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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bridging the Gap : Inequality and Jobs in Thailand (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Inclusive Society ; Income Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Drivers ; Wage
    Abstract: This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on income inequality in Thailand. It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality in Thailand and identify opportunities to promote more inclusive growth. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A) to examine the pattern, structure, and drivers of income inequality in the country, with a special focus on inequality and labor market supply-side factors. It is structured as follows. This section has laid the foundation for analysis, examining historical trends in both consumption - and income-based measures of inequality while providing geographic context and data on public perceptions about inequality. It also provided a summary of literature findings. Section 2 analyzes the pandemic's impacts on inequality, including the role that social assistance played in mitigating its effects but also the potential scarring effects on children's human capital development. Section 3 examines the structural drivers of inequality and its persistence, focusing on the role of inequality of opportunity in human capital development and access to basic services. Finally, Section 4 provides policy options to create a more inclusive society by addressing the root causes of persistent inequality and mitigating the challenges brought about by the pandemic. In particular, since a significant share of the poor in Thailand are engaged in agriculture, the report underscores that improving farm incomes is crucial for alleviating poverty and reducing inequality. As such, Section 4 draws its recommendations from a recent study on the key challenges and opportunities facing Thai farmers to raise agricultural productivity and incomes
    DOI: 10.1596/40878
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Central America Human Capital Review : Promoting More and Better Investments in Human Capital (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/41181
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Afghanistan Gender Monitoring Survey : Baseline Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Employment ; Freedom of Expression ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Restrictions ; Women
    Abstract: Through various decrees from the Interim Taliban Administration (ITA), women and girls have been systematically excluded from public and political domains, and restricted in their freedom of expression, access to education, and some forms of employment. As the restrictions continue to mount, it is increasingly important to safely consult with women and girls on their needs and priorities. The Afghanistan gender monitoring survey (AGMS) is intended to provide a snapshot of women's own perceptions of their situation and to bring the voices of Afghan women into data collection efforts to inform the humanitarian-development response. The AGMS interviews were conducted in September and October 2022. This first round of data collection will provide an important baseline from which to assess the additional impacts of the December bans. This report presents the main results of the AGMS, conducted by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/39708
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kosovo Public Expenditure Review (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PER ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Social Assistance ; Western Balkans
    Abstract: Kosovo has gained a creditable reputation for prudent macro-fiscal management; yet necessary structural reforms and related fiscal pressures lie ahead. The country's track record includes consistently high output growth rates, prudent fiscal deficits supported by fiscal rules, and one of the lowest public debt levels among peers. The Government was able to successfully weather the COVID-19 crisis and mitigate the impact of the ongoing inflationary crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine thanks to its healthy fiscal accounts and stable financial sectors. At the same time, however, the overlapping external shocks have highlighted the inherent volatility that mirrors Kosovo's structural limitations - especially in health, energy, and education - and accentuates gaps in both human and physical capital. The objective of this Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to help the government identify means for improving the structure and quality of public services, enhance the equity of government spending, and take a holistic view of policies that will affect financing needs over time. To do so, the PER has analyzed fiscal issues that have not been explicitly detailed in, or are in the process of being incorporated into, the medium-term expenditure framework and the economic reform program. The most notable issues include the urgently needed energy investments, the ramifications of the new law on public salaries on the budget, the sustainability of the untargeted social protection system, and possible pathways of the cost of pensions in light of expected changes to eligibility criteria, and the health spending and health financing conundrum. The PER also looks back at past World Bank PER recommendations and their implementation record, in the attempt to shine a light on measures that remain valid and could still be implemented
    DOI: 10.1596/39944
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Crisis and Recovery : Learning from COVID-19's Economic Impacts and Policy Responses in East Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Impacts ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies
    Abstract: More than three years after the first COVID-19 case was discovered in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, it is time to take stock of the lasting effects-and opportunities-of the pandemic and identify which policies may have helped stem the economic losses suffered by households and firms. To do so, this regional report examines the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households and firms in six countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. This volume examines: (a) the links between impacts on firms and households, in particular through the employment channel, and (b) governments' fiscal responses to the COVID crisis, through transfers, subsidies, and taxes. It identifies and explains changes in household well-being by examining the economic effects of the pandemic on labor markets. As the source of employment and wage income, businesses have a direct role in determining jobs and earnings, and, indirectly, welfare, poverty, and inequality. When faced with a shock, firms responded by adjusting employment, reducing wages, increasing prices, and reducing services provided. All of these channels directly affected households' wellbeing. For this reason, the report focuses on firms in addition to households. Governments responded through various instruments, providing transfers and subsidies and lowering the tax burden to both households and firms
    DOI: 10.1596/39977
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  • 6
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    Empowering Girls and Women in South Sudan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Empowerment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Women ; Womens Education
    Abstract: This advisory services and analytics (ASA) study focuses on the empowerment of South Sudanese girls and women. The report provides a cohesive overview of the barriers to empowering girls and women in South Sudan, as well as evidence-based programs and strategies that have been successful in the country and other similar fragile contexts. Focusing on both global and country-specific evidence, which has been informed by a desk review, the report also focuses on successful strategies and programs to understand what is being done and what works worldwide for women and girls. This ASA builds on several programs currently in place for South Sudan, providing synergies across various sectors. The findings from this ASA will be particularly impactful for an emerging operation in South Sudan that focuses on the empowerment of women. Specifically, this ASA will create synergies with the South Sudan Women's Social and Economic Empowerment Project, given that its target population is also girls and women. This report will attend to strategies to empower women from the social and economic perspective and its support to the institutional environment to facilitate this. Further, the South Sudan Women's Social and Economic Empowerment Project may benefit from the findings and recommendations from this ASA, especially from an economic perspective, as it embarks on implementation and seeks to empower women in South Sudan
    DOI: 10.1596/39703
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  • 7
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    The impact of the COVID-19 crisis across different socio-economic groups and the role of job retention schemes - The case of Switzerland (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.268
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis across socio-economic groups in Switzerland and the role played by its short-time work scheme during the first year of the crisis until the end of 2020. To this end, it compares changes in hours worked for different socio-groups in Switzerland and other OECD countries, and then documents differences across groups in the use of short time work and in the risk of job loss. Finally, the paper investigates differences between groups of short-time work participants in terms of the reduction in working time, job search behavior and the risk of subsequent job loss. The evidence so far suggests that the Swiss short time work scheme as it operated during the first year of the COVID-19 crisis was fit for purpose.
    DOI: 10.1787/38fc6bad-en
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  • 8
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    The effect of declining unemployment benefits on transitions to employment : Evidence from Belgium (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.272
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Belgium
    Abstract: This paper provides new evidence on the effect of the 2012 reform on flows from UB to employment. The reform increased the steepness of the time profile of unemployment benefits by raising the initial benefit, lowering its long-term level and increasing the number of steps in-between. The analysis finds no indication that the 2012 reform of the Belgian UB system led to an increase in flows towards employment or inactivity either in the aggregate or when comparing groups of workers whose benefits were affected to different extents. While the results of this paper and recent literature provide little ground in favour of a further accentuation of the steepness of the time profile of UB in Belgium, the system could likely benefit from a simplification of the rules that would enhance its readability for workers and facilitate its administration and evaluation.
    DOI: 10.1787/cba7af24-en
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  • 9
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    Tunisia's Jobs Landscape (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Demography ; Employment ; Gender ; Growth ; Labor Supply and Labor Demand ; Living Standards ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized in four chapters. Chapter1 describes trends in growth, productivity, demography, employment, and living standards to inform the analysis of labor supply and labor demand carried out in the chapters that follow. The chapter starts by depicting aggregate trends in economic growth and living standards of the Tunisian population, the drivers of growth (e.g. remittances and migration, FDI, exchange rate, productivity, et cetera), and broad structural changes in terms of job creation and labor productivity growth. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the composition of the labor market and how it has changed over time, including demographics and labor force participation, employment and employment composition in terms of type of job, industrial sector, occupation both at the aggregate level and for different population groups based on gender, age, educational level, and geographical location. It turns the spotlight on two groups that face particular difficulties in accessing the labor market, namely women and youth, and advances hypotheses regarding key barriers to their engagement in the labor market. Chapter 3 shifts the focus to one of the most relevant dimensions that characterize the Tunisian labor market, namely the distinction between the public sector, formal and informal employment. The chapter investigates how individual characteristics are correlated with the probability of working in different types of employment; it provides an overview of recent trends in wages and of conditional wage gaps along a number of dimensions (men/women, public/private, formal/informal employment); and it illustrates how wage workers with different characteristics, in particular different educational endowments, benefit from the labor market. Finally, building on the findings of Chapter 1, Chapter 4 examines recent trends in the patterns of structural and spatial transformation along the employment and firm dimension. It provides an overview of the firm landscape in terms of size, industrial sector, geographical area as well as recent trends in firms' performance, dynamics, labor decisions and capital investments, as well as constraints and opportunities firms face
    DOI: 10.1596/38381
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  • 10
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    Cox's Bazar : Inclusive Growth Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
    DOI: 10.1596/36841
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  • 11
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    Post Covid-19 - Building a Resilient and More Sustainable Recovery in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras : Central America Competitiveness Report (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sustainability ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has had widespread negative effects in developing countries around the world, generating an unprecedented shock. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was a particularly affected region, recording a significant contraction in regional GDP and international trade in 2020. This report focuses on the impact of Covid-19 and recovery in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. These three Central American countries (CA3), albeit unique in their history and characteristics, share many similarities in their economic context and challenges for achieving sustained growth. The region includes one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, with low economic growth rates relative to other Latin American countries
    DOI: 10.1596/37689
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  • 12
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    Social Protection Situational Analysis : North Macedonia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: North Macedonia has strengthened its social protection system through comprehensive reforms in social assistance, social services, and pensions. This note considers, based on existing evidence, the extent to which the social protection system in North Macedonia satisfies four basic principles: adequacy; balance and effectiveness; equity; and sustainability. The situational analysis note is structured as follows: section two reviews the main poverty and labor market outcomes in North Macedonia, comparing it with peers and relevant country groups. Section 3 introduces a framework to consider the performance of the social protection system and then outlines the broad characteristics of social protection in North Macedonia, by program type and expenditure. Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, the vulnerable and persons with disabilities and assesses the recent social assistance reform. Section 5 discusses social services and assesses the changes in social services as a result of the social protection reform as well as the introduction of case management, which aims to help ensure the provision of integrated services to the poor and vulnerable. Section 6 discusses pensions. Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs (ALMPs). Section 8 considers the recent social protection response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and section 9 concludes by offering an assessment of the main areas for reform
    DOI: 10.1596/37873
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  • 13
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    South Sudan Economic Monitor, February 2022 : Towards a Jobs Agenda (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inflation ; Job Creation ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Peacebuilding ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: South Sudan faced significant headwinds in FY2020/21, with the pandemic, floods, and violence flareups affecting economic activities. Consequently, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 5.4 percent in FY2020/21. Oil production declined by 5.9 percent as floods affected production and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed new investments to replace exhausted wells. In the agriculture sector, flooding precipitated estimated losses of 38, 000 tons of cereals (4.3% of 2020 production) and 800, 000 livestock according to FAO estimates. The overall cereal deficit was projected to reach 465, 610 metric tons in 2021, equivalent to about 35 percent of the overall food requirement for the year, sustaining high levels of food insecurity. Living conditions continue to be impacted by violence, displacement, and inadequate access to basic services. With improving macroeconomic conditions supported by an ongoing macro-fiscal reform program, a modest growth rebound of 1.2 percent is projected in FY2021/22. Nevertheless, poverty levels are expected to remain exceptionally high. As the economy recovers from multiple shocks, a focus on policy options to stimulate the creation of a sufficient number of quality jobs to absorb a young and expanding labor force should take center stage. Economies that create jobs, particularly for the youth, are generally more stable and can elevate public confidence in the Government's capacity to deliver. In South Sudan, an effective jobs support program would invest in immediate livelihood support, the recovery of modest business activities, and the revival of markets
    DOI: 10.1596/36994
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  • 14
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    Introducing individual savings accounts for severance pay in Spain : An ex-ante assessment of the distributional effects (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.259
    Keywords: Employment ; Spain
    Abstract: This report provides an ex ante assessment of the distributional effects of introducing portable severance pay accounts in Spain based on micro-simulations. In the current system, permanent workers who are dismissed from their job are entitled to 20 days of severance pay per year of service, which is relatively high by OECD standards. The report considers a reform that replaces the current severance payment system with individual saving accounts financed through periodic contributions by employers. The report focuses on two versions of the reform that keep constant respectively the total compensation in case of dismissal (“constant benefit”) or the expected costs for firms of employing a permanent worker (“constant-cost”). Importantly, the analysis in the report does do not take account of the behavioural responses of firms and workers to the reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/8128a96d-en
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  • 15
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    Prosperity for All Saotomeans : Priorities to End Poverty, Promote Growth, and Build Resilience in Sao Tome and Principe (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Education ; Education Sector Strategy and Lending ; Electric Power ; Electricity ; Employment ; Energy ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Human Capital ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Investment ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Sao Tome and Principe (STP), a small island nation of 215,000 people in the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of Central Africa, is in many ways a country of great untapped wealth. One of Africa's least known countries, its striking volcanic landscape is home to virgin rainforests with rich biodiversity, while its large exclusive economic zone (EEZ), approximately 160 times larger than the archipelago, is a marine biodiversity hotspot and supports high numbers of species unique to the area. It has among the lowest violence and crime rates in Africa and has had peaceful elections and transitions of power since becoming a multiparty democracy in 1991, making it an outlier in the region. It also has a young population, half of which is under 18 years of age, raising the prospect of a demographic dividend to be tapped in the years ahead. Its economy has grown steadily over the past two decades, outpacing its high population growth. This growth reflects strong inflows of overseas development aid (ODA) and revenues from oil exploration that have enabled the government to expand public investments, particularly in infrastructure, social protection, health, and education. This has enabled STP to bridge the gap caused by years of underinvestment in local human and physical capital, a legacy of the country's colonial past (its first secondary school was established only in 1952). This growth model has not been able to spark the fundamental changes needed for the economy to generate resilient poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Few jobs are being created, and indicators and consultations with civil society reveal a broad sense of social exclusion even as the economy has grown. This model is not sustainable.A new growth model is needed, one that will be able to provide more opportunities for its growing population. In the context of STP, a small nation with low capacity facing increasing vulnerabilities and in need of a new growth model, it is important to think strategically to identify an effective way forward. To this end, this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the most critical vulnerabilities and constraints facing the country and, from these, a set of actionable priorities that will contribute to reducing poverty while promoting sustainable growth and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36562
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  • 16
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    Policy Recommendations on Accelerating Inclusive Employment of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Stigma
    Abstract: Disability-inclusive development directly responds to the World Bank's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Disability and poverty are inherently linked, with persons with disabilities having poorer health outcomes; lower education achievements; less economic participation; and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. Poverty may also increase the risk of disability, by leading to the onset of health conditions associated with disabilities, such as malnutrition; low birth weight; lack of clean water and sanitation; and unsafe work and living conditions. The development challenges faced by persons with disabilities need to be addressed through a multisectoral and multidimensional approach that entails measures to improve accessibility and equality of opportunity; promotes participation and inclusion; and increases respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons with disabilities. Ensuring the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities in Bangladesh remains a challenge. To break the cycle of disability exclusion and poverty for persons with disabilities and their households, access to work and or livelihoods is essential. This note provides a set of recommendations to support the equitable participation and inclusion of women and men with disabilities in the labor market through a variety of mechanisms, including legislative policies; education and skills development; self and wage employment; social protection; accessibility; and the importance of changing attitudes
    DOI: 10.1596/36521
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  • 17
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    Tajikistan Country Gender Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Life Expectancy ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Tajikistan has a lot to show in terms of creating an enabling policy framework for gender equity, yet large gendered challenges remain. The global COVID-19 outbreak is impacting economies around the world, including Tajikistan, in an unprecedented manner and aggravates existing gender challenges. This report is presenting achievements made and challenges still to be addressed in view of gender-equity in Tajikistan, based on a desk study covering using most recent material from Tajikistan national sources, the World Bank, development partners and others. It is oriented towards key strategic objectives of the World Bank Group (WBG) Gender Strategy for the period of FY17-FY23 with relevance for the Tajikistan context
    DOI: 10.1596/36657
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  • 18
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    Egypt Economic Monitor, December 2021 : The Far-Reaching Impact of Government Digitalization (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; E-Government ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Finance
    Abstract: The Egyptian economy continues to show resilience through the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the macroeconomic and energy sector reforms implemented in recent years, along with measures to ease monetary conditions, provide selected sectoral support and mobilize external financing. Real GDP growth and foreign income activities started recovering since Q4-FY2020/21. However, global COVID-related challenges and an uneven recovery across the world continue to restrain the rebound. Foreign reserves remain ample, but the widened current account deficit has increased financing requirements. Fiscal consolidation has helped bring down the budget deficit-to-GDP ratio. Yet, fiscal space remains constrained by the interest burden and below-potential revenue-mobilization. Egypt is expected to resume pre-pandemic growth in FY2021/22 as the COVID-situation gradually improves. Further advancement of structural reforms is critical to sustain the recovery, drive productivity growth and generate high-earning job opportunities. The Focus Chapter in this report is dedicated to the topic of government digitalization; a key priority of the country's national structural reform program. Egypt is currently at a relatively elevated level of government digitalization, according to international indices such as the United Nations E-Government Development Index, as well as the newly constructed World Bank GovTech Maturity Index. For the recent digitalization efforts to realize their potential and further enhance governance and public service delivery, continued reforms require focus on: (1) The roll-out of 'end-to-end' digital solutions (whereby digital transformation occurs in every step throughout a given governmental process), ensuring the integration and inter-connectedness (inter-operability) of related government systems, (2) Complementing digital transformation with a continued simplification and streamlining of government processes. (3) Strengthening the foundations of the "Digital Economy" in Egypt is crucial to effectively leverage technologies for a more efficient government, and for large-scale uptake by individuals and businesses. This will require (3-a) Continuous investments in digital infrastructure across the country to ensure uninterrupted availability of essential digital government services and universal access to high quality internet, (3-b) Promotion of digital skills, (3-c) Incentivizing use of digital financial services, and (3-d) Ensuring an overall conducive legal and regulatory framework for the digital transformation of the economy
    DOI: 10.1596/36995
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  • 19
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    Unlocking Egypt's Potential for Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth : Eqypt Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Transparency
    Abstract: Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) analyze the most critical constraints and opportunities to ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The first SCD for Egypt was published in 2015. A lot has happened since then, so this SCD Update takes advantage of a longer stretch of reforms and newer data up to 2019 to identify and again assess the set of priorities through which Egypt can most effectively and sustainably achieve the goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36437
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  • 20
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    Lesotho Systematic Country Diagnostic Update : Bridging Implementation Gaps to Accelerate Development (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Business Environment ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Risk Management ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Job Creation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Reform ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) emphasized the need to shift from a public sector-driven to a private sector-driven, export-oriented, and job-creating economic growth model. This SCD Update revisits the constraints and priority interventions identified in the 2015 SCD and posits that most of the challenges and binding constraints identified in the first SCD remain valid today
    DOI: 10.1596/36910
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  • 21
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    Tajikistan Country Economic Update, Summer 2021 : Rebounding Economy, Challenges Remain (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: After the economic slowdown in 2020, Tajikistan's GDP grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent in the first half of 2021. According to the Listening-to-Tajikistan (L2T) survey, the social and economic wellbeing of the population severely deteriorated following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), and the country remained far from full recovery at the end of 2020. The strong economic rebound was mainly supported by a continued sharp increase in the export of precious metals, and a pickup in private investment and consumption. The cautious and incremental resumption of air traffic with regional countries allowed migrants to resume traveling abroad and restore the inflow of remittances. Domestic economic activity strengthened as the government gradually relaxed lockdown measures. In the beginning of 2021, Tajikistan adopted a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan (NDVP) and launched it on March 23, 2021, after receiving the first 192,000 doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine from COVAX
    DOI: 10.1596/36126
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  • 22
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    Albania Country Economic Memorandum : Background Note on Supporting an Adaptive and Resilient Labor Force (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This background note is one of several analytical contributions to the 2021 Albania country economic memorandum (CEM). The CEM is a World Bank flagship report that aims to help Albania identify next steps in its structural reform agenda. As set out in the CEM, Albania needs to refocus attention on the pre-crisis reform agenda and accelerate its long-term economic growth rate, including by spurring productivity growth, building human capital, and supporting investment. On the labor supply side, this means investing in people and supporting workers in their transitions towards better employment. On the labor demand side, this means supporting firm productivity growth and the creation of better job opportunities. Beyond higher economic growth rates per se, however, the quality of the development model needs to strengthen. Through more green, resilient and inclusive development (GRID), Albania can ensure that growth gains will be more sustainable. Finally, the CEM highlights the need for Albania to rebuild its public finances. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has driven public debt to new heights. Upgrading Albania's growth model - including implementing many of the reforms presented in the CEM - will require further spending. In this context, increasing the fiscal space available to Albania needs to be a priority
    DOI: 10.1596/36926
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 23
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    Malaysia Country Gender Note 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Gender ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Life Expectancy ; Maternal Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Malaysia Country Gender Diagnostic Note will serve as a guide to identify the priority areas for the World Bank country office in Malaysia to address the gender equality challenges in meeting the country's aspirations and next stage of development, particularly in the areas of inclusive growth and sustainability. This diagnostic builds on the first review that was completed in 2018, and aims to understand the changes from 2017 to 2020, especially with regards to the impact of the pandemic on gender issues. This note has strived to obtain the most current data. Where 2019 to 2020 micro-data is not available, this diagnostic is based on data and analysis drawn from published reports using data obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia. The diagnostic commences with a review of Malaysia's performance in gender indicators in global indices, and documents areas of progress and areas where Malaysia is lagging in comparison to Southeast Asian (SEA) neighbors and selected countries in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, as well as aspirational high-income nations. The diagnostic follows the framework of the 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development, and focuses on three priority areas: human endowments, voice and agency, and economic opportunities. This note also considers the changes in Government and national policies, and on pertinent emerging issues. Malaysia scores poorly in gender-related indicators, although it performs fairly well on a number of human development indicators in international indices. Since the previous Gender Diagnostic Note 2018, Malaysia's performance in the global gender indices has not changed significantly. For example, in the Women, Business and Law Report 2021, Malaysia maintained its score at 50 and comes in the bottom 20th percentile. When compared to regional comparators and aspirational high-income economies, Malaysia is underperforming
    DOI: 10.1596/36658
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  • 24
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    Iran Economic Monitor, Fall 2021 : Adapting to the New Normal - A Protracted Pandemic and Ongoing Sanctions (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Iran's economy is gradually recovering following a lost decade (2011-2020) of negligible economic growth. Less stringent COVID-19 restrictions, adaptation to the new normal - reflected in a recovery in consumption, and more favorable oil sector conditions have driven a four-quarter rebound after June 2020, albeit from a low base. The rebound was boosted by the rapid rollout of COVID-19 vaccines in the second half of 2021/22. However, limited accessible foreign exchange reserves, due to ongoing US sanctions, have led to exchange rate volatility and a surge in inflation. The economic rebound has also been predominantly jobless which coupled with high inflation has translated to declining household welfare, especially among the bottom income deciles who were also disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. Meanwhile, adverse climate change events such as droughts and record temperatures have led to water shortages and energy blackouts which have brought the socio-economic urgency of these challenges to the fore
    DOI: 10.1596/36785
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  • 25
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    Philippines Economic Update, December 2021 : Regaining Lost Ground, Revitalizing the Filipino Workforce (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The economic rebound gained momentum in the third quarter of 2021 despite another COVID-19 wave. The Philippines has, so far, faced its worst infection wave in September when the 7-day daily average reached about 21,000 cases due to the Delta variant. In response, the authorities reimposed stringent mobility restrictions in Metro Manila and other key metropolitan areas. Nonetheless, compared with previous waves, domestic activity has been less sensitive to infections. Public containment measures constrained overall mobility less, while households and firms have learned to cope with infections and diminished mobility. As a result, the growth momentum was not severely hampered, and the third quarter growth surprised on the upside, exceeding market expectations. The economy expanded by 4.9 percent in the first three quarters of 2021, rebounding from a 10.1 percent contraction over the same period in 2020. Although partially driven by base effects, the growth expansion also reflected an increase in economic activity despite the implementation of several lockdowns. Growth was supported by the industry sector, driven by double-digit growth in manufacturing and robust public construction activity. The services sector posted a more moderate expansion as some key services were subdued by mobility restriction measures. The agriculture sector contracted as farm and livestock outputs were impacted by typhoons and ongoing outbreak of African Swine Fever. Meanwhile, domestic demand improved, supported by a resurgence in public construction spending. Private consumption picked up but still tempered by elevated inflation and unemployment, mobility restrictions, and low consumer confidence. Public consumption growth eased, in part due to the base effects from the swift disbursement of fiscal support a year ago. The global economic recovery strengthened exports, although services trade remained weak. The fiscal stance remains supportive of economic recovery, but the policy space is narrowing. Public spending accelerated from 23.6 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2020 to 24.6 percent of GDP in the same period in 2021, in line with the recovery in public investment and ongoing fiscal support. Infrastructure outlays increased from 3.5 percent of GDP to 4.7 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2021, a result of the government's push on investment spending as part of its recovery program. Meanwhile, public revenues fell from 16.8 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2020 to 16.3 percent of GDP over the same period in 2021. Tax revenues rebounded due to strong tax and customs collections, but non-tax revenue contracted following the significant dividend remittances to the Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) in the beginning of the pandemic. The fiscal deficit widened from 6.9 percent of GDP in Q1-Q3 2020 to 8.3 percent of GDP in Q1-Q3 2021. The wider fiscal deficit has resulted in higher financing needs, which have been met by increased public borrowing. Public debt increased from 54.6 percent of GDP at end-2020 to 63.1 percent of GDP at end-September 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/36874
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    Designing fair and workoriented unemployment benefits : the case of Belgium (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 237
    Keywords: 2018 ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeit ; Gerechtigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Belgien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This note focuses on the design of fair and work-oriented unemployment benefits, with a specific focus on Belgium, a country in which the design of the unemployment benefits system has become the subject of an intense policy debate in recent years. After taking stock of the most recent literature and international policy practices, the note describes the main features of the Belgian unemployment benefit system and proposes a number of policy recommendations that can help to make the current unemployment benefit system more work-oriented and fair across all groups of unemployed.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac17d171-en
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  • 27
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    Addressing labour market challenges in Belgium (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1602
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Job creation has lowered unemployment, but the Belgian labour market still faces many challenges. Employment rates remain low, reflecting barriers to finding a job such as low levels of skills and weak work incentives. In addition, the changing nature of work will require faster adaptation of workers. In order to address these challenges, this chapter presents a detailed analysis of policy priorities, drawing notably on insights from the OECD Jobs Strategy. One priority should be that each worker has access to lifelong training, with additional allowances targeted to disadvantaged workers. To improve transitions into work, the use of tools for the profiling of individualised risks should be extended. A better combination of income support and incentives could be achieved through reforming both unemployment and in-work benefits. Reforming some aspects of employment protection legislation, such as those related to collective dismissals, and the wage formation system, would boost flexibility. This Working Paper relates to the 2020 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium http://www.oecd.org/economy/belgium-economic-snapshot/.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a542d68-en
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  • 28
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    Job polarisation and the middle class : new evidence on the changing relationship between skill levels and household income levels from 18 OECD countries (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 232
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour markets across the OECD have polarised in recent decades, as the share of middle skill occupations has declined relative to that of both high- and low skill occupations. This paper shows that, contrary to what is often assumed in the public debate, job polarisation has not resulted in a decline in the share of households with middle-income across 18 OECD countries. Most of the changes in the share of middle-income households result instead from changes in the propensity of workers in different occupations to be in it. In fact the results point to a change in the relationship between occupational skill levels and household income as both middle and high skill jobs increasingly fail to deliver on the promise of the relative income status traditionally associated with their skill level. These changes might help explain some of the social frustration that has been at the centre of the political debate in recent years.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/4bf722db-en
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  • 29
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    The effect of computer use on job quality : evidence from Europe (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 200
    Keywords: 1995 - 2015 ; Informationstechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Anforderungsprofil ; EU-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies changes in computer use and job quality in the EU-15 between 1995 and 2015. We document that while the proportion of workers using computers has increased from 40% to more than 60% over twenty years, there remain significant differences between countries even within the same occupations. Several countries have seen a significant increase in computer use even in low-skilled occupations generally assumed to be less affected by technology. Overall, the great increase in computer use between 1995 and 2015 has coincided with a period of modest deterioration of job quality in the EU-15 as whole, as discretion declined for most occupational and educational groups while intensity increased slightly for most of them. Our OLS results that exploit variation within country-occupation cells point to a sizeable positive effect of computer use on discretion, but to small or no effect on intensity at work. Our instrumental variable estimates point to an even more benign effect of computer use on job quality. Hence, the results suggest that the (moderate) deterioration in the quality of work observed in the EU-15 between 1995 and 2015 has occurred despite the spread of computers, rather than because of them.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/1621d67f-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    An Assessment of Employment in Niger (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Due to frequent domestic and external shocks, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Located in a sub-region repeatedly challenged by security threats such as the Libyan conflict, the Mali crisis and the Boko Haram armed attacks, the Nigerien economy is exposed to severe climate shocks that largely impact the country's economic performance. Despite going through several episodes of political turbulence, Niger has experienced relative political stability, with beneficial effects for economic growth since 2011. To sum up, Niger is a country that faces the jobs challenges of an agrarian and increasingly resource-based economy, and in which a large part of the population is young, poor and exposed to external and internal shocks. In Niger, most population is poor and lives in rural areas, implying that the jobs with the highest development impact are in agriculture. However, as discussed, jobs per se do not guarantee sufficient income opportunities to escape poverty; as such, increases in productivity are crucial for improving living standards. Moreover, giving the high exposure of poor and rural households to climatic shocks and food insecurity, the new jobs agenda needs to encourage the use of modern and inputs and decrease reliance on rainfall patterns. This book is arranged as follows: 1) Chapter one explains the employment structures in Niger; 2) Chapter two discusses employment dynamics and transitions; 3) Chapter three has the analysis of agricultural employment; 4) Chapter four looks at non-agricultural household enterprises; and 5) Chapter five introduces the youth occupational aspirations
    DOI: 10.1596/36616
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  • 31
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    In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264235120 , 9264232664
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als In it together
    DDC: 339.209177
    RVK:
    CC 7700
    RVK:
    MS 6500
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Soziale Ungleichheit
    Abstract: The gap between rich and poor keeps widening. Growth, if any, has disproportionally benefited higher income groups while lower income households have been left behind. This long-run increase in income inequality not only raises social and political concerns, but also economic ones. It tends to drag down GDP growth, due to the rising distance of the lower 40% from the rest of society. Lower income people have been prevented from realising their human capital potential, which is bad for the economy as a whole. This book highlights the key areas where inequalities are created and where new policies are required, including: the consequences of current consolidation policies; structural labour market changes with rising non-standard work and job polarization; persisting gender gaps; the challenge of high wealth concentration, and the role for redistribution policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264235120-en
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  • 32
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    Sick on the Job? : Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Mental Health and Work
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mal-être au travail ? ; Mythes et réalités sur la santé mentale et l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mal-être au travail ? : Mythes et réalités sur la santé mentale et l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sick on the job?
    DDC: 158.72
    RVK:
    CU 3040
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Arbeit ; Psychische Gesundheit
    Abstract: The costs of mental ill-health for the individuals concerned, employers and society at large are enormous. Mental illness is responsible for a very significant loss of potential labour supply, high rates of unemployment, and a high incidence of sickness absence and reduced productivity at work. In particular, mental illness causes too many young people to leave the labour market, or never really enter it, through early moves onto disability benefit. Today, between one-third and one-half of all new disability benefit claims are for reasons of mental ill-health, and among young adults that proportion goes up to over 70%. Indeed, mental ill-health is becoming a key issue for the well-functioning of OECD’s labour markets and social policies and requires a stronger focus on policies addressing mental health and work issues. Despite the very high costs to the individuals and the economy, there is only little awareness about the connection between mental health and work, and the drivers behind the labour market outcomes and the level of inactivity of people with mental ill-health. Understanding these drivers is critical for the development of more effective policies. This report aims to identify the knowledge gaps and begin to narrow them by reviewing evidence on the main challenges and barriers to better integrating people with mental illness in the world of work.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124523-en
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    Job-rich Growth in Asia : Strategies for Local Employment, Skills Development and Social Protection (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264110984
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Job-rich growth in Asia
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Asien ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Asien ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftliche Lage
    Abstract: Jobs-rich Growth in Asia discusses some of the most pressing issues that countries in Southeast Asia are facing in regard to boosting local employment and skills development while advancing social protection strategies in emerging, fast-growing labour markets. A joint OECD/ILO initiative, this book analyses local approaches in Asia to modernise labour markets and skills strategies and shows how local recovery is taking place through a combination of policy measures on employment creation, skills development and social protection.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264110984-en
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  • 34
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    Off to a Good Start? Jobs for Youth (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des débuts qui comptent ! Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: Promoting a smooth transition from school to work, and ensuring that youth are given the opportunities to move on in their careers and lives, have long been issues of fundamental importance for our economies and societies. Today, they are even more pressing challenges as the global economy emerges from the worst crisis of the past 50 years. Indeed, young people have borne much of the brunt of the recent jobs crisis. The youth unemployment rate is approaching 20% in the OECD area, with nearly 4 million more youth among the unemployed than at the end of 2007. The initial experience in the labour market has a profound influence on later working life. Getting off to a good start facilitates youth integration into the world of work and lays the foundation for a good career, while it can be difficult to catch up after an initial failure. In particular, the jobs crisis is likely to leave long-lasting “scarring” effects on some of the current generation of school-leavers, particularly if they face multiple disadvantages, such as having low skills and also coming from a disadvantaged background. Tackling the youth jobs crisis requires a strong commitment from all: the youth themselves, the government through well-targeted and effective policy measures, social partners though their participation in the dialogue, and other key actors – such as teachers, practitioners and parents – who can really make a difference to investing in youth. This report makes an important contribution to a new agenda of youth-friendly employment policies and practices. It analyses the situation of youth employment and unemployment in the context of the jobs crisis and identifies successful policy measures in OECD countries. But it also discusses structural reforms in education and in the labour market that can facilitate the transition from school to work. The report draws on both recent data and the main lessons that emerged from the 16 country reviews conducted as part of the OECD Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes programme.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096127-en
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  • 35
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    OECD Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation : Methodology for Assessment and Implementation (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264087095
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de l'OCDE sur la réglementation des pensions professionnelles ; Méthodologie pour l'évaluation et la mise en œuvre
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de l'OCDE sur la réglementation des pensions professionnelles : Méthodologie pour l'évaluation et la mise en œuvre
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD principles of occupational pension regulation
    RVK:
    QV 596
    Keywords: Betriebliche Altersversorgung ; Regulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Betriebliche Altersversorgung ; OECD ; Evaluation
    Abstract: Occupational pensions play a major role in OECD countries and worldwide, complementing retirement income from state sources. At the end of 2009, private pension savings reached USD 25 trillion. Population ageing has led many OECD countries to undertake a wide range of pension reforms – the overall effect of which has been to reduce public pension promises and, in turn, to increase the importance of private pension savings for retirement. The Core Principles cover seven key areas: i) Conditions for effective regulation and supervision; ; ii) Establishment of pension plans, pension funds, and pension fund managing companies; iii) Pension plan liabilities, funding rules, winding up, and insurance; iv) Asset Management; v) Rights of members and beneficiaries and adequacy of benefits; vi) Governance; and vii) Supervision. Each of the seven core principles consists of a main text and a set of implementing guidelines. In the case of the core principle of supervision, the supporting guidelines integrate the IOPS Principles of Private Pension Supervision. The Methodology provides a structured approach for evaluating a jurisdiction’s occupational pension regulatory system in relation to the OECD Core Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264087095-en
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  • 36
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    Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers: Canada : Opportunities for Collaboration (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264090422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maladie, invalidité et travail ; Surmonter les obstacles ; Canada ; Des possibilités de collaboration
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maladie, invalidité et travail : Surmonter les obstacles : Canada : Des possibilités de collaboration
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada
    Abstract: Sickness and disability policy reform has been a priority for OECD countries wanting to improve employment and social outcomes in this domain. The recent recession and corresponding fall in labour demand is expected to hit marginalised workers, including workers with health problems or disability, harder than the broader working-age population. There is a pressing need for policy makers to address the recent “medicalisation” of labour market problems, a phenomenon that appears to underlie much of the difficulties countries find in disability policy making. This report is an assessment of the Canadian situation, albeit through the lens of the federal government and the provinces of Québec, British Columbia and Manitoba. It looks at the current state of play following a decade of various reforms and preceding a period where further revisions are likely.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264090422-en
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  • 37
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    Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers: Sweden : Will the Recent Reforms Make It? (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264090606
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sickness and disability is a key economic policy concern for many OECD countries. Medical conditions, or problems labelled as such by societies and policy systems, are proving an increasing obstacle to raising labour force participation and keeping public expenditure under control. More and more people of working age rely on sickness and disability benefits as their main source of income, and the employment rates of those reporting disabling conditions are low. This report is an assessment of the Swedish reforms, which aim to lower inactivity and increase participation, against the background of recent trends and policy responses in other OECD countries. It looks at what Sweden is currently doing and what more it could do to transform its sickness and disability schemes from passive benefits to active support systems that promote work.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264090606-en
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  • 38
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Australia 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Australia
    DDC: 331.3/40994
    RVK:
    QG 900
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Australien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Australien ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: Whatever the level of qualification, first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. Getting off to a good start facilitates integration and lays the foundation for a good career, while a failure can be difficult to make up. This report contains - for Australia - a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, as well as a set of policy recommendations for further action.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060203-en
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  • 39
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    OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies: Serbia 2008 : A Labour Market in Transition (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264045811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Serbia
    Abstract: To catch up with more advanced economies, Serbia urgently needs to improve the functioning of its labour market. This report reviews labour market trends and the principle challenges to labour market policy, making a series of recommendations. Despite many reforms, new business growth until now has been far too slow to compensate for job losses elsewhere. Recent reforms of labour law should be followed up by further efforts to improve the climate for business and productive work. Labour regulations must be flexible, but they should also be enforced more consistently. For all this to happen, it is essential that an effective social dialogue can take place and that it encompasses expanding and declining segments of the labour market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264045811-en
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  • 40
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    Staying Competitive in the Global Economy : Moving Up the Value Chain (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment rester compétitif dans l'économie mondiale ; Progresser dans la chaîne de valeur
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment rester compétitif dans l'économie mondiale : Progresser dans la chaîne de valeur
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Staying competitive in the global economy
    RVK:
    QM 000
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Competition, International ; International economic relations ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Competition ; Globalisierung ; International economic relations ; Globalisierung ; Weltwirtschaft ; Internationaler Wettbewerb
    Abstract: Global value chains are radically altering how goods and services are produced--parts made in one country, for instance, are increasingly assembled in another and sold in a third. The globalisation of production has changed the industrial structure within OECD countries, and in some sectors blunted their competitiveness. Another major consequence has been fears of job losses, due to outsourcing and offshoring—not only in manufacturing but also in services. The rapid integration of China and India, with their large pool of educated people, further reinforces these concerns. How should OECD countries respond? This report brings together OECD data on the globalisation of value chains, including the rise of outsourcing/offshoring. It first examines how OECD countries are affected by the globalisation of production, on both the macroeconomic and sector-specific levels. The costs and benefits of globalisation are then discussed, with an emphasis on employment and productivity. Finally, this report analyses how globalisation impacts the competitiveness of OECD countries, highlighting the need for an effective innovation strategy. The report discusses not only the moving up the value chain that takes place in OECD countries but also in China, as R&D is increasingly going to emerging countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034259-en
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  • 41
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Spain 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264032439
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Empleo juvenil; España
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Empleo juvenil: España
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Spain
    RVK:
    QG 520
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Spanien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain ; Spanien ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer
    Abstract: Improving the performance of youth in the labour market is a crucial challenge in OECD countries facing persistent youth unemployment. Getting off to a good start facilitates integration and lays the foundation for a good career, while a poor beginning can be difficult to make up. Part of a series of reports on the school-to-work transition process in 16 countries, this report surveys the main barriers to employment for young people in Spain and assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school to work. The report includes a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners in Spain.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264032439-en
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  • 42
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Korea 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Korea
    RVK:
    QG 870
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of ; Südkorea ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: Improving the performance of youths in the labour market is a crucial challenge in OECD countries facing persistent youth unemployment. This report, part of a series which looks at the school-to-work transition process in sixteen countries, contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people in Korea, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040809-en
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  • 43
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    OECD Reviews of Human Resource Management in Government: Belgium 2007 : Brussels-Capital Region, Federal Government, Flemish Government, French Community, Walloon Region (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264038202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Human Resource Management in Government
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur la gestion des ressources humaines dans l'administration publique ; Belgique 2007 ; Administration fédérale, Administration flamande, Communauté française, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Région wallonne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur la gestion des ressources humaines dans l'administration publique : Belgique 2007 : Administration fédérale, Administration flamande, Communauté française, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Région wallonne
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Belgium
    RVK:
    QQ 000
    Keywords: Personalmanagement ; Regierung ; Belgien ; Employment ; Governance ; Belgium ; Belgien ; Regierung ; Personalwesen
    Abstract: This review of human resource management (HRM) in Belgian government is the first country review of its kind to be carried out by the OECD. It provides a detailed diagnosis and solutions for improving the management of government employees in the Brussels-Capital Region, Federal Government, Flemish Government, French Community and Walloon Region. The report compares the policies and practices of Belgium with those in other OECD countries, as well as those across different governments in Belgium. Recommendations suggest that governments should reform the intergovernmental framework on employment to remove rigidities and enhance co-operation, pay special attention to staff productivity and efficiency, and enhance the good governance of their HRM systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264038202-en
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  • 44
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    The Taxation of Employee Stock Options (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264012493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La taxation des options de souscription ou d'achat d'actions destinées aux salariés
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The taxation of employee stock options
    DDC: 332.632283
    RVK:
    QL 840
    RVK:
    QK 650
    Keywords: Besteuerungsprinzip ; OECD-Staaten ; Aktienoption ; Employment ; Taxation ; OECD ; Arbeitnehmer ; Steuer ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Steuersystem ; Aktienoptionsplan
    Abstract: Employee stock option plans have become a common component of remuneration packages in multinational enterprises. This publication presents and examines the many important tax issues that arise for beneficiaries and companies. Focusing first on domestic tax issues, it considers what tax treatment would provide no tax-related incentives for a company to either increase or cut the use of stock options, and would be neutral regarding the choice of either granting stock options or paying ordinary salary. The approach is non-prescriptive and serves to provide a benchmark for policymakers. This is complemented by a survey of taxation of stock options in OECD countries in 2002 that calculates the effective rate of tax and compares it with tax on ordinary salary. Cross-border taxation issues are then discussed. Issues such as the timing of the benefits from stock options, the distinction between employment income and capital gains and the identification of the services to which they relate are relevant to the application of tax treaties, which are based on the OECD Model Tax Convention, and the resulting changes to the Model's Commentary are fully explained. Finally, the effects on transfer pricing are analysed in three circumstances: when an enterprise grants stock options to employees of a subsidiary in another country, when using transfer pricing methods that are affected by remuneration costs, and when employees benefiting from stock options are involved in activities that are the subject of a cost contribution arrangement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264012493-en
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  • 45
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: Ireland 2006 (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264036239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ageing and employment policies: Ireland
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Irland ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland ; Irland
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 21 OECD countries, contains a survey of Ireland's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264036239-en
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  • 46
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: Australia 2005 (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264009721
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ageing and employment policies: Australia
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Australien ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Australien ; Älterer Arbeitnehmer ; Beschäftigungspolitik
    Abstract: Faced with rapid population ageing and unsustainable pension schemes, OECD countries are looking at ways to encourage labour market participation by older people. This book examines the the situation in Australia by looking at barriers to employment to older workers, assessing adequacy of measures to overcome these barriers, and making policy recommendations for improvement. This book is published in English only, but includes a French translation of the Executive Summary and Recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264009721-en
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  • 47
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    Trade and Structural Adjustment (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064591
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les échanges et l'ajustement structurel
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: International competition, accelerating technological change and shifting societal concerns are important drivers of structural change, both within and across firms, industries and regions. As well as bringing undoubted opportunities, structural adjustment raises acute challenges. This must be acknowledged in making the case for open markets. This brochure aims to identify, for both developed and developing countries, the requirements for successful trade-related structural adjustment via the reallocation of labour and capital to more efficient uses, while limiting adjustment costs for individuals, communities and society as a whole. It draws on a longer study incorporating detailed sectoral case studies...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064591-en
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  • 48
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    Promoting Adult Learning (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264010932
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Education and Training Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promouvoir la formation des adultes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Adult Learning (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Adult Learning (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Promoting adult learning
    RVK:
    DW 1000
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Bildungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; OECD ; Erwachsenenbildung
    Abstract: This publication provides policy guidance in an area that has been given little policy priority until recent years. It brings together key lessons from 17 OECD countries, providing evidence on the strategies in place to improve adults’ participation in learning. It addresses potential barriers to learning as well as the policies to remedy them. Among these are policies for increasing and promoting the benefits of adult learning to make them transparent and easily recognised. Other policy levers include economic incentives and co-financing mechanisms that can raise the efficiency of adult learning provision, while delivering quality learning that is adapted to adults’ needs. Finally, policy making can be improved via co-ordination and coherence in a field that is characterised by a wide variety of stakeholders, including ministries of education and ministries of labour.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264010932-en
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  • 49
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    Growth in Services : Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les Services et la croissance économique ; Emploi, productivité et innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les Services et la croissance économique : Emploi, productivité et innovation
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: At its meeting in May 2003, the Ministerial Council asked the OECD to analyse the contribution made by the services sector to employment growth, productivity and innovation, and to identify factors, institutions and policies that could enhance the growth prospects of this sector. In response to this request, the OECD launched a cross-Directorate study. This report draws the main policy conclusions from the project. It complements the OECD report on Trade and Structural Adjustment, which provides policy directions on how OECD countries can adjust to international trade. Together, these reports present a concrete policy agenda on how to strengthen growth performance and address globalisation, structural change and the shift to services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064577-en
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  • 50
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    Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards : Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Adverse Effects ; Advocacy ; Collective Action ; Coping Strategies ; Discrimination ; Employment ; Food Safety ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Marketing ; Migration ; Pesticides ; Private Sector ; Productivity ; Public Health ; Public Sector ; Quality Control ; Risk Management ; Rural Development ; Transaction Costs ; World Health Organization
    Abstract: This report summarizes a program of research coordinated by the World Bank and carried out from October 2002 to May 2004. The objectives of the program have been to: 1) Highlight the major dynamics in the evolution of important sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) in selected industrialized countries. 2) Explore the room for maneuver of suppliers of agri-food products in developing countries in the context of evolving regulatory (and commercial) changes and consider the range, appropriateness, and effectiveness of various strategic responses to those changes. 3) Develop a better understanding of the nature and level of the costs of achieving and maintaining compliance (or non-compliance) with international and country-specific SPS standards. The research also identifies and quantifies direct and indirect benefits that may flow from the adoption of the rules, systems, skills, and facilities required to comply with standards. 4) Develop a better understanding of the implications of emerging standards for market and industry structure and wider socio-economic effects. Evidence is sought on how compliance strategies (or the failure to comply with standards) have affected participation by smaller enterprises and farmers in export-oriented supply chains and their impact on employment patterns. 5) Review the scope and nature of ongoing programs of international development agencies to provide technical assistance and other support for capacity-building in trade-related SPS management in low- and middle-income countries, and draw operational lessons from that experience. 6) Draw out the operational implications of these research findings and identify entry points for the World Bank and other development agencies working in this field
    DOI: 10.1596/8491
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  • 51
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: France 2005 (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264008878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies ; France 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies : France 2005
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sonnet, Anne Ageing and employment policies: France
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Frankreich ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France ; Frankreich ; Älterer Mensch ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Soziale Sicherheit
    Abstract: In France, the proportion of persons aged 65 and over to the working-age population will double to 58% by 2050. Without policy changes, this could lead to higher public expenditures, labour force shortages, and slower economic growth. This report surveys of the main barriers to employment for older workers, assesses of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers and presents a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners. It examines the balances between income support and work incentives, methods for encouraging employers to hire and retain workers, and policies for ensuring the employability of older workers. This report is published in English with a French translation of the Executive Summary and Recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264008878-en
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  • 52
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    New Forms of Governance for Economic Development (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les nouvelles formes de gouvernance et le développement économique
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: New forms of governance are emerging. Government, business and civil society are increasingly seeking ways to develop and pursue economic development strategies and solve socio-economic problems jointly. Regional strategic platforms, partnerships, open governments and other agents of change help release the potential of their area thanks to better co-ordination, and adaptation of public policies to local conditions. This book examines how the new forms of governance overcome administrative, political and financial obstacles and impact local prosperity and the quality of life. These new approaches are illustrated with the results of some of the ambitious initiatives taken by Belgium, the Czech Republic, Mexico, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015326-en
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  • 53
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: United Kingdom 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of the UK's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016231-en
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  • 54
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    Managing Decentralisation : A New Role for Labour Market Policy (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104716
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Decentralising labour market policy is a delicate and challenging subject of political debate. Does decentralisation really enable co-ordination of policies? At the local level, how do we make the best use of decentralised powers? How can greater flexibility be provided in managing policies while still guaranteeing efficiency and accountability? To enhance responsiveness to citizens’ needs, governments increasingly decentralise the way policies are designed and implemented. In the labour market policy area, many stakeholders, from business and local government to community groups and NGOs have been receptive. The OECD invited leading experts and experienced policy makers and practitioners to address these questions and share their experiences in dealing with such issues. This report, supported by statistical data, summarises the lessons learnt from their experiences. It is for researchers, leading experts, business communities, economists in government circles and NGOs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104716-en
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    Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development : Programme and Policy Recommendations (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199798
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local ; Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local ; recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development; Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local : Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local : recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development: Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Few studies have systematically examined the relationship between the creation of new firms and local economic development -- yet it is a universal concern for central and local governments wishing to combat localised economic distress. This book examines the principal routes through which enterprise creation can have a positive impact on local economies. Recommendations cover three thematic areas: strategy, finance and programme design. The book is for investment agencies, entrepreneurs seeking to invest locally and economists in the corporate sector. "Overall, this is an excellent overview of the key issues concerning entrepreneurship and local economic development. While primarily aimed at the pragmatic policymakers, who will find it extremely valuable, it also has the rigor and breadth to interest researchers and students." Ronald McQuaidEmployment Research InstituteNapier University, Edinburgh, UKJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 3, 2004
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199798-en
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  • 56
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    The Well-being of Nations : The Role of Human and Social Capital (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189515
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Du bien-être des nations ; Le rôle du capital humain et social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vom Wohlergehen der Nationen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Du bien-être des nations : Le rôle du capital humain et social
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In a rapidly changing world, the success of nations, communities and individuals may be linked, more than ever before, to how they adapt to change, learn and share knowledge. This report helps clarify the concepts of human and social capital and evaluates their impact on economic growth and well-being. Although the evidence on social capital is less developed, reflecting the novelty of the concept in economic and social science, the report draws on a number of empirical studies which suggest potentially important linkages between human and social capital. The evidence suggests that human and social capital can be of key importance in contributing to a wide range of positive outcomes, including higher income, life satisfaction and social cohesion. Although there is no evidence for systematic "under-investment" in either human or social capital, concerns are expressed about the distribution and quality of each form of capital and how this might impact on future well-being. There is limited scope for public policy to change the quality, stock and distribution of human and social capital in the short-term. However, a number of areas are discussed in which public, private and voluntary actors may leverage long-term improvements in both human and social capital.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189515-en
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    International Mobility of the Highly Skilled (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The international mobility of highly skilled workers, in particular human resources in science and technology (HRST) such as scientists, engineers and IT experts, is currently an important policy issue in the majority of OECD countries. Accompanying the booming demand for skilled labour, especially from the information technology-related industries and professions, there is apparently a growing shortage of such workers in a number of OECD Member countries. In order to meet these shortages, an increasing number of countries are implementing measures to facilitate the recruitment of foreign skilled workers. Considering that improved knowledge and understanding of these issues are necessary for informing the policy agenda, the OECD held a seminar on "International Mobility of Highly Skilled Workers: From Statistical Analysis to the Formulation of Policies", in Paris on 11-12 June 2001. This seminar was organised by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) and the Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (DEELSA). The seminar targeted three main objectives, which are mirrored in the structure of the book: Provide data on the scale and characteristics of flows and stocks of skilled and highly skilled foreign workers in the OECD Member countries and certain non-member economies: South Africa, China, India, Israel, Russia and Chinese Taipei; to assess the quality of the data available and the concepts used, and to help improve their comparability. Analyse the mobility of skilled workers and HRST and their impact on the economy through case studies covering most of the major regions sending and receiving these workers. Examine appropriate migration policies aimed at facilitating the mobility of skilled workers in ways that are beneficial both to receiving and sending countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196087-en
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  • 58
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    Human Capital Investment : An international Comparison (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans le capital humain ; Une comparaison internationale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans le capital humain : Une comparaison internationale
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Investment in human capital is to the fore of debate and analysis in OECD countries about how to promote economic prosperity, fuller employment, and social cohesion. Individuals, organisations and nations increasingly recognise that high levels of knowledge, skills and competencies are essential to their future security and success. Investment in skills and competencies takes place in a variety of settings ranging from early childhood education to informal learning in the workplace, and involves a wide range of actors from individuals to enterprises and governments. This report aims to clarify what is now known about human capital and how it can be measured. It responds to a request by governments represented in the OECD Council "to develop an initial set of indicators of human capital investment based on existing data, analyse areas where significant gaps remain in internationally comparable data, identify the cost of development of data collection for new measures and performance indicators, and report to Ministers in 1998".
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162891-en
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  • 59
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    Technology, Productivity and Job Creation : Best Policy Practices 1998 Edition (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p.) , ill.
    Edition: 1998 Edition
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technologie, productivité et création d'emplois ; Politiques exemplaires Edition 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technologie, productivité et création d'emplois : Politiques exemplaires Edition 1998
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: While the development of new knowledge is becoming increasingly important in the emerging knowledge-based economy, the impact of technology on growth, jobs and welfare is determined largely by the way in which technology is diffused, absorbed and used throughout the economy. For technological progress to bring not only higher productivity but also economic expansion and new jobs it is pivotal with conditions which allow for industrial restructuring, entry and expansion of small firms, growth of new industries, launching of new products, and mechanisms accounting for effective upskilling of the labour force. This report points to a decline in public support for research and development (R&D), mainly affecting basic, long-term research, and examines the levelling-off in private sector R&D along with changes in its direction away from basic, exploratory research towards more market-driven and short-term innovative efforts. It explores how the special characteristics of national innovation systems impact on the mechanisms for innovation and diffusion of technology, and examines the rationale for policy in this area. A key challenge for policy makers is to co-ordinate measures so as to obtain consistent and credible incentives for firms and individuals. Assessing what works and what does not work in policy, the report identifies "best practices" in specific areas: management of the science base; financial support for industrial R&D efforts; technology diffusion policies and initiatives; policies for new technology-based firms; policies for facilitating growth in new demand; and policies for high-performance workplaces and intangible investment. Despite many initiatives, OECD countries have not yet fully adapted to the characteristics and challenges of knowledge-based economies. Technology policies continue to be too piecemeal, paying insufficient attention to linkages within national innovation systems and to broader structural reforms. They focus too much on the small high-tech segment of the economy and too little on fostering innovation and technology diffusion economy-wide. There is also scope for improving the effectiveness of policies, notably through increased use of market-based instruments and better evaluation. Recommendations are put forward of measures to be taken by individual OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163416-en
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  • 60
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    Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Is ageing a threat to our societies' prosperity? How should resources be shared between the working generation and its dependent older citizens? How should pension, health and long-term care best be reformed? How can older people's contribution to society and economic prosperity be enhanced? Within the next decade, the numbers of retired people in OECD countries will start to grow much faster than those of working age. In the absence of major changes to pension systems and to the way people allocate their time between education, work and leisure, it is likely that fiscal and social strains will start to emerge. Some groups may be unfairly burdened through high taxation and others would face unexpected reductions in their material living standards. The appropriate policy response is multi-faceted, covering fiscal, social, labour market, financial market, health and education policies. An important part of the strategy for maintaining prosperity in an ageing society will involve encouraging people to work longer by making it financially more attractive for them to do so. In turn, this could entail reforms to traditional public pension systems and other social policies, as well as fostering the development of alternatives to public systems that give individuals more flexibility in deciding when to retire. Consequently, financial market infrastructures will need to be strengthened to cope with large increases in private pension fund assets. Through this multi-disciplinary study, the OECD points to the need to take action now by implementing a comprehensive and consistent set of policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163133-en
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    Measuring What People Know : Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le capital humain ; Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le capital humain : Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: A review of innovative policies in OECD countries shows that progress has already been made in moving beyond the poor information provided by standardised educational certification. Spurred by the emerging "knowledge economy", government policy makers, human resource managers, financial accountants and educators are developing methods for systematically evaluating and recording knowledge assets acquired through experience, education and training. This book explains why it is possible, in terms of economic theory, and feasible, from the perspective of accounting practices, to implement new human capital information and decision-making systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065482-en
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