : Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South-South Partnering for Growth (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Bridging the Atlantic is a descriptive study of Brazil's involvement with counterparts in Sub-Saharan Africa through knowledge exchange, trade, and investments. The objective of the study is to understand these relations better with the intent to forge concrete and mutually beneficial partnerships between Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa. Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa are natural partners, with at one point a shared geography and later a shared history. Since the turn of the twentieth century, Africa has become one of the major fronts of Brazil's international agenda. Africa is rapidly changing and Brazil has expressed growing interest in supporting and taking part in African development. The study includes a narrative of the shared history between Brazil and Africa, as well as a description of Brazilian foreign direct investment and trade with Africa. It ends with recommendations made by the World Bank to strengthen the cooperation between Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/26788
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  • 92
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    How Much Does Utility Access Matter for the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises? (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The empirical evidence of the economic benefits of different utilities such as electricity, telecommunications and water is mixed and, in the case of micro and small enterprises, relatively thin. This paper therefore revisits this issue. Based on a unique, albeit cross-sectional, micro data set of informal firms in West-Africa, we find hardly any evidence for a significant contribution of access to different infrastructure services on enterprise performance. This absence of a systematic influence is attributed to the large heterogeneity of activities, motives and resources with which these informal firms operate. However, concentrating on a more homogenous sample of tailors in Ouagadougou, we find that their performance is positively influenced by access to electricity. In conclusion, our findings stress the heterogeneity of the informal sector, implying that a 'one-size-fits all' approach to the development of this sector is of little help
    DOI: 10.1596/26782
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  • 93
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    Lessons from Output-Based Aid for Leveraging Finance for Clean Energy (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper focused on the delivery mechanisms for bilateral, multi-lateral, host government subsidy, and consumer cross-subsidy funding to enhance private sector investment. However, the specific source of funds is not deemed to be especially relevant for the purposes of this working paper. Focus on some of the useful characteristics of Output-Based Aid (OBA) experience to date that may be relevant. Propose an option for how OBA experience could be used to deliver national and programmatic supports to projects in middle- and low-income countries in coordination with other multi-lateral development bank instruments such as concessional loans and credits. This working paper does not: specifically address strengths and weaknesses of the clean development mechanism and only briefly touches on issues with using carbon finance in the current market. Carry out an assessment of experience with feed-in tariffs or advanced market commitments, or indeed other results orientated schemes
    DOI: 10.1596/26785
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  • 94
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    Credit-Constrained in Risky Activities? : The Determinants of Capital Stocks of Micro and Small Firms in Western Africa (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in developing countries are typically considered to be severely credit constrained. Additionally, high business risks may partly explain why capital stocks of MSEs remain low. This article analyzes the determinants of capital stocks of MSEs in poor economies focusing on credit constraints and risk. The analysis is based on a unique, albeit cross sectional but backward looking, micro data set on MSEs covering the economic capitals of seven West-African countries. The main result is that capital market imperfections indeed seem to explain an important part of the variation in capital stocks in the early lifetime of MSEs. Furthermore, the analyses show that risk plays a key role for capital accumulation. Risk-averse individuals seem to adjust their initially low capital stocks upwards when enterprises grow older. MSEs in risky activities owned by wealthy individuals even seem to over-invest when they start their business and adjust capital stocks downwards subsequently. As other firms simultaneously suffer from capital shortages, such behavior may imply large inefficiencies
    DOI: 10.1596/26786
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  • 95
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    Climate Change and Agriculture in South Asia : Alternative Trade Policy Options (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: There is increasing evide ...
    DOI: 10.1596/26792
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  • 96
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    Nutrition in Nepal : A National Development Priority (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Malnutrition results from different combinations of immediate, underlying, and basic determinants. Inadequate dietary intake and disease are the immediate determinants of undernutrition. Underlying the immediate causes of undernutrition are three areas: (1) food security, (2) health services and health environment, and (3) care for women and children. Education is also critical. At the base of the framework are a host of interrelated causes including resources, economic structure, political and ideological structure, and formal and informal institutions
    DOI: 10.1596/26866
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  • 97
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    Lesotho Public Investment Management Efficiency Review (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Lesotho is a small landlocked country with a homogenous population of 2.1 million. Lesotho's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was 1,023 dollars and gross national income (GNI) per capita was 1,080 dollars in 2010. The country also faces numerous challenges to its social and human development. In this context, more attention on the role and quality of public investment is warranted. To improve public accountability and transparency, the Government of Lesotho (GoL) introduced the automated integrated financial management information system (IFMIS) in April 2009. The study directly responds to an explicit request of technical assistance from the ministry of finance and development planning (MoFDP) and aims at supporting the GoL in its major reform efforts to enhance the efficiency of public investment management (PIM) and increase the "value for money" in capital spending. The overarching objective of this study is to support the GoL in its efforts to prioritize public resource allocation and enhance efficiency in capital spending, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improved governance, service delivery, and economic growth. The work is aligned with the World Bank country assistance strategy (CAS) 2010 to 2014, in particular its first pillar on fiscal adjustment and public sector efficiency. This report emphasizes the complementary aspects of the institutions, incentives, capacity, and process-related constraints to the functioning of PIM. The focus of this report will also complement ongoing public financial management (PFM) support by other development partners. The report is presented in four chapters, which are organized as follows: chapter one offers a macro-level country analysis; chapter two presents recent trends in public investments; chapter three focuses on institution mapping and the diagnostic assessment of the PIM system; and chapter four concludes with policy implications
    DOI: 10.1596/26837
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  • 98
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    Zambia Economic Brief : Recent Economic Developments and the State of Basic Human Opportunities for Children (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: With this first Zambia economic brief, the World Bank is launching a series of short economic updates that will be produced twice a year. Each brief will include two sections: the Bank's assessment of recent economic developments and outlook in the short to medium term; and its analysis on a specific development topic or theme. The authors expect these briefs to support evidence-based policy debate in the country, strengthen public demand for good policies and outcomes, and inform government policies and programs. In this brief, first section reports on Zambia's continued robust growth, fiscal outcomes, and capital inflows at the end of 2012 against the backdrop of performance of other Sub- Saharan and global economies. It stresses the need for the government to spend borrowed and own resources more prudently. While acknowledging continuing strong prospects for growth, the analysis highlights considerable downside risks emanating from global uncertainties. Second section covers basic human opportunities for children in Zambia. The opportunities approach is premised on the notion that predetermined circumstances such as gender, ethnicity, place of birth, and family origins should not determine people's economic, social, and political success. A person should not have fewer opportunities in life just because she is a girl or born in a rural area. This is the core principle behind the concept of equality of opportunity and it is also the framework adopted in this report for Zambia. The analysis shows the extent to which basic opportunities for education, health, and infrastructure services in Zambia are influenced by circumstances in which children find themselves
    DOI: 10.1596/26818
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  • 99
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    Tajikistan Economic Update, October 2012 : From Recovery to a Sustainable Growth (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Tajikistan has successfully emerged from the global economic crisis. Economic activity was strong, driven by growth in industrial production and services. Inward remittances remain a key factor in stimulating domestic consumption. Although inflation returned to single digits, it continues to be susceptible to higher global prices of key imports. The country remains vulnerable to a range of external shocks, and economic outcomes depend critically on regional trade, transport, and investment policies. Concerns remain with respect to weaknesses in the financial sector. Structural reforms continue, and transparency has increased. The outlook is generally positive, but chronic risks remain
    DOI: 10.1596/26774
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  • 100
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    Raskin Subsidized Rice Delivery (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Beras untuk Rakyat Mi ...
    DOI: 10.1596/26694
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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