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  • English  (16,688)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (13,882)
  • Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    New York, NY : UNICEF | Genf : UNICEF | Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; [1.]1980; 2.1981/82 - 3.1982/83(1982); 1984(1983) -
    ISSN: 0251-9100 , 0265-718X , 1564-975X
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: [1.]1980; 2.1981/82 - 3.1982/83(1982); 1984(1983) -
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. 1980 L' état des enfants dans le monde
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. ab 2.1981/82 La situation des enfants dans le monde
    Parallel Title: Dt. Ausg. bis 2008 Zur Situation der Kinder in der Welt
    Parallel Title: Dt. Ausg. ab 2009 UNICEF UNICEF-Report ...
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. The state of the world's children
    DDC: 360
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kinder ; Jugendschutz ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Lebensbedingungen ; Kind ; Kindersterblichkeit ; Dienstleistungsangebot ; Angebot ; Gesundheit ; Bildung ; Erziehung ; Frau ; Industriestaaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Zeitschrift ; Kind ; Soziale Situation
    Note: Bis 2013 ohne Titelzusatz , 2018 nicht erschienen
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    ISBN: 0195156773 , 9780195156775
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 cm
    DDC: 305.48896073
    Keywords: African American women Encyclopedias ; Enzyklopädie ; USA ; Schwarze
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Erschienen: 1 - 3
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  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.2011 -
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    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2011 -
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  • 4
    ISBN: 0195156005 , 9780195156003
    Language: English
    DDC: 973.0468003
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hispanic Americans Encyclopedias ; Hispanos
    Note: Erschienen: Vol.1-4
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  • 5
    ISBN: 0195156005 , 9780195156003
    Language: English
    DDC: 973.0468003
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hispanic Americans Encyclopedias ; Hispanos
    Note: Erschienen: Vol.1-4
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  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | London : Milford | London : Cumberlege | London : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.1903/04 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    ISSN: 0068-1202
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1903/04 -
    Additional Information: 71=1985 von The Raleigh lecture on history London : Cumberlege [u.a.], 1923
    Additional Information: 76=1990; 80=1991; 82=1992; 84=1993; 87=1994; 90=1995; 94=1996; 97=1997; 101=1998; 105=1999; 111=2000 von British Academy Lectures and memoirs / British Academy Oxford : Univ. Press, 1991 0068-1202
    Additional Information: 79=3 von Royal Irish Academy Joint meeting of the Royal Irish Academy and the British Academy Oxford [u.a.] : Univ. Press, 1992
    Additional Information: 115=1; 120=2; 124=3; 130=4; 138=5; 150=6; 153=7; 161=8; 166=9; 172=10 von British Academy Biographical memoirs of fellows of the British Academy Oxford : Univ. Press, 2002 0068-1202
    Additional Information: 117=2001; 121=2002; 125=2003; 131=2004; 139=2005; 151=2006; 154=2007; 162=2008; 167=2009; 181=2010/11 von British Academy Lectures Oxford : Univ. Press, 2002 0068-1202
    Additional Information: Gekürzt als British Academy Annual Shakespeare lecture of the British Academy London : Oxford Univ. Press, 1911 0267-1042
    Additional Information: Gekürzt als Sir John Rhŷs memorial lecture London : Oxford Univ. Press, 1925
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als British Academy Proceedings of the British Academy
    DDC: 080
    RVK:
    Keywords: British Academy ; British Academy ; Monografische Reihe ; Bibliografie ; British Academy ; Schrifttum ; British Academy ; Veröffentlichung ; British Academy ; Schrifttum
    Note: Repr.: Nendeln : Kraus , Ab 76.1990 als Serie
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  • 7
    ISBN: 0198293380
    Language: English
    DDC: 332.6/09172/4
    Keywords: Buffer stocks ; Prices ; Developing countries ; Buffer stocks ; Prices ; Africa ; Buffer stocks ; Prices ; Asia ; Buffer stocks ; Prices ; Latin America ; Commodity control ; Developing countries ; Commodity control ; Africa ; Commodity control ; Asia ; Commodity control ; Latin America ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Handelspolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise
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  • 8
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 cm
    DDC: 320.09
    Keywords: Political science ; Comparative government ; Regierung ; Geschichte ; Staat ; Politisches System
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Queen Elizabeth House series in development studies
    Series Statement: UNU/WIDER studies in development economics
    DDC: 362.87/526/091724
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Unterernährung ; Flüchtlinge ; Humanitäre Hilfe ; Nahrungsmittelhilfe ; Welt ; Humanitarian assistance ; Political aspects ; Developing countries ; Humanitarian assistance ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries ; War and civilization ; Developing countries ; Food relief ; Developing countries ; Refugees ; Services for ; Developing countries ; International economic relations ; Developing countries ; Katastrophe ; Krieg ; Humanitäre Hilfe
    Description / Table of Contents: v. 1. Analysis -- v. 2. Case studies
    Note: A study prepared for Queen Elizabeth House, International Development Centre, University of Oxford (QEH) and the World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University (UNU/WIDER) , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 10
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Language: English
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Japan ; Wirtschaft ; Soziale Situation
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  • 11
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Language: English
    Keywords: Poland ; History ; Polen ; Geschichte
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 2
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  • 12
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    ISBN: 9780199265923
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Series Statement: The Berkeley Tanner lectures
    DDC: 170
    Keywords: Ethics ; Ethik
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  • 13
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Language: English
    Keywords: Politische Wissenschaft
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  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford : BIOS Scientific Publ. | New York, NY : Taylor & Francis | Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.1984 -
    ISSN: 0957-0365
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1984 -
    DDC: 570
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 15
    Language: English
    DDC: 303.48/26701821
    RVK:
    Keywords: Slave-trade Sources History ; Quelle ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Europa ; Amerika ; Geschichte 1441-
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 2
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  • 16
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
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  • 17
    ISBN: 019431491X
    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
    Note: Titel vom Umschlag
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  • 18
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
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  • 19
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    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
    Series Statement: Oxford English Video
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  • 20
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
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  • 22
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
    Series Statement: Oxford English video
    DDC: 428
    Keywords: English language Textbooks for foreign speakers
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  • 23
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
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  • 24
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press ; 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.1986 -
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    ISSN: 1476-7937 , 8756-6583 , 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1986 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Holocaust and genocide studies
    Keywords: Völkermord ; Politik ; Judenvernichtung ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 13.02.2017
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  • 26
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
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  • 27
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 15.2012 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 15.2012 -
    Former Title: Vorg. Studies in the evolution of language
    DDC: 400
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 28
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | London : Milford | London : Cumberlege | London : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.1903/04 -
    ISSN: 0068-1202
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1903/04 -
    Additional Information: 71=1985 von The Raleigh lecture on history London : Cumberlege [u.a.], 1923
    Additional Information: 76=1990; 80=1991; 82=1992; 84=1993; 87=1994; 90=1995; 94=1996; 97=1997; 101=1998; 105=1999; 111=2000 von British Academy Lectures and memoirs / British Academy Oxford : Univ. Press, 1991 0068-1202
    Additional Information: 79=3 von Royal Irish Academy Joint meeting of the Royal Irish Academy and the British Academy Oxford [u.a.] : Univ. Press, 1992
    Additional Information: 115=1; 120=2; 124=3; 130=4; 138=5; 150=6; 153=7; 161=8; 166=9; 172=10 von British Academy Biographical memoirs of fellows of the British Academy Oxford : Univ. Press, 2002 0068-1202
    Additional Information: 117=2001; 121=2002; 125=2003; 131=2004; 139=2005; 151=2006; 154=2007; 162=2008; 167=2009; 181=2010/11 von British Academy Lectures Oxford : Univ. Press, 2002 0068-1202
    Additional Information: Gekürzt als British Academy Annual Shakespeare lecture of the British Academy London : Oxford Univ. Press, 1911 0267-1042
    Additional Information: Gekürzt als Sir John Rhŷs memorial lecture London : Oxford Univ. Press, 1925
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als British Academy Proceedings of the British Academy
    DDC: 080
    RVK:
    Keywords: British Academy ; British Academy ; Monografische Reihe ; Bibliografie ; British Academy ; Schrifttum ; British Academy ; Veröffentlichung ; British Academy ; Schrifttum
    Note: Repr.: Nendeln : Kraus , Ab 76.1990 als Serie
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  • 29
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press ; 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 30
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press ; 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 31
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Nijhoff ; 1.1990(1991/92) -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1990(1991/92) -
    Additional Information: 1,1=1 - 8,2=16 von "CCEL"
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The collected courses of the Academy of European Law
    Former Title: Collected courses of the Academy of European Law
    DDC: 340
    RVK:
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Sonstige Körperschaft früher: European University Institute , Inhaltl. Gliederung teils in Book 1: European community law; Book 2: The protection of human rights in Europe
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  • 32
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Language: English
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Suizid ; Geschichte 500-1500
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  • 33
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    ISBN: 9780195334685
    Language: English
    DDC: 303.6/603
    RVK:
    Keywords: Peace Encyclopedias ; Peace Encyclopedias Study and teaching ; War Encyclopedias ; War and society Encyclopedias ; Conflict (Psychology) Encyclopedias ; Social conflict Encyclopedias ; Conflict management Encyclopedias ; Peace-building Encyclopedias ; Wörterbuch ; Friede ; Friedensforschung
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 4
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  • 34
    Language: English
    DDC: 303.48/26701821
    RVK:
    Keywords: Slave-trade Sources History ; Quelle ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Europa ; Amerika ; Geschichte 1441-
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 2
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9780195167795
    Language: English
    DDC: 973.0496073
    RVK:
    Keywords: African Americans Encyclopedias History ; African Americans Encyclopedias History 1877-1964 ; African Americans Encyclopedias History 1964- ; African Americans Biography ; Encyclopedias ; Wörterbuch ; USA ; Schwarze ; Geschichte 1896-2008
    Note: Erschienen: Vol. 1 - 5
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9780195167795
    Language: English
    DDC: 973.0496073
    RVK:
    Keywords: African Americans Encyclopedias History ; African Americans Encyclopedias History 1877-1964 ; African Americans Encyclopedias History 1964- ; African Americans Biography ; Encyclopedias ; Wörterbuch ; USA ; Schwarze ; Geschichte 1896-2008
    Note: Erschienen: Vol. 1 - 5
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  • 37
    Language: English
    DDC: 305.4'2'0924
    Keywords: Schreiner ; Olive ; 1855-1920 ; Biography ; Schreiner ; Olive ; 1855-1920 ; Biography ; Authors, South African ; 19th century ; Biography ; Briefsammlung ; Schreiner, Olive 1855-1920
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  • 38
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    ISBN: 0195156773 , 9780195156775
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 cm
    DDC: 305.48896073
    Keywords: African American women Encyclopedias ; Enzyklopädie ; USA ; Schwarze
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Erschienen: 1 - 3
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  • 39
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    ISBN: 9780195337709
    Language: English
    DDC: 960.03
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Kultur ; Gesellschaft ; Innenpolitik ; Wirtschaft ; Stamm ; Volk ; Berühmte Persönlichkeit ; Africa Encyclopedias ; Afrika
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  • 40
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Series Statement: Oxford medical publications
    Keywords: Gesellschaft ; Stress ; Krankheit
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  • 41
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press ; 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 42
    ISBN: 0197276105
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Nasser D. Khalili collection of Islamic art 12
    DDC: 681.0917671
    Keywords: Technology and Manufacturing
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  • 43
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    ISBN: 9780195170283 , 9780195170290 , 0195170288 , 0195170296
    Language: English
    DDC: 306.74/2/08621
    RVK:
    Keywords: Courtesans History ; Cross-cultural studies ; Höfische Kunst ; Geschichte ; Höfische Kunst ; Geschichte ; Höfling ; Kunst ; Geschichte ; Höfling ; Kunst ; Geschichte
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index; spätere Drucke ohne CD, Audiobeispiele nur mit Link und Zugangscode verfügbar
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  • 44
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    ISBN: 9780195334685
    Language: English
    DDC: 303.6/603
    RVK:
    Keywords: Peace Encyclopedias ; Peace Encyclopedias Study and teaching ; War Encyclopedias ; War and society Encyclopedias ; Conflict (Psychology) Encyclopedias ; Social conflict Encyclopedias ; Conflict management Encyclopedias ; Peace-building Encyclopedias ; Wörterbuch ; Friede ; Friedensforschung
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 4
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  • 45
    Language: English
    DDC: 320.94/09/049
    Keywords: Europe ; Politics and government ; 1945- ; Political participation ; Europe ; Public opinion ; Europe ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Europa ; Politische Beteiligung ; Europa ; Politisches System
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  • 46
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Arcadian Library | Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.2004 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2004 -
    DDC: 020
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Arcadian Library
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  • 47
    Book
    Book
    Dobbs Ferry, NY : Oceana Publ. | Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | New York, NY : Oxford Univ. Press | New York : Oceana | [New York u.a.] : Oceana Publ. [u.a.] | London [u.a.] : Oceana Publ.
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Language: English
    Former Title: Commentary on security documents
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Quelle ; Terrorismus ; Terrorismus
    Note: Anfangs von Robert A. Friedlander , Vol. 1 (1979) -
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  • 48
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    RVK:
    Keywords: Armut
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  • 49
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Pergamon Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.1986 -
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    ISSN: 8756-6583 , 1476-7937 , 1476-7937
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1986 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Holocaust and genocide studies
    RVK:
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Völkermord ; Judenvernichtung ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Beteil. Körp. anfangs: United States Holocaust Memorial Council and Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, Jerusalem
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  • 50
    ISBN: 0195334736 , 9780195334739
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought
    DDC: 960.03
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Blacks Encyclopedias Intellectual life ; Philosophy, African Encyclopedias ; African diaspora Encyclopedias ; Political science Encyclopedias ; Africa Encyclopedias Politics and government ; Africa Encyclopedias Religion ; Wörterbuch ; Afrika ; Geistesgeschichte ; Schwarze ; Geistesgeschichte
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 2
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  • 51
    Media Combination
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    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
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    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
    DDC: 428
    Keywords: English language
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9780195167795
    Language: English
    DDC: 973.0496073
    RVK:
    Keywords: African Americans Encyclopedias History ; African Americans Encyclopedias History 1877-1964 ; African Americans Encyclopedias History 1964- ; African Americans Biography ; Encyclopedias ; Wörterbuch ; USA ; Schwarze ; Geschichte 1896-2008
    Note: Erschienen: Vol. 1 - 5
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9780199764464
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 cm
    Series Statement: Oxford Islamic world encyclopedia series
    DDC: 297.082/03
    RVK:
    Keywords: Women in Islam Encyclopedias ; Enzyklopädie ; Islam ; Frau
    Description / Table of Contents: v. 1. Ābīsh Khātūn bint Sa'd II-Mut'ahv -- 2. Names and naming-Ziyārah
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Erschienen: 1 - 2
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  • 54
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press | Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press ; 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979; N.S. 1.1997 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 55
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Show associated volumes/articles
    ISBN: 9780195334685
    Language: English
    DDC: 303.6/603
    RVK:
    Keywords: Peace Encyclopedias ; Peace Encyclopedias Study and teaching ; War Encyclopedias ; War and society Encyclopedias ; Conflict (Psychology) Encyclopedias ; Social conflict Encyclopedias ; Conflict management Encyclopedias ; Peace-building Encyclopedias ; Wörterbuch ; Friede ; Friedensforschung
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 4
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.2013 -
    ISSN: 2050-6333
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.2013 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als London review of international law
    DDC: 340
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 16. April 2016 , Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Madagascar urbanization review
    Keywords: Verstädterung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtplanung ; Politische Planung ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; City Development Strategies ; Environment ; Government Capacity ; Integrated Approach ; Sustainable Urban Growth ; Urban Development ; Urban Policies ; Urbanization ; Madagaskar
    Abstract: The Madagascar Urbanization Review aims to: - Contribute to the 2019 National Policy for Urban Development (Politique National de Developpement Urbain), the main policy document outlining the priorities for cities in Madagascar. - Serve as a diagnostic tool to identify the key barriers to sustainable and equitable urban growth in the country - Offer a set of recommended investment priorities and their sequencing, to support governments in making informed decisions on the future development of cities. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Help city leaders and national policy makers to: i. Think strategically about the opportunities offered by urbanization; ii. Address key bottlenecks that are holding back the potential benefits of urbanization; iii. Develop plans to address cities' most pressing issues; and iv. Build consensus between the national and local levels to drive the urban policy agenda
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Crisis ; Sahel ; Shocks ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Sahel region of Africa faces multiple crises, which further compound structural economic and human development challenges. The Sahel is one of the world's poorest regions and displays some of the lowest levels of human capital globally. Violence and insecurity in the Sahel have significantly increased in the past decade, with several countries experiencing active armed conflict and unrest. The impacts of climate change compound existing vulnerabilities and risks. Finally, the external shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have impacted the Sahel, eroding purchasing power and aggravating poverty. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. ASP has emerged as a flexible and dynamic approach to social protection during the past decade. It combines and exploits synergies between social protection, disaster risk management (DRM), and climate change adaptation. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. The Sahel's vulnerability and exposure to shocks and crises is set to increase with accelerating climate change, calling for a shift from often externally funded, ad hoc responses toward building sustainable, government-led system. Over the past decade, ASP has been on a remarkable trajectory in the Sahel, and this is an appropriate time to take stock of the situation. This report provides an overview of the state of ASP across six Sahelian countries - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal - as well as a set of recommendations for actions to strengthen the adaptiveness and responsiveness of existing systems to shocks
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Damages ; Earthquake ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Herat Province ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Following the Herat province (Western Afghanistan) earthquake sequence of October 7 to 15, 2023, the World Bank carried out a remote desk-based assessment of the physical damages using the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology. The objective of the assessment is to develop a model-based estimate of the direct physical (economic) damages to residential buildings (houses), non-residential buildings (e.g., education, health, worship, commercial, industrial assets) and infrastructure (e.g., transport, power, water, telecommunications), and to evaluate the spatial distribution of damages in order to support the development of a roadmap for recovery and reconstruction. This report summarizes the key findings of the assessment
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (210 pages)
    Series Statement: International Debt Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Bonds ; Creditor ; Data ; Debt ; Debtor ; Developing ; Development ; Economic ; FDI ; Finance ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government ; Interest Payments ; Interest Rates ; Loans ; Maturity ; Principal ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Statistics
    Abstract: The International Debt Report (IDR) is a longstanding annual publication of the World Bank featuring external debt statistics and analysis for the 122 countries that report to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. IDR 2023 is the 50th annual edition and includes (1) analyses of external debt stocks and flows as of end-2022 for these countries; (2) the macroeconomic and debt outlook for 2023 and beyond; (3) a focus on improved public debt transparency and the quality of debt reporting; (4) a discussion of the need for innovative approaches to debt management; (5) a commentary on how the International Debt Statistics database serves as an indispensable resource for researchers and policy makers; and (6) a one-page snapshot of relevant debt indicators and summary of debt stocks and flows for six years (2010 and 2018-22) for each country, plus global income group and regional aggregates. Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of low- and middle-income countries, IDR 2023 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. For more information on IDR 2023 and related products, please visit the World Bank's Debt Statistics website at www.worldbank.org/debtstatistics
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Anchoring and Mooring ; Energy ; Energy Resources Development ; Energy Yield ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Floating Solar Photovoltaics ; FSPV Ecosystem ; HSE ; Inverter ; Power Plants
    Abstract: This report builds a compelling case for India to look beyond land and institute an ecosystem that supports the installation and operationalization of floating solar photovoltaics (FSPV) power plants. Since these plants are installed on the underutilized surfaces of large water bodies, no land needs to be diverted from other uses. The installation of FSPVs also spurs job creation and catalyzes the development of a domestic value chain as some of the components, such as floaters, need to bemanufactured close to installation sites. They also provide a range of other benefits as they generate relatively more power than ground-mounted solar plants (due to the cooling effect of water) and better utilize shared infrastructure such as transmission systems, wherever available
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Equity ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Interventions ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Reforms
    Abstract: The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) is facing economic challenges. The country is experiencing a growth slowdown with high levels of public debt. Growing current expenditure and debt service obligations amid sluggish tax revenue led to a widening fiscal deficit in the early 2010s, which remained high into the 2020s despite fiscal consolidation efforts. COVID-19 and deteriorating macroeconomic conditions have disrupted human capital investment and are expected to have worsened the incidence of poverty and inequality. Fiscal policy can be an instrument to address these challenges, but its role has been constrained by a precarious fiscal position. This report analyzes the distributive effects of the Lao fiscal system and potential reforms to address current economic challenges. The analysis adopts the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) methodology to assess the distributional impact of the Lao fiscal system on household welfare. The methodology disaggregates income to include or exclude fiscal interventions to analyze the impact of the fiscal system and each intervention on poverty and inequality. Fiscal interventions can be classified into three categories according to how they are imposed on households: direct interventions (direct taxes, social security contributions, and cash transfers), indirect interventions (indirect taxes and subsidies), and in-kind interventions (public health and education). The framework assesses how progressive a fiscal system and each fiscal intervention are and measures their impacts on poverty and inequality
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier Household Vulnerability and Preparedness for Disasters in Haiti
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Disaster Preparedness ; Disaster Recovery ; Enhancing Resilience ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Hazards ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper examines the socioeconomic factors correlated with vulnerability to natural hazards, using unique data from the High-Frequency Phone Surveys conducted in Haiti in 2021, 2022, and 2023. The results indicate a high overall exposure to hazards, with a significant number of individuals living in households facing the threat of multiple hazards. The analysis finds that disaster preparedness is generally low, with the poorest households experiencing the most significant challenges. Households in the bottom two wealth quintiles are less likely to have the necessary supplies to prepare adequately for and respond to disasters compared to those in the upper quintiles. Moreover, the level of education of the household head and access to the internet are found to be correlated with the likelihood of having better disaster preparedness. This suggests that higher levels of education and internet access play a significant role in improving preparedness levels among households. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of addressing socioeconomic factors when developing strategies to enhance resilience to natural hazards. By focusing on improving disaster preparedness among the most vulnerable households and promoting education and internet access, policy makers can mitigate the negative impacts of natural disasters on affected communities
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barnett, Carolyn Louise Gender Role Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and the "Double Burden" in Morocco
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Employment ; Household Roles ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unpaid Domestic Labor ; Women in The Labor Market
    Abstract: To what extent do attitudes and perceived norms around household roles hinder the emergence of more gender-equal distributions of labor in Morocco Moroccan women undertake a disproportionate share of unpaid household and care labor and participate in the labor force at low rates. Yet everyday practices are shifting, and normative expectations may be as well. From an online survey of predominantly urban, employed Moroccans, this paper finds that respondents aspire for men to be equal contributors in care tasks. Yet, unpaid labor burdens remain highly unequal, respondents disfavor men taking primary responsibility for cooking or cleaning, and women's share of household labor correlates with perceptions of what men prefer more than with individuals' actual preferences. Results from a conjoint survey experiment measuring preferences around employment and the household division of labor confirm respondents' interest in more egalitarian relations in principle, but also suggest that strong preferences for a male breadwinner family model will continue to drive an unequal distribution of labor at home
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Komatsu, Hitomi Presumptive Tax on Small and Microenterprises with a Gender Lens in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Effective Tax Rate ; Female Entrepreneurs ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Tax ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Governments often use simplified business tax systems, such as presumptive tax regimes, to register and tax small and microenterprises. Despite concerns about how such regimes could disproportionately affect female-owned and low-revenue entrepreneurs, there is a lack of empirical analysis examining the tax burden. The presumptive tax in Ethiopia has a complex assessment system, where the tax liabilities are determined according to the activity type and turnover (99 activities and 19 turnover bands), and some activities do not have a tax-free threshold. This paper uses two rounds of data in the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys and the tax code to analyze the equity and gender implications of the presumptive tax on small and microenterprises by imputing the effective tax rates. There are three key findings. First, the effective tax rates are higher for businesses in the lowest quartile at 4.3 percent of turnover compared to 1.5 percent for businesses in the highest quartile, using the most recent survey, resulting in a regressive system. Second, male-owned businesses tend to operate in sectors without a tax-free threshold and are more likely than female-owned businesses to face higher tax rates. Third, the effective tax rates are high for businesses in food and beverage services, which is female-dominated, and for transit services, which is male-dominated, due to the lack of a tax-free threshold for these sectors. The study finds that an alternative presumptive tax system with a single tax rate on turnover and an exemption for all low-revenue businesses would be simpler for tax assessment and more progressive
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alimi, Omoniyi Babatunde Are Unit Values Reliable Proxies for Prices? Implications of Better Price Data for Household Consumption Measurement in a Low-Income Context
    Keywords: Commodity Group Price ; Household Consumption And Expenditure ; Household Survey ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nominal Consumption Aggregate ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Separability Assumption ; Unit Values
    Abstract: Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys are key to consumption-based monetary poverty measurement. In the absence of market price surveys that are linked to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys, unit values are used as proxies for market prices in estimating nominal consumption aggregates, price deflators, poverty lines, and poverty statistics. This practice relies on the Hicksian separability assumption: within-commodity group relative prices are constant across space and the price of a single good is an accurate proxy for the commodity group price. To test, for the first time in a low-income context, whether Hicksian separability holds, this paper uses the price data collected for an extensive list of food items, including several variety/quality-differentiated products for specific items, in a national market survey that was conducted in Malawi in sync with the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey that is the source of official poverty statistics. The analysis demonstrates that Hicksian separability fails to hold across space and time and that unit values are biased proxies for prices. Integrating the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey and market survey data based on location and timing of fieldwork permits an assessment of consumption and poverty estimation based on market prices versus unit values. Relative to unit values, using market prices leads to higher food and overall consumption expenditures--both in nominal and real terms--while generating higher poverty lines and higher food and overall poverty rates. Compared to their counterparts based on unit values, spatially-disaggregated poverty estimates based on market prices exhibit a stronger correlation with nightlights --an objective proxy for living standards
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Najam, Rafiuddin Closing the Gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women's Access to Education in Afghanistan
    Keywords: Affirmative Action ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; LMIC ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Women in The Employment Market
    Abstract: Affirmative action is a promising solution to the crucial challenge of bridging the gap in women's access to higher education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper uses public universities' matriculation data from 2013-2018 and difference-in-differences estimators to examine the causal impact of a gender quota on women's educational opportunities in Afghanistan. The quota increased the proportion of women in the treated concentration group by nine percentage points and the share of women from low socio-economic status by three percentage points. The expansion was associated with a 0.04-unit decline in the average score ratio of female-to-male applicants, driven by a reduction in the score threshold needed for women's admission. The effects were condensed in competitive concentrations, where the overall share of women and women with low SES increased by 17 and four percentage points, respectively. The findings suggest that affirmative action is a viable option for addressing the gender gap in fragile settings
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Giuliano, Fernando The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Shocks in Uruguay
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Shocks ; Droughts ; Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Floods ; Macro-Structural Model ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Uruguay is an economy that is vulnerable to precipitation patterns, as evidenced during the country's historic 2022/23 drought. Yet, and despite its rich macroeconomic and climate data environment, the country does not have a consistent macroeconomic model to address the aggregate impact of climate shocks, let alone the expected additional impact from climate change. This paper intends to fill this gap by integrating climate shocks into the World Bank's Macro-Fiscal Model, its workhorse structural macroeconomic projection model. Building on existing country studies on the sectoral effects of droughts and floods, the analysis finds that the volatility of a simulated Uruguayan economy only subject to historical climate shocks reaches 22 percent of the historical volatility of gross domestic product. Moreover, as climate shocks are only one of many shocks that can simultaneously affect an economy, incorporating exogenous macroeconomic shocks into historical climate shocks exacerbates volatility and increases potential losses. Gross domestic product can fall by 2.3 percent under a combined negative climate and macroeconomic shock of the type witnessed once every six years on average, and 4.1 percent under a once-in-40-years combined negative shock. Climate change compounds these effects going forward, worsening the magnitude of the downside risks from droughts by between 18 and 30 percent, although estimates incorporating climate change are subject to large uncertainty. The order of magnitude of these effects calls for a more systematic consideration of climate shocks in macroeconomic projections and fiscal risk assessments for Uruguay
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Redaelli, Silvia Assessing the Extent of Monetary Poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic after a Decade of Conflict
    Keywords: Data Deprivation ; Fragility and Conflict ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Nowcasting ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Development and Poverty
    Abstract: The data for estimating monetary poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic are outdated. In the context of data scarcity, this paper aims to propose a methodological approach to address the knowledge gap regarding welfare in Syria over the past decade. In particular, the analysis provides (i) updated pre-conflict poverty baseline estimates based on grouped data from the 2009 Household Income and Expenditure Survey; (ii) supporting evidence on the viability of using Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme Demographic and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2022 survey data for the estimation of monetary poverty in 2022; and (iii) supporting theoretical and empirical evidence to identify growth in per capita gross domestic product in current prices deflated by Consumer Price Index as the best metric to project poverty using a nowcasting approach. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes to use 2022 Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme-based poverty estimates to anchor the most recent estimates to the best available evidence, and to interpolate the poverty evolution obtained from back-casting 2022 and nowcasting 2009 poverty estimates over 2009-22 using the growth rate of per capita gross domestic product in current prices, deflated by the Consumer Price Index with a passthrough of 0.7
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lebrand, Mathilde Does Africa Need More Roads in the Digital Age? Evidence of Complementarities in Infrastructure
    Keywords: Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structured Transformation
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether the expansion of fast internet networks complements or substitutes for the development of roads to improve market access and create more and higher-skilled jobs in Africa. The paper combines the geographic locations of households and firms with the locations of main roads and optical-fiber nodes in 25 Sub-Saharan African countries. Using the difference-in-differences and instrumental variables approaches and leveraging the history of post-independence road building and the timing of the arrival of submarine internet, the paper examines the impacts of access to these two types of infrastructure, both in isolation and in combination. The findings show that improving access to both has large and positive complementary effects. On average, the additional impacts on employment from combining access to both types of infrastructure are 22 percent larger than the sum of their isolated effects. The findings suggest that a big push for combined investments in fast internet and road access could enhance economic development in Africa overall. Firms and workers in urban locations, female workers, and workers with higher levels of education gain the most from the complementarities that emerge
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lain, Jonathan Comparing Internally Displaced Persons with those Left Behind: Evidence from the Central African Republic
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Central African Republic ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Global poverty is increasingly becoming concentrated in conflict-affected settings. Therefore, assessing the welfare of those people displaced by conflict is of growing policy importance. Collecting and analyzing data on displaced people is challenging because sampling them is difficult, standard welfare metrics may not reflect their experiences, and they are highly heterogeneous. Assessing the welfare effects of displacement also hinges on constructing counterfactuals that show how internally displaced persons would have fared had they stayed in place. Displaced people typically come from a nonrandom subset of communities affected by conflict or other shocks, so comparing them with the rest of the population may be misleading. This paper addresses this issue using data from the Central African Republic, which recorded detailed information on displacement histories to isolate the communities from which those living in internally displaced person camps originated. Using these "catchment areas" for internally displaced person camps as a counterfactual suggests that although displaced households have lower monetary consumption and higher monetary poverty than the overall population, they may be no worse off on many key metrics than those left behind in the communities originally affected by conflict. Moreover, those left behind enjoy none of the benefits of being in camps, such as additional access to water and sanitation services. These results underline the importance of tailoring policies and data collection to consider those in communities originally affected by conflict, just as practitioners are doing for displaced populations
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Cassava ; Food ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Loans ; Marketing ; Plantain ; Value Chain
    Abstract: The main objective of the report is to develop business models on farming and/or processing of cassava, maize and plantain in Cote d'Ivoire that would help financial institutions to gain better knowledge of the value chains, to design appropriate financing products and to streamline the loan decision process for women-led cooperatives. This report has been produced hand in hand with a financial evaluation tool, to assess the profitability of lending to various cooperatives engaged these select value chains. In addition, detailed financial models have been prepared to assess the cash flow projections of the cooperatives, which could be used in the loan decision process. A marketing strategy plan has also been prepared, which aims at guiding financial institutions in their lending initiatives to cooperatives operating in the various value chains. It is vital for financial institutions to have the right marketing approach, so that cooperatives with a suitable profile can enter their pipeline as potential clients for lending
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Civil Registration and Identification ; Gender ; Governance ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In Ethiopia, women are 15 percentage points less likely than men to possess a kebele ID, the primary proof of identity document used in the country. This report unveils findings from a study that aims to grasp the reasons behind this gender gap in ID ownership and offers recommendations for overcoming these barriers in Fayda, the new digital ID system launched by the Government of Ethiopia in 2021. Executed by the World Bank in partnership with Ethiopia's National ID Program (NIDP), the study first uses statistical analysis of ID4D-Findex data to illustrate the nature of the ID ownership gap and its ramifications for women. Subsequently, through desk research and original qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the report delves into four categories of potential reasons for the gap: legal and policy barriers, social and community barriers, economic and procedural barriers, and information and knowledge barriers. In the concluding section, the report offers three key recommendations for integrating gender inclusivity into the Fayda program, drawingfrom the research findings and inputs gathered from qualitative research participants
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Letta, Marco Climate Immobility Traps: A Household-Level Test
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Causal Forests ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Migration ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Data ; Housing Finance ; Immobility Traps
    Abstract: The complex relationship between climate shocks, migration, and adaptation hampers a rigorous understanding of the heterogeneous mobility outcomes of farm households exposed to climate risk. To unpack this heterogeneity, the analysis combines longitudinal multi-topic household survey data from Nigeria with a causal machine learning approach, tailored to a conceptual framework bridging economic migration theory and the poverty traps literature. The results show that pre-shock asset levels, in situ adaptive capacity, and cumulative shock exposure drive not just the magnitude but also the sign of the impact of agriculture-relevant weather anomalies on the mobility outcomes of farming households. While local adaptation acts as a substitute for migration, the roles played by wealth constraints and repeated shock exposure suggest the presence of climate-induced immobility traps
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vargas, Juan F Right to Education: Forced Migration and Child Education Outcomes
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Migration
    Abstract: About a third of the 7.7 million Venezuelans who have left their country due to political and economic turmoil have settled in neighboring Colombia. The extent to which the Colombian schooling system can absorb the massive demand for education of Venezuelan children is key for their future trajectory of human capital accumulation, as well as that of Colombian students in receiving communities. This paper estimates the effect of Venezuelan migration on educational outcomes of children living in settlement municipalities in Colombia, distinguish between the effect of the migration shock on native and migrant students. Specifically, it estimates the effect of the migration shock on school enrollment, dropout/promotion rates and standardized test scores. The identification relies on a plausibly exogenous measure of the predicted migration shock faced by each Colombian municipality every year. The findings show that the migration shock increased the enrollment of Venezuelan students in both public and private schools and in all school grades, but also generated negative spillovers related to failing promotion rates and increasing dropout. This paper documents that these negative effects are explained by the differential enrollment capacity of schools, as well as by the deterioration of key school inputs
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aguilar Gomez, Sandra Environmental Hazards, Climate, and Health in Cambodia: The Shield of Sanitation
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Hazards ; Health and The Environment ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Pollution ; Public Health ; Sanitation
    Abstract: Environmental degradation is the largest public health challenge of the century and is likely to be exacerbated by climate change. This study undertakes a comprehensive examination of the health implications of environmental hazards in Cambodia, simultaneously addressing extreme temperatures, precipitation patterns, and air pollution. It leverages data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and satellite-derived metrics on temperature, precipitation, and fine particulate matter. The analysis identifies a positive association between temperature and the occurrence of diarrhea and cough among children and a nonlinear relationship between precipitation and these health outcomes. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that pollution significantly impacts cough incidence. To anticipate future trends, climate simulations are employed to forecast the incidence of child diarrhea in Cambodia under different climate and development scenarios. The projections indicate that diarrhea incidence could increase to 19 percent by 2040 without significant adaptation measures that would lessen the adverse impact of weather. For instance, the acceleration in toilet ownership over the last decade reduced diarrhea incidence by at least 1.2 to 1.4 percentage points. Nevertheless, the path ahead requires proactive efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene. The forecasts suggest that, without additional strategies to counter climate change's adverse effects, only universal toilet ownership would contain the climate-driven increase in diarrhea incidence expected by 2040
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Financial Aid ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Azerbaijan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Azerbaijan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Azerbaijan on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Azerbaijan; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Azerbaijan; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Azerbaijan; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Azerbaijan
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Low-Carbon Transport ; Quantitative Modeling ; Water Sector
    Abstract: The Lebanon Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) aligns the country's short-term recovery needs with resilient, low-carbon, long-term development, building on quantitative modeling-based analytics, existing research and country diagnostics, and extensive stakeholder consultations to study the effects of climate change on Lebanon's recovery and development objectives
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Demographics ; Family Planning Research ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Fertility Rates ; High Population Growth ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Women's Agency
    Abstract: Tanzania has managed to sustain its growth momentum despite the intensifying effects of climate change. While Tanzania's economy continues to expand, recent growth has been concentrated in sectors that employ few workers from poor households, limiting its impact on poverty. The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) has implemented an effective monetary policy designed to curb inflation and alleviate mounting short-term demand pressure on foreign exchange. While Tanzania's recovery continues to accelerate, several serious threats cloud its economic outlook. Key risks include the slow or incomplete implementation of structural reforms, the damaging effects of climate change on the agriculture and tourism sectors, and the possibility of a global recession caused by fiscal and monetary policy tightening in advanced economies and major EMDEs. To mitigate these risks, policymakers must accelerate structural reforms as part of a sustained effort to attract greater private investment and spur resilient and inclusive private-sector-led growth. Over the longer term, one of the country's key challenges will be to complete its structural economic transformation, which will require creating a more favorable business climate to support the growth of the industrial and services sectors while boosting agricultural productivity. Another key long-term growth challenge will be achieving more balanced and inclusive growth
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Artisanal Coastal Fleet ; Blue Cabotage ; Blue Economy ; Blue Tourism ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Environment ; Investment Projects ; STP
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome e Principe (STP) is the smallest independent island state in Africa, having gained independence in 1975, following the Seychelles. STP has a predominantly young population. However, as an island micro-state, the country faces many development problems specific to islands and small countries, such as weak governance capacity, the inability to provide basic services to the population, and a lack of adequate infrastructure (ports, electricity, airports). Additionally, high production and distribution costs of goods and services, including food products, exacerbate the poverty level of the population. The virtually nonexistent corporate structure and undiversified, highly dependent economy make the country vulnerable to exogenous shocks. To address these challenges, STP developed and adopted a Transition Strategy for the Blue Economy in December 2019. This strategy aims to establish the coherence of public policies linked to oceanic resources with the policies of other sectors, such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, and energy. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the analysis of the three investment projects prioritized for inclusion in the National Investment Plan for the Blue Economy. While the report does not imply endorsement of these projects by the World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), its primary objective is to illuminate the drivers of cost and benefit associated with the priorities already identified by the government of Sao Tome e Principe
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Transport ; Decarbonization ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Road and Bridge Infrastructure
    Abstract: At five percent of energy emissions, transport is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia. The rapid growth in vehicle fleet-personal passenger vehicles in particular is driving road transport emissions. Indonesian cities are suffering from severe congestion, air quality issues, and increasing numbers of road accidents and fatalities. Private transport dependence is increasing in Indonesian cities. The growth in Indonesia's urban population has led to a growth in urban area boundaries, suboptimal spatial patterns, and increased travel distances. The availability and quality of public transport is highly deficient and largely left to fragmented unorganized players with old and poorly maintained minivans (angkot). Electric vehicle mobility has been identified as a major prospective area of development for Indonesia. The market response has been timid so far and, despite the government electrification plans, the EV market uptake as a fraction of total vehicle sales is small Large gains in both economic development and climate mitigation benefits are possible through a more structured approach towards urban mobility
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economies ; Economic Growth ; Income Convergence ; Migration ; Trade Costs ; Transport Networks ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment: Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean employs a territorial lens to understand the persistently low economic growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using new data and methods, it shows that deindustrialization, distance, and divisions offer intertwined explanations for an urban productivity paradox in the LAC region: its highly dense cities should be among the world's most productive, yet they are not. LAC cities have been held back by lack of dynamism, poor connectivity, and divisions into disconnected poor and affluent neighborhoods. Deindustrialization has shifted urban employment, especially in the largest LAC cities, away from manufacturing and toward less dynamic, low-productivity nontradable activities, such as retail trade and personal and other services, that profit less from agglomeration, especially in highly congested cities. Although employment in urban tradable services has risen, the increase has not been strong enough to offset the decline in manufacturing employment. Meanwhile, intercity connectivity issues have undermined the performance of the region's network of cities by restricting market access and firms' ability to benefit from specialization in smaller cities. Within cities, poor connectivity and residential labor market segregation have limited the gains from agglomeration to neighborhoods in central business districts where formal firms operate. Informality has persisted in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face multiple deprivations. By contrast, many agricultural and mining areas have benefited from the strong demand for commodities by China and other fast-growing economies, particularly during the Golden Decade (2003-13), leading to a decline in territorial inequality in most countries in the region. The report concludes that to encourage inclusive growth, countries must more efficiently transform natural wealth into human capital, infrastructure, and institutions and improve the competitiveness of the urban economy. It then sketches out the contours of such a development strategy, identifying policy priorities at the national, regional, and local levels
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Design ; Interconnection ; Mini Grids ; Reliability ; Resilience ; Undergrid Areas
    Abstract: TRaditionally, mini grids have been viewed as "off-grid" systems that are built and operated solely for communities without electricity. The reality, however, is that millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and India who are connected to the main grid suffer from poor grid reliability ("weak grid"), sometimes with a power supply of less than 4 to 8 hours daily and with frequent disputes over the accuracy of billing. As a backstop, these poorly served customers often find themselves forced to rely on small fossil fuel "powered generators that are noisy, polluting, and expensive to operate. Mini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers: New Insights from Nigeria and India explores another option: undergrid mini grids. These are mostly solar hybrid "powered mini grids built and operated by private companies in areas already connected with the main electricity grid but facing poor technical and commercial service. This comprehensive book examines how undergrid mini grids can create win-win-win outcomes for retail customers, distribution enterprises, and mini grid developers. Drawing on extensive discussions with pioneering developers, the book showcases detailed case studies from Nigeria and India, shedding light on the challenges and opportunities of interconnected and non-interconnected undergrid mini grids. The authors address technical issues of grid interconnection and delve into the policy and regulatory considerations crucial for the financial sustainability and success of undergrid mini grids. The book is an invaluable resource for policy makers, energy practitioners, and researchers seeking practical insights to bridge the electricity access gap, empower communities with reliable and affordable electricity, and drive environmentally and commercially sustainable development. -- "The report is rich with insight, not least because the authors have been able to contrast the Nigeria and India approaches taken by the respective private sectors in each country. The five case studies are very valuable. The authors have powerfully illustrated the importance of the policy and regulatory framework and how that translates into investor behavior." - Mohua Mukherjee, Senior Research Fellow, Oxford Institute of Energy Studies -- "This great report represents a pivotal turning point in the history of energy and has global implications for the role of mini grids for communities that have been poorly served by main grid utilities." - Peter Lilienthal, Founder HOMER Energy -- "This is a tremendous addition to the literature on mini grids and an important guide for all of us practitioners working in this area." - James Sherwood, Director of Research & Innovation, RMI | Global South Program -- "This refreshingly honest and open report provides an excellent overview of interconnected and isolated mini grids, as well as a thorough analysis of key ground-level implementation issues in regulation, business, and engineering." - Joanis Holzigel, Chief Operating Officer, INENSUS
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bauer, Adam Michael How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies
    Keywords: Adjustment Costs ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Price ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Risk ; Environment ; Green Investment ; Stochastic Modeling
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement established that global warming should be limited to "well below" 2?C and encouraged efforts to limit warming to 1.5?C. Achieving this goal presents a significant challenge, especially given the presence of (i) economic inertia and adjustment costs, which penalize a swift transition away from fossil fuels, and (ii) climate uncertainty that, for example, hinders the ability to predict the amount of emissions that can be emitted before a given temperature target is passed, which is often referred to as the remaining carbon budget. This paper presents a modeling framework that explores optimal decarbonization investment strategy when both delayed learning about the remaining carbon budget and adjustment costs are present. The findings show that delaying learning about the remaining carbon budget impacts investment in three ways: (i) the cost of policy increases, especially when adjustment costs are present; (ii) abatement investment is front-loaded relative to the certainty policy; and (iii) the sectoral allocation of investment changes to favor declining investment pathways rather than bell-shaped paths. The latter effect is especially pronounced in hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy industry. Each of the effects can be traced back to the carbon price distribution inheriting a "heavy tail" when the remaining carbon budget is learned later in the century. The paper highlights how climate uncertainty and adjustment costs combined result in a more aggressive least-cost strategy for decarbonization investment
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Diakite, Maimouna Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of Govtech Platforms on Citizen Engagement
    Keywords: Citizen Engagement ; E-Government ; Governance ; Govtech ; Govtech Maturity Index ; Govtech Reform ; Public Sector Modernization
    Abstract: Countries worldwide are implementing GovTech reforms to modernize the public sector and achieve better performance while responding to citizens' needs. At its core, GovTech represents a whole-of-government approach to public sector modernization, which emphasizes three critical aspects: (i) citizen-centric public services that are universally accessible; (ii) a whole-of-government approach to digital government transformation; and (iii) simple, efficient, and transparent government systems. Within this context, strengthening citizen engagement is crucial to ensure accountability, improve public policy quality, and enhance service delivery. Accordingly, this study aims to be the first cross-country empirical assessment of the impact of GovTech platforms, which can allow citizens to: (i) participate in policy decision-making and (ii) provide feedback on public service delivery. Using a large sample of 176 countries, the study assesses the impact of the implementation of national platforms that allow citizens to participate more effectively. This research employs entropy balancing as the main identification strategy, as well as propensity score matching and ordinary least squares regressions on the matching sample as alternatives. Additional robustness checks were performed using alternative GovTech Maturity Index 2022 data and by considering the possibility of a slower diffusion of the technology. A sensitivity analysis, considering the role of governance, political and institutional factors, as well as the level of development, is likewise performed. The results show a significant and positive impact of GovTech platforms on citizen engagement. Similarly, democracy and the equal distribution of political power have strong and positive effects on citizen engagement. By contrast, public sector corruption negatively and significantly impacts citizen engagement. The findings also provide evidence that GovTech platforms are more effective in fostering citizen engagement in high-income economies and in countries where the government is efficient, institutional and social fragility is low, and there is no conflict or only low-intensity conflict. The results of an Africa-focused analysis indicate that African countries that have adopted such digital platforms likewise experience an increase in citizen engagement
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; ESG Integration ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Pension Fund ; Investments ; Pension Funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report describes the ESG integration practices at GPF as a practical example of how a pension fund can integrate ESG considerations into its investment practices and processes. The report focuses on the incorporation of ESG issues into our investment analysis and decision-making process. Other elements of responsible investing such as active ownership and ESG disclosure practices whilst also key to GPF's overall approach, are not discussed in detail in this report. The report is a product of technical co-operation between teams from GPF and the World Bank. The report starts by providing some background information on GPF, including its investment philosophy and an overview of ESG investment philosophy before detailing the GPF ESG Score methodology. It then describes how the GPF ESG Score methodology is applied to equity and fixed-income investments, followed by an overview of how GPF ensures that ESG considerations are integrated into the selection, appointment and monitoring of external managers. It concludes with some reflections on the landscape of responsible investment and identifies areas where GPF expects to improve its investment process in the coming years
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Fiji assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Fiji perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Fiji on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Fiji; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Fiji; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Fiji; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Fiji
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nonextractive Sectors ; Resilience
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea has abundant resources in the form of oil and mineral wealth. But a complex set of factors, including systemic gender inequality, underinvestment in non-extractive sectors, and fragility compounded by vulnerability to disasters caused by natural hazards act as barriers to sustainable and inclusive growth of the country. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of World Bank Group support to Papua New Guinea between fiscal year FY08 and FY23. It assesses the Bank Group's development effectiveness in addressing the above three core themes, namely: (i) lack of investment in Papua New Guinea's non-extractive sectors and their poor performance, (ii) the economic exclusion of women and gender-based violence (GBV) issues associated with it, and (iii) unmitigated risks of disaster from natural hazards, and violence, and conflict. The report answers three specific questions. The first explores the extent to which the Bank Group adapted its engagement in line with key constraints, including in relation to development partners, changes in country context, and lessons from experience. The second focuses on the results of Bank Group support and explanatory factors for results under each them, answered by applying a gender lens where relevant. The third question explores the extent to which the Bank Group successfully identified and addressed conflict, violence, and disaster from natural hazards risks. The report offers key lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future engagement with the country: (i) Data gaps need to be addressed to inform sound policy making and effective programming in Papua New Guinea. (ii) Declining governance quality and increasing bilateral aid will require the World Bank to reassess how it supports key policy reforms to achieve development impact, including through using DPOs. (iii) The Bank Group could elevate its impact on gender equality and GBV by shifting from a project-centric approach to a strategic country engagement approach. (iv) The negative effects that compound and interrelated risks pose to achieving development aims need to be addressed more comprehensively
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Demographics and Aging ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Human Development and Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Urban and Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This report begins with an Executive Summary, which introduces the territorial development approach and the rationale for applying it in Lesotho's development context before going on to summarize key takeaways and recommendations. It is followed by four chapters: chapter 1, Introduction, lays out the country context, presenting in brief Lesotho's economic and demographic situation, population projections, governmental structure, and poverty profile and the government's goals. Chapter 2, territorial development framework and analysis in Lesotho, discusses the territorial development approach, its objectives, and the challenges it aims to address before presenting a customized 2 by 2 territorial framework for Lesotho and explaining how it can be applied. Chapter 3, analyzing Lesotho's Challenges through a Territorial Lens, lays out a spatial analysis centering on four development challenges: economic opportunities, internal connectivity and regional integration, access to basic services, and climate preparedness. To highlight the challenges, the chapter includes 4D heat maps linked to density, distance, disparity, and disaster risk. It also summaries case studies and real-life applications of the territorial development approach in Lesotho. Full case studies are in an annex. Chapter 4, recommendations, covers guiding principles and recommendations based on the territorial development approach and analysis
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Infrastructure and Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Urban Accessibility ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: The World Bank's Vietnam Scaling Up Urban Upgrading Project aimed to develop sustainable urban infrastructure in Vietnam's Mekong Delta Region. The project focused on universally accessible design principles for infrastructure development and aimed to strengthen planning capacity, improve infrastructure design, increase awareness of universal accessibility, and promote green infrastructure. A QII Partnership grant supported the project by facilitating the application of principles and providing technical advice. These activities will benefit seven urbanizing cities, improve livelihoods, and reach approximately 90,000 individuals in low-income areas with universal accessibility design. It has also informed new World Bank initiatives to improve accessibility regionally and globally
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Del Carmen, Giselle Two Decades of Top Income Shares in Honduras
    Keywords: Administrative Registries ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Honduras ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Top Income
    Abstract: This paper presents distributional national accounts for Honduras over 2003-2019, using survey microdata, administrative tax records, and national account aggregates. It assembles comprehensive data on formal income for high-income individuals, including information on corporate shareholders, which allows corporate profits to be assigned to their owners. The estimates suggest a high and persistent inequality in the country: the top 1 percent highest earners received approximately 30 percent of the total income over the period, placing Honduras among the most unequal countries in the world. Undistributed corporate profits are the overwhelming income source at the very top of the distribution, highlighting its importance in the measurement of income inequality. Finally, using a panel of tax records, the paper also documents that not only is inequality persistent, but the same individuals are often observed at the top, suggesting that the observed inequality has deep roots
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bastos, Paulo The Quality and Price of Africa's Imports of Digital Goods
    Keywords: Digital Goods ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Prices ; Quality ; Trade Agreements
    Abstract: Imported digital goods are critical for productivity growth in low-income countries. Using detailed data on international trade flows and tariffs, this paper finds that African nations tend to import relatively low quality, low price digital goods. It also finds that digital goods in Africa are subject to relatively higher tariffs, along with other factors that contribute to their higher cost in the domestic market compared to other regions, especially in some low-income countries. The findings show that the African Continental Free Trade Area will do little to reduce this tariff burden, as most digital goods are sourced from higher income nonmembers. In contrast, unilateral tariff liberalization toward all countries would significantly increase the imports of digital goods in Africa
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Climate change, and its associated impacts, threatens to reverse decades of global progress in improving people's health, human capital accumulation, and poverty reduction. At the same time, individuals and households with more human capital and are better positioned to withstand climate change impacts. Several studies have established a correlation between higher human capital with faster disaster preparedness and recovery. These challenges are particularly pressing for Indonesia, where the poor are disproportionately affected by climate shocks. The disproportionate impact of climate change on poor households, and those vulnerable to poverty, signals the importance of social protection as a critical interlocutor to help address the pressing threat of climate change and climate shocks. This background paper outlines the important relationship between human capital development and climate change adaptation; and the needs and opportunities for improving the adaptiveness of Indonesia's social protection system
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Core Principles ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation% ; Integrity Compliance ; Internal Controls ; Law and Development ; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises, or "SMEs," play a major role in global economic development. This Guide aims to provide SMEs with a useful framework for developing effective Integrity Compliance Programs, or "ICPs," tailored to their own business models, budgets, and risk profiles. It distills prevailing best practices and guidelines from leading national and international institutions. Many SMEs worldwide have collaborated with the World Bank Integrity Compliance Office, or "ICO," to develop creative strategies for devising and implementing ICPs, mitigating the risk of misconduct in their operations, and even more broadly, among their business networks. This Guide describes some of these strategies. It is hoped that this Guide, which explains certain core principles, internal controls, and essential elements of ICPs, will be of real, practical value for SMEs seeking to build a culture of integrity in their businesses and communities
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Education ; Financial Economics ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal Risks ; Footprint ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Oil Revenue ; Quasi-Fiscal Activities ; SNG
    Abstract: The first three chapters of the PFR review the core fiscal policy and revenue mobilization issues. Chapter 1 discusses the fiscal landscape, fiscal framework, and progressivity of fiscal policy. Chapter 2 looks at the footprint of quasi-fiscal activities, which affects the overall fiscal stance and exposes certain fiscal risks. Chapter 3 discusses the stagnation in non-oil revenue and collection across taxes and outlines reform options to improve the tax regime. This PFR also covers education and social protection spending, constituting about 42 percent of generalgovernment budget spending, and is critical for Kazakhstan's social agenda and long-term development goals. Chapter 4 analyzes the efficiency of public spending on education, discusses challenges in delivering equitable access to quality education, and offers options for enhancing spending effectiveness through institutional and policy changes. Chapter 5 discusses the efficiency and effectiveness of spending on the social protection system, particularly the coverage and targeting of social assistance programs, issues in implementing active labor market programs, and challenges in delivering social insurance. Because of data constraints, this PFR excludes analysis on social benefits, pensions, and the State Social Insurance Fund. The last two chapters cover the core system of public-finance management issues on budgeting and inter-governmental fiscal relations. Chapter 6 considers options for further improving budgeting, planning, and monitoring to deliver better fiscal outcomes for inclusive and resilient growth. While Chapter 7 examines emerging subnational fiscal issues and options to simplify and improve certainty in the transfer mechanism from central to SNGs and within the SNG hierarchy
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Benazir Income Support Programme ; Benazir Nashonuma ; Benazir Taleemi Wazaif ; BISP ; Case Management ; CCT ; Conditional Cash Transfer ; Digital Divide ; Grievance Redress Mechanism ; ICT Applications ; National Socio-Economic Registry ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report documents the progress that Pakistan has made so far in improving its systems for delivering social protection to its people. The government has increasingly relied on data and technology to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the program. BISP UCT (Kafaalat),the country's largest social assistance program in terms of both budget allocation and number of beneficiaries has been responsible for the most innovative developments in the delivery of benefits. Its delivery systems have evolved significantly overtime expanding in scope from simply delivering the UCT to becoming a system that other programs can leverage to identify beneficiaries and deliver benefits. It has flexibility to be scaled up, both horizontally and vertically, in times of shock. This did not happen overnight: the government has consistently invested time and resources over the past decade and a half to improve how it functions. By documenting that journey, using the Social Protection Delivery Chain Framework developed by the World Bank in the "Sourcebook on the Foundations of Social Protection Delivery Systems," (Lindert and others 2020), this report can be a resource for domestic and international stakeholders
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 pages)
    Series Statement: Women, Business and the Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Discrimination ; Domestic Violence ; Empowering Women ; Equal Rights ; Gender Disparities ; Gender Equality ; Gender Inequality ; Women ; Women's Rights
    Abstract: Women, Business and the Law 2024 is the 10th in a series of annual studies measuring the enabling conditions that affect women's economic opportunity in 190 economies. To present a more complete picture of the global environment that enables women's socioeconomic participation, this year Women, Business and the Law introduces two new indicators--Safety and Childcare--and presents findings on the implementation gap between laws (de jure) and how they function in practice (de facto). This study presents three indexes: (1) legal frameworks, (2) supportive frameworks (policies, institutions, services, data, budget, and access to justice), and (3) expert opinions on women's rights in practice in the areas measured. The study's 10 indicators--Safety, Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Childcare, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension--are structured around the different stages of a woman's working life. Findings from this new research can inform policy discussions to ensure women's full and equal participation in the economy. The indicators build evidence of the critical relationship between legal gender equality and women's employment and entrepreneurship. Data in Women, Business and the Law 2024 are current as of October 1, 2023. wbl.worldbank.org
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover Goswami, Arti Which Firms Drive the Gains from Connectivity and Competition? The Impact of India's Golden Quadrilateral across the Firm Life Cycle
    Keywords: Capital Intensive Value Chain ; General Manufacturing ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Manufacturing ; Plant Level Panel ; Transportation Costs
    Abstract: This paper uses the construction of India's Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) highway to explore the impact of an exogenous increase in market access and competition across the firm life cycle and generates four findings. First, while exit rates fall for all plants, aggregate gains are driven by expansion of young plants. Older plants stagnate or contract, consistent with the challenges of increased competition for incumbents. Second, the benefits of connectivity to young plants depend on access to complementary factors, such as finance, and business conditions, although older plants respond better in more distorted districts, perhaps reflecting access to inputs while protecting output markets as in de Loecker and others (2016). Third, expanding young plants correspond to capital intensive value chain embedded activities that do not require close coordination with final producers. Fourth, plant-level panel data confirms plant capabilities as central to both the magnitude of the response, and to the composition of plants driving it. Aggregate expansion among young plants is driven by high skill plants while contraction of old plants is driven by low skill plants, consistent with frontier firms being able to escape competition (Aghion and others 2014)
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