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  • Online Resource  (1,411)
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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,411)
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  • Online Resource  (1,411)
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  • 2015-2019  (1,409)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Climate change is a threat to global development and to the core Mission of the World Bank Group. With the recognition that human activity drives global warming, the World Bank Group has pursued a long-term commitment to curb global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for more than 20 years. The purposes of this evaluation are to assess the role and contributions of the Bank Group in CF in relation to the needs and priorities of its client countries and its potential comparative advantages, and to draw lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future strategic direction in CF. The evaluation aims to answer thefollowing overarching question: What has been the strategic objective, nature of engagement, and contribution of the Bank Group in supporting CF? What lessons can be drawn from this to inform the Bank Group's strategic direction in supporting the next generation of marketbased carbon mitigation activities, given its potential comparative advantages?
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The objective of labor pr ...
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The development of Brazil's modern social safety net is quite recent, and social assistance programs claim a relatively small share of resources of the broader social sector. A key feature of the Brazilian social protection system is the duality between formal sector workers, who gained social insurance and labor benefits as early as the 1930s, and the large number of mostly poor informal workers and their families who were historically excluded. The objective of social assistance programs in Brazil is to provide support to people living in poverty and other vulnerable groups. These programs primarily include social pensions for the poor elderly and disabled, conditional cash transfers for poor families, unconditional cash transfers, housing assistance for low-income households, school feeding, food programs, social services, and a variety of other small benefits and services. They are usually targeted to the poor or low-income groups via means-testing, or provide eligibility to specific vulnerable groups. Within the broader system of social protection, social assistance programs complement social insurance pensions, which are contributory by design but have been significantly subsidized from general taxation, and labor market programs, which are largely contributory and include a mix of active and passive benefits and services. The current note focuses on Social Assistance Programs while a second background chapter focuses on Labor market programs. This document is a Background Chapter for the report A fair adjustment : efficiency and equity of public spending in Brazil : Volume 1 - Overview (report No.121480)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Child Health ; Child Mortality ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Education Finance ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Stunting
    Abstract: Sudan's medium-term national development policy framework is embodied in the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP). The paper was formulated in 2012 in the context of immense political upheaval due to the separation of the North (now Sudan) and South Sudan in 2011, which resulted in substantial loss (about 75 percent) in oil revenue and Sudan's total revenue. To this end, Sudan launched a Five-Year Development Plan (2012-2016) to serve as a growth-oriented strategy with a primary focus on sustainable development and poverty reduction in the medium term. The IPRSP aims to reduce poverty through rapid, sustainable, and shared economic growth. Developing human resources is one of the four broad pillars of the IPRSP, which recognizes the role of investment in human development to build and enhance the population capabilities through education and better health. The Government of Sudan is now preparing the full PRSP that outlines a medium- to long-term plan for poverty reduction. This aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Bank Group's twin goals to eliminate extreme poverty (with US1.90 dollars per day as the poverty line) and boost shared prosperity by 2030. The paper proceeds as follows. Section two presents the results of selected education outcomes, linking them with poverty. Section three focuses on the link between health outcomes and poverty in Sudan. Section four provides a summary of the main findings and policy options
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Consumption ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: With the end of the oil economy in 2011, Sudan's regime of subsidies for wheat and fuel became increasingly unsustainable. The loss of oil revenues in the wake of the secession of South Sudan in 2011 resulted in severe macroeconomic imbalances, including a substantial budget deficit, pressure on the exchange rate, increases in the inflation rate, and the emergence of a system of multiple exchange rates. Despite an increase in the fiscal cost of these subsidies due to downward pressure on the Sudanese Pound (SDG) and except for incremental price hikes for electricity and fuel, both wheat and fuel subsidies remained largely in place until the end of last year. This policy note aims to estimate the level and incidence of welfare effects of increasing staple food prices between October 2017 and July 2018. Combining household-level data from the first round of the National Household Budget and Poverty Survey 2014/15 and monthly wholesale prices collected in up to six major markets throughout the country, this note evaluates the distributional effects of recent price hikes. Future subsidy reforms should pay close attention to typical food price fluctuations over the year: ideally, reforms are implemented shortly after sowing and before the main harvest season. Food prices typically fluctuate substantially in Sudan over the course of the year. Fuel subsidy reforms should be timed to take advantage of this pattern, which would most likely mean that they should be initiated directly after the sowing season and before the beginning of the harvest season so that prices remain stable at this point
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The agriculture sector can play an important role in poverty reduction and sustained growth in Afghanistan, primarily through job creation, improved productivity, and inclusiveness. Using an 'agricultural jobs lens' and multidimensional approach, this report explores the sector's direct and indirect roles in explaining the dynamics of rural employment. The report critically examines three dimensions. First, it evaluates the current jobs structure in rural areas and finds that rural jobs are concentrated in cereal agriculture, especially in wheat, which reflects why the returns from jobs in agriculture are low in Afghanistan. Second, it analyzes the inclusive nature of agriculture jobs for vulnerable groups such as women, youth, those who are landless, and the bottom 40 percent of income earners. The analysis finds that although agriculture jobs are inclusive, many women and youth participate as voluntary family workers because they are unable to access markets and/or find paid jobs in the nonfarm sector. Third, the report evaluates the role of public and private sector interventions in supporting job creation in agriculture. It was argued that interventions can work and that there is significant scope to scale them up. Overall, the report exhibits many insights about the state of Afghanistan's rural labor market and provides guidance for formulating effective job-creation policies for the rural population. The key recommendations provide a pathway to achieve sustained and inclusive job growth through diversification toward high-value crops and livestock, linking farmers to markets through continued investment in connectivity and rural infrastructure, a balanced development strategy for an enabling environment for farm and nonfarm sectors, and strengthening the private sector presence in agriculture and its linkage with the public sector to agribusiness. In tandem, it is important to improve the design structure of jobs measurement for rural jobs, especially jobs in agriculture tailored to sectoral context
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464812538
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: How can governments ensure that women have the same employment and entrepreneurship opportunities as men? One important step is to level the legal playing field so that the rules for operating in the worlds of work and business apply equally regardless of gender. Women, Business and the Law 2018, the fifth edition in a series, examines laws affecting women's economic inclusion in 189 economies worldwide. It tracks progress that has been made over the past two years while identifying opportunities for reform to ensure economic empowerment for all. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2017 and explores new areas of research, including financial inclusion
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9781464812026
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Environment and Sustainable Development
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: In emerging East Asia, agricultural output has expanded dramatically over recent decades, primarily as a result of successful efforts to stimulate yield growth. This achievement has increased the availability of food and raw materials in the region, drastically diminished hunger, and more generally provided solid ground for economic development. The intensification of agriculture that has made this possible, however, has also led to serious pollution problems that have adversely affected human and ecosystem health, as well as the productivity of agriculture itself. In the region that currently owes the largest proportion of deaths to the environment, agriculture is often portrayed as a victim of industrial and urban pollution, and this is indeed the case. Yet agriculture is taking a growing toll on economic resources and sometimes becoming a victim of its own success.In parts of China, Vietnam, and the Philippines-the countries studied in The Challenge of Agricultural Pollution-this pattern of highly productive yet highly polluting agriculture has been unfolding with consequences that remain poorly understood. With large numbers of pollutants and sources, agricultural pollution is often undetected and unmeasured. When assessments do occur, they tend to take place within technical silos, and so the different ecological and socioeconomic risks are seldom considered as a whole, while some escape study entirely. However, when agricultural pollution is considered in its entirety, both the significance of its impacts and the relative neglect of them become clear. Meanwhile, growing recognition that a "pollute now, treat later" approach is unsustainable-from both a human health and an agroindustry perspective-has led public and private sector actors to seek solutions to this problem. Yet public intervention has tended to be more reactive than preventive and often inadequate in scale. In some instances, the implementation of sound pollution control programs has also been confronted with incentive structures that do not rank environmental outcomes prominently. Significant potential does exist, however, to reduce the footprint of farms through existing technical solutions, and with adequate and well-crafted government support, its realization is well within reach
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9781464812682
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (148 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: In 2011 the World Bank-with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Incorporated, the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account-the unbanked-as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures-along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials-are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (170 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Integration into global markets can improve the efficiency of the Argentinian economy, providing opportunities for private investment to flourish and for the associated benefits to accrue to consumers. Among many policies that are important for integrating into the global economy, particularly relevant are trade, investment, and competition policies. They all share a common attribute: the capacity to shape the incentives of firms to improve resource allocation and to strengthen productivity while integrating into international markets. Once properly combined, investment, trade, and competition polices have mutually reinforcing relationships in the sense that growth dividends stemming from reforms in one policy area are reinforced when properly combined with reforms in the other two. Against this backdrop, this report follows a three-pronged approach. It presents a set of robust empirical analyses - drawing from both general and partial equilibrium exercises - to assess the potential impacts from trade, competition, and investment policy reforms. It offers a new comparative review of international experience with structural microeconomic reform programs to bring insights for Argentina's design and sequencing of such reforms. Finally, it presents individual reform recommendations for each institution in charge of the three respective policy areas in an integrated step-by-step framework from the firm perspective to illustrate the critical challenges to investment and internationalization for Argentinian firms
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Reforming public-sector organizations--their structures, policies, processes and practices--is notoriously difficult, in rich and poor countries alike. Even in the most favorable of circumstances, the scale and complexity of the tasks to be undertaken are enormous, requiring levels of coordination and collaboration that may be without precedent for those involved. Entirely new skills may need to be acquired by tens of thousands of people. Compounding these logistical challenges is the pervasive reality that circumstances often are not favorable to large-scale reform. Whether a country is rich or poor, the choice is not whether, but how, to reform the public sector--how optimal design characteristics, robust political support, and enhanced organizational capability to implement and adapt will be forged over time.This edited volume helps address the "how"? question. It brings together reform experiences in public financial management and the public sector more broadly from eight country cases in East Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Vietnam. These countries are at different stages of reform; most of the reform efforts would qualify as successes, while some had mixed outcomes, and others could be considered failures. The focus of each chapter is less on formally demonstrating success (or not) of specific reform, but on documenting how reformers maneuvered within different country contexts to achieve specific outcomes. Despite the great difficulty in reforming the public sector, decision-makers can draw renewed energy and inspiration, learning from those countries, sectors, and subnational spaces where substantive (not merely cosmetic) change has been achieved, and they can identify what pitfalls to avoid
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464813245
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (180 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Global growth has eased but remains robust and is projected to reach 3.1 percent in 2018. It is expected to edge down in the next two years, to 2.9 percent by 2020, as global slack dissipates, trade and investment moderate, and financing conditions tighten. Growth in advanced economies is predicted to decelerate toward potential rates as monetary policy normalizes and the effects of U.S. fiscal stimulus wane. In emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), growth in commodity importers will remain robust, while the rebound in commodity exporters is projected to mature during the next two years. Progress in per capita income growth will be uneven, however, remaining particularly subdued in Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks to the outlook remain tilted to the downside. The possibilities of escalating trade protectionism and disorderly financial market movements have increased substantially in recent months, and the risk of heightened geopolitical tensions continues to cloud the outlook. EMDE policymakers need to rebuild monetary and fiscal policy buffers and be prepared for rising global interest rates and possible episodes of financial market turbulence. In the longer run, EMDEs need to tackle ongoing structural challenges and boost potential growth, by promoting competitiveness, adaptability to technological change, and trade openness.Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing countries, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by these economies, while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Promoting the smooth labor market integration and early labor market success of workers has increasingly become an important economic and social development aim globally. The Nepal government sees addressing the social and economic challenges of youth, and leveraging their social and economic prospects, as critical for the country's economic growth and development. There has been limited systematic, policy-oriented empirical research conducted on labor and livelihoods in Nepal. Dedicated examinations of the labor conditions, behaviors, and outcomes of youth are rarer still. Responding to the knowledge needs expressed by the Nepal government and other stakeholders in the country, this book aims to improve our understanding of the labor market conditions, behaviors, and outcomes of Nepalese youth. It examines these aspects in Nepal's domestic labor market as well as in relation to labor migration to India and other countries, including temporary 'foreign employment' of Nepalese workers under bilateral labor agreements between destination countries and Nepal. In so doing, the report seeks to present insights and implications for research and public policy, with the goal of improving the labor market prospects of Nepalese youth. The collective findings in the report point to three directions for orienting public policy and program initiatives. First is raising rural labor productivity, urban labor demand, and urban worker-job matching efficiency. Second is supporting the labor market integration of rural youth migrating to urban parts of Nepal and of youth labor migrants returning from India and other countries. Third is improving the orientation and efficacy of labor skill training
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464812620
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (502 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: While everybody recognize ...
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464812958
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (250 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Trade has played a critical role in global poverty reduction. In harnessing the potential of trade, some of the most successful countries have developed strong trade relationships with their neighbors. However, many South Asian countries have trade regimes that often offset the positive impact of geography and proximity. This report documents systematically the gaps between current and potential trade in South Asia and addresses important specific barriers that have held trade back. These barriers include tariffs and paratariffs, real and perceived nontariff barriers, connectivity costs, and the broader trust deficit. This policy-focused report unpacks these critical barriers to effective trade integration in South Asia through four in-depth studies that produce new, detailed, on-the-ground knowledge. Three of the studies are based on extensive stakeholder consultations. Two also rely on tailored surveys. The fourth study, on tariffs, benefits from new data on paratariffs. The report also marshals new evidence showing how trading regimes in South Asia discriminate against each other. Given the South Asian context, incremental, yet concrete steps aimed at tapping the potential of deeper integration are appropriate. The report has been drafted in this spirit. It offers precise, actionable policy recommendations that could help achieve measurable progress in key areas of trade and integration that would be to the advantage of all countries in the region
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This book presents key activities, promising practices, and lessons learned to date from the World Bank's Tuberculosis (TB) in the Mining Sector Initiative--an innovative multisectoral, multicountry, public-private regional initiative. It examines how a collaborative platform was established to cover 10 southern African countries, and it details the processes through which multiple countries, ministries, sectors, and partners have been brought together to address the varied dimensions of the epidemic.The case studies in this book highlight the significant progress and achievements made since 2010 in the effort to develop a regional platform for addressing TB in the mining sector in southern Africa. The primary focus of the case studies is how these cooperative regional processes--at both technical and political levels--have been designed, implemented, managed, and sustained through various partnerships to complement country-level efforts. The case studies provide an evidence base for practitioners working in TB management in the mining sector. Despite the achievements that have been made and their potential to strengthen TB interventions, critical gaps remain in addressing barriers to access, delivery of quality services, and increased uptake of TB services. The case studies explore these key challenges and gaps, and they offer strategies for replicating successes and addressing complex health-service delivery interventions in other regions around the world. Further action is needed, including better compliance with occupational health and safety standards by mining companies; strengthened community health systems and improved coordination of TB care; increased empowerment and participation of women in the mining sector; and improved tracking and tracing of ex-mineworkers across borders. The aim of the book is to provide helpful models, lessons learned, and recommendations that can be used as a starting point for analyzing the risks, opportunities, incentives, and contexts of regional health cooperation that involves multiple sectors and stakeholders
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 1464812543 , 9781464812545
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic Case studies ; Economic assistance, Domestic Statistics ; Social security Case studies ; Social security Statistics
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This report provides actionable advice on how to design and implement fiscal policies for both development and climate action. Building on more than two decades of research in development and environmental economics, it argues that well-designed environmental tax reforms are especially valuable in developing countries, where they can reduce emissions, increase domestic revenues, and generate positive welfare effects such as cleaner water, safer roads, and improvements in human health. Moreover, these reforms need not harm competitiveness. New empirical evidence from Indonesia and Mexico suggests that under certain conditions, raising fuel prices can actually increase firm productivity. Finally, the report discusses the role of fiscal policy in strengthening resilience to climate change. It provides evidence that preventive public investments and measures to build fiscal buffers can help safeguard stability and growth in the face of rising climate risks. In this way, environmental tax reforms and climate risk-management strategies can lay the much-needed fiscal foundation for development and climate action
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464813627
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Productivity has again moved to center stage in two critical academic and policy debates: the slowing of global growth amid spectacular technological advances, and developing countries' frustratingly slow progress in catching up to the technological frontier. Productivity Revisitedbrings together the new conceptual advances of 'second-wave' productivity analysis that have revolutionized the study of productivity, calling much previous analysis into question while providing a new set of tools for approaching these debates. The book extends this analysis and, using unique data sets from multiple developing countries, grounds it in the developing-country context. It calls for rebalancing away from an exclusive focus on misallocation toward a greater focus on upgrading firms and facilitating the emergence of productive new establishments. Such an approach requires a supportive environment and various types of human capital--managerial, technical, and actuarial--necessary to cultivate new transformational firms.The book is the second volume of the World Bank Productivity Project, which seeks to bring frontier thinking on the measurement and determinants of productivity to global policy makers
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This report is part of the World Bank's Malaysia development experience series that strives to document the country's approach to improving public sector performance. The report builds on the previous installment in the same series that focused on Malaysia's experience with driving performance from the center of government through the Prime Minister's Management Delivery Unit (PEMANDU). The more drastic overhaul of the sector was envisioned to come from the application of the DU approach to transforming sector performance. This report describes how the DU method worked in both the design and implementation stages of literacy and numeracy screening (LINUS). This includes the interface between Ministry of Education (MOE) and PEMANDU, as well as PEMANDU and Education Performance and Delivery Unit (PADU). The core of the document focuses on implementation details: the institutions, leadership, and incentives that contributed to the program's success. It also describes how the implementation agencies worked together to implement LINUS
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Solar photovoltaic water pumping (SWP) uses energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels to power an electric water pump. The entire process, from sunlight to stored energy, is elegant and simple. Over last seven years, the technology and price of solar pumping have evolved dramatically and hence the opportunities it presents. Solar pumping is most competitive in regions with high solar insolation, which include most of Africa, South America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. This book focuses on the basics of Solar pumping
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The attention given to the issue of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) as a harmful practice has been growing in recent years. Yet, while ending female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C, both terminologies are used in the literature) is a target under the Sustainable Development Goals, the practice remains common. FGM/C is practiced not only in Africa, which is the region on which this note focuses, but also in other regions of the world and even in high income countries with diaspora from high FGM/C prevalence countries. While the prevalence of the practice is declining, it remains high in some countries. FGM/C is known to have potentially life threatening health consequences for girls, especially when the cutting is severe. While there can be significant health risks in all forms of FGM/C, especially in cases of infibulation, which can lead to the removal of virtually all external sexual organs, the practice has been linked to infections, infertility, and childbirth complications, among others. Cases of girls dying after being cut have been documented in the media. The practice may also affect the children of girls being cut, in part due to complications at birth. More generally, in terms of its drivers and other consequences, the practice is related to deep-seated patterns of gender inequality and gender-based violence
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) is structured in two parts, along with annexes that explore the good practices of specific cities and organizations and the positive results of their initiatives. Part I: Understanding and Achieving Urban Sustainability lays out a process for, andpractical guidance on, a four-stage approach that includes (1) diagnosis of the city's currentsituation; (2) definition of a vision for change and establishment of priorities; (3) an approachto financing of the plan that achieves and demonstrates fiscal sustainability; and (4) monitoring and evaluation. Part II: The GPSC Measuring Framework builds a common understanding of sustainability within the urban context through two "enabling" and four "outcome" dimensions. The enabling dimensions are (1) governance and integrated urban planning, and (2) fiscal sustainability. The outcome dimensions are (1) urban economies, (2) natural environment and resources, (3) climate action and resilience, and (4) inclusivity and quality of life
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The country benefited from the improved external demand in 2017. Global growth is estimated to have picked up in 2017 to 3.0 percent from 2.4 percent in 2016, reflecting gradual recovery in the euro area, China, emerging Europe, and Russia as commodity prices and financial markets continued to stabilize. With growth outcomes in 2017 generally stronger than expected, Georgia's annual growth estimate was revised to 4.2 percent, compared to an earlier projection of 3.5 percent. Higher growth is likely to have improved population incomes, following adverse social outcomes in 2016 (figure 1). In 2016, poverty indicators deteriorated to 25.6 percent from 25.3 percent in 2015 (at 3.2 US dollars a day in 2011 PPP terms)
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The European Union (EU) Regular Economic Report (RER), is an annual publication of the World Bank Group and covers economic developments, prospects, and economic policies in the European Union. The report finds that while growth is back on track, the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution is lagging behind in the EU's recovery. This is likely caused by the interaction between involuntary increases in part-time work, technological change, a decline in the bargaining power of labor, an ageing population and weak overall productivity growth. However, absolute poverty (estimated using a poverty line defined specifically for this report) should continue to fall in Europe, driven by strong poverty reduction in central Europe. The special section of this Regular Economic Report assesses the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on inclusive growth - past and present. The report argues that the process of structural transformation in the EU is largely on track, with the decoupled and non-market distorting components of the CAP playing a positive role in the reduction of poverty and the creation of better jobs for farmers. The gap between agricultural incomes and incomes in other sectors is also closing, while across the EU agricultural incomes are converging with each other. The successful transformers, about half of the Member States, have turned agriculture into a key sector for shared prosperity in rural areas: agriculture is no longer associated with poverty. The other half-the incomplete transformers-still have some way to go, which includes ensuring that the basic conditions for agriculture to thrive are in place: roads, advisory services, secure property rights, and access to health and education. This will ensure a more efficient use of CAP resources
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Tourism is an engine for jobs, exports, and investments. The tourism sector is also the largest, global, market-based contributor to financing protected area systems. Nature-based tourism (NBT) is a sub-component of the tourism sector that includes wildlife-based tourism. NBT is a powerful tool countries can leverage to grow and diversify their economies while protecting their biodiversity, and contributing to many sustainable development goals (SDG), including SDGs 12 and 15. Local communities, private sector enterprises, and governments can also benefit from investments in tourism through increased market opportunities and linkages to tourism services such as agriculture production, hoteling, restaurants, transportation, health services, et cetera This report explores innovative tourism partnership and investment opportunities to help countries unlock smart investment and grow tourism sustainably. It showcases sustainable wildlife tourism models from Botswana, India, Kenya, South Africa and many other countries and promotes solutions that offer insight into the wildlife based tourism sector as a mechanism for inclusive poverty reduction and global conservation
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) reaffirmed the country's commitment to eliminating poverty and promoting shared prosperity and inclusive growth. In this regard, the China systematic country diagnostic (SCD) is supportive of the priorities of the Party Congress. China's historic rapid growth resulted in a poverty decline unprecedented in its speed and scale. Rapid growth was made possible by a wide range of reforms, which transformed a state-dominated, planned, rural, and closed economy to a more market-based, urbanized, and open economy. China is on its way to eliminating extreme poverty, but the population vulnerable to poverty will remain relatively large. China is expected to continue to make strong progress toward eliminating extreme poverty despite the slowdown of economic growth. The World Bank projects extreme poverty, based on the international public private partnership (PPP) United States (U.S.) 1.90 dollars per day poverty line, to decline to 0.5 percent by 2018. According to this higher poverty line, China is projected to have a poverty rate of 3.9 percent or 54.6 million people below this higher poverty line by 2018
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper presents key findings on the international experience with migration, focusing on the implications for a developing nation that is a country of origin. The paper identifies several areas of impacts: (1) increases in wages of individual migrants; (2) remittances; (3) impacts on skills and skill formation - those leaving acquire skills to enhance ability to migrate, and those returning often do so with acquired skills and work experience. Additional impacts also arise on the macroeconomy and on growth of the economy through channels like the use of remittances as collateral, and trade identification and facilitation through migrants. The paper explores the different migration regimes along the spectrum of two polar cases of purely managed and purely unmanaged migration, and focuses on two possible aspects of managed migration: (1) migrants' social networks, which amplify and propagate the initial actions on migration by the managed systems; and (2) skills and certification systems typically associated with managed systems
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Getting to Gender Equality in Electricity Infrastructure: Lessons from Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Projects examines the social and gender footprint of large-scale electricity generation, transmission, and distribution projects to establish a foundation on which further research and replication of good practices can be built. The main impact pathways analyzed are access to land and labor markets, along with social sustainability considerations, including health and education. The study adopted this approach because, according to the World Development Report 2012, gender equality in access to land and labor markets matters for women's agency and empowerment. In addition, the study considers the role of the energy utilities and businesses to better understand the roles of various stakeholder. The study's mixed-methods research approach comprises critical in-country qualitative and quantitative field research, along with extensive literature and portfolio reviews. Qualitative analyses of several projects distinguished by their project type, energy source, and geographical representativeness were conducted to better understand how infrastructure construction can change the lives of local people. The World Bank Group (WBG) portfolio review provides guidance on how to operationalize good practices and lessons learned to move the energy-gender agenda forward. The study's primary audiences are energy task teams and social and gender specialists of the WBG and other leading development agencies, along with energy practitioners seeking better ways to address the gender aspects of energy infrastructure projects throughout the project and lending cycles
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The conflict inflicted by ISIS has forced over 5 million ordinary Iraqis to flee their homes, left schools destroyed and hospitals dysfunctional. Seven governorates have been fiercely affected while the entire country felt the shockwaves. During these times of despair, our neighbors and the global community have stood in solidarity with us. After the human suffering and enormous physical destruction that the conflict inflicted, it is now time to turn our gaze from the past to the future. It is time to rebuild the country and the citizens' lives within. Today, where half of the displaced Iraqis have returned it is necessary to plan for recovery and reconstruction, to create enabling conditions for their return, and to restore livelihoods and service delivery for all in Iraq. The challenges ahead are to craft and execute a reconstruction plan that considers the aspirations of people as well as the constraints posed by time and funds. The preparation of a comprehensive reconstruction plan needs proper assessment of the damage, loss, and recovery needs. The Iraq Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) is an assessment unprecedented in both its sectoral and geographic scope, covering damages, losses, and needs across 19 sectors in all conflict affected governorates in Iraq. Iraq's Ministry of Planning took on this challenging task with the help of all line ministries of the Government, and with close collaboration with the World Bank. Scores of national and international experts worked around the clock to produce this assessment. The authors focused not only on the product, but also on the process. Data was gathered from the ground by national experts, from the air by satellites and on the internet by collecting publicly available data via social media analytics. Endless hours of review and validation were dedicated to ensure that the assessment of damages and needs was as robust and comprehensive as possible. The report has kept in mind what is desirable and what is possible. The objective is to estimate damages and to arrive at estimated needs to mobilize funds and to launch immediate recovery and incentivize private sector investments in the process
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: UNICO Studies Series
    Abstract: Sri Lanka's health system has a long track record of strong performance. This case study describes the main features and achievements of Sri Lanka's high-performing health system, to distill lessons for the rest of the world. UNICO case studies focus on a particular health coverage program. In Sri Lanka, the selected health coverage program is the government's national health service (NHS) that was established in the 1930s and has remained broadly the same since then. Thus, the entire government health system is taken as the health coverage program, without narrowing the focus to a specific program. The relationship between the government system and the private health sector in Sri Lanka is explored in the case study. Looking forward, the pending agenda related to addressing the health needs of an aging population is also discussed
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: UNICO Studies Series
    Abstract: During the past decade, Tanzania has experienced steady economic growth, with average annual growth rates of between 6 and 7 percent. Despite this positive trend in the economy, poverty rates have not decreased accordingly; more than one-fourth of Tanzania's 53 million inhabitants live below the poverty line and almost 10 percent live in extreme poverty. The health sector has been identified as a policy priority area in Tanzania. The main purpose of this case study is to describe Tanzania's efforts to promote universal health coverage (UHC) inclusive of the poor, and to identify challenges and opportunities for the health system to advance on this path in a coherent and integrated fashion. Given the large number of interventions implemented in the health sector, efforts were selected based on their potential to address the challenges to the equitable access to health services, namely the poor quality of health services and the limited financial protection. The paper is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two describes supply-side efforts and features the devolution of health services, the primary health care (PHC) strengthening program, and results-based financing. Section three analyzes Tanzania's social protection program and synthesizes the country's experience with user fees, as well as their impact on financial protection. Section four features the community health funds, Tanzania's most explicit effort to increase financial protection in health. Section five assesses the implementation of these initiatives. Section six highlights some opportunities to include the poor and address the challenges to pro-poor UHC in Tanzania
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: UNICO Studies Series
    Abstract: The Israeli health system provides universal coverage of a broad benefits package in a highly efficient manner. At the same time, the Israeli health system faces significant challenges, including lack of universal coverage for long-term care and adult dental care, center-periphery gaps, insufficient care integration, long waiting times for some elective procedures, and a growing private health care sector that poses several threats to the public system, cost containment, and health system equity. The Israeli health care system has benefited greatly from its capacity to identify relevant innovations in other countries and adapt them to Israel. At the same time, the Israeli experience can be a source of lessons for other countries. Aspects of the Israeli system that might be particularly relevant to middle-income countries include health plan competition in a clear and simple institutional environment, the reliance on health plans such as managed care and patient-centered organizations, the emphasis on primary care, and the investment in e-health. The manner in which Israel is grappling with its growing private sector can be a source of strategies middle-income countries could consider, and a source of strategies they should avoid
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: In 2016, the Republic Democratic of Congo (RDC) and Tanzania requested World Bank support for the implementation of the Lukuga project, a dam on the sole outlet of Lake Tanganyika, whose purpose was to stabilize the Lake water level in order to secure ships access to its main portraits Its main objective is to determine the relevance of the Lukuga project by assessing the ships difficulties in accessing the main ports on the Lake, characterizing impact on transport and trade, identifying the main factors hindering access to ports, and presenting a combination of measures to mitigate those factors. The study followed a mixed methods approach, combining historical data records, remote sensing estimates, satellite images, on-site measurements and data collection, and oral narratives. The report starts with a brief presentation of the Lake Tanganyika in the context of the regional trade and transport corridor. Chapter two assesses the difficulties for the ships to access the main ports in the Lake and their consequences on transport and trade. It also identifies the factors hindering access. Chapter three discusses the relevance of the proposed dam on the Lukuga river. Chapter four presents a series of measures aimed at ensuring ship access to the portraits Chapter five provides a summary of the main conclusions
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Mauritius is often cited ...
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Tobacco taxes are considered an effective policy tool to reduce tobacco consumption and produce long-run benefits that outweigh the costs associated with a price increase. Through this policy, some of the most adverse effects and economic costs of smoking can be reduced, including shorter life expectancy, higher medical expenses, added years of disability among smokers, and the effects of secondhand smoke. Nonetheless, tobacco taxes are often considered regressive because low-income households tend to allocate a larger share of their budgets to purchasing tobacco products. This paper uses an extended cost-benefit analysis to estimate the distributional effect of tobacco taxes on household welfare in South Africa. The analysis considers the effect on household income through an increase in tobacco prices, changes in medical expenses, and the prolongation of working years. Results indicate that a rise in tobacco prices initially generates negative income variations across all groups in the population. If benefits through lower medical expenses and an expansion in working years are considered, the negative effect is reduced, particularly in medium- and upper-bound elasticities. Consequently, the aggregate net effect is progressive and benefits the bottom deciles more than the richer ones. Overall, tobacco tax increases exert a small, but positive effect in the presence of low conditional tobacco price elasticity. If the population is more responsive to tobacco price changes (or participation elasticity estimates are included) then they would experience even more gains from the health and work benefits. More research is needed to clarify the distributional effects of tobacco taxation in South Africa
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: This report provides a baseline analysis of the status of access to finance for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) with a particular focus on women entrepreneur' ability and constraints in accessing finance in order to develop and grow their businesses. It is based on a nationally representative survey of 542 enterprises conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) between September 2016 and February 2017. The survey is a continuation of the ongoing work on access to finance and builds upon an earlier supply-side study conducted by the World Bank during the 2014 IMF/World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) Update, as well as on lessons learned from the BiH Enhancing SME Access to Finance Project. The objective of the survey is to further analyze the demand side constraints to private sector growth and enterprise performance related to or arising from lack of access to finance. The survey has the specific aim to determine the level of women entrepreneurs' ability and constraints in accessing finance in order to develop and grow their businesses
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: This report documents the progress South Africa has made in reducing poverty and inequality since the end of apartheid in 1994, with a focus on the period between 2006 and 2015. The main conclusions are as follows: First, by any measure, South Africa is one of the most unequal countries in the world. Inequality is high, persistent, and has increased since 1994. Second, although South Africa has made progress in reducing poverty since 1994, the trajectory of poverty reduction was reversed between 2011 and 2015, threatening to erode some of the gains made since 1994. High levels of inequality and low intergenerational mobility act as a brake on poverty reduction and as a result poverty is high for an upper middle-income country. Poverty is consistently highest among black South Africans, the less educated, the unemployed, female-headed households, large families, and children. Further, poverty has a strong spatial dimension in South Africa, a demonstration of the enduring legacy of apartheid. Poverty remains concentrated in previously disadvantaged areas, such as the former homelands - areas that were set aside for black South Africans along ethnic lines during apartheid. Third, high levels of income polarization are manifested in very high levels of chronic poverty, a few high-income earners and a relatively small middle class. Fourth, the role of skills and labor market factors have grown in importance in explaining poverty and inequality while the role of gender and race, though still important, has declined, presenting an opportunity for policy to influence poverty and inequality outcomes. Social protection remains important in reducing extreme poverty, but the fiscal space for further expansion is limited. Low growth perspectives in the coming years suggest poor prospects of eliminating poverty by 2030 as envisaged in the National Development Plan. Looking ahead, accelerating poverty and inequality reduction will require a combination of policies that seek to unlock the full potential of labor markets and promote inclusive growth through skilled job creation
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Guinea is a country with a rich historical legacy, abundant natural resources, a privileged geographical location - and a rapidly growing population. A successful political transition and the emergence of a vibrant civil society have helped to ensure ethnic peace and the absence of civil wars in the middle of a rather conflict-ridden region. The country faces severe challenges in translating its assets and opportunities into higher incomes for its citizenry. Economic growth has been too weak and volatile to contribute to poverty reduction on a sustained basis. This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) posits that two critical factors have affected Guinea's development path since its independence in 1958. First, the country endured two long-lived authoritarian regimes and political instability before the inception of democracy in 2010. Such a legacy of attendant poor economic governance led to mismanagement of natural resources, institutional fragmentation of the government, a weak social contract and rule of law, and low and ineffective public investment. Second, the structure of the economy remains dependent on the primary sectors - agriculture and mining - lacking diversification in its sources of growth
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Bringing essential services to the poor, whether in remote rural areas, provincial towns, or in the slums of megacities, is a great challenge for governments in developing countries. Lack of governmental capacity and fiscal resources at the national and local levels prevents effective public provision of water, power, education, and health services to the poor. And private firms, which often step in to serve the middle and upper classes, are dissuaded by high risks and low affordability from providing these services to the poor, or what is sometimes referred to as "the last mile." In contrast, social enterprises have been able to provide basic goods and services to the poor. This is the gap that the present book aims to fill. It catalogues over 40 of the most effective market-based solutions for service delivery to the poor brought about by social enterprises. It tracks how stylized business models have been developed to address development challenges. The sectors covered are education, energy, health, waste, water, sanitation, and finance. The book's analysis employs and greatly benefits from systematically applying a common framework that helps explain the relevance and implementation of the model for even general development practitioners
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Vietnam has achieved remarkable success in reducing poverty while controlling inequality. The country's broad-based growth reflects the government's focus on developing labor-intensive export sectors while investing heavily in human capital that saw the country exceed its peers. However, gains have been concentrated among the Kinh and Hoa ethnic majority, while minority groups have not only continued to experience poverty rates far above the national average, but have seen slower progress too. This report analyzes recent trends in poverty and shared prosperity. It presents the findings of the 2016 Vietnam household and living standards survey (VHLSS), highlighting important progress and identifying new challenges. The report is organized into two main sections. The first section reviews Vietnam's progress in reducing poverty and promoting share prosperity. It describes updated poverty and shared prosperity trends, the nature of economic mobility, and the drivers of poverty reduction. The second section - titled leaving no one behind is more forward-looking, starting by identifying major constraints faced by the poor, then proceeding to lay out challenges for moving the poverty and shared prosperity agenda going forward
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report explores community-focused change initiatives in the financing, organization, and delivery of mental health services in Peru from 2013 to 2016. It examines the national dimension of reforms but focuses above all on implementation and results in the economically fragile district of Carabayllo, in northern Lima
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Nepal Development Update is produced twice a year with the following two main aims: to report on key economic developments over the preceding months, placing them in a longer-term and global perspective; and to examine (in the Special Focus section) topics of particular policy significance. The Update is intended for a wide audience including policy makers, business leaders, the community of analysts and professionals engaged in economic debates, and the general public
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Moldova's public expenditures on education as a share of GDP and total public sector spending are higher than in most countries in the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Moldova's challenges to improve the quality and efficiency of education provision need to be addressed in a context of declining student numbers, and persistent inequities between population groups. This report identifies key challenges to the adequate delivery of pre-school and general education related to the decentralized governance mechanism. They relate both to the (de jure) regulatory framework that spells out the mandates of national and local level administrations and school management, and to (de facto) weaknesses in the implementation of these mandates. These challenges are summarized. The remainder of this section further describes the key challenges, and recommends policy directions and areas for further analysis to support evidence-based decision-making in the future. These recommendations are also summarized at the end of this chapter
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Knowledge Economy Study
    Abstract: Coding bootcamps are intensive short-term programs designed to train participants in programming skills to make them immediately employable. They combine characteristics of traditional vocational training programs with the intensity of military bootcamps for new recruits, intermingling socio emotional and tech skills learning in an intense and experiential manner, in what could be referred to as skills accelerators. The authors refer to coding bootcamps in this report as the ready-to-work model. The initiative aims to collect and share examples and lessons of bootcamps in emerging markets, and measure the impact of bootcamp training on youth employment in selected countries. The program seeks to establish a framework of best practice for future projects in technology upskilling in the developing world. This report highlights the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) carried out in Medellin (Colombia), complemented with qualitative studies in Beirut (Lebanon) and Nairobi (Kenya). This report is arranged as follows: Chapter 1 starts with introduction; Chapter 2 describes the intervention in Medellin,including the experimental allocation of training slots to the bootcamp; Chapters 3 and 4 present the qualitative studies in Beirut and Nairobi; The main findings from the three interventions are presented in Chapter 5; and lessons for future impact evaluations are described in Chapter 6
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: GDP growth in the Western Balkans slowed from 3.1 percent in 2016 to an estimated 2.4 percent in 2017. Regional growth in 2017 is less optimistic than the 2.6 percent expected when the Fall issue of this report was published. It slowed in Serbia due to a harsh winter and stalled in FYR Macedonia, where the political crisis deterred both public and private investment. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) grew at a rate like the last two years. The dynamism of the smaller economies of Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro drove regional growth in 2017, with support from higher growth in trading partners, a pickup in commodity prices, and the execution of large investment projects. Bold structural reforms are necessary if the region is to grow sustainably over the medium term. Regional GDP growth is projected to rise from 2.4 percent in 2017 to 3.2 percent in 2018 and 3.5 percent in 2019. Countries are expected to grow faster, pushed up by projected stronger growth in Europe, except for Albania, where moderation is expected as large investment projects are completed, and Montenegro, which is expected to undergo a much-needed fiscal consolidation. Among risks to the outlook are trade protectionism, normalization of interest rates globally, and low potential growth and uncertainty about domestic policy or policy reversals. These risks can be mitigated by rationalizing spending to build fiscal space for growth-enhancing reforms, and by a more strategic approach to boost competitiveness. Policies to lift physical and human capital, expand labor force participation, and improve market institutions should help raise growth potential and reduce inequality
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The economies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) grew several folds over the past decades, making impressive improvements in key development indicators, supported by massive investments in extractive industries. Real gross domestic product (GDP) annual growth reached 5.1 percent during the 2000-2012 period, with hydrocarbons accounting for almost 90 percent of revenues and 80 percent of exports during the same period. Economic growth has not translated into sufficient employment creation and optimal job outcomes for GCC nationals outside of the natural resources industry. Reforming public sector employment to increase the productivity and meritocracy of jobs for GCC citizens entails three key recommendations. First, while public sector pay should remain competitive to attract highly skilled workers, it needs to correspond with actual productivity levels. Second, introducing a meritocratic system and formal performance management tools in the public sector will increase competition among public sector employees and potentially increase productivity. Finally, in some of the larger GCC economies, rationalization of recruitment of citizens into the public sector may be necessary. This note elaborates on this line of reasoning and highlights how the World Bank can assist GCC governments in achieving their stated objectives of increasing citizens' access to more and productive employment and supporting the shift towards a knowledge-based economy
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Nigeria Biannual Economic Update is a product of the staff of the World Bank and has three broad aims. First, it reports on the key developments in the Nigerian Economy in the recent past Secondly, it summarizes the likely economic outcomes in the short-to-medium term, given the policy developments, and highlights key short-term risks and upside potentials. Finally, the Update provides a more in-depth examination of selected highly relevant economic issues. The Nigeria Biannual Economic Update is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged inNigeria's economy
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The objective of this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is to describe the current development challenges facing Sierra Leone and offer a set of priority areas of intervention to further the twin goals of reducing extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The SCD is designed to be an evidence driven exercise that draws together diverse findings into a comprehensive country diagnostic. The SCD argues that, without taking into account the two main foundational constraints governance and fiscal space, it is unlikely that the proposed technical solutions will make a substantial impact on the twin goals. Many of the technical solutions that are in this document have been tried in multiple variations over the last 60 years by government, donor partners, and other stakeholders, but the results have been meager. Despite favorable geography and abundant resources, and after hundreds of millions of dollars in soft loans and grants, smart consultants, sound technical approaches, Sierra Leone continues to have development outcomes that rate among the worst in the world. This SCD argues that unless governance constraints are understood and mitigated this situation is unlikely to change very much. It further takes into account severe fiscal constraints in proposing ways to alleviate this while also avoiding reforms that require substantial financial outlays. If the two foundational issues are appropriately addressed, the priority technical interventions proposed here have the potential to unlock growth, reduce poverty, and improve the lives of the Sierra Leonean population
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper presents findings from a performance evaluation of laboratories in Kenya supported under the East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project (EAPHLNP). The aim of the evaluation was to document progress and lessons learned, to enhance performance and foster sustainability
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The Financial Sector's Cybersecurity: Regulation and Supervision identifies prevalent concepts and practices and presents them in a way for financial sector authorities to consider and apply to their respective jurisdictions. Starting with the debate of whether cyber-specific regulations are necessary, the Paper goes on to discuss the essential coordination between financial sector authorities and other state agencies in dealing with cyber risk. It then moves on to the topic "taxonomies" as we all need to have a common language when speaking about cybersecurity to avoid any misunderstanding. Next sections discuss the issue of reiterating, or in some cases redefining, the responsibilities of the Board, Senior Management, and the Information Security Officer, specifically in Dealing with cybersecurity. Next, a prominent feature in many supervisory/regulatory practices is the role of incident response and recovery, as well as requirements of tests and simulations. Lastly, the paper covers the managing of outsourcing risk
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: One important barrier to insurance markets that are more inclusive is the necessity to better understand the needs of low-income and other un- and underserved populations. These people are not currently clients of insurers and are difficult for insurers to reach through normal operations. As a result, many well-motivated efforts to provide client solutions can fail because of a misunderstanding or lack of understanding of the client's situation. This publication explores the situation in Ethiopia where the population has unserved needs that can be met with affordable products they actually want. The results show a clear gap between the effects of various financial shocks and households' ability to cope with them and a clear gap of unmet but insurable risks. The results also show that experience with and knowledge of insurance is very low, but this can be leveraged as an opportunity. This study, along with applying generally accepted wisdom, could help innovations in microinsurance more likely to succeed
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: For a long time, the urbanization and development discourse has coincided with a focus on economic growth and big cities. Yet, much of the world's new urbanization is taking place in smaller urban entities (towns), and the composition of urbanization may well bear on the speed of poverty reduction. This paper reviews the latter question within the context of Tanzania. It starts from the observation that migration to towns contributed much more to poverty reduction than migration to cities because many more (poor) rural migrants ended up in Tanzania's towns than its cities, despite larger welfare gains from moving to the city. Drawing on the findings from a series of studies, looking at this from different angles (theoretical and empirical, quantitative and qualitative), the paper shows how towns are better at enabling the rural poor to access off-farm employment and exit poverty because they are more nearby. It concludes with a call for greater consideration of the role of towns in accelerating Africa's poverty reduction
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Globally more than 7 million deaths a year are attributed to tobacco use, approximately 10 percent of which are among nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and among a relatively young population. If current smoking patterns continue, tobacco will kill about one billion people this century. Tobacco taxes are among the most cost-effective tobacco control measures in the world. Yet often countries are reluctant to raise tobacco taxes due to their perceived regressivity. This study simulates the impact of higher tobacco prices resulting from increases in tobacco excise tax in the Kyrgyz Republic. The study uses extended cost-effectiveness analysis to measure the distributional consequences of proposed excise tax increases on: (a) averted premature tobacco-related deaths; (b) averted out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures on treating tobacco-related disease; (c) government savings resulting from averted treatment costs for those covered under the State Guaranteed Benefit Package; and (d) averted poverty cases as a result of OOP spending. The Kyrgyz Republic has already introduced gradual tobacco tax increases that will take place up to 2022, but steps should be taken to ensure that these increases result in real price increases and to strengthen other tobacco control measures such as ensuring access to cessation services
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: In an effort to help the Montenegrin Government in its efforts to implement reforms andmodernization of the judiciary, the World Bank conducted a survey dealing with the perception of the judiciary through five basic dimensions - efficiency, quality, fairness, accessibility, and integrity (independence of the judiciary and the presence of corruption). The survey also deals with comparison of perceptions of the work of the judiciary by various stakeholders: users of court services (general population and business sector), providers of court services (judges, prosecutors, and court administration) and lawyers as intermediaries between users and providers of court services
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Indonesia has one of the highest rates of cigarette consumption in the world. Tobacco use heavily burdens population health, undermines the quest for universal health coverage, and inflicts heavy direct and indirect economic costs. Higher tobacco taxes to increase cigarette prices contribute to reducing tobacco consumption and hence tobacco-related disease and death, while increasing public resources for development. The Indonesian government has recently raised tobacco tax rates. This strategy has brought initial gains and should be aggressively ramped up. By raising tobacco taxes toward WHO-recommended levels (at least 70 percent of retail price) and streamlining its tobacco excise tax structure, Indonesia can rapidly cut smoking rates, save many lives, and boost government revenue. Such policies would contribute to realizing Indonesia's demographic dividend by keeping people healthy
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Despite a substantial improvement in controlling new infections of HIV over the last ten years, Mexico is experiencing a low-level epidemic with approximately 180,000 people living with HIV (Spectrum, 2013), making it the fourth ranking country in Latin America with regards to the number of people with the disease (PLHIV). The objective of increasing coverage and reducing inequality in the country is reflected in the objectives of the Specific Action Program (PAE) for the national response to HIV, AIDS and STI of 2013-2018 (Secretaria de salud), which seeks to decrease the effect of HIV and STIs, implement prevention strategies and provide comprehensive care for vulnerable population groups and those living in poverty. The possibility of achieving the objectives of the PAE is closely related to the total amount of resources that Mexico can commit to fighting HIV and the way these resources are allocated. In the hopes of assisting the Government of Mexico in further strengthening its HIV investment, the authors try to answer the question How can HIV funding be optimally allocated to the combination of HIV response interventions that will yield the highest impact in the shortest period. The study found that despite the overall greater costs of treatment with ART, this is the most cost-effective program. ART not only reduces deaths but is an effective measure to prevent new infections due to the reduction of viral load to undetectable levels. As such, the most cost-effective allocation - with no additional resources of current Program funds, is to scale up treatment, by about 4 to 8 percent, to maximize ART coverage while slightly reducing overall allocations to general population prevention.This slight increase would avert 4,235 deaths and 3,371 new infections, and improve health outcomes by around 6 percent. To increase the value-for-money of existing resources, allocation efficiency would also require the strengthening of CENSIDA's stewardship role, to ensure that the funds transferred are invested as they were initially earmarked
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: As Malaysia continues to strive toward high-income status, accelerating productivity growth has become the country's central economic policy challenge. Productivity growth has become increasingly important as the country's traditional economic engines have slowed. Declining oil and gas output, coupled with the slowing growth of the Malaysian mining sector, has reduced the pace of capital accumulation, while demographic trends are slowing the growth of the labor force. Demographic trends underscore the vital importance of productivity growth to the continued development of the Malaysian economy. Malaysia's demographic transition is inhibiting the expansion of the labor supply, and female labor-force participation is low by the standards of comparable countries. Weakening external demand and intensifying global competition in Malaysia's key export industries confirm the necessity of increasing productivity levels. The report presents an empirical analysis of the role of productivity in the Malaysian economy. It evaluates the country's institutional and policy framework, and identifies key constraints to productivity growth. Using time-series data and cross-country comparisons, the report examines the ways in which infrastructure and institutional quality, market efficiency, innovation, and workforce skills influence productivity in Malaysia. This analysis is designed to inform a productivity-focused economic agenda, and the report concludes by presenting a set of policy recommendations and institutional reforms designed to bolster long-run productivity growth
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. The aim of the publication is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve high rates of stable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The MEM consists of two parts: Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a special selected topic relevant to Malawi's development prospects. In this edition, the special topic focuses on Social Safety Nets. Safety nets are playing an increasing role in promoting equity, strengthening resilience, and improving long-term human capital outcomes. There is now robust evidence to demonstrate that social safety nets can be an efficient means to break the cycle of poverty and vulnerability in Malawi. The key messages of this edition of the MEM are about economic recovery and cautious optimism
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Rwanda's economy rebounded in the second half of 2017. The rebound, driven by improved exportperformance and revitalized agriculture, pushed annual growth to 6.1 percent and led to upwardrevisions of the growth projections for 2018 and 2019. However, although growth is currently recovering and is more balanced, it will most likely continue to be below the high rates achieved during the 2013-15 investment push
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Ethiopia's gross domestic product (GDP) growth is estimated to have rebounded to 10.9 percent in FY2017. According to official statistics, Ethiopia's annual rate of economic growth, which averaged 10.3 percent over 2005/06-2015/16 (compared with the regional average of 5.4 percent), slowed to 8 percent in FY2016 due to drought-related lower agricultural production. With agricultural recovery, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rebounded in FY2017. The pursuit of prudent fiscal policy, with a fiscal deficit at 3.4 percent of GDP, should help keep inflation under control, providing monetary conditions remain tight in the aftermath of the devaluation of the Birr in October 2017. Key challenges relate to poor export performance (Ethiopia's growth has been driven by investment followed by private consumption) and weak trade balance, which reflect the lack of external competitiveness and the vulnerability to terms of-trade shocks. The rising risk of external debt distress may affect Ethiopia's access to external finance. These developments require continued policy adjustment to crowd-in the private sector and strengthen Ethiopia's competitiveness. Part one of this Economic Update, on recent economic developments and outlook, discusses Ethiopia's growth strategy, emphasizing the sustainability of the country's investment-focused and export-led growth model. Part two looks at the interlinkages between manufacturing and services, with a special focus on the role of distribution services in promoting Ethiopia's export competitiveness and eventually its structural transformation
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Recent policy measures have contributed to macroeconomic stability. However, with significant risks stemming from both domestic and external fronts, the balance of risks is tilted towards downside. To sustain growth, create more and better jobs and reduce poverty Sri Lanka needs to implement and sustain structural reforms to improve competitiveness. This Special Focus section looks at the state of jobs and the job creation challenge in Sri Lanka compared to the South Asian Region and zooms in on labor force participation of women and in Sri Lanka's post-conflict areas
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Croatia has made remarkable progress since independence, but daunting challenges impede the reforms required for sustainable development. In the space of a couple of decades since independence and its subsequent destructive war, Croatia has established a liberal democracy and a market economy, and achieved upper-middle income country. EU accession played a key role in these accomplishments by supporting legislative improvements, strengthening institutions and increasing the availability of funds. Nevertheless, implementation of the reform program continues to face significant obstacles. Capture of public institutions by powerful interest groups has limited the effectiveness of reforms. And frequent changes in government, each accompanied by changes in technical staff in public administration, have reduced momentum for reform and the consistency of government policies over time. This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) provides an assessment of where Croatia stands in terms of poverty reduction and shared prosperity (namely the twin goals), and how it could maximize progress towards these goals. The SCD's purpose is not to assess the Government's development plans but rather to articulate an independent identification of, and rationale for, priorities for achieving the twin goals. The analysis is meant to inform subsequent engagement between Croatia and the World Bank Group on the Country Partnership Framework. The document is structured as follows: chapter two presents key determinants and constraints of growth; chapter three presents determinants and constraints for enhancing inclusion; chapter four discusses financial, social and environmental sustainability, and identifies key sustainability-related constraints on achieving the twin goals over the longer term; and chapter five presents the priorities for reform and concludes
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Environment Department Papers
    Abstract: Tehran, the capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), is located in the north of the country with a population of about 8.5 million. The population can reach over 12.5 million during the day, with people from nearby cities commuting daily to Tehran for work. There are more than 17 million vehicular trips per day in Tehran, and many of the vehicles have outdated technology. Thus, the air in Tehran is amongst the most polluted in the world. Topography and climate add to the pollution problem. Tehran is at a high altitude and is surrounded by the Alborz Mountain Range, which traps polluted air. Temperature inversion, a phenomenon particularly occurring during the winter months, prevents the pollutants from being diluted. Several recent trends indicate that reducing air pollution will not be straight forward: rapid population growth (partially due to migration from other cities), industrial development, urbanization, and increasing fuel consumptionare pressure points for clean air in Tehran. To design an effective approach to air pollution management, it is important to diagnose the problem, determine its sources, and identify affordable and sustainable solutions. This discussion paper provides an overview of the seriousness of air pollution in the city of Tehran; quantifies its impact in terms of health and economic costs; identifies the sources of pollution; and, finally, provides a framework to addressthe problem
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This first systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Timor-Leste identifies key priorities to sustainably achieve the World Bank Group (WBG) twin goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Timor-Leste. The Timor-Leste SCD presents a key set of priorities towards achieving the twin goals along three pathways: i) continuing to invest in human capital and improved service delivery; ii) sustained economic growth and private sector job creation; and iii) sustainable management of both the natural environment and public finances. The WBG will use the SCD as an input towards the preparation of its Country partnership framework (CPF) for Timor-Leste, which will aim to bring to bear the full resources of the WBG to support key development objectives in Timor-Leste
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The government of Uganda has given strong emphasis to eradicating open defecation and to encouraging people to invest in safe containment systems. Funding to local governments is spurring sanitation improvement on a significant scale. But as the pace of urbanization picks up in the country and the scale and density of urban settlements rise, local authorities and the ministries that support and service these areas will need to give greater attention to safe management of wastes beyond the on-site facilities of individual users. The SDGs shift the sanitation sector's targets beyond a measurement of how many people have access to an adequate toilet and define outcomes in terms of safe management of human wastes across the whole service chain. It is only by understanding and managing the processes associated with each component in the chain, and ensuring they link and align with the preceding and subsequent components, that one can begin to define strategic interventions to improve the performance of the system. Developing insight into the nature of these processes and related activities will help to clarify the responsibilities, functions, and possibility for intervention by the various role-players and ministries in the sector as they strive for the realization of the objectives defined by the Sustainable Development Goals
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Abstract: This report and the instruments it proposes aim at assisting public administrators in ensuring that their service delivery mechanisms respond to the needs and expectations of citizens. This document summarizes research undertaken under the set of activities dealing with citizen-centric governance indicators, that is, indicators that measure the capacity of public agencies to put the needs of citizens at the center of their service delivery mechanisms. The report is structured into five parts. Part I presents the conceptual framework that forms the backdrop for developing citizen-centric service delivery indicators and summarizes what citizen-centric service delivery entails. Part II introduces two complementary tools designed to assess the performance of public institutions and the quality of public services from the perspective of European Union citizens: a demand-side citizen survey and a supply-side self-assessment checklist for public administrators. These complementary instruments, assist public agencies identify gaps and areas for improvement in their service delivery mechanisms by gathering direct feedback regarding the experiences and perceptions of their users and by critically examining public sector efforts to fulfill the needs and expectations of citizens. The instruments are flexible, inspirational tools that provide an initial grid for administrations willing to move one step closer to their citizens. Part III describes options for customizing the instruments, which can be adapted to a variety of circumstances and service delivery types. Parts IV and V present the citizen survey and administrator checklist
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: In Malawi, the impact of ...
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: A recovery in the oil sector boosted recent economic performance. While the recovery in global oil prices would have a welcoming effect for Kazakhstan in terms of enhancing the economy's buffers and supporting growth, it may also reduce the perceived urgency for transitioning to the new growth model, including the strong need of continuing the macro-fiscal adjustment (by reducing the nonoil deficit over the medium term) and pressing ahead with structural reforms. More generally, a return to any procyclical macro-fiscal policies during the upswing (due to an insufficient fiscal consolidation) risks developing a Dutch-Disease type of episode that could reduce economy's competitiveness and lower opportunities for diversification away from oil and other non-tradable goods and services with dynamics positively correlated to oil price movements. The authorities should not miss the current window of opportunity to adjust the macro-fiscal framework, clean up the banking sector, and deepen structural reforms. To transit to a new growth model and facilitate a sizeable expansion of the tradable nonoil sector's role in the economy, the government must demonstrate significant improvements to the rule of law, the quality of human capital, and the investment climate
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This report aims to synthesize the current theory and practice of the blue economy concept to govern economic activity linked to the ocean, and to provide a framework for the Government of Bangladesh to analyze its potential. With the peaceful resolution of maritime boundary disputes with its neighbors in 2012 and 2014, the Government has recently defined the ocean space under its jurisdiction and prioritized its use as a key source of future economic growth. The Government has prioritized the use of these spaces as a key source of future growth. However, a number of questions remain in embarking on a policy planning process to achieve Bangladesh's blue economy aspirations, including measures of the current economic uses of the ocean space, the identification of clear targets for sustainable growth of the use of this space, and a policy pathway to get there. Described as an economic frontier, the term "ocean economy" applies collectively to ocean based industry activities and the assets, goods, and services of marine ecosystems. Ocean ecosystems provide the natural capital inputs that combine with produced and human capital to underpin the ocean economy.The concept of a "blue economy" merged in 2012 as countries around the world have grappled with the twin trends of accelerating growth in the ocean economy and change in the underlying ecosystems. A "blue economy" aims for a balance between economic opportunities and the environmental limitations of using the ocean to generate wealth. Few documents exist to describe how countries can transition their ocean economies toward a blue economy, despite much discussion since 2012. This report fills that gap by offering a conceptual framework to guide policy-makers in Bangladesh in proposing specific reforms, by illustrating the economic activities of the ocean economy together with the underlying natural capital, as well as other types of capital. The framework suggests entry points for policy reforms to change the flow of inputs from ocean ecosystems to the ocean economy over time, or conversely to reduce outputs from economic activity (such as pollution) that may impact the functioning of ocean ecosystems. The report also synthesizes principles that may help guide such policy reforms. Most importantly, the report summarizes the information base needed for the Government of Bangladesh to set realistic targets for a blue economy development pathway and monitor progress
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: The report emphasizes the importance of breaking the cycle of inequitable investment in human capital and lack of well-paying job opportunities that trap the poor in poverty, generation after generation. Children from poor households start life at a disadvantage. Malnourished and stunted, with poor access to quality health care, they are less likely to learn the skills they need and fulfill their potential. As adults, therefore, they earn low incomes and cannot afford to invest in their own children. They have little to meet their basic needs and nothing to save against emergencies. Frequent natural disasters buffet the poor, whose limited means to cope and disproportionate suffering push them deeper into poverty. Poverty is a threat to peace. In the parts of the country affected by conflict, where physical assets have been destroyed, families displaced, and human capital eroded, people are trapped in a cycle of conflict and poverty. In addition to the challenges of addressing poverty, the Philippines is hindered by the limited expansion of its middle class. In the East Asia region over 2002-2015, the share of population that is economically secure and middle class increased from just over one fifth to nearly two-thirds, but the share in the Philippines increased from 37 percent to just 44 percent. The lack of well-paying jobs limited the gains for labor from structural transformation. Every year, 1 percent of the employment shifted out of agriculture, but most of those workers end up in low-end services jobs. Such limited gains for labor could negatively affect the country's long-term competitiveness. The report concludes that making the pattern of growth more inclusive and providing more well-paying jobs will be crucial to helping people achieve higher and more stable incomes. It claims that steps to accelerate poverty reduction include creating more well-paying jobs; improving productivity in all sectors, including agriculture; reducing income and wealth inequality through more investments in people and skills development, enhancing the ability of the poor to participate in growth; rebuilding conflict-affected areas; and better management of risks and protection of the vulnerable
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report identifies critical opportunities and constraints faced by the Kiribati health system as it makes progress towards Universal Health Coverage. Protecting the achievements that have been made over recent years, while continuing to improve a broader range of health outcomes, requires effective management of changes in financial and other institutional arrangements in the health sector. Despite notable improvements in recent decades, most population health outcomes in Kiribati do not compare well with other small countries in the Pacific. In many respects, this reflects the very difficult geographic, environmental and social determinants of health that the country faces. Strong collaboration across sectors is essential to implement the commitment to "health in all Government policies" agreed to in the Ambo Declaration in 2017. The Ministry of Health and Medical Services has taken impressive steps to improve its oversight of health sector performance. Continued attention to spending health dollars better is needed to achieve more efficient and quality outcomes from frontline service delivery, including for the outer islands
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Albania's labor markets improved between 2014 and 2016 where more people than before found jobs and unemployment rates fell. However, many challenges remain to channel the jobless into jobs. Efficient and effective public employment services aimed at fostering successful job matching can make a significant difference in reducing unemployment rates. Certain types of job matching might be especially valuable for the poor and vulnerable, who tend to be less connected with economic opportunities. The role of Albania's National Employment Service (NES) is to assist jobseekers in job search and increase their employability or capacity for entrepreneurship, through skills training and other active labor market programs (ALMPs). The services offered by the NES include registration of jobseekers, job intermediation, counseling services and guidance for jobseekers, preparation of and checking eligibility documents for unemployment benefits, vocational training, and employment promotion. A core part of Albania's current reform program is to increase the capacity of public institutions to provide effective public services, including modern performance management of the NES. This overview note provides a summary of the main findings of the analysis, with a focus on providing policy-relevant insights. This note provides a brief description of the labor market challenges and constraints facing the NES (Section 2), an overview of the methodology (Section 3), and a summary of key findings (Section 4). Section 5 concludes
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: As a country with one of the highest male smoking rates and one of the lowest cigarette prices in the world, Korea has prioritized many tobacco control efforts, including bans on smoking in public places, regulations on tobacco advertising, and public education about the harms of tobacco use. Consistent implementation of tobacco control policies has helped to magnify the importance of using tobacco tax rises as the basis of tobacco price policy - though these reforms took a long time to implement
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The historic outcome of Malaysia's recent elections provides an unprecedented opportunity for change. The country's 14th General Elections which took place on May 9, 2018, in the context of widespread citizen concern regarding the degree to which the proceeds of economic growth have been shared across the Malaysian society and a call for increased government accountability, have resulted in the nation's first change in government since its independence in 1957. The new government's emerging economic policy framework is strongly guided by its election manifesto Buku Harapan, which responds to these popular sentiments. Heightened uncertainty amid the political transition exacerbated the ongoing turbulence in the financial markets arising from external factors. In the period between the elections and end-May, Malaysia's 5- and 10-year sovereign spreads against US Treasuries increased by 24 and 27 basis points respectively, while the stock market fell by three percent. Meanwhile, RM19 billion of foreign capital was withdrawn from the domestic financial markets in May as post-election market turbulence coincided with heightened investor uncertainty about the emerging markets asset class. However, since then volatility in the financial markets has been largely driven by external factors amid increased global trade tensions, as the uncertainty surrounding the political transition has gradually reduced
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Education Public Expenditure Review (PER) analyzes public expenditures and outcomes since 2004. Its purpose is to help the Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MEHE) set priorities; and make decisions on resource allocation, utilization, efficiencies, and management, and in achieving learning goals against a backdrop of serious economic and political challenges. The influx of refugees since 2011 from the Syria Crisis has created new issues for MEHE, which compound pre-conflict challenges in the education sector. The PER uses multiple sources including administrative and household-level micro-survey data, as well as results of national and international assessments among others (see annex 1 for full sources and description). It tackles the composition of and trends in government spending and resulting impact on education inputs and outcomes, as well as internal and external efficiencies. The equity dimension-in terms of geographic location, household socioeconomic status, and gender-is also explored in detail. It evaluates current processes in budget planning and execution. Finally, the PER makes a series of policy recommendations for the government's consideration
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Around the globe, there is an unending cycle of producing innovative policies that are relevantand responsive to today's complex problems of disaster risk reduction and mitigation. A lot ofevidence is pointing to the shifting paradigm in responding to emergencies. Foremost amongthem is the growing acceptance of cash transfers as a response tool to disasters.The Philippines is not oblivious to this developing paradigm. The Philippines is considered tohave one of the most advanced social protection (SP) systems in the East Asia Pacific region.These SP systems are designed to help poor households manage risk and shocks. Currently,there are different types of cash transfers being used by the Department of Social Welfare andDevelopment (DSWD) programs. These include: (1) the Pantawid Pamilya conditional cashtransfer (CCT) program; (2) the Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) using cash-for-work; and,(3) the National Community Driven Development program (NCDD). These programs use variousmodalities and mechanism for cash transfers in different stages of the post-disaster timeline.However, the SP element of DSWD's disaster risk management and response interventions canbe significantly improved especially if to be used as a response tool during disasters
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Worldwide, approximately 781 million adults are unable to read or write in any language. While adult literacy rates have increased significantly over the past several decades, recent progress largely reflects a more-educated younger generation replacing a less-education older generation. The Philippines has made remarkable progress in improving its public basic education system over the past decade, yet half of Filipino students fail to complete the full cycle of basic education. While lowering the dropout rate is a top priority of the Philippine Department of Education (DepEd), much can be done to improve the educational and employment prospects of those who have already dropped out. For the past five decades, DepEd has operated parallel education systems for youth and adults who did not complete basic formal education. The current incarnation of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) includes two core components, the Basic Literacy Program and the Accreditation and Equivalency (A and E) Programs. Obtaining this credential enables ALS participants to apply to higher education and training institutions or to jobs that require a high school education. In partnership with DepEd, the World Bank conducted a series of assessments of the ALS designed to shed light on the obstacles it faces and assist the government in developing a strategy to address them.This policy note summarizes the empirical evidence obtained from these assessments and other program data and presents policy options to increase the effectiveness of the ALS. This policy note is divided into six sections. Following the introduction,the second section describes the ALS and its target population. The third section examines demand-side challenges and identifies strategies for supporting ALS participants. The fourth section considers supply-side challenges and outlines priorities for strengthening the implementation of the ALS. The fifth section evaluates the returns generated by the ALS, and the sixth section recommends policies to expand its scope and enhance its impact
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to help policymakers improve economic development and job creation in Cameroon's cities. The report is part of the World Bank's Technical Assistance project on Enhancing Economic Performance of African Cities, supporting clients in the Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development (MINEPAT), Ministry of Urban Development (MINDHU) and the Urban Metropolitan Councils (Communaute Urbaines), particularly of Douala, Kribi and Bamenda, in the areas of: a) economic analyses and b) institutional support to strengthen their ability to plan and implement relevant reforms. This study utilized various research methodologies including (1) desk based analysis of quantitative data; (2) focus group discussions with over 120 local firms and stakeholders in Douala, Bamenda, Kribi; and (3) institutional analysis of Cameroon's decentralization framework to identify appropriate institutional mechanisms for promoting local economic development. The report highlights the importance of investing in Cameroon's cities and makes key recommendations to national and local government for the key investments and reforms needed to improve economic competitiveness and job creation
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Afghanistan has achieved substantial development progress since 2001, but faces important upcoming challenges. Government efforts supported by aid inflows have fueled rapid economic growth, expanded the quality of and access to basic social services, and improved the capacity of public sector institutions. However, deterioration in the security situation following the security transition in 2014 combined with declining international assistance pose formidable challenges for Afghanistan to manage its economy and deliver public services. The availability of high quality, reliable economic, socio-economic, and demographic statistics is vital if appropriate policy responses to these challenges are to be identified and implemented
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: As part of the effort to understand the underlying multisectoral nature of improving nutrition outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa, stylized country specific analyses were carried out for the 33 countries in the study. The methodology used for the regional study was applied at the country level, and the results are offered as a starting point for understanding and evaluating the multisectoral dimensions of nutrition in specific country contexts. The briefs layout the prevalence of stunting and access to nutrition determinants in the country, for select subpopulations within the country, and regionally. Briefs provide a useful starting point for diving deeper into the interplay of multisectoral determinants and nutrition in a country, they are just that, a starting point
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Despite the well-known positive impact of tobacco taxes on health outcomes, policy makers hesitate to use them because of their possible regressive effect, that is, poorer deciles are proportionally more negatively affected than richer ones. Using an extended cost-benefit analysis to estimate the distributional effect of white and clove cigarettes in Indonesia, this study finds that the long-run impact may be progressive. The final aggregate effect incorporates the negative price effect, but also changes in medical expenditures and in additional working years. The analysis includes estimates of the distributional impacts of price rises on cigarettes under various scenarios using 2015-16 Indonesia National Socioeconomic Surveys. One contribution is to quantify the impacts by allowing price elasticity's to vary across consumption deciles. Overall, clove cigarette taxes exert an effect that depends on the assumptions of conditional price elasticity. If the population is more responsive to tobacco price changes, then people would experience even more gains from the health and work benefits. More research is needed to clarify the distributional effects of tobacco taxation in Indonesia
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The present report summarizes the evidence and findings from a series of studies and new data collection around water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and poverty. This WASH poverty diagnostic was undertaken to increase our understanding of the linkages between monetary poverty and WASH services. The work focuses on answering four questions: who are the poor?, does access to WASH vary by poverty level?, what are the synergies between WASH and other sectors, and how does this affect welfare?, and what are the constraints to service and potential solutions to providing universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation? Although the work done in the context of this diagnostic covered both urban and rural areas, the main focus has been on the rural, and particularly, the indigenous areas, as these are the ones facing the greatest gaps in services. A more in-depth exploration of urban issues has been left for a future date
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: During the last fifteen years, Ecuador's economic growth translated into impressive social gains. Yet, structural vulnerabilities emerged during this period and remained hidden by favorable external conditions during the commodity boom. The plunge in oil prices unveiled deep-rooted challenges such as macroeconomic imbalances, inefficiencies of the public sector, weak competitiveness, and underinvested private sector. Going forward, these are priority challenges to be addressed for continuing reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. This SCD identifies the foundations of the sustainable and inclusive growth process through a prioritization of challenges and opportunities. Three key elements must be in place for such growth process to take place, which are the bases of the prioritization exercise: (i) promoting macroeconomic sustainability; (ii) enabling an efficient allocation of resources in the public and the private sectors, and (iii) protecting the poor and the vulnerable. Challenges and opportunities -grouped in four pillars- are identified as priorities if they contribute significantly to at least one of the above elements and do not undermine the others. Another element considered in this prioritization exercise is whether the identified challenges or opportunities are expected to be addressed in the short (ST), medium (MT) or long term (LT). The analysis also evaluated the possible timeframe under which actions are implemented toward tackling the identified difficulty or achieving the identified goal. It also conveys a sense of urgency in implementing such actions. The timeframe considers the short term as being approximately within one year, the medium term as within four to five years, and the long term as more than five years
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Given the magnitude and the complexity of factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) in the mining sector in southern Africa, no sector or actor is solely equipped to effectively tackle the issue. A cross-border response to TB involves a number of policy, programmatic, and service delivery considerations and the success of these efforts largely depends on establishing effective coordination and implementation mechanisms that bridge the mines, communities, and countries including the housing, labor, health and mining sectors; development partners; civil society; labor unions; and mineworkers. Through its South Africa Health Knowledge Hub (the Knowledge Hub), established in 2012, the World Bank Group (WBG) has worked extensively in the southern Africa region to support sustainable health reform and promote investments in all sectors that form the foundation of healthy societies. The WBG's Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Global Practice has served as a vital source of financial and technical assistance in South Africa, facilitating high-level dialogue, multispectral and public-private engagement, knowledge generation, and implementation support to tackle long-standing health sector challenges, including the persistent challenge of TB in the mining sector. This compendium assembles a rich and diverse collection of papers, reports, and other material generated through technical assistance to tackle TB in the mining sector in southern Africa, spearheaded by the World Bank's Southern Africa Knowledge Hub. The historical context details the significant progress and achievements made since the Hub was formally established in 2012. Particularly important is the documentation of work done on harmonization often a challenge when working across sectors to develop a multisectoral approach. The information provides readers with the understanding necessary to examine the policy and practitioner approaches that have been used thus far and captures the successes, challenges, collaborations, and lessons learned in carrying out a range of comprehensive studies and innovative interventions
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Russia's spatial disparities stem largely from its economic geography, which is unique and has no parallels even when compared to seemingly similar countries such as Australia and Canada. While Australia and Canada also have large land masses and even lower population densities than Russia, a large share of their populations live near the border or the sea. In contrast, Russia's people are more dispersed inland. Moreover, the populations of Australia and Canada are concentrated in major cities: more than two-thirds of their populations live in the three largest urban centers. On the other hand, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nizhny Novgorod are home to only one-eighth of Russia's population. Combined with its population decline, an aging workforce, and having to constantly adapt to a sequence of economic shocks, Russia's unique economic geography has therefore led to a spatial pattern of development counter to what is observed in other large countries. What explains Russia's unique economic geography and its spatial disparities? A cocktail of three factors is useful for answering this question: (i) a persistent Soviet legacy; (ii) a diverse physical geography laced with harsh climactic conditions; and (iii) a dominance of natural resources (mostly oil/gas) in peripheral regions. The Soviet legacy of a planned economy remains a burden for regions. One indicator of this persistent legacy can be seen in the ongoing socio-economic challenges facing Soviet-era industrial monotowns. Today, 319 settlements in Russia are legally identified as monotowns, with 94 classified as monotowns with a high level of socio-economic deprivation. This is despite them remaining a target of many support programs implemented by the federal government. Geography and climactic conditions do not help the situation. Russia accounts for 42 percent of the world's land mass but its population is less than 1.9 percent of the world's population. In addition, its extreme winter weather greatly impairs transportation services (built on continuous permafrost, Yakutsk is the coldest major city in the world, recording temperatures as low as minus 64.4 Degree Celsius). A sequence of shocks that hit the country over the last 25 years and the boom in the oil industry created rapid growth in peripheral, oil-rich regions. But other regions have been stymied by the persistence of structural constraints: an industrial legacy, population decline, and an aging population
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report complements the recent World Bank publication, Growing United: Upgrading Europe's Convergence Machine (Bodewig, C., Ridao-Cano, C., 2018). The Growing United report highlights that, while the European Union is still the "convergence machine" that fosters an unparalleled depth and scope of regional economic integration, it is no longer working for everyone. The report points to a growing divide, reflected in inequality widening among households across and within EU countries. It reviews the underlying factors of this growing divide from two angles, that of people and that of firms, and for both it examines the reasons why some are left behind and others thrive. This review of labor market trends, the underlying causes that determine which skills are in demand, and how they are rewarded, starts with a framing chapter, briefly summarizing trends in inequity in the EU and ongoing discourse on the impact of technological change and other driver of skill demand and supply on labor outcomes. This is followed by a brief description of trend in employment and earnings in the EU since the late 1990's (chapter two); and a brief description of factors that shape skill demand (technology, globalization, aging, and the level of economic development) followed by an analysis of the evolution of the task content of jobs (chapter three). It then proceeds to discuss the parallel impact of supply-side factors, like education and migration, on the resulting labor market trends; and finally proposes an analytical framework to understand the extent to which the interaction of demand and supply factors is altering the labor market structure in the EU (chapter five)
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Despite strong representation in national politics and their higher levels of enrollment in secondary and higher education, South African women face numerous constraints that prevent them from fully contributing to poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Many of these constraints are underpinned by social norms that cause women to: have less time for productive activities; avoid science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects in their formal education; enter lower paid jobs and sectors; accept the use of violence (including by their male spouses and partners); have less access to productive assets. These norms, while seen across many countries around the world, were not formed in a vacuum. Thus, it is important to recognize the role that specific factors in the history of South Africa have played in the development and entrenchment of certain social norms and practices. The legacy of exclusion emanating from colonialism and apartheid disrupted family structures, aiding transactional sex and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and AIDS), and leaving children vulnerable to abuse and without male role models. Similarly, apartheid was characterized by the creation of a large low skilled population, and the legacy of this can still be seen with poorer access to health, education, and economic opportunities among the African and colored population. Evidence suggests that the frustrations that young men feel as a result of not being able to meet commonly held expectations of manhood (such as providing for a family) may result in high rates of crime and gender-based violence. This note reviews available research on gender in South Africa for the South Africa systematic country diagnostic
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report, a background note for the South Africa Systematic Country Diagnostic, documents public transport accessibility, focusing particularly on minibus taxis and on poor households, and describe the costs of commuting to work, using the 2013 National Household Travel Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. It also explains how the minibus taxi industry works, based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2013 and 2017 in the minibus taxi industry, and what this implies for costs and accessibility of minibuses to users. It analyzes publicly available data on fatal crashes and police data on violence to describes the risks to users of public transport from fatal crashes and also taxi violence. It also suggest some policy options to improve transport outcomes for the poor
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note provides an overview of South Africa's education system and learning outcomes. It reviews early childhood development, basic education, and higher education (university education and vocational training). It is a review of available research in support of the South Africa Systematic Country Diagnostic
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A national financial inclusion strategy (NFIS) can provide an effective instrument to chart a clear and coordinated path toward improving financial inclusion. An NFIS enables stakeholders to jointly define financial inclusion objectives, identify obstacles and opportunities relevant to the achievement of those objectives, and outline a prioritized set of actions to pursue in a coordinated manner. This toolkit provides financial sector authorities and other stakeholders with practical guidance on developing and operationalizing an NFIS. The toolkit covers three key areas: (i) the process of developing an NFIS, (ii) the key content of an NFIS document, and (iii) the operationalization of an NFIS. The toolkit includes detailed operational tips as well as country examples from over 20 countries. The toolkit is informed by the World Bank Group's experience as a technical partner in the development and implementation of NFISs in a diverse range of country contexts
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This is the sixth edition of Connecting to Compete, a report summarizing the findings from the new dataset for the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and its component indicators. The 2018 LPI also provides expanded data on supply chain performance and constraints in more than 100 countries, including information on time, distance and reliability, and ratings on domestic infrastructure quality, services, and border agencies. The 2018 LPI encapsulates the firsthand knowledge of movers of international trade. This information is relevant for policymakers and the private sector seeking to identify reform priorities for "soft" and "hard" trade and logistics infrastructure. Findings include: - Gaps in logistics performance between the bottom and top performers persist. - Supply chain reliability and service quality are strongly associated with logistics performance. - Infrastructure and trade facilitation initiatives still play an important role in assuring basic connectivity and access to gateways for most developing countries. - The logistics policy agenda continues to broaden, with growing focus on supply chain resilience, cyber security, environmental sustainability, and skills shortages
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper intends to inform the effort of the Sri Lankan government to reform the targeting efficacy of its social protection programs, in particular, Samurdhi, which currently distributes benefits based on self-reported income. We develop a Proxy Means Test (PMT) for Sri Lanka based on the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 and evaluate its performance for targeting benefits of Samurdhi. The paper considers a range of models and policy parameters that could be applied depending on data availability and country preferences. The results indicate that switching to a PMT could considerably improve the targeting performance of Samurdhi and would significantly improve the poverty impact of the program. We find that the performance of the proposed PMT model suffers when the coefficients are estimated from samples smaller than 1,000 households. However, we do not find a similar loss of model performance when the model is estimated from seasonal data, provided the sample size is sufficiently large. The model we propose could be applied to the targeting of a variety of safety net programs after validating and refining our model by conducting a pilot survey
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: For more than a decade, South Africa has experienced falling labor force participation rates while maintaining relatively high unemployment rates, particularly among its youth. This paper examines the role of labor costs from the perspectives of employers and workers by combining information from national accounts and household surveys. To better understand the employer's perspective, we calculate the labor costs and set them in relation to productivity, thereby deriving unit labor costs. To analyze the worker's perspective, we disentangle the tax-wedge and further work-related costs borne by workers. The results show that labor costs in the South African economy increased disproportionally relative to productivity. This is largely due to labor cost growth in the manufacturing and industry sector. An international comparison of unit labor costs shows that other countries with similar unit labor cost levels have not registered such a strong increase over the same period. To identify causes for the increase in labor costs, we decompose the determinants using household data and follow the development of work-related costs over time. We compare the results for South Africa to a set of comparator countries and identify unionization, specific sectors and skill mismatch as particularly influential for South Africa. The results show that stagnating productivity may be associated with a lack of highly qualified workers, also in comparison with benchmark countries. This note was prepared as a background note to the South Africa Systematic Country Diagnostic
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This publication provides a baseline exploration into gender diversity in the Ghanaian boardroom.It examines gender diversity-across sectors, ownership types, legal status, listing status, and anumber of organizational and board-level characteristics- to provide empirical evidence to guidethe development of organizational and national policy. The study, launched in Accra in October 2016, mainly focused on generating a balanced and objective analysis of the issues surrounding women in the boardroom to ascertain the business case for having females on boards in Ghana. The objectives of the study were to examine the nature of gender diversity in public and private sector boards in Ghana, examine the determinants of board diversity in Ghanaian organizations, examine the relationship between gender diversity and organizational performance in Ghana, and to explore the experiences of women on boards. The first section of this report provides contextand background for the study, beginning with a summary of global trends in gender diversity and,more specifically, an overview of the regulatory and legal framework on gender diversity in Ghana.It also states the purpose of the study and cites significant previous studies. And it describes the research methodology used for this study. The second section presents and discusses the study's findings, including a look at the firms sampled. It examines the nature of boards and gender diversity in Ghanaian boardrooms and explores gender dynamics within the corporate setting.The final two sections consider the implications of the study's findings, particularly the challenges, prospects, and experiences of women on boards, followed by a presentation of conclusions and policy recommendations
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Women farmers in the Western Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) bear the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work. Women spend less time than men on their plots and more time on domestic work. The authors use a combination of consultations in the field, desk research, and primary data collection to understand the patterns of time allocation in rural households in Western DRC. The gender differences in time allocation are striking where the female plot managers do 1 hour and 52 minutes more of domestic work per day than male plot managers. The gender differences are higher in male-headed households, and female plot managers spend significantly more time taking care of children when farming or going to market than their male counterparts. The agricultural productivity of female plot managers is on average twenty six percent lower than that of male plot managers. Having young children is associated with lower productivity for women but not for men. With the support of various stakeholders, the authors will pilot the provision of childcare services in the targeted region. The authors will rigorously evaluate the importance of these services on women's time allocation to productive activities, as well as their productivity
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: Romania's financial secto ...
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Abstract: Afghanistan has been in conflict and internal turmoil since the early 1970s, which has resulted in loss of life, insecurity, ethnic division, and wide-spread damage to the environment and natural resources. As citizens of one of the poorest nations in the world with an increasing poverty level that reached 55 percent in 2016-2017, 80 percent of Afghans depend on natural resources for their daily subsistence. Fodder for livestock, fuel wood for heating and cooking, water for agriculture and consumption, medicinal plants and wildlife provide scarce means for survival and limited trade. The government of Afghanistan is giving agriculture and natural resource management utmost priority for development. Current policies link natural resources management to private sector development, justice sector reform (land administration), agriculture development, mineral and resource development, and human capital development programs. This World Bank paper that highlights the importance of the rangelands and forest resources for the country's sustainable development. The paper explains the status and role of rangelands and forest resources for the country's mostly rural population. It describes the importance of the sector for boosting agricultural productivity, addressing climate change and weather- related natural disasters, and contributing to rural jobs creation. It further offers some recommendations on how to revitalize the natural resources management sector that is critically important in the context of rural development and Afghanistan's economy, and is yet often overlooked and broadly neglected
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Afghanistan is facing many economic and political challenges as it deals with spreading insurgency, declining economic growth, and continuing poverty. The government is working on a number of fronts to stimulate economic activity through its own initiatives and in partnership with International Development Organizations but will continue to be challenged in the near and medium term as a growing population seeks jobs and business opportunities. One of the initiatives that the Government of Afghanistan (GoA) has identified is to capitalize on its wealth of Renewable Energy (RE) resources with a view to both increasing the delivery of electricity services to the population and developing domestic business opportunities both directly linked to RE technology and linked to improved access to reasonably priced electricity. The objective of this paper is to review the potential viability of RE as part of the country's electricity supply plan, and at the same time to identify issues that might hinder or even derail the process
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This document provides background and guidance on how to design and implement shared, communal and public sanitation facilities, with a focus on operation and management models that support long-term service provision. The document draws on good experiences from across the globe and reflects lessons learned from design and implementation experiences - both positive and negative - in a range of countries. The document provides guidance for service providers (whether private or public-sector entities) as well as service authorities (i.e., those who regulate/oversee the service providers) and also has a section detailing shared and public sanitation from the user perspective, including consideration of special needs of some user groups, including people with disabilities, women, the elderly, et cetera The document includes a number of decision trees that help designers and implementers understand key tasks to be undertaken and/or decisions to be made at different steps during the design and implementation process. In addition to the main body of the document, there are a series of annexes, which include resources to further support the design and implementation of facilities. A thorough literature review was undertaken for this work and the full list of literature reviewed is included in one of the appendixes
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