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  • English  (278)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pension Funds, Capital Controls and Macroeconomic Stability (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.98
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper discusses the pros and cons of liberalising foreign investment of pension assets in developing countries, with particular reference to Chile. The positive part of the paper examines the impact on macroeconomic policy of a small country's opening its equity market for investment; the investment strategies of, and the restrictions imposed upon, privately-managed pension funds; and the specific British experience with portfolio diversification after the dismantling of capital controls in 1979. The normative part, while finding only a weak case for regulating foreign pension investment (loss of savings, domestic capital markets), discusses various techniques of such regulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834630363647
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Participatory Development and Gender : Articulating Concepts and Cases (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.95
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper begins with an explanation of the need for a gender perspective in the participatory development field. Subsequently it examines some of the obstacles to achieving the goals, such as cultural beliefs and practices, including the social organisation of production. Ways of surmounting these obstacles include: a gender focus of efforts, advocacy, flexible funding and evidence that participation works. Various positions in the debate in regard to: the project paradigm, social actors versus communities as entities and women's organisations and participatory development issues are also presented. An effort is made to spell out the implications of gender differentiation with numerous examples from the literature and interviews ...
    DOI: 10.1787/011121626005
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade and Pollution Linkages : Piecemeal Reform and Optimal Intervention (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.99
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Linkages between international trade and the domestic environment are receiving intensified scrutiny by researchers and policy makers alike. This is especially the case in developing countries, where trade can be a significant agent of change and growth. While trade policies are increasingly oriented toward lower levels of intervention, interventionist policies are increasingly being implemented to correct for negative environmental externalities. In such a situation, the interactions between the two can be complex and challenging for policy makers. This paper explores second-best policy issues affecting trade and environmental linkages. We derive optimum policy interventions and sufficient conditions for welfareimproving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy. Pollution originates in both domestic consumption and production and is a domestic public bad. Production pollution can be abated by decreasing output and/or decreasing effluent rates per unit of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/454671040074
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Statistical Sources on Public Sector Employment (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sources statistiques sur l'emploi dans le secteur public
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public sector reform requires internationally comparable statistics. This report explores several important aspects of currently available statistical sources on public sector employment. It examines who is responsible for collection, data collection methods, and available statistical publications. It also assesses the degree of similarity of national statistical concepts of the government sector, of comparability of national statistics across countries, and of adherence to international standards.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065048-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities : Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development - Frascati Manual 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The Frascati Manual, issued in 1994, is the basic international source of methodology for collecting and using research and development statistics. This fifth edition reflects recent changes in the structure of national science and technology systems and revisions in standard international classifications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063525-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Input-Based Pollution Estimates for Environmental Assessment in Developing Countries (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.101
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The practice of environmental regulation and assessment in developing countries faces many special challenges. Apart from popular misconceptions about negative links between environmentalism and economic growth, there are numerous practical limitations to appraising environmental conditions and implementing policies that conserve or improve them. These include weak institutional capacity or discipline, high monitoring and administrative costs for individual programs, and limited local engineering information. Institutional constraints mean that first-best policies like direct pollution monitoring and regulation may not be feasible. Even market-based systems like tradable pollution permits usually require initial assessment and monitoring which is too costly or complex to be supported locally. Detailed data on pollution do exist for OECD countries, however, and this paper attempts to render this information more usable to environmental analysts in countries where direct sampling has not ...
    DOI: 10.1787/340360612368
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy : Lessons from the OECD Experience and their Relevance to Developing Economies (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.92
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid spread of economic instruments (EIs) in environmental policies of OECD Member countries. The application of EIs has gained wider political acceptability and, in a growing number of cases, they have come to have incentive rather than merely revenue-raising effects. In Sweden, eco-taxes have been introduced as part of a broad fiscal reform, while in other countries the approach is more piecemeal. Virtually without exception, EIs are employed in combination with regulations and other policy instruments. Developing countries stand to learn from the OECD experience with EIs, but they often face unique challenges as well as opportunities in applying such instruments. Resource and other prices have historically been distorted in such economies, so correcting such distortions is a prerequisite to the effective use of EIs. Also, underdeveloped markets, public enterprises with soft budget constraints, and high rates of inflation can all undermine the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/754416133402
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The EC's Internal Market : Implementation, Economic Consequences, Unfinished Business (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.147
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the content of the EC’s internal market programme and progress made in its implementation. It analyses the mechanisms which should lead to welfare gains, and reviews a wide variety of micro- and macroeconomic indicators in order to ascertain whether integration has proceeded since the mid-1980s. Policy issues, which are more or less closely linked to the success of the internal market, are also addressed here ...
    DOI: 10.1787/053605471675
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Co-operation for an Interdependent World (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coopération en matière de réglementation dans un monde interdépendant
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This report examines the impact of policy interdependence on how governments regulate. It has two purposes. The first is to understand better the dynamics of thc emerging multi-governmental regulatory system, and the relationships, institutions, and processes that comprise its working parts. The second is to suggest practical approaches by which national governments can establish solid managerial and administrative foundations for regulatory co-operation, within thc constraints of democratic and open government. The chapters in the report are based on papers prepared for an OECD Symposium on ‘‘Managing Regulatory Relations Between Levels of Government” held in October 1993, and on discussions at the Symposium.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062436-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Initiatives in Biotechnology for Developing Country Agriculture : Promises and Problems (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A growing number of international initiatives are being undertaken to stimulate the development of agricultural biotechnology applications in developing countries. These initiatives, which include a wide range of biotechnology research, information and advisory activities, are supported by bilateral and multilateral agencies, private foundations and, to some extent, by commercial firms. This study, based on the results of a survey conducted by the Intermediary Biotechnology Service (IBS) at The Hague, attempts to analyse the nature and scope of these initiatives and their potential impact. The study concludes by outlining a number of planning, execution and policy conditions which need to be met, both by donor agencies and by developing countries, if the potential impact of these international initiatives is to be fully realised ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257557587410
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Telecommunication Tariffs : Charging Practices and Procedures (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 122 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.6
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The pricing structure for the provision if international telecommunication services has become a key issue for policy makers in recent years.
    DOI: 10.1787/237657648538
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    The Disarmament Dividend : Challenges for Development Policy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . In 1990-1991, worldwide military expenditure amounted to $950 billion. This bill could be reduced by the year 2000 by over $300 billion.. . Excessive military expenditure jeopardizes development prospects. . Policies to achieve transparency and to strengthen military security arrangements should be a priority. . Excessive military expenditure is stimulated by supply-side pressure on the part of producer countries, including a number of OECD Member countries. . Donors should consider concerted incentive policies such as defence conditionality in economic aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/236570240018
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Macroeconomic Performance and Fiscal Policy Adjustments in the Medium Term : Alternative Medium-Term Scenarios (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.148
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes a number of alternative medium-term scenarios for the OECD economies and related policy stimulations using the OECD world model INTERLINK. The starting point of the analysis is a reference scenario to 2000 featuring a general recovery of the OECD economies to steady state non-inflationary growth. The paper goes on to examine the implications of slower growth for the paths of fiscal balance and public debt, and the changes in policy mix which might be necessary to restore announced fiscal policy objectives whilst limiting damage to the wider range of policy objectives. A further section goes on to examine the simulated effects of changes of fiscal and monetary policy stance on output, employment, inflation and public debt over the medium term ...
    DOI: 10.1787/524577826151
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  • 14
    Online Resource
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    OECD Model Comparison Project (II) on the Costs of Cutting Carbon Emissions : Comparison of Model Structure and Policy Scenarios: GREEN and 12RT (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.146
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of the second round of the OECD Model Comparison Project on "The costs of cutting carbon emissions". It provides an overview of two global general equilibrium models GREEN and 12RT. The comparison exercise was carried out by means of five policy scenarios and a set of additional controlled experiments. The scenarios focus on alternative forms of joint implementation of international agreements to stabilise CO2 emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/352078333638
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The OECD Green Model : An Updated Overview (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.97
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a brief introduction to the OECD GREEN Model. The GREEN model has been developed by the OECD Secretariat in order to assess the economic impact of abating CO2 emissions using several different economic instruments. The paper is divided into two parts. The first provides a brief introduction to the structure of the GREEN model. The second describes several different simulations using the GREEN model, including what is generally referred to as the Business-as-Usual scenario and several alternative carbon-abatement scenarios. For specific details on the model and its implementation, readers are referred to the GREEN Reference Manual, and the GREEN User Manual ...
    DOI: 10.1787/272425468524
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  • 16
    Online Resource
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    Trade Liberalization and Employment Linkages in the Pacific Basin (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.94
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: At the 1994 APEC summit in Bogor, Indonesia, it was recommended that trade and investment barriers among the member countries be removed by 2020. Despite general consensus that trade liberalization would accelerate development in this most dynamic trading area, there is very little empirical evidence about the adjustment process which would ensue. In this chapter, a ten-country CGE model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization among economies of Pacific Asia and the United States, giving particular attention to the adjustment which would occur in domestic labor markets. Our results elucidate the employment linkages between trading partners and show that the potential for new import demand by developed countries would accelerate employment growth in developing countries. In particular, Pacific trade liberalization could facilitate the emergence of a new reciprocal basis for multilateral gains from trade. Under an expanding system of liberal trade, capital-intensive ...
    DOI: 10.1787/075360517770
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  • 17
    Online Resource
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    The 1993 OECD-Eurostat Compendium of Sources of Earnings Statistics (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.13
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The objective of the Compendium of sources of earnings statistics is to provide a means of information for assessing earnings statistics’ comparability across OECD countries. However, the Compendium is also designed to be a source of information on any earnings-related matter, especially international studies of earnings. This note includes the following: i) a brief summary of the information contained in the Compendium, particularly on the types of sources available; ii) a general discussion about some of the aspects that should be taken into account when making comparisons of earnings statistics among the OECD member countries; iii) some concluding remarks. B. A Summary of the Compendium of Sources of Earnings Statistics 1. Background of the Compendium The compendium is the result of a joint effort by the Secretariat, Eurostat and OECD member countries. The paper version of the questionnaire was sent to each country in July 1990, and the electronic version in September 1990. After ...
    DOI: 10.1787/878437283175
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities Using Patent Data as Science and Technology Indicators : Patent Manual (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also shows how these can be linked to other statistics on science, technology and economic activity (R&D, scientific publications, trade, production, etc.).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065574-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Benefits of Different Transport Modes : Report of the Ninety-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 30 June-1 July 1992 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (101 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.93
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les avantages des modes de transport ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-treizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 30 juin-1 juillet 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Much research has focussed on the negative aspects of transport (emissions, noise, congestion and safety problems), particularly with respect to road traffic. The ECMT decided to organise a Round Table which would consider the transport sector differently, by looking at the benefits of different modes of transport for the general community. Round Table 93 considered different modes of transport and their respective contributions to economic growth, regional development, social relations and needs for mobility. Given its new analyticalframework, this Round Table stands out from other overly conventional approaches.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105436-en
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  • 20
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    An International Sectoral Data Base for Fourteen OECD Countries (Second Edition) (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.145
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Part I of this paper describes the international sectoral data base, the ISDB, which has been created at the OECD as part of the continuing study of industrial structure and economic performance in OECD Member countries. This data base relates primarily to sectoral output and primary factor inputs used in 14 OECD Member countries. Part II of the paper presents a number of summary statistics derived from the data base for the period 1970 to 1989 related to economic structure and sectoral growth. The second edition of this paper has maintained the structure of the original paper. Changes are mainly in the detailed sources by country and the statistics derived from the data base. ISDB is available on diskettes. An order form is attached at the end of this paper ...
    DOI: 10.1787/013876245470
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  • 21
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    Health Care Reform Controlling Spending and Increasing Efficiency (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.149
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews trends in health-care expenditure and assesses the main forces underlying the increase since 1960. It then describes and evaluates various health-care reforms. The report argues that top-down budget controls appear to have had some success in reducing the growth in health-care spending but, to be sustainable, they need to be supported by microeconomic reforms. Significant improvements in micro-efficiency and effectiveness can be obtained by improving incentives facing health-care providers. Policy developments in a few leading countries suggest that a system where funders/insurers act as purchasers, contracting with competing health-care providers, is a promising model for reform. A statistical annex assesses whether differences in institutional arrangements for funding and providing health care explain international differences in health expenditure ...
    DOI: 10.1787/338757855057
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  • 22
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    GREEN - The Reference Manual (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 109 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.143
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This document provides a full description of the GREEN model. It is intended to accompany the GREEN code, i.e. the implementation of the model, and to enable the user to understand the links between the theoretical framework of the model and its practical implementation. The document lists all the model equations, provides a data dictionary to link the equation variables with the variables in the code, explains details which are traditionally bypassed in technical papers, and provides an explanation of the data base and the data management part of the code. The document is organised as follows. Following a non-technical overview of the model in Part I, Part II presents the structure of the model with a complete description of the equations, the variables, and parameters which are part of the GREEN model. Part III explains the data management in GREEN ...
    DOI: 10.1787/054442860076
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  • 23
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    NOx/SOx Emissions and Carbon Abatement (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.151
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence on the reductions of NOx/SOx emissions induced by the adoption of carbon abatement policies. It describes the methodology to compute emissions of these pollutants and the way they were introduced in the OECD GREEN model. This required a compromise between the “top-down” structure of the model and the very detailed information that, in principle, is required to compute NOx/SOx emissions. The simulation results suggest that, on average, the reductions relative to Baseline levels of NOx/SOx emissions may be in the same order of magnitude or are higher than the abatement imposed on carbon emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/345333447174
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture : Lessons from India (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: India's self-sufficiency in food production has been achieved by the adoption of chemicals-intensive farming methods which have contributed to serious deterioration of the environment. New evironmentally-friendly technologies, which maintain (or increase) current levels of productivity, are needed if the use of chemical inputs is to be reduced. This study examines the development and diffusion of biotechnologies in India, with respect to both products derived from conventional biological methods and those using the more advanced techniques of molecular biology. Thus far, the contribution of available biofertilisers and biopesticides to reduced use of agro-chemicals is marginal, due to the vicious circle created by problems of supply as well as demand. By and large, biofertilisers and biopesticides are being produced on a small scale, using inefficient technologies. Inconsistent quality and poor performance thus combine to limit demand and their acceptance by farmers which, in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/711068780307
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  • 25
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    Transitional Problems from Reform to Growth : Safety Nets and Financial Efficiency in the Adjusting Egyptian Economy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: In recent years, considerable analytical work has been done on issues of economic reform in countries undertaking adjustment. Less attention has been devoted to the social costs of adjustment and the transitional problems during the period from reform to growth. The Egyptian economic adjustment since 1991 is a good case in point, as Egypt is facing difficult transitional problems, of both social and financial nature. The first part of this paper discusses Egypt's newly established social fund (1991), notably the adequacy of its core programmes and targeting mechanism for providing an appropriate "social safety net" in the medium term. The second part of the paper deals with Egypt's financial intermediation system, which is unable to convert large amounts of liquid savings into long-term real capital, hence increasing the time-lag between reform and growth. It is concluded that an efficient system of financial intermediation and a comprehensive social safety net are needed to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267677618887
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  • 26
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    The Determinants and Properties of Monetary Conditions : Direct Survey Evidence from New Zealand (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.150
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: In the absence of a generally accepted indicator of monetary conditions the current and expected stance of monetary policy remains undefined. However, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, by directly surveying perceived and expected monetary conditions, have enabled both a mean index of current and future monetary conditions, as well as a proxy of respondents’ uncertainty, to be generated. The principal determinants and properties of these survey responses are examined in this paper, including whether: central bank announcements dominate economic fundamentals in determining conditions; the responses are consistent over varying time horizons; and the responses are symmetrical to both a tightening and loosening in policy. The determinants of uncertainty regarding the policy-stance are also investigated empirically. The results indicate that: responses to monetary conditions are highly influenced by the recent past; respondents tend to exaggerate the implications of their short-term ...
    DOI: 10.1787/528200201458
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    What Can Developing Countries Learn from OECD Labour Market Programmes and Policies? (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.93
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Many OECD Member countries and a large number of the developing countries are suffering from extensive unemployment, both in short and long-term forms. Based on a five-part schema of labour market problems, this paper summarises and evaluates the effectiveness of labour market policies and programmes in the OECD countries and assesses the relevance of the experience to economies in transition, dynamic non-Member economies and developing countries in general. The overall conclusion is that such policies have not proven very effective in dealing with the most pressing problems in most types of economy (the dynamic non- Member economies being the main exception), that is, high and persistent unemployment, both short term and long term. Nevertheless, there are a variety of active labour market policies which are of help with some other types of problem. In general, the developing countries would be well advised not to invest too heavily in socalled passive measures; thus, a social ...
    DOI: 10.1787/570121553883
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  • 28
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    Measurement of Low Incomes and Poverty in A Perspective of International Comparisons (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.14
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: During the past two decades, issues such as insufficient resources among particular populations, relative and absolute low incomes and poverty have occupied a prominent place in social policy research in many OECD countries. However, many different concepts have been used in the literature to define and measure ’low income’ or ’poverty’ across and within Member countries. This paper analyses alternative approaches to quantifying these concepts for the explicit purpose of international comparisons. It uses micro data sets on income from the Luxembourg Income Study for 13 OECD countries, for the mid- to the end of the 1980s, to illustrate the issues. In Chapter II, the three main approaches used in the literature for defining low income and poverty - the absolute, relative and subjective approach - are discussed in detail. Chapter III discusses ways to adjust disposable income for family size and presents sensitivity tests using different equivalence scales. Chapter IV presents more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/112854878327
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  • 29
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    Fiscal Policy, Government Debt and Economic Performance (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.144
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews fiscal policy, government indebtedness and its implications for economic performance in OECD countries. Government debt, expenditure and revenue relative to GDP have all risen significantly over the past 15 years and in several countries these trends are unsustainable. The macroeconomic implications of high fiscal deficits and debt levels are considered and the paper finds that while monetary policy played a clear role in generating recovery, the effects of fiscal policy are more mixed. Looking forward, Member countries’ plans for fiscal consolidation are ambitious, but if sustained economic growth is achieved, these plans are achievable. However, if growth is slower, then further fiscal consolidation efforts would be required to keep public debt under control. Finally, the paper considers ways of improving the control over expenditure and the budget process, so as to achieve better fiscal outcomes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/038702083230
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  • 30
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    Short-distance Passenger Travel : Report of the Ninety-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 10-11 June 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.96
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les déplacements de personnes à courte distance ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-seizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 10-11 juin 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Studies on mobility and the organisation of transport do not usually take sufficient account of short-distance travel: journeys made on foot, by bicycle or by "people movers". When designing urban areas, planners underestimate the number of trips made by foot and the scope for non-motorised transport, an error that is now widely criticised by both the general public and certain policymakers. What is essentially called for is not drastic action involving substantial investment but simply a change in outlook. "People movers" -- or short-distance mechanised transport systems -- serve exceptional travel needs which cannot be met by conventional modes and which are impracticable by car, bicycle, or on foot.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105498-en
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  • 31
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    Transport Infrastructure and Systems for a New Europe : Report of the Ninety-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 18-19 March 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (129 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.95
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructures et systèmes de transport pour une nouvelle Europe ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quinzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 18-19 mars 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: As the countries of Central and Eastern Europe undergo radical economic upheavals, the question of pan-European transport is brought very sharply into focus. The transport system cannot be viewed simply in terms of the volume of traffic moving from one particular place to another but must be seen as a whole both theoretically and pragmatically in terms of specific projects. What infrastructure is to be selected? Which method of organising transport "markets" is to be preferred? How can needs logically dictated by urgency -- catering to expanding traffic flows despite inadequate transport networks -- be reconciled with such longer-term imperatives as environmental protection or integrating Central and Eastern Europe into a vast area of cultural and economic relations? Specialists attending Round Table 95 addressed all of these issues and tried to discern realistic boundaries for what can be accomplished today.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105474-en
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    Regional Policy, Transport Networks and Communications : Report of the Ninety-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 November 1992 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.94
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques régionales, réseaux de transport et communications ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quatorzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5-6 novembre 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The high-speed transport networks of the future are already in the planning stage, and all regions will want to be included. However, the magnitude of the investment required and the operating constraints will make it impossible to provide homogeneous service to all areas. Regional policies, whether accommodating or alternative in scope, will have to be adjusted accordingly. What problems will arise if the regions of Central and Eastern Europe, where investment requirements are considerable, are included? Round Table 94 addressed these issues from both a practical and analytical standpoint, gathering information and comparing the views of specialists and regional policy makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105450-en
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  • 33
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    Charging for the Use of Urban Roads : Report of the Ninety-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 November 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.97
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les péages routiers urbains ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dix-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4 et 5 novembre 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The scope for road pricing in urban areas is now a matter of the most urgent concern. It involves research and the implementation of projects both aimed at reducing urban congestion and curbing the resulting environmental damage. While the arguments in favour of urban tolls are sound, Round Table 97 highlights the many objections raised particularly on grounds of equity. This publication demonstrates the need for reappraising the entire urban transport system. With its comprehensive overview of the issues now on most countries' agendas, this Round Table raises questions that have yet to be adequately explored.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105511-en
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    Senior Civil Service Pay : A Study of Eleven Countries 1980/1991 No. 4 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La rémunération des hauts fonctionnaires ; Étude sur 11 pays de l'OCDE 1980/1991 n 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La rémunération des hauts fonctionnaires : Étude sur 11 pays de l'OCDE 1980/1991 n 4
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This study offers is a limited "snapshot" of basic pre-tax pay for senior civil servants. It does not cover other factors relating to total lifetime rewards, such as the rewards likely to be available on leaving public service employment; lifetime earnings in a career public service structure, and alternative employment opportunities in the public and private sector for senior public servants. For cross-national comparison, pay levels have been expressed in purchasing power parities in US dollar equivalents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062498-en
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    Public Service Pay Determination and Pay Systems in OECD Countries : No. 2 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La détermination des rémunérations et les systèmes de rémunération dans la fonction publique des pays de l'OCDE ; n 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La détermination des rémunérations et les systèmes de rémunération dans la fonction publique des pays de l'OCDE : n 2
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This report maps the current state of public service pay determination and pay systems in OECD countries, and explores the different paths of reform that are being followed in different countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062450-en
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  • 36
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    The French Distribution Industry and the Openness of the French Economy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.138
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. This paper gives an overview of the structure, policy and performance of the French distribution system for the period 1970-90. This analysis is then put into the perspective of international competition. It also draws some recommendations for future policy in this area ...
    DOI: 10.1787/760313042430
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  • 37
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    The International Spillovers of Capital Income Taxation : An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.127
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the complex macroeconomic effects initiated by capital income taxation using a dynamic applied general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. The model considers impacts of policy changes on the allocation of resources across both industries and countries, and over time. Within the model, a given change in capital income taxation abroad affects the domestic economy through capital flows, commodity flows and tax revenue effects. Thus, the model considers the spillovers associated with changes in commodity flows in addition to the usual spillovers generated by capital movements. The simulation results illustrate rather well that personal and corporate income taxation yield very different conclusions in terms of macroeconomic consequences and that it is important to distinguish between short- and long-run policy implications of the two types of capital income tax policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/168450005387
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  • 38
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    A Study of the Distribution System in Japan (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.136
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper gives an overview of the structure of the Japanese distribution system and discusses its economic performance, both on the grounds of efficiency and market access. Next, a detailed analysis of the Japanese distribution sector is carried out, on the basis of which policy recommendations are drawn ...
    DOI: 10.1787/150587255461
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  • 39
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    The Distribution System in Sweden (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.141
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper gives an overview of the distribution system in Sweden for the period 1970-88. Next, it addresses the question of the static and dynamic efficiency in the distribution sector, as well as its competitive structure. The latter aspect is illustrated by a set of market structure indicators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/233528583424
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  • 40
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    Transport Growth in Question : Twelfth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics, Lisboa, 1992 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (654 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.12
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This book presents the proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics held in Lisbon in 1992. The conference focused on transport growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107423-en
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  • 41
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    Projecting the Occupational Structure of Employment in OECD Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.10
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Forecasts of employment by occupation have been made in several OECD countries since the early 1950s. Medium to long-term projections are now made in most OECD countries, and a number of countries publish them regularly. This paper by Gerald Hughes, of the Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, examines how their objectives, methods and uses have changed over the last three decades. It covers technical issues such as the standard method of projection using statistics for employment cross-classified by industry and occupation, the integration of information from other sources such as surveys of employer expectations, the confrontation of employment forecasts with separate models of labour supply, and the competing "rate of return" approach to investment in human capital. It also considers management issues such as the institutional status of the bodies that make forecasts, and methods of disseminating the results to training institutions, career advisers and other users.
    DOI: 10.1787/6d4d071d-en
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  • 42
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    The Future of Capital Income Taxation in a Liberalised Financial Environment (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.126
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first gives a brief account of the main changes introduced by OECD governments in their capital income tax rules during the 1980s with respect to both the corporate and personal sectors. It then examines the evolution of effective capital taxation, using a summary measure ("tax wedges") which takes into account the different nature of national tax systems. Finally, the paper discusses the future of capital income taxation in an environment of increasing international capital mobility ...
    DOI: 10.1787/727135143807
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  • 43
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    The Italian Distribution System (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.139
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper discusses the role of distribution systems in the Italian economy and gives an overview of the transformation of the Italian distribution system in the 1970s and 1980s. In particular, it analyses the effects of the Law 426/71 on the evolution of the retail sector. Finally, it addresses the questions of structure and performance of the distribution system and their implications for welfare and competition ...
    DOI: 10.1787/432322185650
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  • 44
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    International Trade and the Transfer of Environmental Costs and Benefits (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.91
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The environmental implications of international trade have come under intensified scrutiny in recent years, particularly with expanded interest in multilateralism, regionalism, and other negotiated trade regimes. The transfer of environmental effects, both positive and negative, is embodied in most trade patterns, particularly those which reflect technological hierarchy or other stratification by degree of economic modernization. Despite the emotional reaction these issues often arouse, the question of whether and to whom these transfers are beneficial or detrimental is a very complex one. In this paper, we use applied general equilibrium analysis to examine a well-established trade relationship between two diverse economies, Japan and Indonesia. Historically, it appears that their bilateral trade has conferred asymmetric environmental effects on the two countries, effecting a net transfer of some environmental costs from the former to the latter. In the light of this negative ...
    DOI: 10.1787/854022818551
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  • 45
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    Employment Creation and Development Strategy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Création d'emploi et stratégie de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Developing countries will account for almost all the increase in the world's labour force over the next 25 years; most countries, especially in Africa, will experience very rapid labour force growth. . Labour-intensive development has been spectacularly successful in some countries and others have begun to emulate them. Nevertheless, many countries still need to rethink policies and programmes in the light of the increasing urgency of employment creation. .The poor and the unemployed have much to gain from labour-intensive development, but fears about the short-term impact of reforms may cause them to oppose change. . Carefully targeted programmes of public works and food security measures implemented early in the reform process, plus improved incentives for farmers, may be essential for the popular support of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/250272230667
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  • 46
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    Preventing and Resolving Industrial Conflict : Seminar on Industrial Conflict Settlement in OECD Countries and Central and Eastern European Economies in Transition (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.11
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition ("the Centre"), which was created in March 1990, is the focal point for cooperation between the OECD and Central and Eastern European countries. Its major responsibility is to design and manage a programme of policy advice and technical assistance which puts the expertise of the Secretariat and Member countries at the disposal of countries engaged in economic reform. This advice or assistance can take numerous forms, including conferences, seminars, missions and workshops in order to explore policy questions or review draft legislation; it can also include training for government officials who are called to implement market-oriented policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c81cefc-en
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  • 47
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    A Detailed Input-Output Table for Morocco, 1990 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.90
    Keywords: Development ; Morocco
    Abstract: This paper reports on the construction of an Input-Output table for the economy of Morocco. The table is calibrated to the year 1990 and details the interactions between 133 primary, manufacturing, and service sectors, relying on a combination of a more aggregate table estimated by the Moroccan government and detailed data from official sources. This table will form the core of a detailed social accounting matrix (SAM) currently under construction as part of the same work programme. Ultimately, the SAM will be incorporated into a general equilibrium model, to be used cooperatively by the Development Centre, the Moroccan government, and the World Bank for trade and resource policy analysis. This report describes in detail the construction of the Input-Output table, presents the table in its entirety, and provides some preliminary multiplier estimates elucidating the links between Moroccan agriculture and the rest of the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/663051037026
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  • 48
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    An Analysis of the U.S. Distribution System (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.135
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper begins with a conceptual framework describing the functions, market outcomes and economic implications of the distribution sector. Next, it gives an overview of the U.S. distribution system in the 1980s. In particular, it discusses some specific characteristics underlying the functioning of the U.S. distribution system. Finally, it assesses the efficiency question and its implications for foreign trade. Some policy recommendations are then drawn on that basis ...
    DOI: 10.1787/587542107024
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  • 49
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    Alternative Explanations of the Trade-Output Correlation in the East Asian Economies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.87
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A number of Asian countries have been able to follow the example of Japan and develop sophisticated industrial economies in a relatively short time. Specifically, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan have become known as the "Four Tigers" of Asia due to their strength and importance in international markets. It is not only the pace of industrialisation but the relative equity which has accompanied growth in these countries that has fascinated economists. This paper analyses alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia. A structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89. This technique has been chosen because it can discriminate between structural hypotheses. The first model tested is a model of export-led output growth. In this exercise exports are allowed to have a direct stimulating effect on the economy. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/448367214462
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  • 50
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    Informal Sector and Regulations in Ecuador and Jamaica (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.86
    Keywords: Development ; Ecuador ; Jamaica
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of micro-enterprises undertaken in Ecuador and Jamaica. The purpose was to understand the relationships between these countries' institutional and legal regulations, the degree of compliance by firms and the impact of compliance on their performance (particularly growth). This enquiry was complemented with case studies of issues related to compliance with regulations. Initially, the paper sets out to analyse the characteristics of the microenterprises surveyed and their type of insertion into product and factor markets. Afterwards, it describes the differences observed in the regulatory frameworks of the two countries, and explains the differences in the degree of compliance with the law on the part of small firms. The final part of the paper determines statistically the relative importance of the factors that influence firm registration and identifies their effects on the growth of micro-enterprises. The initial process of registration ...
    DOI: 10.1787/687376184560
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    Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un développement durable de l'Afrique rurale
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . A growing recognition of the need to delimit the role of the government, to promote the market framework, and to rely on the private sector as the engine of growth, offers the prospect of a new beginning in rural development in Africa. . Rural people must take a more dominant role, both in shaping their economic prospects and in assuming the responsibility for a high quality of stewardship of natural resources. . To help to bring about such an empowerment of the people, governments and the donors will need to undertake some drastic reforms in the old systems and habits of governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/251402826358
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    Market Structure, International Trade and Relative Wages (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.134
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the link between trade flows and relative wages on a cross-section of 22 sectors in 12 OECD countries. Industries are classified according to stylised facts about market structure (fragmentation, segmentation and degree of product differentiation). Next, the import penetration trends during the period 1970-90 are analysed, with special attention paid to the imports from Asian NICs. Finally, panel data estimates of a relative wage equation, encompassing both the characterisation of industries by type of market structure, as well as import penetration and export-intensity variables, are carried out. The results show that the impact of import penetration on relative wages tends to be negative in industries with low product differentiation, whereas the reverse result occurs in industries with high product differentiation and market segmentation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/778332675011
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    Breadwinners or Child Rearers : The Dilemma for Lone Mothers (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.12
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Lone-parent families, particularly the large majority headed by the mother, are over-represented among low income families. Employment and the resultant earnings represent a the main path out of economic disadvantage. This paper examines the pattern of labour force attachment of lone mothers in eight OECD countries. The factors which may affect their labour force participation are considered: the work incentives embedded in public transfer programmes and taxation systems, availability of child care, other arrangements which may help or hinder paid work for all mothers, and the characteristics of lone-mother families which may affect work behaviour. An appendix provides details on the public policies and programme structures affecting lone mothers in each of the eight participating countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The report was compiled by Australia on behalf of a panel of experts nominated by the national administrations of the eight countries included.
    DOI: 10.1787/13b520e0-en
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    The Distribution Sector in the United Kingdom (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 119 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.140
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper gives a comprehensive view of the distribution system in the United Kingdom. Namely, it assesses the contribution of this sector to the overall economy and gives a set of market structure indicators. The public policy issues related to the distribution system are also discussed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/142753373783
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    The German Distribution System (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 139 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.137
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. First, the paper discusses the role of distribution systems in the overall economic performance. Next, it gives an overview of the structure and evolution of the distribution system in West Germany for the period 1970-1988. Finally, it analyses the impact of competition laws and other regulations on the distribution of consumer goods ...
    DOI: 10.1787/662146556832
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    China as a Leading Pacific Economy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.89
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China is emerging as a leading Pacific economy in the 1990s. This paper examines the implications of China's entry into the world market for the OECD countries as well as for the regional economies of Asia and the Pacific. It argues that the shares of Asian countries in the OECD countries' market cannot increase without bound, as China and its neighbouring developing economies have basically similar export profiles, competing with each other for market shares for similar products. China's coastal strategy has led to the emergence of a "greater China", encompassing China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Growing trade and investment flows between China and Taiwan via Hong Kong since the mid-1980s can be understood as components of "catching-up" processes, described by some trade economists as the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development. In short, China's entry into the world market is a "positive sum" game, as it provides new market opportunities for both OECD countries and Asian NIEs. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/111803631747
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    Unemployment and Labour Force Participation : Trends and Cycles (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.130
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper deals with trends and cycles of unemployment and labour-force participation. Empirical evidence on both trends and cyclical movements in unemployment and participation is presented. Some of the mechanisms behind the observed developments are also analysed, examining how well they fit into different theoretical frameworks. The implications for the assessment of labour market slack of the observed interplay between unemployment and participation are discussed. The paper ends by presenting some unexplained puzzles concerning the interplay between trends and cycles of unemployment and participation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066012764781
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    International Integration of Financial Markets and the Cost of Capital (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.128
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite the increased capital mobility that has accompanied the trend towards liberalisation and international integration of financial markets, differences remain in financing costs and, in particular, the cost of capital, that similar businesses face in different countries. These differences have attracted considerable attention as important factors influencing international investment and productivity growth. A number of reviewed empirical studies suggest that Japan and Germany enjoyed a considerable advantage with regard to the cost of equity and, more broadly, the cost of capital compared to the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. This was due to higher leverage, a much lower cost of equity in Japan and a lower cost of German firms' debt to banks. Many studies have argued that closer bank-customer relationships, and more stable prices and growth rates in Japan and Germany have tended to lower their cost of capital. More recent studies which cover the period ...
    DOI: 10.1787/777568427281
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    Pay Flexibility in the Public Sector (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062412
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Flexibilité des rémunérations dans le secteur public
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This volume, based on the proceedings of a symposium held at the OECD, provides a wide ranging analysis of what pay flexibility actually implies, how it is developing in different countries and different parts of the public sector, and what it is achieving. Bringing together contributions from public sector practitioners and from specialists in pay and industrial relations, the volume seeks to draw lessons from experience that will help to guide future developments in this important and sensitive area of public policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062412-en
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    Trends and Cycles in Labour Productivity in the Major OECD Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.129
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses a multivariate generalisation of the Beveridge and Nelson methodology to model trends and cycles of business-sector labour productivity in the major OECD countries. The method implies that the trend is the long-term forecast of productivity, given all available information; the cycle is thus interpreted as the total excess growth that one would forecast beyond "normal" rates of productivity (see Evans and Reichlin, 1992). Multivariate trends in productivity were estimated including series that Granger-cause and, possibly, are cointegrated with productivity. The corresponding cycles were compared with those generated by the Hodrick-Prescott filter and with the business-cycle dating of the OECD. The stability and predictive properties of the Beveridge-Nelson and Hodrick-Prescott trends were compared. Finally, the estimated productivity gaps were used as proxies for capacity utilisation in econometric models of price formation in order to assess their empirical ...
    DOI: 10.1787/215124852050
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    Striving for International Competitiveness : Lessons from Electronics for Developing Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.84
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Electronics has become critically important in every country's attempt to restructure or build its competitiveness. The developments in electronics have given rise to an industry with an unprecedented growth record in terms of sales and exports, innovative capacity, and spin-off potential for related services. But electronics has also infiltrated into many other industries through the pervasiveness of its application potential. Instead of competing solely on cost, competitive advantage is now often obtained by those who have the (temporary) benefit of having mastered cutting-edge technology. To the fore has come a type of innovation that builds on relations with users, on interaction with suppliers, subcontractors, universities, industry associations, government institutes, and even potential competitors through various kinds of cooperative agreements. Thus, the competitiveness of a firm depends not only on its own strength, but also on the support it receives from the external environment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/828011556753
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    The Economic Analysis of Institutions and Organisations - in General and with Respect to Country Studies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.133
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Institutional questions have become increasingly prominent in the evaluation of nearly every area of structural policy. The present article shows how formal economic analysis may be brought to bear on the problem of understanding institutions. It begins by reviewing the recent history of thought on the economics of organisations. It then outlines the fundamentals of transactions cost economics, a branch of economic theory which views organisations as a response to competitive pressures to align different ways of channelling or "governing" a transaction -- these governance forms include market, hybrid or hierarchy -- with the transactions requirements of different economic sectors. The paper then demonstrates the applicability of this theory, which represents a significant departure from the neo-classical theory of the firm, in such diverse areas as intermediate product markets, corporate finance and governance, the modern corporation, regulation and deregulation and the failure of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/802045548530
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    Pension Liabilities in the Seven Major Economies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.142
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of on-going OECD work on the economic assessment of public pension systems in view of the process of the ageing of populations. It provides indicative estimates of the likely size of public pension liabilities in the main seven economies based on simplifying assumptions, and analyses various methods of financing these liabilities. The methodology developed here is based on the so-called generational accounts approach. Such accounts indicate in present-value terms the lifetime financial burden government programmes impose on present and future generations. Up to now, the methodology has been used to estimate public pension liabilities in France and Belgium, in the framework of the 1993 OECD Economic Surveys for those countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/083510523416
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    High and Persistent Unemployment : Assessment of the Problem and Its Causes (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.132
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Unemployment has emerged as one of the most pressing economic concerns in the majority of OECD countries. However, experiences differ across countries as regards the level, volatility and composition of unemployment. Nevertheless, a common feature in many countries is that given levels of wage acceleration, capacity utilisation and vacancy rates are now associated with much higher levels of unemployment than used to be the case two decades ago. Countries seem to differ in the extent to which rising trend unemployment reflects a rise in equilibrium unemployment ("the natural rate") or slow adjustment towards an equilibrium level which is lower than trend unemployment. A number of factors can be pointed to as affecting either equilibrium unemployment or the speed of adjustment in labour markets. Such factors comprise both labour market institutions and policies as well as features that are outside the realm of structural policies. A review of the literature as well as the examination ...
    DOI: 10.1787/506882344657
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    Centralisation of Wage Bargaining and Macroeconomic Performance : A Survey (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.131
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Starting from the theoretical argument underlying the “hump shape” hypothesis, the paper investigates the various dimensions of centralisation in the wage formation process. The diversity of effects discussed in the paper makes it harder to arrive at unambiguous policy conclusions. Careful analysis of the various features and economy-wide direct as well as indirect effect of the degree of centralisation in the wage formation process suggests that there exists various trade-offs, the most important of which appears to be that between real wage restraint and relative wage flexibility: centralisation favours the former but reduces the latter. This suggests that its effect on macroeconomic performance depends on the type of shocks affecting the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/521405217277
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    Possibilities and Limitations of Combined Transport : Report of the Ninety-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 24-25 October 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.91
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilités et limites des transports combinés ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-onzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 24-25 octobre 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: One priority of European transport policy is to develop combined transport, a mode that is seen as providing a solution to the problem of road congestion while at the same time protecting the environment. Such transport is not developing as swiftly as might be hoped, however, and obstacles are arising in terms of, among others, productivity in multimodal terminals, terminal hauls, saturation of rail infrastructure, standardization of equipment, and the cost of transhipment facilities. Round Table 91 deals with these issues and also draws attention to the positive aspects of the growth ofcombined transport. The analysis is based on factual data and conducted from the broader perspective of thecontribution that combined transport can make to sustainable economic development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105399-en
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    Marketing and Service Quality in Public Transport : Report of the Ninety-Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 December 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105412
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (193 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.92
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Faced with mounting deficits, public transport is in search of a new image. Above all, service quality must beadapted to customer needs. A whole range of possibilities exist to make public transport more appealing: more frequent and punctual service, better equipment, improved customer relations, electronic payment facilities and more convenient connections are just a few of these. Round Table 92 takes stock of what is happening throughout Europe in this area. By comparing the interesting developments, a new image of public transport is slowly taking shape.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105412-en
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    Short Sea Shipping : Report of the Eighty-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 26-27 September 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105351
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.89
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les transports maritimes à courte distance ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 26-27 septembre 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: In view of the growing congestion of inland transport infrastructure, both road and rail, short sea shipping clearly warrants consideration as a valuable alternative. It is, in fact, a branch of transport activity that has attracted little attention, so its potential is still to be assessed. Round Table 89 provides some factual information and analyses in this respect, thus giving a clearer picture of the activity at present and of the main obstacles to its development, such as the cost of port operations and legal problems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105351-en
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    Privatisation of Railways : Report of the Ninetieth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 February 1993 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105375
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La privatisation des chemins de fer ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dixième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4-5 février 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The privatisation of the railways is a topical issue. Many countries are launching privatisation programmeswith a view to reducing the operating deficits of the railways, notably by making them more competitive. However, at a time of high-speed trains, traffic congestion and concern over the environment, not everybody agrees on the merits of privatisation. This Round Table clarifies the issues, analyses a number of examples, and defines the potential obstacles to privatisation. It shows the difficulties inherent in such projects, and the scope for implementing them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105375-en
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    Private Pay for Public Work : Performance-Related Pay for Public Sector Managers (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les traitements du privé pour le public ; Rémunération liée à la performance pour les cadres de la fonction publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les traitements du privé pour le public : Rémunération liée à la performance pour les cadres de la fonction publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication reviews performance pay schemes covering middle management and senior management levels in departments and agencies of central government and also looks at, on a selective basis, schemes for managers in other parts of the public sector. The objectives of the study were to investigate why performance-related pay schemes are being introduced at management levels in the public sector, to examine how these schemes operate, to assess whether the schemes are meeting their stated objectives, and tosee whether and under what conditions performance pay can operate successfully in public sector settings.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031036-en
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    Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions Targets : Results from the IEA Model (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.114
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised reduction scenarios. The IEA model is an econometric energy model with a projection horizon to 2005. One of the major conclusions to emerge from the results presented in this paper is that even seemingly moderate CO2 emissions reduction targets would require very high carbon taxes. The reasons for this are, firstly, that the carbon taxes need to be very high to have any material impact on final prices, especially those of transportation fuels and electricity, and, secondly, that most of the decline in emissions would have to come from a reduction in energy demand because the scope for substitution is very limited over a period of 10-15 years. The model also suggests that the required carbon taxes for any target are likely to be much lower in North America than in the Other OECD region, because North ...
    DOI: 10.1787/431042862776
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    On the Pricing of LDC Debt : An Analysis Based on Historical Evidence from Latin America (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper displays and discusses historical data on sovereign debt prices for two Latin American countries and provides a signalling framework to account for the following phenomena: (a) prices for old (defaulted) and newly-issued debts were the same, but such prices diverge and rise sharply once the countries stopped issuing new foreign debt, and, (b) the price of defaulted and newly issued debts both tend to rise as the latter approaches maturity and the country starts redeeming all its outstanding obligations. The analysis sheds some light on the valuation of different debt instruments in today's secondary market for LDC debt ...
    DOI: 10.1787/745662235424
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    Global 2100 : Alternative Scenarios for Reducing Carbon Emissions (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.111
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the cost of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised reduction scenarios. The project provides evidence on: i)projected carbon dioxide emissions through the next century, and ii) the carbon taxes and output costs entailed in reducing these emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/507434234134
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    Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069961
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 203; Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 203: Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The fish are exposed to the test substance preferably for a period of 96 hours. Mortalities are recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and the concentrations which kill 50 per cent of the fish (LC50) are determined where possible. One or more species may be used, the choice being at the discretion of the testing laboratory. At least seven fishes must be used at each test concentration and in the controls. The test substance should be administered to, at least, five concentrations in a geometric series with a factor preferably not exceeding 2.2. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes the observations of fish at least after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The cumulative percentage mortality for each exposure period is plotted against concentration on logarithmic probability paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069961-en
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    The Political Economy of Stabilization Programmes in Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.59
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This report investigates the endogenous effects of the implementation of stabilization programmes (credits and different variants of conditionalities) in developing countries. A model is outlined, which at the same time builds on Modern Political Economy and New Institutional Economy and incorporates cognitive (psychological) aspects in decision making. Emphasizing the demand and supply of support for the government by the various interest groups and the population, this model helps to explain not only the programmes' effects on the standard of living, but also on the use of instruments by the groups involved. Especially, effects on the politicians' own consumption, the extent of corruption by bribery and the suppression of the population and particular groups are analysed. Conditions under which the economic and/or the political situations improve for the population are identified and corresponding testable propositions are formulated ...
    DOI: 10.1787/802526617102
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    Taiwanese Corporations in Globalisation and Regionalisation (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.61
    Keywords: Development ; Chinese Taipei
    Abstract: Many of Taiwan's highly export-oriented enterprises are small and medium-sized, and many are in a relatively good position to cope with, even to take advantage of, globalisation. Because they generally do not have strong in-house R&D, and often do not have their own global marketing channels and internationally recognised brand names, however, many also see globalisation as a serious threat. To cope with the challenges of globalisation, Taiwanese firms are adopting various strategies to strengthen their technological capabilities; these strategies include joint R&D efforts in Taiwan, and technology alliances with foreign partners. Faced with challenges at home — including labour shortages, major appreciation of the NT dollar and an environmental protection movement — as well as the pressures of globalisation, many firms are also striving to internationalise their operations, both in Asia and outside the region (especially in North America, more recently in Europe). Direct overseas ...
    DOI: 10.1787/263030024237
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  • 77
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    Debt Conversions in Yugoslavia (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper begins with a brief description of the relationship between Yugoslavia and its creditors throughout the 1980s, providing a background for the introduction of debt conversions in Yugoslav practice. The main features of the legal environment for debt conversions, especially of the debt conversion programme initiated in March 1989, are then reviewed. The paper then focuses on the main patterns of debt conversions executed in Yugoslavia with respect to their volume, structure of transactions, sources of funds and debt reduction effects. It appears in particular that the Yugoslav debt conversion programme presents many original features when compared with similar programmes implemented in several developing countries. Finally, the paper provides a review of the micro and macroeconomic implications of debt conversions, including the cost and benefits of these transactions, and concludes that this programme has been quite successful for Yugoslavia ...
    DOI: 10.1787/051211613213
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  • 78
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    Agriculture and the Policy Environment : Zambia and Zimbabwe (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.74
    Keywords: Development ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe
    Abstract: The paper examines the effect of differing policies in the post-independence period on the agricultural and overall economic performance of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It focuses on the interaction between macroeconomic and agricultural policy reforms. It shows that macro and micro reforms need to be closely linked and that both are critical to sectoral performance. The paper identifies a number of reform options and examines their sequencing at the national and agricultural level. Such reform will greatly improve the performance of the Zambian and Zimbabwean agricultural sectors, enhancing food security, employment and economic growth ...
    DOI: 10.1787/850532161540
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  • 79
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    Namibian Agriculture : Policies and Prospects (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Development ; Namibia
    Abstract: The study examines agricultural development in Namibia in the context of the economic environment, with a view to providing policy perspectives which may assist in the process of reform towards a more equitable and dynamic economy. It shows that the improvement of smallholder incomes provides the only means of improving the position of the majority of poor Namibians, and examines how best to raise agricultural output without endangering the large-scale farmers who are vital to the economy. The significance for agricultural development of the customs and monetary agreements between Namibia and South Africa, and other external policies, is examined. The reform of pricing and marketing structures in Namibia is constrained by these external arrangements, but they also provide some benefits. The assessment of these and other issues provides the basis for an analysis of the reform options facing Namibian agriculture and the links between agricultural and economywide policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/034622700155
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  • 80
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    Small-Scale Industries and Institutional Framework in Thailand (including Statistical Annex) (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.81
    Keywords: Development ; Thailand
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on small and micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Thailand. The survey covered a large sample of enterprises (more than 500) in Bangkok and ten other provinces. Three sectors were studied: restaurant stalls, garment manufacturing, metal goods manufacturing. In fact, these are activities in which there are the greatest number of "manufacturing" enterprises in Thailand's urban informal sector. Their study permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study shows that small enterprises in Thailand are well integrated in the economic development process, especially through subcontracting, and their growth is not particularly hindered by institutional constraints. Moreover, even though small entrepreneurs complain about the attitude of official inspectors, they often accepted the reasons for regulations, for they served to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/074416410021
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  • 81
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    Conflict or Indifference : US Multinationals in a World of Regional Trading Blocs (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.57
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Managers of US multinational corporations generally respond with a "big yawn" to warnings that the world trading system might evolve into a set of protectionist regional blocs. Their lack of fear is justified, since both their past strategies and their more recent, supposedly global strategies have resulted principally in regional systems of production facilities. The gains from manufacturing and trading among more widely dispersed facilities seem lower than the costs of managing such a complex system. As a result, US multinationals' trade in manufactures stays mostly within the region of production, and would be little affected by the emergence of powerful trading blocs. The strategies of most US multinationals would be threatened only if regional blocs restricted foreign investment. This seems unlikely, given the history of regional trade groups, and restrictions on new investment would probably harm Japanese competitors more than US multinationals, which have already established ...
    DOI: 10.1787/258656276864
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  • 82
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    Agricultural Productivity and Economic Policies : Concepts and Measurements (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.75
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This study develops a conceptual framework for analysing the ways in which changes in the economic environment modify factor productivity. It focuses on the technology actually used in production — implemented technology — rather than the generation of technology. Implementation reflects the pattern of incentives and constraints deriving from the underlying economic conditions with which producers are faced in making technology choices. The study provides an original, formal theoretical underpinning to the popular but essentially unsubstantiated proposition that productivity and the rate of growth of productivity depend on the policy framework ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257184001567
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  • 83
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    The Chinese Economic Area : Economic Integration without a Free Trade Agreement (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.124
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This paper describes the de facto economic integration taking place between China, Hong Kong and Taiwan -- the "Chinese Economic Area" -- and analyses basic factors underlying the process. Even in the face of weak economic performance in OECD countries the integration has helped underpin rapid growth in all three economies, particularly in China's south-eastern provinces. If Chinese policies are further liberalised within a reasonably stable macro-environment, the Chinese Economic Area could become a major player in world markets within one generation and require massive adjustment in the rest of the world ...
    DOI: 10.1787/222427402147
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  • 84
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    Lessons from the Family Planning Experience for Community-Based Environmental Education (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.62
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper starts out reviewing and comparing the World Population Plan of Action and the UNESCO-UNEP Global Strategy for Environmental Education: the objectives, tactics, actors and institutions. Subsequently, the examination of numerous materials from the family planning field provides some examples to be emulated by community-based environmental activities in developing countries. Population, cultural and gender variables are also sought in some existing environmental education and protection efforts. It is hoped that such information will increase the ability to integrate these concerns into environmental education and public awareness programmes. The analysis builds on the author's previous research on gender issues ...
    DOI: 10.1787/460260405417
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  • 85
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    Mexican Agriculture in the Free Trade Agreement : Transition Problems in Economic Reform (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.63
    Keywords: Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: Should Mexican agriculture be liberalized? If so, how fast should this be done, and what policies should accompany the transition? We use Mexican agriculture as a case study to analyze the transition problems that arise in most major economic reforms. We focus on the implications for policy design of the absence of efficient capital markets; on the welfare costs of reforming only gradually; on incentive problems created by trade adjustment policies; and on the redistributive aspects of policy reform in the presence of realistic limits on available policy instruments. Our key point is that adjustment should focus on increasing the value of the assets owned by the groups affected, and not on direct income transfers or programs targeted on output or other characteristics controlled by the beneficiaries. We target adjustment on what people have, as opposed to what people do ...
    DOI: 10.1787/856518560383
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  • 86
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    Latin America in a Changing Global Environment (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.66
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Latin America's insertion in the world trade system is entering a period of historical change. Driving that change will be the outcome, or failure, of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations; the increasing regionalisation of trade relations; and the profound liberalisation in Latin America of national trade regimes, which is also leading to a strong revival in the region of sub-regional integration schemes. The interaction between changes in the region's trade regimes and changes in the global determinants of foreign direct investment in manufacturing are affecting the locational advantages of Latin America as a recipient of direct investment flows as well. The effects on Latin America of regionalisation in Europe and in the Western Hemisphere are, overall, benign. "EC 1992" is likely to have a positive net impact on Latin America's exports unless dramatic, and unlikely, discriminatory measures against third parties are introduced in conjunction with the creation of the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/310764374447
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  • 87
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    Managing the Environment in Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion de l'environnement dans les pays en développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Environmental policy should be inspired by the recognition that the environment is everyone’s business; all social actors must be involved in environmental management • Policies that implicitly subsidize a wasteful and environmentally destructive use of resources are pervasive: reforms should command a high priority on economic as well as environmental grounds • Compared to regulation, market-based instruments are little used but they can be more efficient; they can also produce revenues to finance environmental improvements • Regulatory effectiveness can be improved by: relying more on preventive measures, including environmental impact assessment; targeting large polluters; strengthening enforcement; and favouring mediation over litigation
    DOI: 10.1787/480585052668
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  • 88
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    The Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions : A Comparison of Carbon Tax Curves with GREEN (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.118
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised scenarios. This paper provides evidence of regional differences with respect to carbon tax curves through the middle of the next century. It also develops some analytical tools that can help to explain the main mechanisms at work in GREEN. Finally, it evaluates the welfare and output costs entailed in reduction emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/018813821426
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  • 89
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    The Long-Term Unumployed and Measures to Assist Them (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.7
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This Occasional Paper consists of an introduction, by a member of the Secretariat, giving some general reflections on measures to help reduce long term unemployment, and a report by a group of experts from eleven Member countries and representatives of the Commission of the European Communities in which the diverse national experience is reviewed and compared. The report contains an annex in which the different measures are summarised.
    DOI: 10.1787/5479eae3-en
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  • 90
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    Offensive and Defensive Responses by European Multinationals to a World of Trade Blocs (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.64
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: European multinationals show a growing divergence in their response to the formation of regional trade blocs, according to evidence from seven industries. European firms that are strong competitors at the world level are able to adjust aggressively to changes within Europe without disturbing their global strategies. Weaker firms are prone to becoming more inward-looking in Europe, and to risk further loss of global competitive position. The contrast is particularly marked in industries like chemicals and consumer products, which emphasize exports as a means to serve international markets, and the weaker firms are especially prone to call for protectionist help from Brussels in trade-intensive industries, like apparel. While the lobbying pressures on national and European institutions differ according to the global competitive strength of the leading European firms in a particular industry, the effect is one-sided: the pressure for protection or support is strong in industries where the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/145052815784
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  • 91
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    OECD's Indicators of International Trade and Competitiveness (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.120
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les indicateurs de compétitivité et de commerce internationaux de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents the methodology adopted by the Economics Department to calculate indices of effective exchange rates and indicators of competitiveness, based on unit labour costs and export unit values in the manufacturing sector. The calculation derives from a double-weighting system which first measures competition among all competitors of a given country on each of its markets, this competition being then weighted according to the relative importance of each of the markets of the country in question. These indicators are generally used to analyse trends in trade variables. In this paper, indicators of export market growth and export performance are also calculated and compared with the export competitiveness indicators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/708306180711
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  • 92
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    The Information Content of Interest Rate Spreads Across Financial Systems (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.109
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines whether information asymmetries and agency costs vary across OECD countries depending on the nature of their financial system. It does this by examining whether the predictive power of the spread between yields on private and government securities (which, it has been argued, reflects such factors) varies across countries. The results indicate that the information content of the spread is highest in those countries with market-based financial systems ...
    DOI: 10.1787/382885756345
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  • 93
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    The Impact of Economic Reform on the Performance of the Seed Sector in Eastern and Southern Africa (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: During the last decade, the seed sector has been included in economic reform programmes in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa but it is not clear whether these initiatives have helped or hindered the process of improving small farmers' access to improved seed. This study explores this issue using the contrasting experiences of the seed sector in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Against a broadly common economic heritage and farming system, the pace of reform and the way it has been implemented in the seed sector have varied considerably between the three countries. Nonetheless the available data on seed production, costs of seed production and seed sales suggest that, at least in the short- to medium-term, reform-type policies adversely affect the ability of seed companies to produce improved seed cheaply and the ability of small farmers to make effective use of it. This is largely because general macro-economic and agricultural sector reforms fail to tackle the more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/523245475740
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  • 94
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    Co-Financing Transactions between Multilateral Institutions and International Banks (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.78
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The last decade has exemplified a retrenchment of bank lending in developing countries. International banks strive to boost capital ratios, thereby raising equity, reducing their less profitable assets and rebalancing portfolios towards less risky claims. In that context of underfinanced adjustment and growth programmes in the LDCs, international financial institutions (IFIs) have attempted to mobilize additional financing from commercial banks through co-financing and guarantee operations. The World Bank has been at the forefront of such a role since 1983. The B-loan programme, however, has fallen short of reviving private lending in the LDCs. In 1989, the World Bank introduced an enhanced co-financing operation programme (ECO) geared toward creditworthy borrowers. Risk-sharing arrangements with private banks involve the guarantee of late maturities as well as direct participation in bank loans and partial guarantee of bond issues. Despite more flexible guidelines for the World ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728086677321
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  • 95
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    Economic Regionalisation and Intra-Industry Trade : Pacific-Asian Perspectives (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The present paper examines the trade development of Pacific-Asian economies during the past decade from the perspective of regional integration. Its main focus is on the development of intra-regional and intra-industry trade. It provides some statistical evidence for the often-heard argument that the remarkable development of Pacific-Asian trade in the 1980s should be seen as a case for the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development, which is basically of inter-industry type. It argues, however, that developments since the mid-1980s have provided a new dimension to the regional division of labour — increasing the opportunities for intra-industry trade (IIT) among the Pacific-Asian economies. The empirical analysis based on the Grubel-Lloyd index of IIT in manufactures suggests that large increases in the level of IIT in the developing economies of the region is a consequence of "globalisation" of corporate activities in the United States and, more recently, in Japan and the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/035300332827
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  • 96
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    Japan's Rapidly Emerging Strategy Toward Asia (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.58
    Keywords: Development ; Japan
    Abstract: Japan is in the process of developing much closer economic ties with its Asian neighbours, at both the government and private-sector levels. While there is little official support in Japan for the creation of any formal regional integration scheme, there is evidence of Japanese behaviour leading to what can be termed soft regionalisation with Japan as the dominant actor. A major increase in direct investment, supported by large amounts of foreign aid helping to create the necessary infrastructure for that investment, is the principal vehicle for the increasing Japanese involvement in Asia. Regional trade flows have shown less of a shift toward Japan, but that could change in the 1990s. The developing nations of Asia have been quite receptive to this rapid increase in the Japanese economic presence, and would be quite foolish to restrict the inflow of foreign aid and direct investment. Recipient countries should recognize however that the co-ordination between ...
    DOI: 10.1787/826220570632
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  • 97
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    Results for the OECD Comparative Modelling Project from the Whalley-Wigle Model (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.121
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised reduction scenarios. The paper provides evidence on; i) projected carbon dioxide emissions through the next century, and ii) the carbon taxes and output costs entailed in reducing these emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/415252876312
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  • 98
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    Transport and Spatial Distribution of Activities : Report of the Eighty-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 April 1990 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105320
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et distribution spatiale des activités ; Rapport de la 85ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5 et 6 avril 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Experience has shown that there is a very close relationship between the geographical distribution of activities and the location of transport infrastructures, a relationship that is becoming evident again today as high-speed railway lines are built or enter the planning stage. This report seeks to determine what influence these lines will have on the regions served, particularly in the light of experience with the TGV Sud-Est in France.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105320-en
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  • 99
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    An Assessment of the Brady Plan Agreements (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.67
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents an assessment of the results of Brady plans for debtor countries which have implemented such agreements (Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay and Venezuela). First, we show that the relatively successful Mexican case cannot be generalized, due to the great diversity of the agreements signed. Hence a case-by-case analysis is essential. Second, we attempt to measure the distribution of wealth gains and losses among Brady plan participants. An original feature of this attempt is that we explicitly take account of the role of multilateral creditors in the burden sharing. In a simplified framework, Brady plans are interpreted as a "gift" from official creditors, which is, with one exception, fairly equally shared between banks and debtors. On completion of this analysis, the assessment is modified on a case-by-case basis in order to take account of efficiency gains specifically linked to the Brady deals. This does not lead to very optimistic conclusions about ...
    DOI: 10.1787/615827578321
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  • 100
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    A "Credit Crunch"? : The Recent Slowdown in Bank Lending and Its Implications for Monetary Policy (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.107
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the recent slowdown in bank lending that has affected several large OECD countries. The analysis begins with a description of the importance of bank credit in the financial systems of the countries considered. The origins of the lending slowdown are analysed - - including the importance of deteriorating bank balance sheets and the BIS capital rules - - as well as its potential to depress economic activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of how monetary policy should react to unusually sluggish bank lending ...
    DOI: 10.1787/657730454204
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