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  • 2000-2004  (532)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969
  • 2001  (532)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (532)
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  • 2000-2004  (532)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969
Year
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Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 416: Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070868
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 416; Étude de toxicité pour la reproduction sur deux générations
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 416: Étude de toxicité pour la reproduction sur deux générations
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline for two-generation reproduction testing is designed to provide general information concerning the effects of a test substance on the integrity and performance of the male and female reproductive systems, and on the growth and development of the offspring. The test substance is administered daily in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males and females of the Parent generation (5-9 weeks old) should be dosed during growth, during their mating, during the resulting pregnancies, and through the weaning of their first generation offspring. The administration of the substance is continued to first generation offspring during their growth into adulthood, mating and production of a second generation (until the weaning). The rat is the preferred species for testing. Each test and control group should contain a sufficient number of animals to yield preferably not less than 20 pregnant females at or near parturition. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control shall be used. It is recommended that the test substance be administered orally (by diet, drinking water or gavage). A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include: measurements (weighing, sperm parameters, oestrus cycle parameters and offspring parameters), clinical daily observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this two-generation reproduction toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects including necropsy and microscopic findings. A properly conducted reproductive toxicity test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a no-effect level and an understanding of adverse effects on reproduction, parturition, lactation, postnatal development including growth and sexual development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070868-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Scenario Development Methods and Practice : An Evaluation Based on the NEA Workshop on Scenario Development - Madrid, May 1999 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193536
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Analysis of the long-term safety of radioactive waste repositories, using performance assessment and other tools, is required prior to implementation. The initial stage in developing a repository safety assessment is the identification of all factors that may be relevant to the long-term safety of the repository and their combination to form scenarios. This must be done in a systematic and transparent way in order to assure the regulatory authorities that nothing important has been forgotten. This report is a review of developments in scenario methodologies based on a large body of practical experience in safety assessments. It will be of interest to radioactive waste management experts as well as to other specialists involved in the development of scenario methodologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193536-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' évaluation et l'efficacité de l'aide n 1 - Conseils pour l'évaluation de l'aide humanitaire apportée dans les situations d'urgence complexes (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034976
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness No. 1 - Guidance for Evaluating Humanitarian Assistance in Complex Emergencies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness No. 1 - Guidance for Evaluating Humanitarian Assistance in Complex Emergencies
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’évaluation est un outil majeur pour l’amélioration de la qualité et l’efficacité de la coopération pour le développement. Le groupe de travail du Comité d’Aide au Développement (CAD) sur l’évaluation de l’aide constitue le seul forum international où les experts bilatéraux et multilatéraux dans le domaine de l’évaluation se réunissent régulièrement. Ses Membres cherchent à améliorer les pratiques employées et à profiter des leçons pouvant émaner des activités et des expériences dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement. La série ‘L'évaluation et l'efficacité de l'aide’ a été lancée afin de partager certains travaux avec un public plus large. Ces conseils s’adressent aux personnes qui interviennent lors de la commande, de la conception et de la gestion des évaluations portant sur les programmes d’aide humanitaire principalement au sein des organismes donneurs, mais ils peuvent également être utiles aux institutions des Nations Unies, aux ONG et autres organismes spécialisés dans l’aide humanitaire. Ils n’ont pas la prétention de servir comme base de référence unique car d’autres textes spécialisés existent. Ils visent plutôt à compléter les principes existants du CAD pour l’évaluation de l’aide, mettant l’accent sur les domaines qui méritent une attention toute particulière, la nature des activités entreprises et le réseau multi-acteurs, aux composantes étroitement liées les unes aux autres, par lequel la communauté internationale apporte son assistance humanitaire. La version papier de ce rapport est disponible gratuitement auprès de la Direction de la coopération pour le dévelppement ; pour obtenir un exemplaire, prière d’envoyer un email à: dac.contactoecd.org
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034976-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Insurance regulation, liberalisation and financial convergence (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264193170
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Issues in Insurance no.3
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Policy issues in insurance
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Insurance regulation, liberalisation and financial convergence
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Versicherungsmarkt ; Liberalisierung ; Versicherungsaufsicht
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193178-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Belgium 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Belgium
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of Belgium's energy policies and programmes. It finds that due Belgium’s geographical setting, cross-border trade has a significant influence on the country’s energy policy. Belgium has actively increased its gas transmission capacity, and has become key player in the overall European gas markets. There is still room for improvement, however, in the electricity transmission capacity. Belgium has started to liberalise its electricity and gas market. But the traditional utilities Electrabel and Distrigas retain much influence. Further efforts are required to make a competitive market. Belgium has made the political decision to phase out nuclear power, closing down the existing units when they reach forty years of age and building no new units. The report recommends Belgium to look for realistic and economic alternatives for large-scale energy production. The recommendations made by the Ampere Commission on improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewables and co-generation provide only a partial solution for future energy needs. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions will be one of the major challenges for Belgian energy policy in this decade. In 1998, Belgium’s energy-related CO2 emissions were 15% above the 1990 level. The report identifies reasons for the growing emissions, analyses current policies and suggests additional measures to help in this challenging task. One of the most crucial elements is curbing the growth of energy consumption, which exceeded 20% in all sectors in the 1990s. Federal-regional co-operation is essential for successful energy-policy development and implementation in Belgium. The report makes recommendations in several areas where co-operative action appears necessary.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193277-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Don't Fix, Don't Float (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taux de change ; Ni fixe, ni flottant
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taux de change : Ni fixe, ni flottant
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Don´t Fix, Don´t Float is a book about credibility, or lack thereof. It deals with questions pertaining to international financial architecture from the perspective of developing countries, emerging markets and transition economies. Should the monetary authority fix the exchange rate of the national currency? Should it instead let the currency float in foreign exchange markets? What about bands, baskets and crawls between the fix and the float corners? Answering these questions is of significance to the national economy involved and, with regard to global finance, often beyond. In the same way that there may never be a pure float, even among key currencies, an instant fix does not provide a fast lane to credibility. Credibility is earned abroad as the development process reinforces institution building in monetary, financial and budgetary matters. Indeed, rules for budgetary adjustment (such as the zero deficit in Argentina or the EU Stability and Growth Pact) are necessary for any exchange-rate regime to deliver economic growth and development. In Don´t Fix, Don´t Float, the case for intermediate regimes is made for five country groups in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Developing countries, emerging markets and transition economies, together with the OECD area, are facing the consequences of a worsening global economic outlook. In this environment, the development perspective underlying Don’t Fix, Don’t Float is clearly essential.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195523-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Growth, Inequality and Social Protection (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.51
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Economic growth is, ultimately, the result of the myriad of transactions which take place in a market economy. Similarly, the distribution of income depends on who has ownership of factors of production, how much they can sell them for, and whether the resultant income is redistributed or not. It would be surprising were economic growth and income distribution not to be linked. But how exactly they might be linked has been the topic of many competing theories and empirical evaluations. Unfortunately, the studies have not led to a convergence on a common view that there is, or is not, a trade-off between the two goals of an equitable society and a rich one. This lack of enlightenment becomes less surprising once the empirical studies are examined in detail. Many empirical studies have looked at the final distribution of income, when some of the theories make stronger predictions about the links between growth and the distribution of income before taxes and transfers; similar ...
    DOI: 10.1787/121403540472
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pyrochemical Separations : Workshop Proceedings -- Avignon, France -- 14-16 March 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France
    Abstract: The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is presently performed using different wet chemical processes. Alternative dry processes, using pyrochemical methods, have received some attention due to their potential advantages in terms of plant design and criticality safety, as well as radiation dose. Recent progress in the transmutation of long-lived fission products and minor actinides has brought renewed interest in pyrochemical methods, as effective transmutation will be based on multi-recycling of the fuel with very high burn-up and short cooling times, conditions under which pyrochemical methods offer various advantages over wet processes. Studies of pyrochemical processes have so far been carried out at laboratory level. Considerable R&D work is still required in order to upgrade these processes to the current level of industrial aqueous processing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189737-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Slovak version) (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065796
    Language: Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Richtlijnen ter bescherming van consumenten in het kader van de Elektronische handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD retningslinjer for forbrukervern ved elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendação do conselho relativa às linhas directrizes que regem A protecção dos consumidores no contexto do comércio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Swedish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retningslinier for forbrugerbeskyttelse i forbindelse med elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Leitlinien für den Verbraucherschutz im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendación del consejo de la ocde relativa a los lineamientos para la protección al consumidor en el contexto del comercio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida per la tutela dei consumatori nel contesto del Commercio Elettronico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD:N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce are designed to help ensure that consumers are no less protected when shopping on line than they are when they buy from their local store or order from a catalogue. By setting out the core characteristics of effective consumer protection for online business-to-consumer transactions, the Guidelines are intended to help eliminate some of the uncertainties that both consumers and businesses encounter when buying and selling on line. The Guidelines reflect existing legal protections available to consumers in more traditional forms of commerce. Their aim is to encourage: - fair business, advertising and marketing practices; - clear information about an online business’s identity, the goods or services it offers and the terms and conditions of any transaction; - a transparent process for the confirmation of transactions; - secure payment mechanisms; - fair, timely and affordable dispute resolution and redress; - privacy protection; and - consumer and business education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065796-sk
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Consumption in Industry : 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192546
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication presents annual energy consumption data in manufacturing sectors. Over the last 25 years, energy consumption has become just as important as energy supply for policy makers. There is a need for energy efficiency indicators and data to monitor developments in energy consumption and energy efficiency trends as they affect the environment. In order to analyse energy use and energy efficiency, it is essential to have disaggregated industry level consumption data. This publication provides such data. Time series of annual energy consumption are provided at the disaggregated manufacturing industry level for most of the OECD countries from 1990 to 1999 where available.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192546-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Hungarian version) (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065741
    Language: Hungarian
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD retningslinjer for forbrukervern ved elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendação do conselho relativa às linhas directrizes que regem A protecção dos consumidores no contexto do comércio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Swedish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retningslinier for forbrugerbeskyttelse i forbindelse med elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Leitlinien für den Verbraucherschutz im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendación del consejo de la ocde relativa a los lineamientos para la protección al consumidor en el contexto del comercio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida per la tutela dei consumatori nel contesto del Commercio Elettronico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Richtlijnen ter bescherming van consumenten in het kader van de Elektronische handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD:N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce are designed to help ensure that consumers are no less protected when shopping on line than they are when they buy from their local store or order from a catalogue. By setting out the core characteristics of effective consumer protection for online business-to-consumer transactions, the Guidelines are intended to help eliminate some of the uncertainties that both consumers and businesses encounter when buying and selling on line. The Guidelines reflect existing legal protections available to consumers in more traditional forms of commerce. Their aim is to encourage: - fair business, advertising and marketing practices; - clear information about an online business’s identity, the goods or services it offers and the terms and conditions of any transaction; - a transparent process for the confirmation of transactions; - secure payment mechanisms; - fair, timely and affordable dispute resolution and redress; - privacy protection; and - consumer and business education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065741-hu
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Width of the Intra-European Economic Borders (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.304
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first provides a brief overview of the literature on market segmentation and then presents an empirical exercise that sheds more light on the significance of border effects across European countries. The literature suggests that integration in the EU goods and financial markets is typically more advanced than among the other OECD countries. On the other hand, integration in Europe remains significantly lower than that observed between regions within countries. The empirical exercise is based on a set of comparable price data of tradeable goods collected just before the launch of the single currency. The paper finds that for a given distance, crossing national borders adds significantly to the price differential across European cities. However, this border effect is substantially smaller than the one found in previous estimates focusing on European and North American cities, which were based on the comparison of much broader price indices such as the consumer price index ...
    DOI: 10.1787/281117327340
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards More Choice in Social Protection? : Individual Choice of Insurer in Basic Mandatory Health Insurance in Switzerland (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.53
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Switzerland
    Abstract: There is a considerable interest in some OECD countries in understanding how greater choice in health markets can be combined with the equity and efficiency goals of health systems. This paper reviews the system of free choice of insurer in basic mandatory health insurance that was introduced in Switzerland with the 1994 Health Insurance Law (LAMal). The thrust of the reform was to increase solidarity in basic health insurance while enhancing choice among individuals and competition on quality-price ratios among insurers. The reform encompassed regulatory mechanisms to facilitate the switching mechanism and choice-led competition, such as measures to ensure cross-subsidisation across individuals of different risk and income, information disclosure requirements for insurers, and the mandatory participation to a risk equalisation mechanism for all insurers offering basic health insurance. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that some features of the individual choice ...
    DOI: 10.1787/664178220717
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness No 2 - Evaluating Country Programmes : Vienna Workshop, 1999 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p)
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Evaluation is a key tool in improving the quality and effectiveness of development co-operation. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Working Party in Aid Evaluation is the only international forum where bilateral and multilateral evaluation experts meet regularly. Its Members meet to improve evaluation practice and to learn lessons from development co-operation activities and experiences. A series "Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness" was launched to share selected pieces of work with a broader public. This publication provides a unique overview of approaches and methods for country programme evaluation. It contains i) an analytical review of the workshop's main findings; ii) an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches and methodologies used for country programme evaluations; and iii) the case studies, which were presented and discussed at the workshop.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033825-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Growth and Human Capital : Good Data, Good Results (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.179
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a new data set on human capital. It is based upon data released at the OECD for a subgroup of 38 member and non-member countries, and an effort performed at the Development Centre to expand this data set to other developing countries. The key to our methodology is to minimise the extrapolations and keep the data as close as possible to those directly available from national censuses (in the spirit of the work of De la Fuente and Doménech for OECD countries). We then use this new data set to test a neo-classical model in which human capital follows the Log-Linear formulation which is favoured by Mincerian approaches. We find both in levels and in first difference that the model performs extremely well. No externalities seem to manifest themselves, either on physical or on human capital accumulation. Total factor productivity (output net of the contribution of human and physical capital), however, do appear to be smaller, by about 45 per cent in average, in the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/725160520154
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Public Expenditure : Some Emerging Policy Issues and A Framework for Analysis (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.285
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper highlights some key policy issues regarding the performance of public expenditure and proposes an analytical framework for its assessment. The framework distinguishes three economic objectives of policies in the pursuit of better performance of public expenditure: macroeconomic sustainability, allocative efficiency (better outcomes per unit of public expenditure) and technical efficiency (less resource inputs per unit of public output). Against this backdrop, the paper discusses experiences of governments of OECD countries with various policy instruments, including fiscal rules, medium-term fiscal frames, market-based allocation mechanisms and flexible management and control. These experiences could serve as a starting point for peer reviews and international benchmarking ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066436018532
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An International Campus in Switzerland (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un campus international en Suisse
    Keywords: Education ; Switzerland
    Abstract: The International School of Geneva has three campuses in the region of Lake Geneva and now has a total enrolment of some 3 500 pupils; more than 100 nationalities are represented. In order to prevent overcrowding on existing campuses and to meet the growing demand, the Foundation of the International School of Geneva plans to build a fourth campus, at Saconay. It wishes the architecture of this new site to reflect the school’s ideal of service to the local and international communities, while effectively meeting the challenges that it must face at the beginning of the 21st century.
    DOI: 10.1787/772835141244
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Will Ageing Affect Finland? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.295
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: In Finland, as in most OECD countries, the ageing of the population is one of the major long-term policy challenges. This paper first explores the scale of the demographic changes in Finland, the relevant institutions and their effect on the decision to retire. In light of the increase in the number of elderly expected over the coming years, various issues concerning their economic position and health care are considered. The paper then considers the impact that demographic changes will have on public finances: the cost of the pension system will increase by a third; health care spending and the cost of care for the frail elderly are also likely to rise substantially. The paper ends by outlining the policy options to copy with ageing ...
    DOI: 10.1787/361422456778
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  • 19
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    Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2001/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides a link between the degree of entrepreneurial activity in a country and the growth performance. While a recent wave of empirical evidence suggests that the extent to which countries have shifted towards an increased role of entrepreneurship varies considerably across countries, virtually nothing is known about the consequences of lagging behind in this process. Do countries that have shifted towards a greater role for entrepreneurship enjoy greater growth? This question is crucial to policy makers, because if the opportunity cost, measured in terms of forgone growth, of a slow adjustment towards a greater role for entrepreneurship is relatively low, the consequences of not engaging in a rapid adjustment process are relatively trivial. However, if the opportunity cost is high, the consequences are more alarming. This paper offers two distinct approaches, based on two different measures of entrepreneurship – the relative share of economic activity accounted for by ...
    DOI: 10.1787/736170038056
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    The Intelligent School (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 5 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'école intelligente
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: On 14 and 15 December 2000 the Milan Centre for Educational Innovation and Experimentation (CISEM), a research institute reporting to the Province of Milan and the Union of Italian Provinces, held an international seminar sponsored by the province and entitled “Intelligent School – Towards the Scholastic Architecture of the Future”. The “intelligent school” approach developed in PEB’s work, particularly during the 1990s, ties in very closely with the vision emerging from the many other viewpoints expressed at the Milan seminar, particularly that of the CISEM.
    DOI: 10.1787/772344146115
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  • 21
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    Globalisation, Liberalisation, Poverty and Income Inequality in Southeast Asia (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.185
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia have been touted as models for other developing countries of how liberalisation can bring faster growth and greater equity. In fact their performance has been mixed and often inferior to other Asian economies, notably in structural change, tax reform, industrialisation, education and democratisation. Liberalisation and globalisation in finance, trade and investment has harmed redistribution and growth, as well as a country’s ability to “catch up,” except where governments have successfully intervened. The Washington Consensus and its argument that there is no alternative must be rejected. A solution must be founded on greater government competence, transparency and accountability, along with technology and a revival of regional and international solidarity and co-operation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/873322617282
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  • 22
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    Economic Growth and Technological Change : An Evolutionary Interpretation (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2001/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides a perspective from evolutionary economic theory on recent growth differences in the OECD area. The empirical analysis contained in the paper offers a number of findings. First, the United States seems to be diverging from the other OECD countries, while the latter are still, by and large, converging to the OECD average. Second, the estimated model of evolutionary growth suggests that convergence based on the assimilation of foreign technology is becoming a more active process. R&D now seems to be crucial for catching-up and is no longer an activity that is unequivocally associated with moving the world technological frontier. Third, differences between countries in terms of pure technological competencies, i.e. patenting, have become more important in explaining growth differentials. These trends suggest that the absorption of foreign technology requires more active efforts, and that technological differences between countries translate more easily ...
    DOI: 10.1787/703445834058
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  • 23
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    Public Policy and Voluntary Initiatives : What Roles Have Governments Played? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/04
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Government involvement in “voluntary” initiatives for corporate responsibility has been extensive. This chapter reviews four main types of involvement -- legal and regulatory incentives, tax expenditures on the NGO sector, contributions to compliance expertise and moral suasion. The most influential government measures have been closely co-ordinated with broader public strategy, especially in relation to regulatory reform. Many of the private initiatives studied here are closely related to the legal and regulatory environments from which they emerge. Indeed, in some instances, these initiatives are so clearly a response to legal and regulatory incentives, that they could almost be called the extension or reflection into private management practices of public law and regulation. As a result, it is often difficult to analyse the impact or effectiveness of these initiatives independently of the legal and regulatory framework from which they emerge -- the two form an interdependent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/618786830625
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  • 24
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    Where Does Inequality Come From? : Ideas and Implications for Latin America (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.188
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Differences in inequality between Latin American countries are not so much caused by globalisation as by a variety of political and economic structures and government policies. Hostile elites have made democracy fragile and are delaying the mass education and tax-driven income redistribution that democratisation and socialism produced in Europe over the past century. Trends in inequality in Latin America are governed by coups and democratic phases. Recent rising inequality in Argentina, Chile and Peru is mostly due to structural changes in the balance of political power triggered by policies of the military and the debt crisis. The demobilisation of labour and the left has led to new political coalitions that have seriously reduced the chances of democracy playing the key role it did in changing Europe. In theory, globalisation can increase inequality through its impact on prices or wages or by curbing the government’s ability to implement policies. In fact there is little evidence ...
    DOI: 10.1787/042422851403
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  • 25
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    L' école intelligente (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 5 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2001/14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Intelligent School
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le Centre pour l’innovation et l’expérimentation éducatives de Milan (CISEM), institut de recherche de la Province de Milan et de l’Union des Provinces d’Italie, a organisé à Milan, les 14 et 15 décembre derniers, avec le concours de la Province, un séminaire international sur le thème de « L’école intelligente, vers l’architecture scolaire du futur ». L’approche de « l’école intelligente » qui se dégage des activités développées, au cours de la décennie 90 plus particulièrement, par ce programme PEB recoupe finalement très largement la vision que fait apparaître la synthèse des divers autres points de vue exprimés lors de ce séminaire international de Milan, tout particulièrement l’approche développée par le CISEM.
    DOI: 10.1787/760257451115
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    Regional Integration Experience in the Eastern African Region (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.171
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: It is relatively easy to assess the progress, achievements, and possible future direction of an existing regional integration pact. However, evaluating the prospects for a successful revival of the East African Community (EAC), a regional integration scheme that collapsed in 1977, is arguably a more difficult task. This paper examines recent attempts to revive the EAC, especially as it concerns the harmonisation of macroeconomic policies, infrastructure services, and movement of people, goods and services. Despite the hopes of the different partner countries, it appears there are no easy solutions to the problems posed by regionalism in Eastern Africa, especially when one considers that the problems that led to the EAC’s collapse during the 1970s still exist today. Moreover, partners now have many options for multiple memberships: many East African nations are already members of COMESA, and SADC includes one East African member. The paper argues that the presence of these new ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148254462148
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  • 27
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    Some Observations on International Area Aggregates (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2001/01
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper deals with the construction of statistics for area or zone totals for groups of countries. It discusses various ways to construct volume and value series and reviews some of the implications for resulting indirect price indices. The paper then takes a more specific look at the Euro area and provides an empirical example concerning the aggregation of private final consumption for the 12 countries of the Euro area ...
    DOI: 10.1787/436053310120
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  • 28
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    Contributions of Financial Systems to Growth in OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.280
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The recent period of sustained high growth in the United States has drawn attention to its financial system and the efficiency with which it seems to be able to channel funds to new productive investment projects, particularly in hi-tech industries. This study examines the role played by the financial systems in OECD countries and how they affect resource allocation and growth. It provides evidence suggesting that legal and regulatory framework conditions for financial systems, and particularly their enforcement and transparency, support innovation and investment in new enterprises. In addition, using dynamic panel regression techniques, the study finds significant relationships between investment and financial development, as measured by indicators of the scale of financial activity. Evidence is also found of significant relationships between financial development and growth — over and above the links via investment — indicating impacts via overall economic efficiency ...
    DOI: 10.1787/888167575648
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  • 29
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    Facility Benchmarking Trends in Tertiary Education : An Australian Case Study (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/09
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Étude comparative des équipements dans l'enseignement tertiaire : Etude de cas en Australie
    Keywords: Education ; Australia
    Abstract: Extensive efforts world-wide have been made to develop performance measures for the physical infrastructure of educational institutions. However, this issue is not easy to resolve given the differences in data collection and management within individual countries and between countries. The Australasian experience demonstrates that it is possible to collaborate in the development of performance measures if the will is there.
    DOI: 10.1787/787026380813
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  • 30
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    The OECD Guidelines and Other Corporate Responsibility Instruments : A Comparison (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/05
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines are recommendations by governments to multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in or from the 33 countries that adhere to the Guidelines. The Guidelines help ensure that MNEs act in harmony with the policies of countries in which they operate and with societal expectations. They are the only comprehensive, multilaterally endorsed code of conduct for MNEs. They establish non-binding principles and standards covering a broad range of issues in business ethics. The basic premise of the Guidelines is that internationally agreed principles can help to prevent misunderstandings and build an atmosphere of confidence and predictability among business, labour, governments and society as a whole. The recent review of the Guidelines, concluded in June 2000, brought significant change to the contents of the Guidelines’ recommendations and sought to enhance their distinctive implementation procedures. At the time of the review, many participants noted the intense ...
    DOI: 10.1787/302255465771
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  • 31
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    La libéralisation multilatérale des droits de douane et les pays en développement (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.18
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Multilateral Tariff Liberalisation and the Developing Countries
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Les droits de douane : une question toujours d’actualité. • Une libéralisation totale des droits de douane d’ici à 2010 – entraînant des progrès dans l’efficacité et la productivité – se traduirait par des gains de bien-être de l’ordre de 1 200 milliards de dollars (aux prix de 1995), soit 3 pour cent du PIB mondial en 2010. • Les pays en développement pourraient sans doute retirer de la libéralisation multilatérale des droits de douane des avantages relativement plus importants que les pays de l’OCDE, le gain global représentant près de 5 pour cent de leur PIB en 2010. • Les prochaines négociations de l’OMC permettront aux pays participants d’améliorer leur niveau de vie. Toutefois, pour les pays en développement, recueillir les avantages d’une telle libéralisation sera un véritable défi politique.
    DOI: 10.1787/816703685638
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    Central Control of Regional Budget : Theory with Applications to Russia (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.275
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Motivated by the recent experience in the Russian Federation, this paper examines the implications of imposing central control on the budgetary activities of a subnational government. In a highly stylised multi-task principal-agent model (Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991)), a central government cannot directly monitor the informal budgetary operations of a regional administration, but seeks to improve fiscal policies by exerting control over a “formal” regional budget and imposing (limited) costs on informal behaviour. In the static case of the model, the control of subnational budgetary operations by a benevolent central government may increase social welfare, but at the expense of higher (implicit and explicit) taxation of economic organisations in the region, lower output, and a strong orientation of informal policies toward rent seeking activities. The additional imposition of costs on regions for conducting informal budgetary operations has multiple (indeterminate) effects in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/560325048014
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    Trends in Working Hours in OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.45
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In recent years, the decline in average annual hours of work per person in employment, which can be traced back for over a century, has slowed. In some countries, there has even been an increase in the average annual hours per person employed. In countries where continuing falls can be observed, this can be traced to legal action (for example, France, Japan and Portugal) or to particularly vigorous negotiation between the social partners (for example, Germany and the Netherlands). The United States and Sweden both show an increase in average annual hours, in the first case due partly to an increase in overtime hours, in the second to an increase in the hours worked by part-time workers. For the European countries, the paper shows how the pattern of change in weekly working hours can be linked, inter alia, to the institutional arrangements applying in the different countries. Part-time working has both exerted downward pressure on average working hours and been an important ...
    DOI: 10.1787/674061356827
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    Dépenses d'investissement et résultats des élèves : Une analyse réalisée par le Royaume-Uni (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2001/12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Relationship Between Capital Investment and Pupil Performance: An Analysis by the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Le ministère de l’Éducation et de la Formation professionnelle du Royaume-Uni (DfES) a fait faire une importante étude afin d’examiner le lien existant entre les dépenses d’investissement dans les écoles et les résultats scolaires ultérieurs. L’étude avait en particulier comme objectif principal de déterminer, dans la mesure du possible, l’effet supplémentaire qu’avait chaque livre sterling investie en équipement scolaire sur le niveau d’étude atteint par les élèves.
    DOI: 10.1787/764157467734
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    Surveillance of Tax Policies : A Synthesis of Findings in Economic Surveys (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.303
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Taxation is inevitable in modern economies to finance public spending, which is aimed at meeting fundamental economic and social objectives. However, efficiency losses associated with taxation need to be taken into account when the cost and benefits of public expenditure to be funded are being assessed. The public perception of the fairness of tax systems, the practical enforceability of tax rules and the cost arising from compliance are other important considerations. Against this backdrop, the OECD has reviewed in the past two years the tax systems of a number of Member countries in its periodical Economic Surveys. The analysis and policy recommendations emerging from these reviews may provide some useful lessons for other OECD countries, and these are pulled together in this paper ...
    DOI: 10.1787/034063184564
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    Economic Growth: The Role of Policies and Institutions : Panel Data. Evidence from OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.283
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses links between policy settings, institutions and economic growth in OECD countries on the basis of cross-country time-series regressions. The econometric approach allows short-term adjustments and convergence speeds to vary across countries, imposing restrictions only on the long-run coefficients. In addition to the ‘primary’ influences of capital accumulation and skills embodied in the human capital, the results confirm the importance for growth of R&D activity, the macroeconomic environment, trade openness and well developed financial markets. They also confirm that many of the policy influences operate not only ‘directly’ on growth but also indirectlyviathe mobilisation of resources for fixed investment. The paper also reports some bivariate correlations between OECD indicators of product regulation and growth. They provide some supporting evidence that the negative impact of stringent regulations and administrative burden on the efficiency of product ...
    DOI: 10.1787/722675213381
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    Trends in International Migration : SOPEMI (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189898
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2000
    DOI: 10.1787/migr_outlook-2000-en
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : La République tchèque 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264288690
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment; Czech Republic 2001
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: La République tchèque a abordé le processus de transition avec un héritage solide en matière industrielle ainsi qu’une infrastructure considérable bien qu’obsolète résultant de plus de 40 ans de planification centralisée. Tout au long des années 1990, les vastes réformes entreprises ont contribué à réintégrer la République tchèque dans l’économie mondiale au moyen de mesures telles que la privatisation et l’instauration d’un climat libéral favorable à l’investissement, qui a d’ailleurs permis un gonflement de l’IDE, ces dernières années notamment. La République tchèque est devenue Membre de l’OCDE en 1995. Le gouvernement tchèque affiche sa volonté de poursuivre les restructurations industrielles nécessaires. Il entend également achever le processus de privatisation qui a joué un rôle essentiel dans la transformation de l’économie du pays et contribué à attirer l’IDE. Ce processus étant pratiquement achevé, la République tchèque devra à l’avenir préserver ces flux d’IDE en favorisant les nouveaux projets d’implantations et de réinvestissements et en améliorant les relations en amont de ces investissements avec les entreprises nationales. Cet examen retrace l’évolution de l’IDE en République tchèque et évalue son rôle dans le processus de transition, en mesurant l’ouverture de l’économie aux investisseurs directs étrangers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264288690-fr
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : Lituanie 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264294899
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment; Lithuania 2001
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Depuis qu’elle a recouvré son indépendance, en 1990, la Lituanie a connu une transformation économique remarquable. Dès la fin de 2000, ce processus avait été grandement stimulé par un apport de quelque 2.3 milliards de dollars d’IDE en provenance des pays européens, des Etats-Unis et des pays voisins. L’IDE a contribué aux investissements nouveaux, aux fusions-acquisitions et à la privatisation des entreprises d’Etat. La mise en place de conditions propices à l’IDE a été un élément central de la stratégie économique de la Lituanie, et à l’heure actuelle il subsiste relativement peu de restrictions dans ce domaine. L’IDE a été également encouragé par la perspective de l’entrée de la Lituanie dans l’UE et par son adhésion à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, le 31 mai 2001. Parmi les grands chantiers en cours, on peut citer l’achèvement rapide des privatisations, la poursuite de la libéralisation et l’ouverture à la concurrence étrangère. Une priorité absolue est accordée au règlement des problèmes d’application découlant de la refonte de l’ancien régime réglementaire. Le 26 juillet 2001, la Lituanie a été admise à adhérer à la Déclaration de l’OCDE sur l’investissement international et les entreprises multinationales. Cela contribuera sans aucun doute à consolider ses avancées et à développer ses relations économiques avec les pays de l’OCDE et les autres adhérents à la Déclaration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264294899-fr
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : Estonie 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264294950
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment; Estonia 2001
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Estonia
    Abstract: Depuis qu’elle a recouvré son indépendance, en 1991, l’Estonie a connu une remarquable transformation économique. Fin 2000, elle avait reçu environ 2.65 milliards de dollars d’IDE en provenance des pays européens et des Etats-Unis, et investi quelque 443 millions de dollars dans les autres pays baltes. L’IDE a financé des investissements nouveaux, des fusions-acquisitions et la privatisation d’entreprises d’Etat. L’instauration de conditions propices à l’IDE et l’ouverture aux échanges sont les éléments clés de la stratégie économique de l’Estonie. L’Estonie a été incluse dans le premier cercle des pays candidats à l’entrée dans l’UE, et a adhéré à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce le 13 novembre 2001. La refonte de l’ancien régime et la privatisation sont pratiquement achevées, et les autorités s’efforcent tout particulièrement de réduire la bureaucratie et d’améliorer encore la réglementation. Il subsiste très peu de restrictions à l’encontre de l’IDE. L’Estonie doit maintenant relever le défi de la concurrence et rattraper les nations plus prospères. Le 26 juillet 2001, l’Estonie a été admise à adhérer à la Déclaration de l’OCDE sur l’investissement international et les entreprises multinationales. Cela contribuera sans aucun doute à consolider les avancées récentes de l’Estonie et à développer encore ses relations économiques avec les pays de l’OCDE et les autres adhérents à la Déclaration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264294950-fr
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    Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation en Corée 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281745
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in Korea 2000
    Keywords: Governance ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A la fin de 1997, la Corée a subi l’une des crises économiques les plus graves qu’ait jamais vécue un pays de l’OCDE. Un ambitieux programme de réformes réglementaires, financières et structurelles (l’un des efforts de réforme de la réglementation les plus porteurs entrepris par un pays Membre de l’OCDE) a contribué de façon décisive à la vigueur de la reprise économique en 1999 et 2000. Ce programme a non seulement permis de stabiliser la crise, mais il a aussi contribué à rétablir les conditions d’une croissance durable. L'expérience de la Corée peut être utile aux autres pays qui cherchent à favoriser une croissance tirée par le marché. Au moyen de ces réformes, la Corée passe aujourd’hui d'un modèle de développement économique interventionniste et dirigiste à un modèle ouvert, fondé sur le libre jeu des mécanismes de marché et sur des valeurs telles que le choix du consommateur, la démocratie et l’état de droit. Cependant, la tâche est loin d’être achevée. Le système de l’intervention étatique n’est qu’en partie réformé, et de nombreux problèmes importants restent à traiter. Pour plusieurs années encore, la pérennité de la croissance nationale restera tributaire de la continuité des progrès de la réforme de la réglementation. La Corée, comme plusieurs pays Membres, a demandé à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires nationales et de ses réformes internes de la réglementation. Cet ouvrage présente une évaluation approfondie de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines cadres comme la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en œuvre et l’ouverture des marchés. Il comprend aussi des chapitres sectoriels, portant par exemple sur l’électricité et sur les télécommunications, ainsi qu’une évaluation du contexte macroéconomique de la réforme. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à long terme, fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l’échelon international. Dans la même série : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis La réforme de la réglementation en Hongrie La réforme de la réglementation en Espagne La réforme de la réglementation au Danemark L’analyse générale sur laquelle se fondent les examens par pays est exposée dans le Rapport de l’OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation - Synthèse, et le document d’appui en deux volumes Rapport de l’OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation - Études sectorielles - Études thématiques, publiés en 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281745-fr
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    Government of the Future (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Construire aujourd'hui l'administration de demain
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Gobierno del Futuro
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In the face of challenges and opportunities posed by globalisation, rapidly evolving technologies, changing demographics, rising citizen expectations, and competition from the private sector, governments need to continue to explore and exploit new ways of working. This book (based on the proceedings of the OECD Symposium "Government of the Future: Getting from Here to There") looks at the way public administrations have been reformed over the last two decades and draws lessons for a new generation of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189775-en
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  • 43
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    Valuing Rural Amenities (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Economic valuation is widely used in OECD countries as a way of assessing the (usually monetary) value of goods that have no markets. In the rural context, valuation methods are used to argue for or against projects and policy choices in areas as diverse as agricultural support policies, local economic development, land use and biodiversity assessment.This volume reviews a range of different valuation methodologies -- stated preferences, cost-benefit, revealed preferences, and others -- and looks at how these different approaches influence choices in rural policy. Its aim is to assess whether some set of international guidelines or standards could be used to reduce the subjectivity of the evidentiary information.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192126-en
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  • 44
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    International Science and Technology Co-operation : Towards Sustainable Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Environment ; Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Achieving sustainable development goals at a global level will strongly depend on the rapid technological development and innovation, and the widespread diffusion and application, of cleaner technologies in non-OECD as well as OECD countries. But do the developing countries have the capacity and motivation to take advantage of cleaner technology options? What are their needs? And what are the barriers which must be addressed? Arresting the impending environmental imbalances and ecological instability and moving towards sustainable development call for establishing a new multilateral framework for co-operation in environmental science and technology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192348-en
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  • 45
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    Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.115
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre en Europe
    RVK:
    QR 850
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Straßengüterverkehr
    Abstract: Road freight transport for own account represents a major share of inland transport in Europe and, depending on the country concerned, accounts for two to five times the tonnage carried by rail. Despite its importance, however, own account transport tends to be overlooked since it is not regarded as a logistics activity, whereas it is, in fact, a vital transport function that is changing radically as firms increasingly outsource their distribution activities to commercial hauliers. The scale of road freight transport for own account, the impact of regulatory changes and the future of the sector are the themes addressed in the introductory reports and the experts’ discussions outlined in this publication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112830-en
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  • 46
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    Information and Communication Technologies and Rural Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies de l'information et de la communication et le développement rural
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) introduce a new relationship between time and space. Do the nascent possibilities of tele-work, distant access to public services and e-commerce offer both realistic and innovating perspectives for rural development? Are ICTs a threat rather than an opportunity for rural areas? Will these technologies increase the attractiveness of rural and remote areas or will they reinforce the influence of urban ones? ICTs and Rural Development sets out to answer these questions. Field research conducted in Canada, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States shows that rural development projects organised around ICTs have facilitated job creation as well as the emergence of a new environment favourable to the development of the community. Nonetheless, the success of such projects depends on a number of conditions. They are presented and analysed in this report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193079-en
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  • 47
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    Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE : Slovénie 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264288362
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies; Slovenia 2001
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Slovenia
    Abstract: Les dix premières années d'indépendance de la Slovénie ont été marquées par un réel redressement économique et une progression notable de son intégration internationale. Le secteur agro-alimentaire national devrait logiquement en bénéficier, ce qui accélèrerait le transfert de ressources humaines et financières vers des domaines plus compétitifs et contribuerait à faire baisser les coûts de production. Avec la perspective de son adhésion prochaine à l'UE et compte tenu de ses engagements auprès de l'OMC et de l'ALEEC (qu'elle devra tenir), la Slovénie doit impérativement limiter les mesures ayant pour conséquence de fausser les prix dans le secteur agro-alimentaire, et privilégier l'ajustement structurel, en particulier en réduisant le morcellement des exploitations, en étendant le secteur agricole commercialement viable, et en restructurant et modernisant l'industrie alimentaire. Étant donné l'importance considérable des zones rurales en Slovénie, il est essentiel d'adopter une stratégie efficace de diversification capable de générer des revenus non agricoles pour les populations rurales, afin de soutenir le processus de transition vers une agriculture davantage fondée sur les mécanismes du marché. Cette étude analyse les évolutions qu'a connues la Slovénie depuis son accession à l'indépendance en 1991. Elle évalue les principaux problèmes structurels, examine les tendances qui se dessinent au niveau de l'action des pouvoirs publics et fournit des estimations détaillées du soutien à l'agriculture en utilisant les indicateurs mis au point par l'OCDE (ESP et ESC). Cet ouvrage offre des informations et une analyse précieuses pour tous ceux qui s'intéressent aux politiques, aux marchés et aux échanges agricoles et agro-alimentaires des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Il s'imposera par ailleurs comme une référence indispensable pour les décideurs, les chefs d'entreprise et les chercheurs. Examens des politiques agricoles déjà parus : Bulgarie (2000) Roumanie (2000) Fédération de Russie (1998) République slovaque (1997) Estonie (1996) Lettonie (1996) Lituanie (1996) République tchèque (1995) Pologne (1995) Hongrie (1994) Cette publication s'inscrit dans le cadre de la coopération engagée par l'OCDE avec les économies non membres.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264288362-fr
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Teruel, Espagne 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264289956
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Teruel, Spain 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Spain
    Abstract: L’examen territorial de la région de Teruel fait partie d’un vaste programme d’examens territoriaux réalisés à l’échelle nationale et régionale par le Comité des politiques de développement territorial de l’OCDE. Cette série d'examens à pour objectif général de donner aux pouvoirs publics des conseils pratiques sur les mesures à prendre. En venant compléter l’analyse statistique et l’analyse comparative des méthodes et des instruments disponibles, ces examens régionaux jouent un rôle fondamental. L’étude de certains types de pays et de régions (zones urbaines, intermédiaires, rurales) offre des exemples concrets de défis à relever et de réponses possibles. La province de Teruel est une région rurale reculée du nord-est de l’Espagne, partie du pays qui est elle-même d’un grand dynamisme. Elle constitue un exemple typique, voire extrême, de région reculée à faible densité de population, dont la base économique pose de graves problèmes et qui ne peut guère compter que sur ses propres atouts pour son développement économique. Cet ouvrage montre surtout que les importantes ressources naturelles et culturelles de la région peuvent contribuer de manière essentielle à une stratégie de développement intégré résolument tournée vers l’avenir.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264289956-fr
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  • 49
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    Valuation of Biodiversity Benefits : Selected Studies (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195844
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The importance of biodiversity valuation is widely understood in academia and is increasingly used in policy making and other fora. For example, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), through the Conference of the Parties (COP), recognises that "economic valuation of biodiversity and biological resources is an important tool for well-targeted and calibrated economic incentive measures". Further, it encourages the Parties to "take into account economic, social, cultural and ethical valuation in the development of relevant incentive measures" (CBD COP Decision IV/10). Biodiversity valuation should be an integral part of environmental economic policy, providing information to policy makers in their quest to identify priorities and equate trade-offs. As part of its effort to support governments in using valuation methods to assess the value of biological diversity, the OECD commissioned this series of case studies. They cover the state of the art on economic valuation and on the interface between economic and ecological valuation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195844-en
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  • 50
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    Investing in Trust: Nuclear Regulators and the Public : Workshop Proceedings Paris, France 29th November-1st December 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Regulation
    Keywords: Governance ; Nuclear Energy ; France
    Abstract: Good governance and efficiency in decision making by governmental authorities are increasingly dependent upon mutual trust and confidence between those authorities and the public. This workshop provided an opportunity to exchange information and views on how national nuclear regulatory organisations can improve their interface with the public.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193154-en
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    Trends in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle : Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le cycle du combustible nucléaire ; Aspects économiques, environnementaux et sociaux
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The role of nuclear energy in a sustainable development context has multiple facets, a significant number of which relate to the nuclear fuel cycle. This report provides a description of the developments and trends in the nuclear fuel cycle that may improve the competitiveness and sustainability of nuclear generating systems over the medium and long term. It also presents criteria and indicators for future nuclear energy systems. Prepared by experts from the nuclear industry, government agencies and research organisations, this report will be of interest to those involved in nuclear energy policy and decision making.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196223-en
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  • 52
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    Tax and the Economy : A Comparative Assessment of OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fiscalité et économie ; Analyse comparative des pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This study draws on recent tax policy experience in a selection of OECD countries to provide an analysis of important current tax policy issues in a number of areas: corporate income tax; personal income tax and social security contributions; consumption tax; property and wealth taxes; devolving expenditure and taxing power; tax administration and enforcement. Taxation is inevitable in modern economies to finance public spending, which is aimed at meeting fundamental economic and social objectives. However, efficiency losses associated with taxation need to be taken into account when the cost and benefits of public expenditure to be funded are being assessed. The public perception of the fairness of tax systems, the practical enforceability of tax rules and the cost arising from compliance are other important considerations. Against this backdrop, the OECD has reviewed in the past two years the tax systems of a number of Member countries in its periodical Economic Surveys. The analysis and policy recommendations emerging from these reviews may provide some useful lessons for other OECD countries, and these are pulled together in this paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195615-en
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Poland (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.299
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper reviews several aspects of Poland’s environmental policies. Its main finding is that substantial progress has been made in dealing with the environmentally unfriendly legacy from the past. Poland has successfully combined emission permits based on environmental quality standards, emission fees and fines, public environmental subsidy schemes and widely publicised lists of the worst polluters. Other important factors of success were long-term time consistency, gradual tightening of enforcement and limited administrative discretion. Poland is now embarking on a fundamental revision of its instrument mix in order to respond to new environmental challenges typical of market economies, and to comply with the European Union environmental Directives. In this context, the challenge is to formulate a medium-term strategy that is both environmentally effective and market friendly. Pending legislative amendments, however, may not always live up to this challenge. New instruments ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148456178784
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    Understanding the Digital Divide (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.49
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The term "digital divide" refers to the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs).
    DOI: 10.1787/236405667766
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    Le centre numérique multifonctionnel : Un concept pour les pays en développement dans la nouvelle ère électronique (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2001/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Multifunctional Digital Centre: A Concept for Developing Countries in the Electronic Age
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’enseignement supérieur doit faire face à de multiples problèmes à l’aube du nouveau millénaire, et ces problèmes sont particulièrement aigus dans les pays en développement, où il doit poursuivre sa croissance alors que le financement de l’État diminue et que les défis paraissent de plus en plus difficiles à relever dans le domaine de la technologie, de l’accès et du maintien de la qualité. L’idée du « centre numérique multifonctionnel » (CNM) est une solution remarquable pour certains des problèmes que rencontre l’enseignement supérieur dans les pays en développement, et elle peut aussi intéresser les nations industrialisées.
    DOI: 10.1787/801484016206
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    Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness No. 1 - Guidance for Evaluating Humanitarian Assistance in Complex Emergencies (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation et l'efficacité de l'aide n 1 - Conseils pour l'évaluation de l'aide humanitaire apportée dans les situations d'urgence complexes
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Evaluation is a key tool in improving the quality and effectiveness of development co-operation. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Working Party in Aid Evaluation is the only international forum where bilateral and multilateral evaluation experts meet regularly. Its Members meet to improve evaluation practice and to learn lessons from development co-operation activities and experiences. A series "Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness" was launched to share selected pieces of work with a broader public. This Guidance is aimed at those involved in the commissioning, design and management of evaluations of humanitarian assistance programmes principally within donor organisations but is also likely to be of use to UN agencies, NGOs and other organisations involved in the provision of humanitarian assistance. It is not intended as an exhaustive guide as specialised texts are available, but to complement the existing DAC Principles on Aid Evaluation by highlighting those areas which require special attention, the nature of the activities undertaken and the multi-actor, highly interconnected system by which the international community provides humanitarian assistance. The print version of the above report is available free of charge from the Development Co-operation Directorate; please send an email to dac.contactoecd.org to get a copy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033818-en
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    Tracking the Euro (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.298
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: During the first two years of monetary union, the euro's weakness surprised most market participants. Explanations proliferated ranging from fundamentals such as differences in growth prospects to psychological factors such as herd behaviour, but no single story fully accounts for the observed exchange rate path. Based on an eclectic approach, this paper offers an empirical analysis showing that terms-of-trade and saving/investment behaviour seem to have driven the euro exchange rate over the medium and longer run. While such econometric estimates ought to be interpreted with due care, they do support the view that towards the end of 2000, the euro was significantly undervalued ...
    DOI: 10.1787/536702025320
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    Fiscal Implications of Ageing : Projections of Age-Related Spending (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.305
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides new projections on the fiscal impact of age-related spending for OECD countries over the next half century. These results are based on national models using an agreed upon set of assumptions about macroeconomic and demographic developments for all countries. Recent reforms to pension systems have partly offset the impact on spending of an increasingly elderly population, and there has been a major improvement in the underlying fiscal situation in the 1990s. However, further age-related spending (including old age pensions, health and spending associated with children) is still projected to increase on average around 6 to 7 per cent of GDP over the projection period. This calls for maintaining the reform effort and intensifying it in several countries, if fiscal sustainability is to be maintained ...
    DOI: 10.1787/503643006287
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    Nuclear production of hydrogen : first information exchange meeting, Paris, France, 2 - 3 October 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264193197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear science
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Nuclear production of hydrogen
    RVK:
    VN 6050
    Keywords: Wasserstofftechnologie ; Kernenergie ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Kerntechnik ; Wasserstofferzeugung
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193192-en
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    Estudios económicos de la OCDE: España 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264488359
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Spain 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Espagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Spain 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Espagne 2001
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264488359-es
    URL: Volltext
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    Improving the Environmental Performance of Agriculture : Policy options and market approaches (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer les performances environnementales de l'agriculture ; Choix de mesures et approches par le marché
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer les performances environnementales de l'agriculture : Choix de mesures et approches par le marché
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Agriculture has major impacts on the environment, especially on land use, soil and water quality, biodiversity and landscapes, which is a growing public concern in OECD countries. The challenge is to find ways for agriculture to efficiently and profitably produce sufficient and safe food to meet growing world demand without harming the environment and degrading natural resources. Agricultural policies often provide substantial production-linked support that have boosted farm output, but with mixed results on environmental quality. The reform of agricultural policies and trade liberalisation has started to alter signals to farmers, leading to changes in farm practices, which will contribute to enhancing the beneficial and reducing the harmful environmental impacts of agriculture. Despite some progress in the environmental performance of agriculture over the last decade, there is still much room for improvement and more needs to be done. On which principles should policies be based? Who should pay or be paid for ensuring environmental quality? When could market approaches be harnessed for charging and remunerating environmental quality? And when might policy action be needed? This report sheds light on these questions and provides criteria and guidelines for the better design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies addressing environmental issues in agriculture.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033801-en
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    Measuring Expenditure on Health-related R&D (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192928
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Science and technology improves human health but the pressure for faster and larger improvements is building with the continued ageing of the population of many OECD countries and the associated increased demands for health care. A fundamental starting point for better understanding of the impact of innovation on health is the measurement of R&D. This publication addresses this issue by looking in detail at measurement practices across ten OECD member countries as well as the main international sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192928-en
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    STI Revue, Volume 2000 Numéro 1 : Stimuler l'essaimage des entreprises de haute technologie : un atout pour l'innovation (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264293106
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. STI Review, Volume 2000 Issue 1; Special Issue on Fostering High-tech Spin-offs; A Public Strategy for Innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: STI Review, Volume 2000 Issue 1: Special Issue on Fostering High-tech Spin-offs; A Public Strategy for Innovation
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264293106-fr
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    What schools for the future? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264195009
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Schooling for Tomorrow
    Series Statement: Schooling for tomorrow
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. What schools for the future?
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Quel avenir pour nos écoles?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quel avenir pour nos écoles ?
    RVK:
    DI 3000
    RVK:
    DI 4000
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1996 ; Schule ; Zukunft
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195004-en
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    Corporate Governance and National Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.180
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Corporate governance matters for national development. Case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Malaysia and South Africa suggest that it has a role of growing importance to play in helping to increase the flow of financial capital to firms in developing countries. Equally important are the potential benefits of improved corporate governance for overcoming barriers, including the actions of vested interest groups, to achieving sustained productivity growth. Improved corporate governance, however, cannot be considered in isolation. In the financial sector, attention must also be given to measures to strengthen the banking sector, and a country’s financial institutions as a whole. In the “real” sector, close attention must be given to competition policy and sector–specific regulatory reform. Forces working in favour of improved corporate governance in developing countries include those operating both on the demand and on the supply side of domestic and international ...
    DOI: 10.1787/113535588267
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    Trade Linkages and the Trade Matrices in the OECD Interlink Model (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.310
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a mainly graphical summary of the trade matrices underlying the OECD’s international macroeconomic model Interlink. In doing so it gives a snapshot of the geographical nature of global trading relationships, in particular between individual OECD countries and the main non-OECD regions, distinguishing trade in manufactures non-manufactures and non-factor services. It also serves more broadly as a 'ready reckoner' guide to the sensitivity of shocks that are transmitted through trade. The sources and methods used to construct the matrices are also described in annexes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/114365718347
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    A Small Global Forecasting Model (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.286
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the OECD’s new small global forecasting model for the three main OECD economic regions: the United States, the euro area, and Japan. The key variables – which include output, inflation, the trade balance, and import prices – are driven by monetary and fiscal policy, exchange rates, and world demand. The projections from the model are used as a starting point to help animate the early stages of the OECD’s forecasting round. The model is essentially a demand-side model with a particular focus on the impact of global linkages and the transmission of influences between regions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/628640803664
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    International Mobility of the Highly Skilled (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The international mobility of highly skilled workers, in particular human resources in science and technology (HRST) such as scientists, engineers and IT experts, is currently an important policy issue in the majority of OECD countries. Accompanying the booming demand for skilled labour, especially from the information technology-related industries and professions, there is apparently a growing shortage of such workers in a number of OECD Member countries. In order to meet these shortages, an increasing number of countries are implementing measures to facilitate the recruitment of foreign skilled workers. Considering that improved knowledge and understanding of these issues are necessary for informing the policy agenda, the OECD held a seminar on "International Mobility of Highly Skilled Workers: From Statistical Analysis to the Formulation of Policies", in Paris on 11-12 June 2001. This seminar was organised by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) and the Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (DEELSA). The seminar targeted three main objectives, which are mirrored in the structure of the book: Provide data on the scale and characteristics of flows and stocks of skilled and highly skilled foreign workers in the OECD Member countries and certain non-member economies: South Africa, China, India, Israel, Russia and Chinese Taipei; to assess the quality of the data available and the concepts used, and to help improve their comparability. Analyse the mobility of skilled workers and HRST and their impact on the economy through case studies covering most of the major regions sending and receiving these workers. Examine appropriate migration policies aimed at facilitating the mobility of skilled workers in ways that are beneficial both to receiving and sending countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196087-en
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    Policies to Enhance Sustainable Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement durable ; Quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement durable : Quelles politiques ?
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Sustainable development involves linking the economic, social and environmental objectives of societies in a balanced way. It stresses the importance of taking a broader view of what human welfare entails, of using a long-term perspective about the consequences of today's activities, and of recognising the global nature of many of the most pressing challenges facing societies. OECD countries committed themselves to sustainable development at the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. However, action to meet these commitments remains slow. This report identifies some of the main barriers -- conceptual and practical -- that stand in the way of progress, and some of the areas where concrete government actions will allow a better integration of environmental, economic and social goals. Particular focus is placed on how the use of the price system, reform of governments' decision-making processes, technology policies, and international trade and investment may each contribute to removing incentives to unsustainable resource depletion and environmental degradation. Recommendations in each of these areas are presented in this Report, and then applied to two areas -- climate change and natural resource management -- where the risks of non-sustainability appear to be highest.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192683-en
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    Integration and Co-Operation in Southern Africa (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.172
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Following the end of apartheid and the holding of multi-party elections in 1994, South Africa embarked on new economic and trade reforms and is now rapidly re-integrating its economy into the multilateral trading system. South Africa is by far the largest trading partner in both the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). Under the SACU, members apply to imports customs, excise, sales, anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard duties, and other related laws set by. The agreement provides for duty-free circulation of goods within the five-country customs union and grants transit rights across South African territory. SADC, on the other hand, sets out a timetable for the creation of a free-trade area encompassing the free movement of capital, goods, services and labour. SADC, an agreement which is to have its own dispute settlement mechanism, is also a forum for political co-operation. The structure of the SACU’s common external ...
    DOI: 10.1787/552800041887
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Spain 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Spain
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of Spains energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that due to Spain’s geographical setting and limited domestic energy resources, security of supply is a core objective of Spanish energy policy. Energy supply grew by some 3.5% per year from 1996 to 1999 and electricity consumption by 6% per year. Spain is increasingly dependent on imported energy. As Spanish energy markets are being liberalised, it is essential for the government to ensure that it sends signals to the markets which evoke sustainable investment in energy. Progress has been made in electricity and gas market liberalisation during the last few years and full liberalisation of both markets is scheduled for the beginning of 2003. But many details are yet to be defined. The electricity market is still dominated by two large companies and the gas market by one. The report recommends measures to achieve effective competition. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains a major challenge for the Spanish government. Carbon dioxide emissions continued to increase along with energy demand. Spanish GHG emissions in 1998 were already 21% above the 1990 level, while Spain is committed to reduce them to 15% above 1990.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194649-en
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    Nuclear Power in the OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (179 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This comprehensive overview explores the policy issues and other factors affecting the future of nuclear power in OECD countries. It provides a wealth of historical and current information of interest to both energy industry professionals and policy makers. Nuclear power has grown steadily since the early 1960s. Today it provides one quarter of OECD electricity supply from 300 GWe capacity. It is an important contributor to OECD energy security. Existing nuclear plants appear ready to meet the challenges of electricity market competition. The industry has experienced sustained improvements in technical and economic performance. A major advantage of nuclear power is that it produces none of the airborne pollutants or carbon dioxide that fossil-fuelled plants do. Nonetheless, nuclear power must cope with many challenges. New nuclear plants face formidable competition from fossil fuel generation, given nuclear power’s high capital cost and today’s fossil fuel prices. Almost half of OECD countries have placed restrictions on building nuclear power plants. Disposal facilities for high-level wastes are under development, but face technical and political hurdles before they can become operational. Can nuclear power meet these challenges and thrive in future energy markets? Or will its contribution to energy supply ebb in coming years? This book provides a critical assessment of the issues that will shape the answers to these questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188525-en
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Ireland 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193352
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation en Irlande 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation en Irlande 2001
    Keywords: Governance ; Ireland
    Abstract: OECD's 2001 review of regulatory reform in Ireland. It finds that regulatory reform in Ireland began later than in many countries, but is now moving ahead on a broad front. Following Ireland’s remarkable economic performance in the 1990s, regulatory reform is helping to manage the consequences of fast growth and to sustain growth into the future. Reform is opening up important infrastructure and policy bottlenecks to further growth, promoting efficiency improvements that can help manage inflation, and establishing a more competitive and flexible economy that can innovate, adapt and prosper as the sources of its current prosperity change. Yet the reform agenda is still long. Bottlenecks in physical infrastructure are constraining growth, as are labour shortages, and public sector capacities. Weak competition in key sectors is a risk to future performance. While recognising the substantial progress made in recent years, this report calls for a more coherent and determined approach to regulatory reform. This review presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and market openness. It also contains chapters on sectors such as telecommunications, electricity, gas, pharmacies and legal services, and an assessment of the macroeconomic context for reform. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193352-en
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    Competition in Electricity Markets (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Most OECD countries, and many countries outside the OECD, are now deeply engaged in a reform of their electricity markets to stimulate competition and improve efficiency. This book considers the key elements of effective reform based on a review of experiences to date. A converging trend emerges, that emphasises competition in the generation, supply and trade of electricity, aimed at maximising consumer choice. It also highlights the development of new approaches to regulation of the transmission system, which remains monopolistic. This book is an invaluable guide and reference for energy policy makers. It examines the many issues and functions that define a modern, liberalised electricity supply industry, and the challenges posed by regulatory reform. It updates the 1999 IEA publication “Electricity Market Reform - an IEA Handbook”, and is the latest in a series of IEA publications on energy market reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192768-en
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    OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment: Estonia 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194953
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger ; Estonie 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : Estonie 2001
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Estonia
    Abstract: OECD's review of foreign direct investment policy in Estonia. It finds that since regaining its independence in 1991, Estonia has undergone a remarkable economic transformation. By the end of 2000, it had received some US$2.65 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI), principally from European countries and the United States, and invested some US$443 million in the other Baltic countries. FDI has financed green-field investment, mergers and acquisitions, as well as the privatisation of state-owned-enterprises. Creating favourable conditions for FDI and openness to foreign trade have been key elements of Estonia’s economic strategy. Estonia has been included in the first wave of accession of new Members to the European Union and it joined the World Trade Organisation in 2000. The revamping of the old regime and privatisation are practically complete, and special attention is being given to reducing bureaucracy and regulation further. Very few restrictions to FDI remain. Estonia now faces the challenge of keeping up with the competition and catching up with the richer nations. On 26 July 2001, Estonia became eligible for adherence to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. This will help to consolidate Estonia's recent achievements and further expand its economic relations with OECD countries and other adherents to the Declaration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194953-en
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    Towards Global Tax Co-operation : Progress in Identifying and Eliminating Harmful Tax Practices (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264184541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Report of the OECD to the 2000 Ministerial Council Meeting on progess in identifying and eliminating harmful tax practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264184541-en
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    Globalisation, Poverty and Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Political Economy Appraisal (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.183
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Implementation of globalisation reforms has been uneven in Africa and the policy response generally inadequate. Except in Mauritius, compensatory measures have not been fully applied, reflecting weak capacity and politicisation of the process, so globalisation has largely failed to achieve sustainable pro-poor growth. Country variations were mostly due to the political-institutional situation, state capacity and external factors. Economic crisis and political change gave some non-democracies a mandate to liberalise and space to do it, but in the long run a political system with accountability and coalition-building makes globalisation easier to manage. Supporting agriculture helps the poor in less industrialised countries, while in mineral-rich countries skewed asset distributions create unbalanced political power, leading to inadequate policy and unsustainable reform ...
    DOI: 10.1787/338442276853
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    Sectoral Regulatory Reforms in Italy : Framework and Implications (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper discusses product market regulatory reforms in Italy over the past decade. Special attention is given to the underlying macroeconomic context for sectoral reforms and the role played by such reforms in consolidating the gains of macroeconomic convergence for entry into the European Monetary Union. The paper suggests that the shift towards more market-oriented and less interventionist policies, has allowed Italy’s legal and institutional framework to come closer to the mainstream of good regulatory practices in the OECD countries. With Italy having been initially a laggard on the regulatory reform front, recent achievements have been remarkable. They are, however, incomplete. A major challenge is the need to secure competition in the sheltered sectors of the economy, where inflation inertia raises costs and affects the exposed sectors, thereby weakening international competitiveness ...
    DOI: 10.1787/857601117127
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    Does Human Capital Matter for Growth in OECD Countries? : Evidence from Pooled Mean-Group Estimates (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.282
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents empirical estimates of human-capital augmented growth equations for a panel of 21 OECD countries over the period 1971-98. It uses an improved dataset on human capital and a novel econometric technique that reconciles growth model assumptions with the needs of panel data regressions. Unlike several previous studies, our results point to a positive and significant impact of human capital accumulation to output per capita growth. The estimated long-run effect on output of one additional year of education (about 6 per cent) is also consistent with microeconomic evidence on the private returns to schooling. We also found a significant growth effect from the accumulation of physical capital and a speed of convergence to the steady state of around 15 per cent per year. Taken together these results are not consistent with the human capital augmented version of the Solow model, but rather they support an endogenous growth model à la Uzawa-Lucas, with constant returns to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/424300244276
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    Inventory of Consumer Protection Laws, Policies and Practices Applied to Electronic Commerce (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.54
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Inventaire des lois, politiques et pratiques régissant la protection des consommateurs dans le contexte du commerce électronique
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Consumer laws, policies and practices exist to help build consumers’ trust and confidence by protecting them from unfair or deceptive acts or practices and helping to establish a more balanced relationship between sellers and consumers in commercial transactions. Domestic retail markets offer consumers assurances that their interactions and purchases are covered by national legal and private sector consumer protections. The increase in cross-border transactions and the limited or non-existent face-to-face contact between businesses and consumers brought on by the growth of electronic commerce reinforce the need for a predictable and trustworthy global marketplace.
    DOI: 10.1787/234054742628
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    Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (japanese version) (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065703
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD retningslinjer for forbrukervern ved elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendação do conselho relativa às linhas directrizes que regem A protecção dos consumidores no contexto do comércio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Swedish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retningslinier for forbrugerbeskyttelse i forbindelse med elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Leitlinien für den Verbraucherschutz im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendación del consejo de la ocde relativa a los lineamientos para la protección al consumidor en el contexto del comercio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida per la tutela dei consumatori nel contesto del Commercio Elettronico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Richtlijnen ter bescherming van consumenten in het kader van de Elektronische handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD:N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce are designed to help ensure that consumers are no less protected when shopping on line than they are when they buy from their local store or order from a catalogue. By setting out the core characteristics of effective consumer protection for online business-to-consumer transactions, the Guidelines are intended to help eliminate some of the uncertainties that both consumers and businesses encounter when buying and selling on line. The Guidelines reflect existing legal protections available to consumers in more traditional forms of commerce. Their aim is to encourage: - fair business, advertising and marketing practices; - clear information about an online business’s identity, the goods or services it offers and the terms and conditions of any transaction; - a transparent process for the confirmation of transactions; - secure payment mechanisms; - fair, timely and affordable dispute resolution and redress; - privacy protection; and - consumer and business education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065703-ja
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  • 82
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    School Reform and Construction in the Province of Rovigo, Italy (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de l'école et la construction scolaire : L'exemple de la province de Rovigo, Italie
    Keywords: Education ; Italy
    Abstract: The legislative framework of the Italian education system has changed radically over the past five years. After decades of announcing, discussing, proposing and experimenting with reform, the school of tomorrow is rapidly becoming a reality. Is it possible today to construct school buildings that will easily house the reformed school that is being defined? This is probably the most urgent question that the administrators, managers and experts of local authorities are now seeking to answer.
    DOI: 10.1787/787682500242
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  • 83
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    Financial Management and Control of Public Agencies (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 165 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.32
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: All Member States of the EU and countries from Central and Eastern Europe use agencies of various shapes and sizes as part of their system of public administration. The legal forms vary widely from country to country depending on the legal tradition and the system of administration. Public agencies, if properly designed and managed, provide an opportunity for decentralising public administration, achieving greater transparency in government operations, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness with which government services are delivered to end users. Agencies can thus be used for economically and socially beneficial reasons, and indeed are sometimes employed as a stepping stone to more radical options, e.g. the privatisation of government services. However, agencies can also be misused for purposes that contravene the tenets of good governance and sound financial management. They can be a source of inefficiency, unregulated and covert expenditures, political favouritism and corruption. This paper originated in a request from the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic for SIGMA advice in developing new legal provisions for the financial management of public agencies. However, this subject cannot be addressed without avoiding the broader context. This paper has expanded well beyond the scope of the original mandate. It highlights the practice and experience of five EU Member States with very different legal systems and administrative structures. It focuses on issues relating to the financial management of public agencies but also discusses, in less detail, other issues concerning legal structures and governance. No single good practice "model" exists in this complex field. International best practice is still evolving. Moreover, we recommend a cautious approach by countries that are tempted to transpose elements of the agency models applied in countries such as New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Would-be reformers should consider whether the legal and administrative structures are comparable, and the necessary systems of regulation, control and open reporting are in place and can be enforced. Whilst avoiding simplistic solutions, the paper includes recommendations that policy makers in Central and Eastern Europe should take into account before embarking on major reforms in this area.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml60vk0h9x-en
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  • 84
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    Comment encourager une croissance écologiquement durable en France ? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.314
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This document analyses certain economic aspects of environmental policy in France, focussing on greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and discharges in city air. Like most other OECD countries, France has been endeavouring for some years to make its growth environmentally sustainable. These efforts have been based on the traditional instruments of environmental protection—regulatory standards, in particular. But this approach has lacked economic efficiency in that it has not allowed efforts to be concentrated on pollution sources with the lowest abatement costs. Aware of these inadequacies, the authorities have adopted a new approach that involves more extensive and more efficient use of economic analysis and instruments. However, the measure adopted to curb emissions of greenhouse gases — negotiation of voluntary agreements with industrial producers — will not serve to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly and at least cost, as international experience has shown. It ...
    DOI: 10.1787/260737031267
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  • 85
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    Globalisation and Transformation : Illusions and Reality (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.176
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The globalisation of economic relationships and the systemic transformation in post-socialist countries are two interlacing processes and a mark of the turn of the century. Globalisation, that is, the institutional and real integration of national and regional markets into a single worldwide organism, is neither restricted to the last few decades, nor is it, as yet, an irreversible, let alone complete process. Even in its most advanced form it does not absolve nations from adopting sound economic policies, and their quality remains essential for economic efficiency and growth. In contrast, the market transformation of post-socialist economies and their integration with the world economy along capitalist lines is irreversible — precisely because of globalisation. The transformation will soon be complete, unlike globalisation, because the latter, being a dynamic, open-ended process, has no end, just as there is no end to socio-economic development. For this reason, and bearing in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/116781613514
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  • 86
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    La réforme des télécommunications en Afrique subsaharienne (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.174
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Throughout the world, deep reforms are being implemented in telecommunications networks. Sub Saharan African countries are not immune to the contestation of the way the sector has been managed to date, dominated as it was by a technological stability and bilateral institutional arrangements between public monopolies. Four factors have contributed to a radical change: the need for a greater efficiency of the networks; the possibility to introduce competition through deregulation; technical and organisational innovations; and the narrow base of public funds available for the sectoral development. These driving forces are structuring the new landscape of the African telecommunication networks, leading notably to partial privatisation of the national incumbent operator, but also to a greater competition through the fixed as well as cellular mobile networks. All these changes should help to provide more services and to promote a much–improved quality. However this outcome requires the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/776308255526
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  • 87
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    Reviews of National Policies for Education: Estonia 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (185 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Reviews of National Policies for Education
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation ; Estonie 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation : Estonie 2001
    Keywords: Education ; Estonia
    Abstract: OECD's 2001 review of Estonia's education system. Reform of education, training and human resource development is an integral part of the transition to a democratic society and market economy. This report finds that Estonia has made progress in all these areas since reform began in 1990. The challenge for the Ministry of Education has been to promote and support changes that meet the needs of the new economy and society as well as the interests of all young people and adults, in the face of a shortage of financial and human resources. This book first gives a brief overview of regional issues and a history of education in Estonia and describes the development of education in the country since the political changes. It then presents an analysis of the entire education system and identifies key directions for the reinforcement of the reforms in light of the challenges encountered by officials, communities, enterprises, educators, parents and students under very dynamic conditions. It concludes with a set of key recommendations of goals of education, learning effectiveness, outcomes and the curriculum, management and governance for flexibility, responsiveness and change, and resources and financing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189966-en
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  • 88
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    Un campus international en Suisse (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2001/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An International Campus in Switzerland
    Keywords: Education ; Switzerland
    Abstract: L’École Internationale de Genève compte trois campus dans la région du lac Léman, réunissant aujourd’hui près de 3 500 élèves de plus de cent nationalités. Afin, d’une part, de diminuer la surcharge sur les campus existants et, d’autre part, de satisfaire aux nouvelles demandes, la Fondation de l’École Internationale de Genève a envisagé la réalisation d’un quatrième campus, le campus de Saconay. Elle souhaite que ce nouveau lieu soit la traduction architecturale de son idéal de service aux communautés internationale et locale, tout en relevant efficacement les défis qui l’attendent à l’aube du XXIe siècle.
    DOI: 10.1787/766250046134
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  • 89
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    Lernen für das Leben : Erste Ergebnisse von PISA 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264595903
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Knowledge and Skills for Life; First Results from PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Connaissances et compétences ; des atouts pour la vie ; Premiers résultats de PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conocimientos y aptitudes para la vida ; Primeros resultados del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes (PISA) 2000 de la OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results from PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Connaissances et compétences : des atouts pour la vie : Premiers résultats de PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conocimientos y aptitudes para la vida : Primeros resultados del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes (PISA) 2000 de la OCDE
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Sind die Schülerinnen und Schüler gut vorbereitet für die Herausforderungen der Zukunft? Sind sie in der Lage, ihre Ideen und Vorstellungen effektiv zu analysieren, zu begründen und zu kommunizieren? Verfügen sie über die notwendigen Kompetenzen für lebensbegleitendes Lernen? Der Bericht bewertet, inwieweit Schülerinnen und Schüler gegen Ender ihrer Pflichtschulzeit wesentliche Kompetenzen erworben haben, die für eine aktive Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft unerlässlich sind. Er enthält Angaben zu den Schülerleistungen in den Bereichen Lesekompetenz sowie mathematische und naturwissenschaftliche Grundbildung, deckt die Faktoren auf, die die Entwicklung dieser Kompetenzen im familiären und schulischen Kontext beeinflussen, und untersucht, welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Politikgestaltung ergeben. Die PISA-Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Niveau der Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten je nach Schülern, Schulen und Ländern erheblich variiert. Der sozioökonomische Hintergrund von Schülern und Schulen wirkt sich unterschiedlich stark auf die Schülerleistungen aus. Einigen Ländern ist es gelungen, den Einfluss dieser sozialen Faktoren abzuschwächen, und mache haben dabei zugleich ein insgesamt hohes durchschnittliches Leistungsniveau erreicht.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264595903-de
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  • 90
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    Corporate Responsibility : Results of a Fact-Finding Mission on Private Initiatives (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In the ongoing public debate on globalisation, concerns have been expressed about the economic, social and environmental impacts of deepening international trade and investment ties and about the activities of the multinational enterprises. These concerns focus on a variety of issues including labour relations, human rights, environment, corruption, control of technology and consumer protection. The high profile of this debate means that most multinational enterprises now pay close attention to public perceptions of their activities in the societies in which they operate. Globalisation has also brought with it additional management challenges for firms in area that has come to be called “legal compliance”. Multinational enterprise are often present in dozens of jurisdictions covering many legal and regulatory areas. These companies need to keep themselves informed about the regulations affecting them and must take steps to ensure that they comply with law and regulation. Compliance ...
    DOI: 10.1787/701174424371
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  • 91
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    Firms' Contribution to the Reconciliation between Work and Family Life (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.48
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: One of the most striking, long-term trends in the labour market has been the increase in the proportion of parents at work. This has been reflected in the increase in the proportion of dual-earner couple families and of lone-parent families where the parent is working. A growing proportion of the workforces of firms is thus heavily involved in family life and responsibilities, in addition to their jobs. The way in which the working arrangements in firms adapt in response to these changes is of crucial importance for the work/family reconciliation. Whatever government policies are put in place, the detailed aspects of the reconciliation are worked out at the level of the workplace, and the job. This paper provides an international comparison of these “family-friendly” work arrangements voluntarily introduced by firms, and discusses some of the factors which might influence and encourage their development. Detailed information on family-friendly arrangements in enterprises is ...
    DOI: 10.1787/344836028454
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  • 92
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    The Development of Broadband Access in the OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.56
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The development of broadband access to the Internet is gaining increasing prominence. This is occurring in fields that go well beyond communications policy. One reason for this is the role advanced communication capabilities may have played in generating higher growth in productivity rates, as well as new networkbased economic activities, in some countries over recent years. If, as many believe, new communication tools such as the Internet and wireless networks boosted growth in the latter half of the 1990s, and softened the current cyclical downturn, then the next steps toward broadband access are of critical importance that go beyond the communications sector. The current bottleneck to growth in the communications sector, and beyond for areas such as electronic commerce, is the limitations of local access networks. These limitations are not just technological. The inheritance of many decades of monopoly provision of access networks is that there is usually only one, or at best two, networks passing most homes and businesses in OECD countries. In some cases the same company still owns both these networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/233822327671
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  • 93
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    Cross-border Co-operation in Combatting Cross-border Fraud : The US/Canadian Experience (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coopération bilatérale pour combattre la fraude transfontière: l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada ; United States
    Abstract: On 22 March 2000 the CCP held a half-day Forum Session intended to explore the challenges and possibilities associated with international co-operation. Using the experience of the United States and Canada as a practical example, the session provided an overview of ongoing efforts to combat the growing problem of cross-border fraudulent, misleading and unfair commercial conduct. The delegations of Canada and the United States took the leading role in preparing for the session, giving the Committee a first-hand look at their experiences working together to facilitate communication, information sharing, and bilateral co-operation in certain cross-border enforcement actions. The following is a summary record of the Forum Session and the presentations given by representatives from the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada and the United States Federal Trade Commission. Copyright
    DOI: 10.1787/233825738082
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  • 94
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    B2B E-Commerce in Publishing, Retail Distribution and Pharmaceuticals Distribution in France (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.52
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; France
    Abstract: In early 1999, the OECD launched an internationally comparable study of the diffusion and economic and competitive impacts of business-to-business electronic commerce over the Internet. A first set of case studies was conducted in France between February 1999 and September 1999. Three sectors were chosen for their different characteristics: book publishing, mass retail distribution (clothing, textiles, food and drink, furnishings, etc.) and pharmaceuticals distribution. The differences across sectors are substantial and relate to the nature of the product (whether it can be digitised, is costly or is perishable), the nature of transactions between suppliers and purchasers, the market structure and regulation. This report gives a first set of results concerning sectoral differences in the spread of business-to-business electronic commerce and related organisational and economic effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/234188484700
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  • 95
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    Obstacles to Expanding Intra-African Trade (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.169
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of intra-African trade (IAT) to assess the potential obstacles to greater sub-regional trade. Both economic and political arguments suggest that increased IAT can foster a regional take-off. Trade linkages in Africa, however, are very weak. Official statistics show that IAT is a small fraction of each country’s total trade and has remained roughly constant over the years. The main obstacles suggested in the literature include trade policy, insufficient infrastructure, non-convertibility of currencies, ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversity and very high political instability. In order to rank such potential obstacles, the study develops an extended gravity model, using a new panel dataset for 41 African countries during the 1980-97 period. Bilateral trade flows between African countries and their major trading partners have been used to identify specific obstacles to IAT. Besides traditional gravity variables (income, income per capita ...
    DOI: 10.1787/042583120128
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  • 96
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    La réforme de l'école et la construction scolaire : L'exemple de la province de Rovigo, Italie (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2001/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. School Reform and Construction in the Province of Rovigo, Italy
    Keywords: Education ; Italy
    Abstract: Ces cinq dernières années, le cadre réglementaire régissant le système scolaire italien a radicalement changé. Après des décennies pendant lesquelles on a annoncé la réforme, débattu, proposé, expérimenté, l’école de demain est sur le point de se concrétiser. Est-il possible de construire aujourd’hui des bâtiments scolaires qui puissent accueillir agréablement l’école réformée qui se profile ? C’est probablement la question la plus pressante qu’administrateurs, dirigeants et techniciens des collectivités locales se posent aujourd’hui.
    DOI: 10.1787/783138135177
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  • 97
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    Schools for the 21st Century : Are You Ready? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'école du XXIe siècle : Êtes-vous prêts?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Prakash Nair of the United States proposes the list below for evaluating how a school measures up to the most important requirements of the 21st century. It addresses architects, administrators, head teachers, pupils and others responsible for or interested in the design of a new school or the renovation of an existing building.
    DOI: 10.1787/804472211850
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  • 98
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    How Globalisation Improves Governance (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.181
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Globalisation, governance and economic performance affect each other in very complex mutual relationships. In this paper, we establish a clear and well-circumscribed hypothesis: “is there an effect of globalisation on governance?” To test this hypothesis or, even more specifically, to test how openness can affect the quality of domestic institutions, we survey available theoretical explanations of causal relationships between globalisation and governance. Microeconomic theory helps us identify trade policy, competition by foreign producers and international investors, and openness-related differences in institution building costs and benefits, as three major transmission mechanisms through which openness affects a country’s corruption levels. Examining a large sample of countries covering a 20-year long period, we found robust empirical support for the fact that increases in import openness do indeed cause reductions in corruption, a crucial aspect of governance. The magnitude of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/774554632487
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  • 99
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    House Prices and Economic Activity (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.279
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the role of house prices in influencing private consumption and residential investment in OECD countries. Deregulation of the mortgage markets in most OECD countries since the 1970s has made it easier for households to borrow for current consumption on the basis of their housing wealth, and the easing of borrowing constraints has often been accompanied by sizeable withdrawal of housing equity. The analysis presented in the paper and a review of existing empirical work for the major OECD countries suggest that house prices have a significant positive impact on private consumption through wealth effects and/or an easing of liquidity constraints. House prices also influence the profitability of house building, and in many countries there is a close association between profitability of house construction and private residential investment. A corollary of these results is that residential property prices can be useful indicators of demand pressures in the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/061034430132
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  • 100
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    OECD Tax Policy Studies No. 7f - OECD Fiscal Design Survey Background Paper: Lithuania (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Keywords: Taxation ; Lithuania
    Abstract: In accordance with decisions made by the FDI, the OECD has initiated surveys on fiscal decentralisation for the purpose of providing international comparisons on the design of fiscal systems across levels of government. The FDI is a joint initiative of the OECD, the World Bank, USAID, the Council of Europe, The Open Society Institute, UNDP and OECD Member countries to assist transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe in carrying out intergovernmental reforms. In 2000 the surveys took place in six countries: three OECD Member countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, and the three Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In "Fiscal Design Surveys across Levels of Government" OECD Tax Policy Studies, no 7, 2001, the overall concept of the surveys and the comparative results for the six countries are brought. The full country reports are available through the OECD iLibrary, www.OECD-iLibrary.org, and the internet site of the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, www.oecd.org/daf/fa
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034785-en
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