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  • English  (2,545)
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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (2,501)
  • Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan  (34)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
  • Economics  (2,547)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The growth of strategic budget initiatives – such as gender budgeting and green budgeting - has been a prominent trend in OECD countries. This is driven by a desire to use the budget to help deliver transformational change in relation to key policy priorities demanding a whole-of-government response. This paper outlines the emergence of strategic budget initiatives across OECD countries and offers some preliminary observations on how these initiatives are being designed and implemented.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031575952
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 422 p. 1 illus.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Economic history. ; Economics. ; Finance, Public. ; capitalism ; Karl Marx ; Marxian economics ; capitalist ; Amartya Sen ; Ramesh Chandra ; Gunnar Myrdal ; growth ; reforming capitalism ; creative destruction ; consumption
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Karl Marx -- 3. Joseph Schumpeter -- 4. Thorstein Veblen -- 5. Henry George -- 6. Gunnar Myrdal -- 7. Alfred Marshall -- 8. Allyn Young -- 9. J. M. Keynes -- 10. Amartya Sen -- 11. Summary and Conclusions.
    Abstract: This book explores the ideas of nine renowned economists to present the evolution of economic thought on the development and trajectory of capitalism as a system. The author shows how this diverse group of thinkers are linked by their thinking on the future role of capitalism in society and fleshes out the influences informing each economist’s work. With chapters dedicated to Karl Marx, Joseph Schumpeter, Thorstein Veblen, Henry George, Gunnar Myrdal, Alfred Marshall, Allyn Young, J. M. Keynes and Amartya Sen, the book aims to analyse contrasting views on the future of capitalism in historical perspective and make a critical assessment of their insights in contemporary contexts. While considering the views of some thinkers such as Marx, Schumpeter, and Veblen who critiqued capitalism, the book does not view capitalism beyond redemption, nor is meant to be a critique of capitalism in its conclusions. Rather, it argues that thinkers like Marshall, Myrdal, Young and Keynes were more right in their optimism about the future prospects of capitalism than many others. It argues that capitalism can be reformed through the democratic process in a more humane direction. This can happen if democracy works for all, and if discriminating privileges and crony capitalism are eschewed. This book is valuable reading for scholars and students of economic history and the history of economic thought. Ramesh Chandra is an independent economist who has published extensively including three books. He received his PhD in Economics from the University of Strathclyde, UK, and studied economics at the Delhi School of Economics, University of California (Berkeley) and University of Glasgow. He has held professorships at Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration and Indian Council of Research on International Economic Relations, India, among others. His research interests include trade policy and growth, the relationship between economic thought and development economics, and the history of economic thought. .
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031530784
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 182 p. 22 illus., 11 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Econometrics. ; Statistics . ; Probabilities. ; Philosophy. ; Economics ; probability theory ; random events ; economic analysis of uncertainty ; applied probability theory ; random walk hypotheses ; observable and unobservable phenomena ; understanding random events through big data ; statistical methods for economics
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The True Nature of Randomness and the Element of Chance -- 3. Rethinking the Concept of (In)Opportunity Cost & Parable of Broken Window: A Reflection of Frederic Bastiat -- 4. The Economic Effect of Human Action in Relation to Artificial Intelligence -- 5. The Question of Conjecture in Economics and Probability: On the Applicability of Probability Theory to the Randomness of Economic Events -- 6. The Anatomy of Accident as a Deviation from Random Walk -- 7. Observable and Unobservable as Opposed to 'Seen and Unseen' -- 8. Conclusions.
    Abstract: This book investigates applications of probability theory to random events from an economic standpoint and considers how economics can deal with uncertainty in today’s world. As such the nature of chance and probability will be discussed with examples taken from the theoretical literature in probability and the history of economic thought, as well as real-life events. Chapters cover the nature of randomness and the element of chance, the concepts of both hidden costs and opportunity costs, the economic effect of human action, the randomness of economic events, random walk hypotheses and observable and unobservable phenomena. It situates the discussion in John Maynard Keynes’ and Ronald Fisher’s seminal works on probability, as well as introducing key tenets of probability theory and how these can be applied to economic events. The book considers the relationship between artificial intelligence and economic events, the role of big data, and international examples from different economic systems and how these can be evaluated. It also introduces a multidisciplinary exploration of other social sciences and how they deal with uncertainty, to assess the extent to which it is possible to apply probability theory to economic events which are by nature erratic and uncertain. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in economics, statistics, and those in the social sciences interested in questions of randomness and chance. Volkan Hacıoğlu is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Economics at Istanbul University. His research interests are in economic policy, economic theory, history of economic thought, statistical methods and economic growth. .
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031544231
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 175 p. 1 illus.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Sombart, Werner ; Economics ; Europe ; Economic history. ; Finance, Public. ; socialism ; capitalism ; spirit of capitalism ; Max Weber ; Werner Sombart ; modern capitalism ; Marxism
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Werner Sombart and the "Spirit" of Modern Capitalism -- 2. Sombart and the "Spirit" of Modern Capitalism-1900-1910 -- 3. Sombart and the "Spirit" of Modern Capitalism-1910-1920 -- 4. Sombart and the "Spirit" of Modern Capitalism-1920-1930 -- 5. Sombart and Modern Capitalism-The Essays -- 6. Conclusion: Sombart's "Spirit" of Modern Capitalism.
    Abstract: This book illuminates the work of Werner Sombart, a key contemporary of Max Weber, showing how his writing and thinking laid the groundwork for concepts of modern capitalism. Although the notion of the ‘spirit’ of modern capitalism is most associated with Weber, it was Sombart who first used this phrase, with Weber focusing mainly on socioeconomics while Sombart continued to develop his ideas around modern capitalism. This book critically analyses Sombart’s groundbreaking work, “Der moderne Kapitalismus” among his other writings to demonstrate how they may be read as a complementary alternative to Weber, providing a more detailed, sustained, and a comprehensive account of the genesis and nature of modern capitalism. This book will be of interest to a scholarly audience including students and researchers of the history of economic thought, as well as areas of sociology, politics, and political economy. Christopher Adair-Toteff is a philosopher and social theorist who has concentrated on social-political and social-economic issues in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Germany. His recent books include Carl Schmitt on Law and Liberalism (Palgrave 2020), Max Weber's Path from Political Economy to Social Economics (Routledge 2021) and The Early Austrian School of Economics: Money, Value, Capital (Routledge 2022). He also published Fundamental Concepts in Max Weber's Sociology of Religion (Palgrave 2015). .
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9783031494468
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 339 p.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Economics. ; Latin America ; Economic history. ; Institutionalisation of Political Economy ; International Circulation of Economic Ideas ; New Latin American Republics ; Trade Policy ; Translations of Political Economy ; Late Enlightenment ; Spanish Liberalism ; Monetary Policy ; Public Finances ; Classical Political Economy ; Atlantic History ; Spanish Exile ; José Joaquín de Mora
    Abstract: 1. Introduction. A distinctive proponent of classical political economy in the Spanish-speaking world -- 2. The Absolutism six-year Period (1814-1820). Encountering Smith and Say -- 3. The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823). Mora, Bentham and radical liberalism -- 4. London (1824-1827). The approach to British Classical political economy -- 5. Argentina (1827-1828). An early attempt to introduce economic liberalism in Hispanic America -- 6. Chile (1828-1832): 'El Mercurio Chileno' and the model of economic development for the Hispanic American republics -- 7. Peru and Bolivia. Teaching, journalism and diplomacy -- 8. Back to Spain (1843-1853). The debate on free trade in Spain under the sway of moderate liberalism -- 9. Mora and the Enciclopedia Moderna’s (1853-1855) entries on Political Economy and Public Finance -- 10. Mora and the articles for the journal 'La América': Dialoguing once again with Latin America from Spain -- 11. Epilogue. The art of dissemination.
    Abstract: This book examines the dissemination, adaptation, and application of classical economic ideas within the Hispanic world through the life of José Joaquín de Mora. Focusing on the decades surrounding the creation of the Latin American republics, it highlights how ideas from the classical political economy, including liberalism and free trade, were pioneered in the work of Mora and disseminated across the Spanish speaking world. Particular attention is given to the influence of Mora in Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Bolivia and how he helped shape their economic development models and political environments. This book examines the essential role José Joaquín de Mora played in the ideological and political modernisation of Latin America. It will be of interest to students and researchers interested in the history of economic thought and the political economy. Jesús Astigarraga is Professor of Economics at the University of Zaragoza. Javier Usoz is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Zaragoza. Juan Zabalza is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Alicante.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031508219
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XL, 660 p. 49 illus., 29 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Palgrave handbook of sovereign wealth funds
    Keywords: International finance. ; Finance, Public. ; Financial services industry. ; Political planning. ; Sovereign Wealth Funds ; Finance ; Economics ; Santiago Principles ; Politics ; Law ; Shareholder Activism ; Institutional Framework and Governance ; Regulating Sovereign Wealth Funds ; Tax Laws and International Treaties ; Liquidity Management ; Risk Management ; Investors in Global Markets ; Portfolio Analysis ; Socially Responsible/Sustainable Investing ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: 1.Sovereign Wealth Funds: An Overview -- 2. The Evolution of Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Bibliometric Analysis -- 3. Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Local and World Economy: Are They Good or Bad Investment Actors? -- 4. Standards for Sovereign Wealth Funds: The Santiago Principles and Beyond -- 5.Controversies Surrounding Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 6.The Nature, Scope, and Governance of Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 7. Institutional Framework and Governance Structure of Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 8. Sovereign Wealth Funds and Shareholder Activism: Implications for Corporate Governance and Public Policy -- 9. Accountability and Transparency of Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 10.Balancing Profit and Politics: The Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds in Soft Diplomacy and Domestic Interests -- 11.Leveraging Sovereign Wealth Funds for Soft Power -- 12. The Impact of Tax Laws and International Treaties on Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 13. Macro-level Issues Facing Sovereign Wealth Funds: Inflation, Higher Rates, and Deglobalization -- 14. Agency Issues in Managing Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 15. Structuring an Effective Sovereign Wealth Fund -- 16. Outsourcing and Internal Management Issues of Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 17. Risk Management in Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 18. Using Fintech in Sovereign Wealth Fund Operations -- 19. Best Practices of Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 20. Investment Policies of Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 21. Why a Commercial Focus Is Key to SWF Development Success -- 22.The SWF Portfolio: Next Generation Challenges and Opportunities -- 23.Sovereign Wealth Funds and Socially Responsible and Sustainable Investing -- 24.Sovereign Wealth Funds and Climate Change -- 25. Performance of Sovereign Wealth Funds: Benchmarks and Beyond -- 26. The Norway Government Pension Fund Global: The World’s Largest Sovereign Wealth Fund -- 27. European and Asian Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 28. Sovereign Wealth Funds on Four Continents -- 29. Sovereign Wealth Funds Across Countries: Similarities and Difference -- 30. Sovereign Wealth Funds During Crises -- 31. Sovereign Wealth Funds in Venture Capital: Exploring the New Frontiers -- 32. The Interface of Islamic Finance and Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 33.The Future of Sovereign Wealth Funds: Challenges and Opportunities.
    Abstract: The Palgrave Handbook of Sovereign Wealth Funds provides a comprehensive, detailed analysis of these funds from a multidimensional perspective consisting of 33 chapters divided into seven sections. Section I provides background material about SWFs, providing a foundation for the remainder of the handbook. Section II examines various controversies, governance, and accountability topics involving SWFs. Section III discusses the political, legal, and tax aspects of SWFs. Section IV reviews numerous topics involving SWF management. Section V deals with SWFs’ policies, preferences, and performance. Section VI provides descriptive analyses of SWFs based on country or region. It also offers a comparison of SWF similarities and differences across countries. Section VII concludes by examining special issues and the future of SWFs. This handbook spans the gamut from theoretical to practical while offering the right balance of detailed and user-friendly coverage. Discussion of relevant research permeates the handbook. Although other books are available on SWFs, few are as comprehensive or provide a multidimensional perspective from academics and practitioners. This handbook fills a gap by showing how SWFs are a growing and dynamic force in international finance. “The Palgrave Handbook of Sovereign Wealth Funds was written by experts in the field on both sides of the aisle − practitioners and academicians – making it unique.” —Bader Al Rushaid Al Bader, Former Chairman of Kuwait Investment Company and Former Deputy Managing Director of Kuwait Investment Authority “Covering the history, management, politics, governance, and accountability issues relating to sovereign wealth funds, this handbook dives deep into the myriad opportunities and challenges faced by these distinctive financial institutions.” —Bill Megginson, Professor and Price Chair in Finance at the University of Oklahoma’s Michael F Price College of Business “This handbook is an excellent addition to this strategic field of sovereign wealth funds. Experts contributed to this informative handbook. I highly recommend it to anyone interested in this topic.” —Ahmad Al-Sayed, Chairman of Doha Venture Capital Fund (DVC) and Former Chief Executive Officer of Qatar Investment Authority and Qatar Holding.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783031502224
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 423 p. 11 illus.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Econometrics. ; Economic history. ; Economic theory ; History of economic thought ; Post-war economics ; economics of neoclassical synthesis ; heterodox economics ; non-walrasian economics ; financial crisis of 2007-2008 ; economics of Harvard, Yale, Chicago and Princeton
    Abstract: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Economics at Harvard and MIT -- Chapter 3: Economics at the Cowles Commission in Chicago and Yale -- Chapter 4: Economics at the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (GSIA) in Pittsburgh -- Chapter 5: The development of the theory of games at Princeton and the Rand Corporation -- Chapter 6: Economics in Chicago and the New Chicago School -- Chapter 7: Economics in Cambridge, UK, after Keynes -- Chapter 8: Non-Mainstream Economics in the USA -- Chapter 9: Great Theoretical Controversies -- Chapter 8: The Crisis of Keynesianism and the Emergent Dominance of the Chicago School and Neoliberalism à la Chicago. .
    Abstract: This book, set out over four-volumes, provides a comprehensive history of economic thought in the 20th century. Special attention is given to the cultural and historical background behind the development of economic theories, the leading or the peripheral research communities and their interactions, and a critical appreciation and assessment of economic theories throughout these times. Volume III addresses economic theory in the period of the new golden age of capitalism, between the years from the end of the Second World War to the mid1970s, which saw the establishment of the new mainstream, in particular in its Harvard-MIT-Cowles version. It was the period of the pre-eminence of the Neoclassical Keynesian Synthesis—the theoretical core of the period’s dominant school of thought. This work provides a significant and original contribution to the history of economic thought and gives insight to the thinking of some of the major international figures in economics. It will appeal to students, scholars and the more informed reader wishing to further their understanding of the history of the discipline. Roberto Marchionatti is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Torino, Fellow of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, and a Life Member of Clare Hall College, Cambridge. He has previously been a Visiting Scholar at the University of New York and the University of Cambridge. He is the editor of Annals of Fondazione Luigi Einaudi: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics, History and Political Science and he has been co-editor of History of Economic Ideas. He has published almost 50 journal articles and more than 15 books as well as a great number of contributions in edited volumes.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264343115 , 9789264396784 , 9789264782051
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Sparen ; Privater Haushalt ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication presents guidance for the compilation of distributional results on household income, consumption and saving consistent with national accounts totals. These results are a key input for evidence-based policies targeting inequality and fostering inclusive growth, providing insights into key dimensions of material well-being across household groups. The results complement existing inequality measures by including elements that are often lacking from micro statistics and by providing inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, broadening the scope for analyses, while also capturing households and transactions that are typically underrepresented in micro data. Moreover, while the estimates do require a number of statistical choices and assumptions, they have a high degree of international comparability because of the common methodology and their alignment to national accounts results. The handbook provides an overview of the conceptual framework underlying the distributional results and discusses various aspects in relation to the compilation and presentation of the distributional results. It aims to assist compilers in deriving high-quality distributional results and to provide users with more insights into the main benefits of these results as well as into the way that the results have been derived.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264996526 , 9789264451674 , 9789264920927
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Budgetinzidenz ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Irland ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Governance
    Abstract: In many countries, public expenditure, including transfers, plays a major role in reducing income inequality. The report reviews the various ways that budgeting can be used to this end. A first includes taking a broad approach to results-based budgeting, taking social and distributional goals into consideration. A second relies on integrating distributional impact analysis directly into the budget process. The report discusses the concrete experience of eight OECD countries in this area, analysing how they are integrating distributional impact assessment in spending and budgeting decisions. Finally, it discusses the tools, frameworks and data that are needed to take distributional considerations into account as part of evidence-informed policy making.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031600401
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 125 p.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Pivots in Sports Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Sports ; Industries. ; Economics ; Industrial organization. ; Social economic agency ; Political economy of sport ; Sports attendance ; Sports attendance demand ; Economic methodology ; Economic agent ; Decision-making ; Shared agency ; Kahneman
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The curious case of the missing social agent in sports economics -- 3. Missing links: towards a theory of social economic agency for sports attendance -- 4. A critical realist-behavioural economics hybrid theory of sports attendance demand: the view from the other side of the dividing line in economics -- 5. Afterword: ways forward.
    Abstract: This book provides a new and unique perspective on ideas of demand within sports economics. It reviews the methodologies that underpin the current analysis of the demand for sporting events, highlights their limitations, and proposes ways in which they can be improved. By proposing a new framework that takes approaches from behavioural economics, the sociality of sport demand, and maximization models, an understanding of the demand of sporting events is presented that embraces qualitative and mixed methods. This book offers insight into a key economic idea through the lens of sports economics and the attendance of sporting events. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in sports economics and the political economy of sport. John Embery is a Researcher and Course Director at Leeds Beckett University. .
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031401350
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXVII, 420 p. 2 illus.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Economics. ; Schools of economics. ; A Treatise on Money ; John Maynard Keynes ; Ralph Hawtrey ; Social philosophy ; Monetary economics ; A Tract on Monetary Reform ; General Theory ; Cambridge economics ; International Clearing Union plan ; Employment policy
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Keynes’s Theory in the Making -- 3. How Did Keynes Transform His Theory from the Tract into the Treatise? -- 4. How, and for How Long Did Keynes Maintain The Treatise Theory? -- 5. The Turning Point in Keynes’s Theoretical Development -- 6. Keynes as a Planner and Negotiator - International Clearing Union -- 7. Keynes and the Transmutation Process of the Plan for Commodity Control Scheme -- 8. International Design and the British Empire - On the Relief Problem -- 9. The Welfare State in the Making - Beveridge and Keynes -- 10. Keynes’s Employment Policy in the Making - The Keynesian Revolution in Economic Policy -- 11. A Treatise on Probability and My Early Beliefs -- 12. Keynes’s New Liberalism Re-Examined -- 13. Hawtrey’s Philosophy through His Unpublished Thought and Things -- 14. Hawtrey on Welfare and Value -- 15. Exploring Hawtrey’s Social Philosophy through His Unpublished Book -- 16. Prof. Aoyama’s Study on Robertson and Keynes in Interwar Japan -- 17. Keynes and Monetary Economics -- 18. Recent Japanese Studies in the Development on Keynes’s Thought.
    Abstract: This book provides an insightful and original perspective on the work and legacy of John Maynard Keynes. It explores his work as an economist, world system planner, and social philosopher to highlight the different ways he influenced economics, economic policy, and the global political economy. Particularly attention is given to the development of the ideas which led up to The General Theory, his role as a planner and negotiator within international organizations, his work on the development of the post-war UK system, his debates with British Economists. This book examines the work and international legacy of one of economics’ defining thinkers. It will be of interest to students and researchers interested in the political economy and the history of economic thought. Toshiaki Hirai is Emeritus Professor at Sophia University. He is editor-in-chief of The Review of Keynesian Studies, published by the Keynes Society Japan.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031517372
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 271 p. 11 illus.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Macroeconomics. ; Schools of economics. ; International economic relations. ; Financial services industry. ; history of economic thought through 1925 ; history of economic thought since 1925 ; monetary economics ; central banking ; international monetary arrangements and institutions ; economic pathologies ; monetary reform ; national payments ; international payments ; sovereign debt crises ; theory of money emissions
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction -- PART 1: NATIONAL PAYMENTS- Chapter 2. Nominal and real money, general equivalent, and value -- Chapter 3. From money as a numéraire to the quantity theory of money -- Chapter 4. Keynes on bank money and the ‘monetary theory of production’ -- Chapter 5. The macroeconomic analysis of national payments -- PART II: INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS -- Chapter 6. The classical view of international transactions -- Chapter 7. The neoclassical approach to international transactions -- Chapter 8. Keynes’s analysis of external payments -- Chapter 9. The macroeconomic analysis of international payments -- Chapter 10. Conclusion.
    Abstract: This book demonstrates the relevance of the historical perspective with respect to national and international payment systems. Its analysis of national and international payments develops along a dialectical path that starts with the work of the Classics (thesis), undergoes a radical turn with the advent of the neoclassical school (antithesis), and reaches the modern theory of emissions passing through Keynes’s contribution (synthesis). That the history of economic thought occupies a legitimate place in the field of historical studies is beyond dispute. What may be less well understood is that it can serve purposes beyond those of the academic community of historians. This book critically investigates the contributions of the greatest economists of the past to provide insights into the pathologies of today’s systems of national and international payments and into the reforms that are needed to correct them. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in economic policy and the history of economic thought. Andrea Carrera is an Assistant Professor of Applied Economics at Complutense University of Madrid and an Affiliated Researcher at the Complutense Institute for International Studies (ICEI). He has also been serving as a Marie Skłodowska-Curie exchange researcher in Asia and South America. His current research interests are in monetary economics and economic catch-up. Alvaro Cencini is Professor Emeritus of Monetary Economics at the Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland. He holds a D.phil degree from the University of Fribourg and a Ph.D. degree from the London School of Economics. He is the author of several books, contributions to books, and peer-reviewed journals on monetary economics. See also: www.quantum-macroeconomics.info.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1789
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews the diverse experience of OECD countries in establishing and running independent fiscal institutions, offering insights that could be useful for Latin American countries seeking to set-up and strengthen those institutions in the region. Through cluster analysis, we identify different types of OECD independent fiscal institutions and draw practical lessons from cases studies. We also identify key features that could serve as a road map for Latin American countries in their efforts to establish or enhance independent fiscal institutions.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1790
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Brasilien ; Economics
    Abstract: Infrastructure investment has been low in Brazil over the last decades, leaving significant gaps in all infrastructure sectors. To close these gaps, public investment will need to increase and become more effective, while additional private resources need to be mobilised. Improving strategic planning and effectively translating it into budget allocations over time would increase the quality of infrastructure projects. Promoting foreign participation in public procurement would raise competition and value for public money, while strengthening the governance of SOEs would enhance the quality of infrastructure services. Minimising policy and judicial risks would help to leverage more private infrastructure financing, including at longer maturities, while ensuring an adequate risk sharing between public and private actors.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031512629
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 295 p. 1 illus.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Feminist economics. ; Economics. ; Women ; gender equality ; classical liberalism ; separate spheres doctrine ; political economy and gender ; feminist economics ; labour ; home economics ; marriage theory
    Abstract: PART I: Escaping the doctrine of the separate spheres (1700s-early 1900s). The economists’ points of view -- Chapter 1: Educated women as an asset to society: the role of classical liberal tradition in modern Europe -- Chapter 2: Women and the job market in Victorian England and Progressive America -- Chapter 3: Women’s new path towards the public sphere -- Part II: The doctrine of the separate spheres between rebirth and rejection (1920s- early 2000s). Marriage theory in economics -- Chapter 4: Reviving the doctrine of separate spheres: the new home economics -- Chapter 5: Feminist economics and the doctrine of the separate spheres.
    Abstract: This book delves into the doctrine of separate spheres within the history of economic thought. The concept of separate spheres emerged in philosophy and has consistently been incorporated by various disciplines. This book stands as the first comprehensive exploration of how this doctrine was embraced, adapted, and contested by economists engaged in gender issues and marriage theory. Spanning the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century, it illuminates the evolution of the drive for gender equality—rooted primarily in the tradition of classical liberalism—across the landscape of economic ideas and theories. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and researchers interested in the intricate history of the interconnections among between economic thought, feminism, gender studies, and cultural studies. Giandomenica Becchio is Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, Social Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics (ESOMAS), University of Torino, Italy. Her research encompasses the history of economic thought, with a specific emphasis on gender issues, as well as the methodology of economics and the classical liberal tradition within political economy.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1795
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper develops a novel classification of high-polluting occupations for a large sample of European countries. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, the classification exploits country-level data on air polluting emission intensity by industry. The country-level data allows to capture important cross-country differences, due to differences in technology and in production focus. Applying the new classification to European Labour Force Survey data shows that, on average across the countries covered, about 4% of workers are employed in high-polluting jobs, ranging from 9% in Czechia and the Slovak Republic to around 2% in Austria. These shares do not exhibit any clear decreasing trend over the past decade. High-polluting jobs are unequally distributed, being over-represented among men, workers with lower and medium educational attainment and those living in rural areas.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1796
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Greening the economy entails jobs contracting in “high-polluting” economic activities and expanding in environment-friendly activities. Minimizing the corresponding transition costs is crucial to accelerate decarbonisation and reduce displacement costs for affected workers. Using individual-level labour force data for a large sample of European countries, this paper finds that the shares of green and high-polluting jobs remained approximately stable between 2009 and 2019, hinting at a slow or yet-to-come green transition in labour markets. Green and high-polluting jobs are unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups: women are under-represented in both green and high-polluting jobs, while green jobs are associated with higher educational attainment, and high-polluting jobs with lower educational attainment. Equally important from a policy perspective, the results show that high-polluting jobs are concentrated in rural areas. These results are confirmed by analyzing labour market transitions: for instance, while women are more likely to transition from study to job, they are significantly less likely to get a green job. Overall, the results suggest that well designed and targeted policies are needed to support efficient and inclusive labour market transitions in the greening economy: to minimize scarring effects for displaced workers, help individuals’ upskilling and reskilling, and support the matching between workers and jobs in higher demand.
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  • 19
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1793
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Gender inequalities in Australia have steadily declined, but remain particularly visible in the labour market. Women in Australia have lower employment rates, hourly wages and hours worked than their male counterparts. Childbirth is particularly disruptive for their labour market experience. Reforms to the tax and benefits system, childcare and parental leave arrangements are all needed to reduce the barriers to female labour participation of mothers. At the same time, ensuring the adequacy of unemployment benefits will support the living standards of many low-income women given that they have become an increasing share of recipients. Single mothers face particularly high poverty risk and would also benefit from more robust arrangements around child support payments from non-custodial parents.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1791
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Despite the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by policy makers worldwide, current investments fall well short of the net-zero emissions scenario. This paper analyses the factors holding back corporate green investment, with a particular focus on the role of firm capacity – specifically financing constraints and weak green management practices – and its interaction with environmental policy. Combining a variety of econometric techniques, including panel data models, difference-in-differences settings and instrumental variable approaches, our cross-country analysis on large listed companies shows that: i) both financing constraints and a lack of green managerial capacity reduce firms’ probability of investing in green technologies, leading to higher emission intensity; ii) well-designed environmental policies can mitigate these impacts. A case study using more granular data on Portuguese firms further shows that: iii) green investment is more elastic to financing conditions than other types of investment; iv) investment in integrated technologies is more sensitive to financing conditions and to managerial capacity compared to end-of-pipe solutions. Lastly, the paper discusses a wide range of policy options that may be considered to foster the green transition through upgrading firms’ capacity.
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  • 21
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1794
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Australia has committed to achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and more recently outlined a more ambitious intermediate target for emission reductions by 2030. However, achieving these targets will be challenging given a historical reliance on coal generation and the presence of significant mining and agriculture sectors. It will require a rapid transformation of the electricity grid, significant emissions reductions in highly-polluting sectors such as industry and agriculture, and sufficient offsets generated by “negative emissions” technologies and practices to counterbalance any emissions that cannot be fully eliminated. At the same time, Australia is particularly vulnerable to the physical impacts of climate change, as the driest inhabited continent on the planet with the majority of the population living on the coasts. Further significant reforms are required to meet the emission reduction goals, support the reallocation of workers and adapt to climate change.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This report presents developments of the work of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, and reflect on the IFCMA’s achievements one year on from its launch in February 2023.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2024/01
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD and the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) have developed jointly the new Multinational Enterprise Information Platform (MEIP). MEIP is built on past OECD and UN efforts to compile statistics on the scale and scope of the international activities of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). The new platform uses publicly available data to gather information on the world’s 500 largest MNEs in a timely manner, facilitating a comprehensive view of their physical and digital presence. It also includes a monitoring tool for large events such as Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A). The platform also provides a valuable benchmark for National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and researchers, allowing them to compare the national presence of an individual MNE to the global presence. Information on MNEs and their global network can also be visualised in a user-friendly dashboard.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2024/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented global economic downturn, affecting productivity, business dynamics, and digital technology adoption. Using a comprehensive commercial database from Spiceworks Ziff Davis, this study analyses the firm-level drivers of digitalisation during the pandemic across 20 European countries. The findings show that a considerable share of firms introduced new digital technologies during the COVID-19 crisis. Notably, firms that were larger, more digitalised, and more productive before the pandemic were more likely to introduce new digital technologies in 2020 and 2021. Additionally, firms with pre-existing complementary technologies had a higher likelihood of adopting digital applications that gained momentum during the pandemic (such as digital commerce, collaborative software, cloud, and analytics). These patterns may increase polarisation among the best-performing firms and the rest of the business population. Public policy can play a key role in fostering an inclusive digital transformation in the post-pandemic era.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.47
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rafforzare l’impatto sociale delle università italiane: Il progetto ITA.CON
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: In today's knowledge-driven societies, universities play a crucial role in fostering innovation and sustainable growth within their ecosystems. Improving knowledge exchange and collaboration (KEC) activities within the Italian university system is essential for societal progress, well-being, and enhancing the productivity of firms of different sizes and stages of development and generate value for society. This document offers a reform roadmap proposal for policies to enhance the knowledge exchange and collaboration system between universities and society in Italy.
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  • 26
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper argues that countries will need to better assess potential savings in the provision of universal benefits and providing services free to all at the point of delivery. Instead, programmes will need to be targeted at those truly in need, and services only free to those with limited ability to pay. It draws an analogy to the progressivity of the tax system where those with greater means pay higher taxes. A similar philosophy should be the basis of government spending. It highlights examples of the application of means-testing and user charging for key areas including retirement benefits, health care and education. The paper is meant to stimulate discussion among Senior Budget Officials.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches Papers no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Vers des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone des produits plus granulaires, plus précis et disponibles plus rapidement : Note exploratoire
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This scoping note presents a high-level overview of the main approaches to, and challenges faced when, calculating product-level carbon intensity metrics, including those applicable to collecting and verifying information across the supply chain. Though the analysis focuses on approaches used in emissions-intensive trade-exposed sectors (EITE), the findings also have broader relevance to other sectors. As part of the analysis, challenges relating to computing sector-level carbon intensity metrics are also considered, particularly as inputs to product-level metrics.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1792
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Japan faces serious demographic headwinds. Under current fertility, employment and immigration rates, the population would fall by 45% by 2100 and employment by 52%. Given the challenges of a shrinking and ageing population, the government has pledged to “create a children-first economic society and reverse the birth rate decline”. One priority is to strengthen the weak financial position of youth, which leads many to delay or forgo marriage and children. Making it easier to combine paid work and family is also critical so that women are not forced to choose between a career and children. Policies should also cut the cost of raising children, the key obstacle to couples achieving their desired number of children. Given the challenge of reversing fertility trends, Japan needs to prepare for a low-fertility future by raising productivity and employment, particularly among women and older people. Breaking down labour market dualism, which disproportionately affects youth, women and older people, is a priority. Abolishing the right of firms to set a mandatory retirement age (usually at 60) and raising the pension eligibility age would also promote employment. Foreign workers are helping ease labour shortages, but more needs to be done to attract foreign talent. A comprehensive approach is needed to raise fertility, the employment rates of women and older persons and inflows of foreign workers.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2024/02
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Rising uncertainties and geo-political tensions, together with increasingly complex trade relations have increased the demand for monitoring global trade in a timely manner. Although it was primarily designed to ensure vessel safety, information from the Automatic Information System, which allows for the tracking of vessels across the globe, is particularly well suited for providing insights on port activity and maritime trade developments, which accounts for a large share of global trade. Data are available in quasi real time but need to be pre-processed and validated. This paper contributes to existing research in this field in two major ways. First, it proposes a new methodology to identify ports, at a higher level of granularity than in past research. Second, it builds indicators to monitor port congestion and trends in maritime trade flows and provides more granular information to better understand those flows. Those indicators will still need to be refined, by complementing the AIS database with additional data sources, but already provide a useful source of information to monitor trade, at the country and global levels.
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Performance Budgeting Framework provides four building blocks to guide countries in strengthening their approach to performance budgeting. These are (i) tools and methods for developing meaningful performance information, (ii) accountability and transparency, (iii) a strong enabling environment, and (iv) the use of performance information to inform decisions around the budget.
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264407848 , 9789264352001 , 9789264803077
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: As climate change increases exposure to natural disasters, countries need new solutions to mitigate risks of natural hazards. For many in Asia and the Pacific, mobilising existing resources is not enough: they need to consider a grand design of disaster risk financing strategies. Catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) can be an effective, market-based financing tool for the region. While the global CAT bond market has grown steadily since the 1990s, it remains weakly developed in Asia and the Pacific. Its successful development there requires robust purpose-built legal frameworks; developed general bond markets, especially in local currency; appropriate capacity building; and data-driven pricing models. This report explores each of these conditions along with policy suggestions for fostering them, and discusses the development of multi-country CAT bonds in Asia and the Pacific.
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  • 32
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264832619 , 9789264815957 , 9789264377301
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; Albania
    Abstract: This roadmap is designed to aid North Macedonia’s government in establishing a solid policy foundation for a successful transition to a circular economy. As an EU candidate country, North Macedonia has pledged to align with European climate objectives, endorsing the Sofia Declaration on the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans, with a particular focus on the circular economy transition. Acknowledging the pivotal role of this transition in national and regional development and actively addressing challenges posed by climate change, reliance on imported raw materials and increased waste, North Macedonia is ready for a strategic framework and concrete actions to initiate this transformative process. Derived from a comprehensive diagnostic of North Macedonia’s circular economy landscape, the roadmap strategically integrates existing policy initiatives, fostering synergies across sectors, measures and involved actors. It emphasises five key areas – circular business models for SMEs, construction, biomass and food, textile industry and mining and metallurgy – revealing over 40 policy recommendations. These recommendations, supported by a monitoring framework, are poised to be a cornerstone for propelling North Macedonia towards a more sustainable and circular future.
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  • 33
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    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031582103
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXII, 488 p. 24 illus., 8 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Ancient Economies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic history. ; Evolutionary economics. ; Institutional economics. ; Economics ; History, Ancient. ; Morality ; Greco-Roman World ; Economic Institution ; Roman Economy ; New Institutional Economics ; Standardization ; Economic Measurement ; Methodological Approaches to Ancient Economic History ; Quantification ; Ancient Economic History ; Long run economic development ; Bronze Age ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Models, Methods, and Morality in the Study of Ancient Mediterranean Economies -- Part I Methods and Historiography -- 2. For Those Who Curse the Candle: A Culturally and Historically Relativistic Proposal for Rethinking the Approach to the Ancient Economy (via Archaic Rome) -- 3. Can Ancient History still Engage the Social Sciences? -- 4. The Creation of Wealth and Inequality in the Graeco-Roman World: Tactics from Law and Racial Capitalism -- Part II Measurement and Morality -- 5. The Economics of Immorality: The U.S. Antebellum South, Stalinist Russia and the Roman Empire -- 6. Before the economy? Growth, institutions, and the Late Bronze Age -- 7. Standardization as Economic Institution -- 8. Towards An Ethics of Quantification : Relationality, “Common Sense”, and Incommensurability -- Part III Paths Forward -- 9. Science, Morality, and the Roman Economy -- 10. The Other Side of the Ledger: Calculating the Costs and Benefits of Energy Capture -- 11. These Old Bones: An Osteobiography of an Archaic Cemetery at Agia Paraskevi, Thessaloniki -- 12. The ‘Health Problem’ in Roman Economic History: A Prolegomenon -- 13. Why a Human Ancient Economy Should Be Posthuman -- Part IV Responses -- 14. The Perils — and Rewards — of Constantly Re-inventing the Wheel -- 15. Cursing the Candle: Models, Methods, and Morality -- 16. Towards an Historically Informed Understanding of Institutions and Economies -- 17. Epilogue: The Potentials of a New Ancient Economic History.
    Abstract: This edited volume presents a multi-perspectival inquiry into the models that have shaped the study of ancient economies in past decades. The contributions collected here respond to the prevailing tendency to measure ancient Mediterranean economies using methods and techniques designed for assessing the performance of modern economies, considering a range of approaches that might generate a more socially and morally attuned history of the ancient Mediterranean. The volume explores the challenges of quantification and critically examines the ideological assumptions implicit within the models usually applied to the study of ancient economic performance. The chapters advocate for more inclusive alternatives to traditional ideas of ‘growth’ that take factors such as social inequality, fairness, wellbeing and the relationship between humans and the natural environment into consideration. The book examines through a series of different questions the importance of querying the appropriateness of economic methods from an ethical or socially aware position. Rather than condemning older models, methods, and points of view for their inadequacies, this book focuses on leveraging the benefits from existing methods in economics and suggesting new frameworks to reach toward historical approaches that are both methodologically sophisticated and attuned to the moral, ethical, and political concerns of the twenty-first century. This book will be a valuable resource for interdisciplinary researchers in economics, economic history, ancient history and archaeology. Sarah C. Murray is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Toronto. She holds a PhD in Classics from Stanford University and has published widely in ancient economic history and archaeology. Seth Bernard is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Toronto. He holds a PhD in Ancient History from the University of Pennsylvania and has published extensively on the Ancient Roman economy and economic history of the ancient world.
    Note: This volume originated in a conference of approximately the same name, first imagined over dinner after a lecture by Dan-el Padilla Peralta in winter of 2019 at the University of Toronto's Department of Classics, home of both the volume's editors ... At first, we resisted the Zoomification of everything, but for various logistical reasons finally succumbed to the reality of a conference held online, November 5-6, 2021. Papers delivered at that event form the core of the volume." - Seite v
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: For implementing their economic and social policies, governments have traditionally relied on direct spending but increasingly use “non-standard” policy instruments, such as loans and guarantees. However, in many OECD countries, loans and guarantees are not yet submitted to the same scrutiny than direct spending as part of the budget process, and future costs associated with the use of these policy instruments are often not estimated, nor provisioned, making them appear initially costless. In turn, this generates risks of potentially biased budgetary decision making, deviations from medium-term spending plans and limited transparency. Considering experiences of OECD countries, this paper advises that budget offices take a leading role in proposing budgetary treatments for loans and guarantees that ensure an even-level playing field with traditional spending and put considerations of efficiency of spending above optimisation of short-term fiscal outcomes.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9783031317026
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 324 p. 50 illus.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dinga, Emil, 1956 - Economic and financial market behaviour
    Keywords: Finance. ; Economics ; Economics. ; Social choice. ; Evolutionary economics. ; Institutional economics. ; Economic autopoietics ; Evolutionary economics ; Financial fitness ; Autopoietic market hypothesis ; Economic market development ; Integral utility ; Economic fitness ; Financial market development
    Abstract: 1. Social Selection in the Financial Market -- 2. Economic models and financial fitness -- 3. Autopoietic Market Hypothesis -- 4. Autopoiesis – a propaedeutic -- 5. Designing of the autopoietic economic model for financial markets.
    Abstract: This book explores the interplay between financial markets, economic systems, and society. Through introducing the concept of autopoiesis, based on the newly conceived Autopoietic Market Hypothesis, ideas of evolution are applied to financial markets to highlights the ways in which economic systems change as they are subject to social selection. By placing this perspective on financial markets, economic development and flows are seen as part of a living system that is influenced by social and political trends. Ideas of integral utility, the logical model of autopoietic financial markets, economic fitness, and the mutation of economic markets are also discussed. This book presents a new and distinctive perspective on financial markets and economic systems. It will be of interest to students, researchers, and policymakers working within financial economics. Emil Dinga is an Economist at the Romanian Academy. Camelia Oprean-Stan is an Economist at Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu. Cristina Roxana Tănăsescu is an Economist at Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu. Vasile Brătian is an Economist at Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu. Gabriela-Mariana Ionescu is an Economist at the Romanian Academy.
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  • 36
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    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031367120
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXVII, 456 p. 31 illus., 28 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Social choice. ; Welfare economics. ; Psychology. ; choice ; behavior ; economics and choice ; behavioral psychology ; neoclassical economics ; welfare economics ; utilitarianism ; behavioral neuroscience ; cognitive biases ; economic choice theory ; welfare ; well-being
    Abstract: Introduction -- Part I: An ordering of paths, well-being, and economics: how to make you, a chimp, or even a cactus, better off? -- Chapter 1: Economicus: assumptions of a neoclassical theory of behavior, and their implications— my take -- Chapter 2: Welfare (well-faring) economics as a theory of what is right and wrong—my take -- chapter 3: Could economicus be the product of evolution rather than the creation of God? -- Chapter 4: Wanting versus liking, and happiness: an electrical/chemical stew -- Chapter 5: Does consuming more increase WB? Is getting rich the path to happiness? -- Chapter 6: Common quirks, incorrect beliefs, and flawed choosing -- Chapter 7: The endowment effect -- Chapter 8: Returning to whether all the different kinds of WB are commensurable and whether all the different bearers-of-WB are comparable -- Part II: What is a choice? Choice or the illusion of choice? -- Chapter 9: How would you define a choice? And the difference between a choice and the experience/sense of making a choice -- Chapter 10: The evidence on conscious choice -- Part III: Most moral philosophers are not welfare consequentialists, so what are they? -- Chapter 11: A primer on welfare economics vs. other ethics -- Chapter 12: A bit more on welfare economics, external effects, and interpersonal comparisons of WB -- Epilogue: Do you make choices, and if so, has your choosing made you happy?.
    Abstract: Neoclassical economists assume that people act to maximize their well-being: they choose based on their desires and only desire what they will like. Neuroscientists and psychologists disagree. Their research demonstrates that cues and evolutionary quirks cause people to act against their best interests, even choosing alternatives they will not like. In this book, Edward R. Morey contrasts neoclassical choice theory with behavioral models and findings in psychology, neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and animal behavior. The book addresses the fundamental idea within economics that behaviors are chosen, and it explains why other disciplines disagree. The chapters touch on modeling behavior, judging behavior, and policies. Morey breaks down judgment using the ethics of welfare economics, and it compares and contrasts this recognized approach with others, including Mill’s liberalism, virtue ethics, duty-based ethics, Buddhist ethics, and utilitarianism. Edward R. Morey is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. His research has centered on modeling and estimating individual behavior. .
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9783031315091
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XLI, 402 p. 45 illus., 32 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Political planning. ; Psychology. ; Behavioral insights ; Behavioral economics ; Decison-making ; Public policy ; Institutions ; Financial regulation ; Public health ; Behavior change ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Foreword by David Halpern -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Section 1: Central Teams -- Chapter 2: From innovative to imperative: Evolving the application of behavioral science in the Government of Canada -- Chapter 3: Ten Years of Ireland’s Behavioural Research Unit -- Section 2: Line departments -- Chapter 4: Learning by Doing: Designing and Testing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Labor Programs -- Chapter 5: Launching the first federal effort to apply behavioral science to U.S. human services programs -- Chapter 6: Designing for social impact: Behavioral science field studies to improve economic mobility -- Chapter 7: The World's first Government Behavioural Insights Team dedicated to Public Health: Ten Lessons Learned over a Decade of Experience -- Chapter 8: Blending Backgrounds: Building Behavioral Insights at the U.S. IRS -- Section 3: The Global South -- Chapter 9: Reflections from Ideas 42’s economic justice team -- Chapter 10: MineduLab, the innovation laboratory for a cost-effective educational policy in Peru -- Chapter 11: Lessons Learned from Applying Behavioral Science in the Middle East -- Chapter 12: Improving Lives in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Chapter 13: Behavioural Insights in South Africa – a view from the Global South, learning, growing, and evolving -- Chapter 14: Expanding beyond nudge: Experiences applying behavioral science for comprehensive social change -- Section 4: Going Local -- Chapter 15: Doing Behavioural Science in the Eternal City: The Case of R² -- Chapter 16: Nudging United States Local Government to What Works -- Chapter 17: Putting Behavioral Science to Work in The City of Brotherly Love and Sisterly Affection: The Philadelphia Behavioral Science Initiative -- Section 5: Going Meta -- Chapter 18: The evolution of a rigorous multi-disciplinary behavioural team: lessons from financial regulation in the UK -- Chapter 19: eMBeDding Behavioral Sciences in International Development -- Chapter 20: Behavioural and Cultural Insights for better health: the BCI Unit at WHO Regional Office for Europe -- Chapter 21: Embedding Behavioural Science into the work of the United Nations -- Section 6: Outside Government -- Chapter 22: The Megastudy Approach for Changing Behavior at Scale -- Chapter 23: The Busara Center: Letters To Our Past -- Chapter 24: Inside Out: BCG’s Path to Applying and Embedding Behavioral Science .
    Abstract: “This book is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding, joining, or building an institution that applies lessons from behavioral science to public policy.” —Katherine L. Milkman, James G. Dinan Professor, Wharton School, The University of Pennsylvania and Co-Director, The Behavior Change for Good Initiative Behavioral science draws on research from across the social and natural sciences, and it has consistently shown that humans are not always rational. This insight has reshaped multiple fields, including economics, political science, and law. Since the early 2000s, the application of behavioral science to public policy has also grown exponentially. Policymakers and practitioners now regularly use behavioral science to rethink how they develop programs and solve social problems. The impact has been far-reaching; behavioral science has transformed how we think about the economy, public health, education, and beyond. In practice, behavioral insights have been used to raise tax revenues, help people access social welfare program benefits and employment opportunities, increase voter turnout, boost medication adherence, and more. There are now hundreds of entities – international organizations, governments, business, and nonprofits – building and investing in internal behavioral science teams. Unfortunately, most of the hard work of putting these teams together and applying behavioral science insights happens “behind the scenes.” This book unearths key stories and insights from pioneers in applied behavioral science. Michael Sanders is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Experimental Government Team in the Policy Institute at King’s College London. He was founding Chief Executive of What Works for Children’s Social Care and the first Chief Scientist of the Behavioral Insights Team, the world's first "nudge unit." Syon Bhanot is Associate Professor of Economics at Swarthmore College. His research focuses on using experimental methods to test behavioral science ideas in public policy contexts, with a focus on public health, prosocial behavior, and public administration. Shibeal O’Flaherty is a Ph.D. Candidate in Public Policy at King’s College London. Her research focuses on applying behavioral science to improve welfare across a range of policy areas, including workplace wellbeing, access to benefits and programs, and sustainability.
    URL: Cover
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    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031455476
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 124 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics. ; Economics ; Capital market. ; Methodological individualism ; John Stuart Mill ; Joseph Schumpeter ; Karl Marx ; Vilfredo Pareto ; Capitalism and democracy ; Institutional individualism ; Elite theories ; Power in society ; Elite government ; Economic crises and development
    Abstract: This book examines the intellectual ideas that underpin our understanding of capitalism. Framing these debates through the work on John Stuart Mill and Joseph Schumpeter, the development of democracy and its relationship with capitalism is explored to provide insight into the rationality of individuals and the distribution of power. By analysing the evolution of economic systems, ideas relating to democracy, capitalism, liberalism, competition, and elites are also defined. This book aims to inform current economic and political debates and to highlight new forms of democracy and capitalism. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the political economy and the history of economic thought. Gülenay Baş Dinar is Professor of Economics at Abant Izzet Baysal University. Çınla Akdere is Assistant Professor in Economics at the Middle East Technical University.
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    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031422164
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 478 p. 7 illus.)
    Series Statement: Great Thinkers in Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Hansen, Alvin H. ; Economics ; Economics. ; Economic policy. ; Keynesian economics ; Human capital ; Criticism of the neoclassical economics ; Inflationary ; National income accounting ; Academic biography ; The post war reconstruction ; Dynamic theory of the cycle ; Secular stagnation ; The trade cycle ; Labour economics before the Crash
    Abstract: Introduction -- From "just a simple farm-boy" to the Ivy League -- Foundations -- Building a Reputation at Minnesota -- Hansen and the New Deal Policies -- In the Service of the State: Unemployment Insurance, the Federal Reserve, & the Employment Act -- Later Trade Cycle Theory: Technical Progress & Dynamics -- Secular Stagnation -- Teaching at Harvard -- Savings & Investment Analysis -- On Keynes -- Money, Wages, & Prices -- Managing the Mixed Economy -- America & the World Economy -- A Wider Perspective.
    Abstract: This book examines the academic life of Alvin Hansen and his contribution to modern economics. Through tracing the development of his early work and pre-Keynesian ideas, the influence of Keynes and the 1937-8 recession on the direction of his work is explored, particularly in relation to his theoretical backing of the New Deal and subsequent American policy. The subsequent chapters focus on his later work on secular stagnation, savings and investment, American Keynesianism, managing the post-war mixed economy and the often overlooked contributions to global questions and wider aspects of political economy and public policy. This book aims to highlight the intellectual influence and academic value of Alvin Hansen’s work. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in economic policy, political economy, and the history of economic thought. Robert J. Bigg holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge in the history of economic thought. His research interests include the development of monetary and macroeconomic theory and intellectual biography. Previously published works include Cambridge and the Monetary Theory of Production together with entries for The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, and The Palgrave Companion to Oxford Economics.
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    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031315787
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 257 p. 1 illus.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Economic History
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economic history. ; Europe ; Science ; Economics ; Intellectual life ; Cold War ; Cold War history ; Economic History ; History of Economics ; Cold War Studies ; History of Science ; CEE history ; Intellectual history ; Exile history ; Communist countries ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Chapter 1: Soviet Union : The Ambiguous Case of National -- Chapter 2: East Germany : Negotiating Conformity and Innovation -- Chapter 3:Czechoslovakia : Opening the Doors to the West -- Chapter 4: Hungary : Surfing Among Ice Floes -- Chapter 5: Poland : Economic History Debate Across the Iron Curtain -- Chapter 6: Yugoslavia : Economic Historiography Between National and International Context -- Chapter 7: Romania : Approaches and Limits of Economic History.
    Abstract: This edited volume offers a systematic exploration of the relations between Western and Eastern scientists during the Cold War from the Eastern European perspective using the example of economic history. Introducing famous as well as almost forgotten scholars who attempted to eliminate the Iron Curtain and strove to break through the obstacles against the transfer of scientific ideas, the book challenges the narrative of the non-cooperative nature of scientific work during the Cold War due to socialist scientists’ incapability and disinclination to engage openly in international discussions. The book contributes to a deeper collective understanding of the multiple contemporary ideological and political circumstances that influenced scientific work and individual scientists' careers and explores the options scientists in socialist countries had - and utilized - to develop their research in collaboration with their Western colleagues. Antonie Doležalová is Associate Professor in Economic History at the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University in Prague and Senior Member at Robinson College in Cambridge. Doležalová focuses on economic history, its historiography, and the history of economic thought in Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Catherine Albrecht is Professor of History Emerita at Ohio Northern University in Ada, Ohio. She is an expert in the history of economic thought in East Central Europe, having published numerous articles on the intersection of economic development and nationalist competition in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031375743
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXV, 455 p. 303 illus., 100 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Experimental economics. ; Game theory. ; Economics ; Game theory ; Sequential-move games of incomplete information ; Signaling games with discrete actions ; Signaling games with continuous actions ; Equilibrium refinements ; Cheap-talk games
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction to games and their representation.-Chapter 2. Equilibrium dominance.-Chapter 3. Nash equilibrium.-Chapter 4. Nash equilibria in games with continuous action spaces.-Chapter 5. Mixed strategy Nash equilibrium -- Chapter 6. Subgame perfect equilibrium -- Chapter 7. Repeated games -- Chapter 8. Bayesian Nash Equilibrium -- Chapter 9. Auction theory -- Chapter 10. Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium -- Chapter 11. Equilibrium Refinements -- Chapter 12. Signaling games with continuous messages -- Chapter 13. Cheap talk games.
    Abstract: An introduction to game theory, complete with step-by-step tools and detailed examples. This book offers condensed breakdowns of game-theory concepts. Specifically, this textbook provides “tools” or “recipes” to solve different classes of games. Game Theory does not require readers to have a strong mathematical background, as the book presents the information as plainly as possible. Every chapter begins with the main definitions and concepts before diving into the applications to different settings across economics, business, and other social sciences. Chapters walk readers through algebraic steps and simplifications. This makes the text accessible for undergraduate and Masters-level students in economics and finance. Paired with the exercises published on the accompanying website, students will improve both their theoretical and practical understandings of game theory. Readers will walk away from this book understanding complete and incomplete information models as well as signaling games. Ana Espinola-Arredondo is Associate Director and Professor in the School of Economic Sciences at Washington State University, USA. Espinola-Arredondo has published numerous articles and she and Felix Muñoz-Garcia have co-authored three other books together: Common Pool Resources: Strategic Behavior, Inefficiencies, and Incomplete Information (2021), Intermediate Economic Theory: Tools and Step-by-Step Examples (2020), and Practice Exercises for Intermediate Economic Theory (2020, also with Eric Dunaway and John C. Strandholm). Felix Muñoz-Garcia is Professor in the School of Economic Sciences at Washington State University, USA. Muñoz-Garcia has published many journal articles and he and Espinola-Arredondo have co-authored three other books, along with other textbooks such as Advanced Microeconomic Theory: An Intuitive Approach with Examples (2017), and Industrial Organization: Practice Exercises with Answer Keys (2021, with Pak-Sing Choi and Eric Dunaway).
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    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031300585
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 147 p. 26 illus., 11 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: New business enterprises—Finance. ; Economics—Psychological aspects. ; Financial engineering. ; Valuation. ; Econometrics. ; New business enterprises ; Economics ; Equity crowdfunding ; Fintech ; Entrepreneurial finance ; New ventures success ; Signaling theory ; Data mining ; ECF platforms Equity crowdfunding platforms ; observational learning theory ; herd behavior
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction: what is equity crowdfunding and how can the decision-making process of retail investors be outlined? -- Chapter 2. About entrepreneurial finance and factors affecting crowd-investor preferences -- Chapter 3. Definition and description of the analytical process: a data mining approach -- Chapter 4. Sample selection and platform characteristics -- Chapter 5. Data analysis and econometric models -- Chapter 6. Empirical results -- Chapter 7. Conclusions and contributions to theory and practice.
    Abstract: This book aims at providing an empirical understanding of the main drivers affecting investors’ preferences in financing new ventures through equity crowdfunding (ECF) and determining fundraising campaign success. ECF is increasing in prominence as a route for new ventures in obtaining external financial resources. To raise capital, entrepreneurs are required to convey quality signals of their proposals with real-time information and knowledge sharing. This book advances knowledge in entrepreneurial finance by investigating the factors that affect individuals’ decisions to participate in ECF. The authors adopt a data mining approach to extract publicly available information from a multitude of crowdfunding platforms across different countries, producing a unique dataset. The book uses an innovative hybrid analysis to generate knowledge patterns creating data-driven models on one hand, and on the other test research hypotheses adopting statistical models to investigate empirical evidence in line, or in contrast, with the extant literature. The book also integrates organizational theories to examine the extent to which ECF platform managers follow a strategy of isomorphism in their choice of information disclosure. The final part of the book discusses how signals are interpreted by investors, how these affect financing preferences, and ultimately the successful completion of a fundraising campaign. The book will be of interest to academics and practitioners in entrepreneurial finance, FinTech, and investment behaviour. Francesco James Mazzocchini, Ph.D., is postdoctoral research fellow in Banking and Financial Markets at the Department of Management, Marche Polytechnic University – Italy. His scientific interests are in the fields of behavioural finance, decision-making under risk, FinTech, innovative financing, and entrepreneurial finance. Caterina Lucarelli is Full Professor of Banking and Financial Markets at the Department of Management, Marche Polytechnic University – Italy. Her scientific interests are in the fields of market microstructure, investors’ behaviour, decision-making under risk, gender diversity, entrepreneurship and sustainable finance. Since 2007, as National Coordinator of a Research Project supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, she has cooperated with psychologist and neuroscientists to study individual risk tolerance.
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    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031296086
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XX, 533 p. 1 illus.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics. ; Economics ; Political science. ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: 1. Jo Ann Cavallo and Walter E. Block, Introduction -- 2. Gloria Alvarez, With Liberty and Health Everything Is Possible in This World -- 3. Phillip Bagus, A Voyage of Discovery -- 4. Doug Bandow, A Beltway Odyssey -- 5. Jayant Bhandari, Out of India: From Wretchedness to Capitalism -- 6. James Bovard, Forty Years Sniping at Leviathan -- 7. Connor Boyack, One Person Changes the World -- 8. Per L. Bylund, From Meager Means to Market Anarchism: The Political Evolution of an Ordinary Swede -- 9. Gerard Casey, My Transformation into a Teacher of Liberty -- 10. Jo Ann Cavallo, “To study and at times to practice what one has learned, is that not a pleasure?” -- 11. Christopher J. Coyne, My Path to Becoming an Economist and Peacemonger -- 12. Lauren Daugherty, A Young American for Liberty -- 13. Marianna Davidovich, Family, Freedom, and Flourishing: An Educator’s Journey -- 14. Dumo Denga, Moments that Led Me to Libertarianism in South Africa -- 15. Beniamino Di Martino, The Libertarian Mission of a Catholic Priest -- 16. Brian Doherty, Thinking about and Working toward a Less Cruel World -- 17. Lukasz Dominiak, From Growing Up under Socialism to Becoming Libertarian -- 18. Richard M. Ebeling, My Life as an Austrian Economist and Classical Liberal: The Starting Point and Early Years -- 19. Robert B. Eckhardt, Maverick Scientist, Libertarian Capitalist -- 20. Gene Epstein, Mommy Was a Commie: My Personal Voyage from Intellectual Depravity to Libertarianism -- 21. Rafi Farber, My Journey to Liberty -- 22. Bernardo Ferrero, A Florentine Road toward Liberty -- 23. David Friedman, From Philosophy to Economics -- 24. Alan Futerman, Libertarianism as a Path to Life -- 25. Sean Gabb, Born Wanting To Be Free -- 26. Carla Gericke, Live Free and Thrive! -- 27. James Grant, Luckiest Guy on Wall Street -- 28. Zhu Haijiu, Human Action and My Austrian Economics Journey -- 29. Steve H. Hanke, A Life among the “Econ” -- 30. Norman Horn, The Growth of a Christian Libertarian -- 31. Jacob G. Hornberger, My Life as a Libertarian -- 32. Michael Huemer, Intuitive Libertarianism -- 33. Allen Jeon, Austro-libertarianism’s Existential Lessons -- 34. Marc Joffe, Learning from Libertarian Disappointments -- 35. Linda K. Kiguhi, Building a Community of Leaders for Liberty in Africa -- 36. Rowland Kingsley, My Story as an African Libertarian -- 37. Peter G. Klein, My Life as an Austrian Economist and Entrepreneurship Scholar -- 38. Barbara Kolm, If You Are a Tyrolean -- 39. Mitchell Langbert, Confessions of a Libertarian in Academe -- 40. Peter T. Leeson, It Began with Richard Nixon -- 41. Brad Lips, Discovering a World of Hope for Liberty -- 42. Carlo Lottieri, Some Notes in View of an Intellectual Autobiography -- 43. Yuri Maltsev, From Moscow toward Liberty -- 44. Lipton Matthews, No Greater Love than Choice -- 45. Allen Mendenhall, A Libertarian Literary Lawyer -- 46. Ilana Mercer, A Woman of the Libertarian Right -- 47. John Mosier, Confessions of a Proto-Austrian Libertarian -- 48. Antony P. Mueller, My Intellectual Journey in Search of a Social Order beyond the State and Politics -- 49. Michael C. Munger, A Presumption in Favor of Liberty -- 50. Robert P. Murphy, How I Became an Austro-Libertarian -- 51. Héctor Ñaupari, A Sower of Freedom in Latin America -- 52. Radu Nechita, Opening Minds and Sharing the Passion for Liberty -- 53. Wanjiru Njoya, From African Socialism to Libertarianism -- 54. Johan Norberg, Anarchy, Minimal State, and Freelance Utopia -- 55. Yuri Petukhov, Russia, My Journey, and the Hayek Foundation -- 56. Roger Pilon, An Unconventional Odyssey -- 57. Guglielmo Piombini, Dazzled by Murray N. Rothbard -- 58. Robert W. Poole, Jr., Building a Libertarian Think Tank -- 59. Michael Rectenwald, From Leftism to Liberty, A Personal Journey -- 60. Dann Reid, The Culinary Libertarian: Combining My Passion for Food and Liberty -- 61. David Chávez Salazar, And I Will Finally Know What Freedom Is -- 62. Antony Sammeroff, A Scottish Lefty Becomes a Libertarian -- 63. Li Schoolland, A Survivor’s Story -- 64. Karen Selick, Making Life Less Lonely for Canadian Libertarians -- 65. Parth J. Shah, Challenging India’s Socialist Mindset -- 66. Ilya Shapiro, Living the American Dream -- 67. Josef Šíma, The Fall of Communism as Only the First Step Towards a Free Society -- 68. Jo Ann Skousen, From Social Democrat to Libertarian -- 69. Mark Skousen, My Declaration of Independence -- 70. Barry Smith, Thinking Like an Austrian -- 71. Jacek Spendel, Beyond Philosophy: Libertarianism as a Way of Life -- 72. Krassen Stanchev, From the Soviets to Classical Liberalism -- 73. Frank J. Tipler, Physics and Libertarian Philosophy -- 74. Martin van Staden, Law, Voluntaryism, and Being Libertarian in Uninviting Africa -- 75. Laurence M. Vance, Christian Libertarianism -- 76. Richard Vedder, The Life of an Unlikely Libertarian -- 77. Richard E. Wagner, My Non-ideological Path to Becoming a Libertarian Thinker -- 78. Michael A. Walker, Why I Am a Big Government Skeptic and Small Government Advocate -- 79. Nena Bartlett Whitfield, Building the Future Together -- 80. Hiroshi Yoshida, Opening the Taxpayer’s Eyes.
    Abstract: "A Better World, Inc. (2023) provides vital insights for companies seeking to increase their value through innovative environmental, social and governance changes. Bolstered by years of experience, compelling research and case studies, Alice Korngold demonstrates that inclusion and sustainability are essential elements for companies to advance their interests while building a better and more prosperous world. These are issues near and dear to my heart." -April Miller Boise, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer, Intel "A Better World, Inc. (2023) is essential reading for corporate executives and board directors. With powerful research and case studies, Alice Korngold shows that inclusion and sustainability are fundamental for companies to grow value and advance prosperity -- for business and society." -Michael Cherkasky, Co-Founder and Board Director, Exiger Influential libertarians from diverse backgrounds and professions who have worked toward a freer society across the globe share their personal and intellectual journeys, including what their lives and thoughts were before they embraced libertarianism; which people, texts, or events most inspired them; what experiences, challenges, tribulations, and achievements they have had as participants or leaders in this movement, and how this philosophy has affected their private and professional lives. The volume’s 80 contributors span the political-philosophical spectrum of libertarianism, including anarcho-capitalists, minarchists, constitutionalists, classical liberals, and thick libertarians. Their essays express different perspectives on many issues even while articulating such core principles as an appreciation for individual liberty, private property rights, the rule of law, and free enterprise. Together, they represent myriad individual journeys toward libertarianism, however defined. By bringing together a range of contemporary voices from outside the dominant left-right paradigm, this book aims to contribute to the viewpoint diversity that is crucially needed in today’s public discourse. These autobiographies not only offer compelling insights into their individual authors and the state of the world today, but may also inspire the next generation to make our society a freer one. Jo Ann Cavallo (PhD, Yale, 1987) is Professor of Italian and Chair of the Italian Department at Columbia University and an Associated Scholar of the Mises Institute. She has brought an Austro-libertarian perspective to Italian studies through publications on Marco Polo, Machiavelli, Renaissance fiction, chivalric epic, and Sicilian puppet theater, as well as a co-edited volume (with Carlo Lottieri), Speaking Truth to Power from Medieval to Modern Italy Walter E. Block (PhD, Columbia, 1972) is Harold E. Wirth Endowed Chair and Professor of Economics, College of Business, Loyola University New Orleans, and Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute. He is the author of more than 600 refereed articles in professional journals, three dozen books, and thousands of op eds. He lectures widely on college campuses, delivers seminars around the world, and appears regularly on television and radio shows. .
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    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031383731
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 169 p. 19 illus., 16 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 2nd ed. 2023.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Financial services industry. ; Valuation. ; Financial risk management. ; Economics ; Developing an intelligent investment strategy ; female investing ; financial planning for women ; retirement planning for women ; wealth accumulation ; female investors ; financial case studies ; Crypto ; Asset classes ; ETF investing ; financial planning after divorce ; avoiding investing mistakes ; value investing ; managing portfolio risk ; saving for retirement ; retirement income spending
    Abstract: 1 Wealth Accumulation Is an Attitude Investing for your future requires a few goals and much less capital than you think -- 2 Saving to Invest is the Best Strategy -- 3 COVID Hit Women’s Finances Much Harder than Men’s Women left the worforce en masse – at what cost? -- 4 It’s True! Women Make Better Investors than Men (sorry guys) Women inherently display the traits required for successful investing -- 5 Developing an Intelligent Investing Strategy All Your Own Like any discipline, sound investing can become muscle memory for the diligent student and practitioner -- 6 Developing an Investment Discipline That Will Achieve our Goals—Continued: The Stock Market is a Tug of War between Fear and Greed; Arm Yourself with the Tools to Succeed -- 7 Construct Your Portfolio Like a Dinner Party Invitation List: Holdings Should Be Balanced and Behave Well If Things Get Out of Hand -- 8 Apple, Inc.—A Case Study in How to Select a Core Holding: A Role Model Investment You Will Want to Emulate -- 9 Mutual Funds Are So 1990, How to use Exchange-Traded Funds To Round Out Your Portfolio Holdings. To Crypto or not to Crypto and what the heck are meme stocks? -- 10 A Case Study of a Fallen Consumer Discretionary, Tech, E-commerce Company: Amazon. And Stocks to Own for a Lifetime -- 11 Five Critical Lessons and Warnings: Don’t Touch a Hot Stove, Don’t Talk to Strangers and Other Lessons for the Ages -- 12 Twelve Intelligent Investing Rules – And One More for Good Measure: Rules for Women to Invest By.
    Abstract: It is no secret that women are increasingly controlling wealth. Estimates suggest that women control more than 50% of all wealth and growing. Importantly, 95% of women will be their family’s primary financial decision maker at some point in their lives. Yet recent studies show that Millennial women are deferring financial and investing decisions at a greater pace than Baby Boomer women. Targeted to all women “with a clear recognition that though the objectives and needs of this vast segment may not necessarily be homogeneous, women share common challenges when it comes to investing, this book provides clear instruction and a series of Intelligent Investing Rules for women to live by, especially in these times with sticky and persistent inflation and rising interest rates. The Women’s Guide to Successful Investing demonstrates how women can develop the knowledge and skills required to accumulate wealth and build an investment portfolio for the long term. Providing proven wealth accumulation strategies, tailored advice, and a comprehensive market analysis, this second edition is a must-read for female investors who want to master volatile markets with long-term success. Written by a female CEO, CIO, and investment manager whose career has spanned 38 years, the book offers a much-needed blueprint for investments for women. Nancy Tengler’s career as a portfolio manager spans 40 years; she is currently the CEO and Chief Investment Officer of Laffer Tengler Investments. Nancy is a passionate advocate for women’s financial literacy and she leads the firm’s Women & Wealth initiative. Nancy is a sought-after TV and print financial commentator on local and national media outlets. She lives in Incline Village, NV with her 2 labs and hikes the Tahoe Trail daily. .
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    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031401398
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 287 p. 11 illus.)
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Technological innovations. ; Power resources. ; Institutional change ; Economic development ; Energy productivity ; Science and knowledge ; Neoclassical approach to technological change ; Schumpeter on innovation ; Scottish Enlightenment ; Energy efficiency ; Technological unemployment ; Institutional problems for innovation ; National innovation policies ; Alienation of labour ; Austrian economics on innovation ; Sustainability and technological progress ; Future innovations ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: 1. Invention, institutional change and economic development: from Scottish Enlightenment to the IPE -- 2. Friedrich List, contemporaries and followers: national innovation policies revisited -- 3. Transhumanism as alienation in Marx's humanist approach -- 4. Energy efficiency, productivity and the Jevons paradox -- 5. Max Weber: Science, Technology and Knowledge -- 6. Schumpeter and Austrian economics on innovation -- 7. The Neoclassical approach, its crisis and the Schumpeterian echo in the current paradigm of the economic analysis of Technological Change -- 8. Some misconceptions regarding innovation (and how reading the classics might help to overcome them) -- 9. Sustainability and technological progress -- 10. Technological unemployment as a historical debate -- 11. On the controversies on capital as a selection between paradigms -- 12. Influence of Schumpeter in the national context -- 13. Institutional problems for innovation although inventions are available -- 14. Conclusion and future research.
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the importance of science, technology, and innovation in the history of economic thought. It charts how science has responded to societal needs and global challenges to highlight the way in which knowledge and technology have been used to benefit society. Particular attention is given to modern concerns, such as climate change, technological unemployment, and social unrest, which are contextualised within the work of the Scottish Enlightenment, Marx, Weber, and Schumpeter. Broader debates, including the relationship between invention and economic development, the alienation of labour, and institutional change, are also considered. This book aims to shed new light on our understanding of science, technology, and innovation by placing them within ideas from the history of economic thought. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the history of economic thought and the economics of innovation and technology. Estrella Trincado Aznar is Professor of History of Economic Thought at the Complutense University of Madrid. Fernando López Castellano is Professor of Economics at the University of Granada.
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    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783031264863
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 95 p. 1 illus.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics—Psychological aspects. ; Literature—Philosophy. ; Economics. ; Macroeconomics. ; Economic development. ; Microeconomics. ; Economics ; Literature ; perfect competition ; macroeconomics ; international trade ; economic growth and development ; demand and supply ; monetary theory ; behavioural economics ; pricing ; labour markets ; game theory ; fiscal policies ; information economics ; English literature ; economic themes in literature ; Literature and Economics
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Price of Oysters (demand and supply) -- 3. When You’ve Got to Go, You’ve Got to Go (pricing) -- 4. The Competition is Tough (perfect competition) -- 5. Why Trade is Good 1 (economic welfare) -- 6. Last Copy, Sir: Double Price (monopoly) -- 7. The Kursaal Flyers (game theory and oligopoly) -- 8. Gizza Job (labour markets) -- 9. Greta’s Expectations (externalities and the environment) -- 10. Why Trade is Good 2 (international trade) -- 11. Well, What Do You Know? (information economics) -- 12. Don’t Behave Like That (behavioural economics) -- 13. The Swings and Roundabouts of Outrageous Fortune (business cycles) -- 14. If It Moves, Tax It (fiscal policy) -- 15. The Employers and the Employed (unemployment) -- 16. Interesting Times (monetary policy) -- 17. From Small Things, Big Things Come (modern approaches to macroeconomics) -- 18. Growing Pains (economic growth).
    Abstract: This book provides an engaging introduction to economics through a literary lens. Drawing on writers such as James Joyce, George Eliot, Edith Wharton, Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell, each chapter is framed around a quote from a classic text of English literature that helps tease out a key economic concept and demonstrate its broader relevance. While rigorous, the book is virtually free of technical language and aims to give a concise overview of all the main topics in contemporary economics – from supply and demand, pricing, labour markets, externalities, and game theory, to environmental and behavioural economics, fiscal policy and business cycles, modern approaches to macroeconomics and economic growth. Interweaving literary examples with easy-to-follow explanations and reflective tasks, the book takes an interdisciplinary approach to economics and literature that requires no prior knowledge in either camp, but which illuminates patterns of real-world behaviour observed by novelists and economists alike. This concise and accessible book will be a valuable tool for students embarking on introductory economics courses, economics modules in business studies, and interdisciplinary courses more broadly, as well as the general reader interested in building their knowledge of economics. Geraint Johnes is Emeritus Professor of Economics at Lancaster University, and has also worked at Dartmouth College New Hampshire, Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, the Australian National Univeristy, and Beijing Normal University. He has also served as director of the London-based think-tank, the Work Foundation, and is regularly in demand as an economic commentator on global TV news channels including the BBC, ITV, Al Jazeera, Deutsche Welle, and France 24. He was founding editor of the journal, Education Economics, and was previously editor also of the International Journal of Manpower. He is author of numerous articles in major journals, and has authored and edited books most recently including the Handbook of Contemporary Education Economics (Edward Elgar, 2017).
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9783031231674
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVI, 697 p. 30 illus., 15 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Studies in Economic Transition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics. ; Development economics. ; Economics ; Globalization. ; Socialist economic systems ; Economic transition ; Integration and globalisation ; Transition to the market economy ; Transition of the USSR ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Chapter 1. An introduction to the Collected Works of Domenico Mario Nuti, Saul Estrin and Milica Uvalic -- Part I. Evolution of economic systems -- Chapter 2. Capitalism, socialism and steady growth -- Chapter 3. The degree of monopoly in the Kaldor-Mirrlees growth model -- Chapter 4. V. K. Dmitriev: Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility -- Chapter 5. Kalecki and Keynes revisited: Two original approaches to demand-determined income – and much more besides -- Chapter 6. Full indexation and less-than-full wage indexation” -- Chapter 7. Post-communist mutations -- Chapter 8. Comparative economics after the transition -- Chapter 9. Kornai: shortage versus surplus economies -- Chapter 10. The Chinese alternative -- Chapter 11. Alternative pension systems: Generalities and reform issues in transition economies -- Chapter 12. A flat tax is for a flat Earth -- Chapter 13. The rise and fall of socialism -- PART II. Economic democracy -- Chapter 14. Codetermination, profit-sharing and full employment -- Chapter 15. On traditional cooperatives and James Meade's labour-capital discriminating partnerships -- Chapter 16. Profit-sharing and employment: claims and overclaims -- Chapter 17. Employee ownership in Polish privatizations -- Chapter 18. Employeeism: corporate governance and employee share ownership in transition economies -- Chapter 19. Employee participation in enterprise control and returns: patterns, gaps and discontinuities -- PART III. East-West integration and globalization -- Chapter 20. The case for Western aid to Central Eastern Europe -- Chapter 21. The impact of systemic transition on the European Community -- Chapter 22. Symposium on Exchange rate regimes in transition economies. The euroization debate. Introduction -- Chapter 23. Costs and benefits of unilateral euroization in central eastern Europe -- Chapter 24. Globalization today: incomplete, distorted and unfair -- Chapter 25. The impact of the global crisis on transition economies -- Chapter 26. The European Social Model: Is there a Third Way? -- Chapter 27. Seismic faults in the European Union.
    Abstract: This book, the second of two volumes, brings together the work of Domenico Mario Nuti to highlight his significant and varied contribution to economics. Bringing together works from across Nuti’s career, his distinctive intellectual framework is exemplified in relation to discussions on the drivers of economic growth and development, the most efficient economic system, the organisation of firms, and how economies should be managed. This volume gives particular attention to Nuti’s views about how economic systems evolve, about the possibilities for various forms of economic democracy; and his analysis of East-West integration and globalization. The volume also contains a bibliography of his works. Domenico Mario Nuti was Professor of Economics at La Sapienza University in Rome and the European University Institute in Florence. He also held positions at the University of Cambridge, University of Birmingham, and the London Business School. Saul Estrin is Emeritus Professor of Managerial Economics and Strategy at LSE. Milica Uvalic is Professor of Economics at the University of Perugia.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The economic and fiscal costs of gender inequalities, such as the gender employment gap, are high. Intersectional analysis improves understanding of gender gaps and the measures needed to address them. This paper looks at how gender budgeting can be expanded to include intersectional analysis, allowing for consideration of how gender inequalities intersect with inequalities based on race, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation and disability. It provides examples from governments that have started to incorporate an intersectional approach to gender budgeting. It also highlights the main benefits and challenges associated with intersectional analysis and considers what governments can do to support an intersectional approach to gender budgeting.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper, based on preliminary results of the 2023 OECD SBO Survey on Budget Frameworks, takes stock of OECD countries’ practices in top-down and medium-term budgeting. It shows that OECD countries’ fiscal frameworks can be characterised by strong reliance on multiple fiscal rules or objectives for enforcing fiscal discipline, with medium-term and top-down budgeting not used yet to their full potential in some countries. Drawing on the OECD Spending Better Framework, this paper advises that countries that wish to strengthen their fiscal frameworks reinforce the processes and institutions that underpin effective medium-term and top-down budgeting systems. Central to this is producing and publishing more regularly baseline projections of government expenditures and setting credible multi-year expenditure ceilings that serve as stringent guidelines for budget planning, while also allowing for some degree of flexibility under clearly defined conditions.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This journal article presents a set of high-level good budgeting practices in the health sector. The purpose of these good practices is to support countries in assessing their own budgeting arrangements for health, and in designing budgeting reforms. The article builds on 10 years of work by the OECD Joint Network of Senior Budget and Health Officials.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.36
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The "OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights" document SME and entrepreneurship financing trends, conditions and policy developments. The report provides official data on SME financing in close to 50 countries, including indicators on debt, equity, asset-based finance and financing conditions. Data for 2021 are complemented by available information for 2022, along with demand-side information and recent developments in public policy and private initiatives to support SME finance. Findings reveal that most economies showed the beginnings of a dynamic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis in 2021. However, data available for 2022 point to a deterioration in a number of SME finance indicators, due to high inflation and rising interest rates, exacerbated by the effects of Russia's war against Ukraine. These factors are impacting the accessibility and cost of debt finance for SMEs, and foreshadow a slowdown in lending. Likewise, equity finance showed a significant decline in 2022. In this context, governments should continue to foster the diversification of SME financing instruments and channels to enable them to build resilience and undertake crucial investments, such as those in digitalisation and greening.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.141
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Widespread supply disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have raised concerns among policy makers that globalised value chains expose domestic production to shocks from abroad. This paper uses new indicators of global value chain dependencies and exogenous pandemic shocks to econometrically estimate the effects of supply disruptions abroad on domestic output. The results suggest that the adverse effects of supply disruptions are particularly large when concentration of supplying countries and supplying firms is high. Counterfactual simulations of the econometric model suggest that diversification of suppliers would have sizeable benefits in terms of shielding domestic production against country-specific supply shocks, with partial onshoring of production having only small additional benefits. Technological innovation that reduces foreign dependencies, such as the substitution of renewable energies for fossil fuels, can have similar benefits as diversification.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.142
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Policy makers are increasingly grappling with the stability implications of global value chains (GVCs), as widespread supply shortages following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have disrupted the economic recovery and contributed to high inflation. This paper provides a tool to assess vulnerabilities in GVCs by drawing a detailed map of dependencies based on new indicators constructed from the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables. The key findings are as follows. First, GVC dependencies increase with both the size of foreign exposures and the length of foreign value chains. Second, in some industries, such as the automotive and ICT industries, vulnerabilities from high GVC dependence are amplified by high geographic concentration of suppliers or buyers. Third, the People’s Republic of China is the most critical choke point in GVCs across a broad range of industries, both as a dominant supplier and as a dominant buyer.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1754
    Keywords: Klimaneutralität ; Klimapolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The Czech economy is very carbon-intensive and has among the highest greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP in the OECD. Getting on the path towards net zero will require rapid emission reductions over the coming decades. Coal still makes up close to one third of the energy supply and the government has pledged to phase it out by 2033, which will require a swift expansion in the use of renewable energy sources as well as increased energy efficiency. This can be achieved by adopting a comprehensive policy package that includes widely applied carbon pricing, incentives to raise energy efficiency, spending on renewable energy and cutting red tape hindering green investments. Compensating policies and adjustment support will be essential to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of climate policies and to increase public support. Active labour market policies including higher spending on re-training for the unemployed is key to facilitate the green transition.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1757
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: A changing climate is threatening livelihoods and economic activity in Greece and the world. Transitioning to a green economy – mitigating the causes of climate change and adapting to its effects, while sustaining activity and improving well-being – is among the greatest policy challenges of the coming decades. In Greece, legacies of high emission intensity, limited fiscal space and scarce private financing amplify the challenge. Greening Greece’s energy system is at the core of this transition. This entails swiftly developing its large potential for renewable energies and adapting energy consuming sectors. A well-chosen mix of policies – including carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, and gradually tightening regulations on minimum energy efficiency standards, while providing financial support and protecting vulnerable households – would minimise the cost of this transition. Developing insurance coverage can better protect households and firms from damages resulting from a warming climate, while limiting fiscal exposure. Engaging all stakeholders and supporting those affected by the transition will help build the consensus for implementing these policies into the long-term.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; Energiekonsum ; Energieversorgung ; Energiepolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: The current energy crisis calls for energy saving measures to accompany long-term technical and structural solutions. However, a range of barriers makes it hard for consumers to change their energy consumption. Changing behaviour is the result not only of responses to prices but also of expectations, habits, and biases. Policy makers should factor in these behavioural aspects when designing energy saving measures. The choice of message that policymakers send to consumers, how and when the information is provided to households and through which channels can make a difference in changing consumption behaviours. Moreover, it is crucial that the right incentives and policies are in place to ensure that behavioural changes can effectively take place. The effectiveness of energy saving measures should also be monitored to gauge evolutions in behaviours and identify solutions to behavioural barriers.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.40
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services ; United Arab Emirates
    Abstract: Strengthening the performance and economic contribution of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and start-ups is central to Abu Dhabi’s goal of creating a more diversified and competitive economy. This report provides an assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi. The assessment is structured around six thematic areas: i) access to finance, ii) the availability of skills and capabilities, iii) access to markets, iv) the business environment, v) innovation and digitalisation, and vi) future opportunities for MSME and start-up development. For each thematic area, an analysis of existing issues, challenges and policy approaches is provided, in addition to policy recommendations and relevant examples of international policy practices. The report was prepared by the OECD Secretariat and external experts based on information gathered by the OECD in Abu Dhabi in the form of written documentation, questionnaire responses, stakeholder interviews and roundtable meetings as well as desk research on policy practices in other countries.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Education ; Economics ; Ukraine
    Abstract: School destructions, population displacement or school closures mean that children in Ukraine have experienced varied disruptions in their education experience. Interventions that seek to reduce the variation in student learning levels need to accompany efforts to resume learning and deliver high-quality education for all. This brief puts the focus on academic interventions Ukraine could introduce to support learning recovery. It first examines strategies for assessing students’ skill levels and identifying potential learning losses in the current context. It then focuses on academic strategies the Ministry of Education can implement in the short and medium-term to help students recover lost learning opportunities, including adapting instructional strategies and pedagogies to individual needs, adapting the time of instruction, providing curricular flexibility and enabling fluid learning pathways within the school system. The brief concludes by putting forward a range of policy responses that can enhance the long-term effectiveness of learning recovery strategies in Ukraine.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1765
    Keywords: Economics ; Taxation
    Abstract: Business investment in OECD countries has remained weak, in particular since the 2008 global financial crisis. At the same time, the cost of capital has significantly and steadily decreased over the last thirty years, reflecting a fall in both interest rates and corporate tax rates. This raises the question of whether business investment still responds to the cost of capital and thus whether corporate tax policy can support investment. This paper analyses trends in business investment and in the cost of capital in OECD countries over the past three decades. Then, it investigates empirically the sensitivity of business investment to corporate taxation, and how this sensitivity varies across firm, investment and tax-design characteristics. Panel regressions at the firm and industry levels confirm that business investment rates are negatively related to corporate taxation, measured by country-level forward-looking effective tax rates. However, the tax sensitivity of business investment has fallen significantly since the global financial crisis. It also differs significantly across firms, assets, and corporate tax design characteristics. Overall, the estimation results suggest that a nuanced and granular approach to corporate tax policy, accounting for heterogeneity in tax sensitivity, is needed to support investment effectively. The paper discusses possible policy options, including the reduction of non-profit taxes, the use of targeted corporate income tax instruments, and the use of more generous capital allowances where they may induce strong investment responses.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264572225 , 9789264361850 , 9789264433472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Ländliche Industrie ; Slowenien ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Frankreich ; Ländlicher Raum ; Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: The Future of Rural Manufacturing provides insights on the transformations that have occurred in manufacturing across rural regions in recent decades. It describes opportunities and challenges in this context, highlighting those relating to climate and demographic change and digitalisation, as well as shifting patterns in globalisation. With support from the European Commission, the project combines a wide range of both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The former examines broad trends in manufacturing performance across OECD rural (TL3) regions between 2000 and 2019, with deeper dives that draw on more granular microdata in 14 OECD countries. Case studies were conducted across 12 regions in Slovenia, Germany, Italy, and France. They comprised interviews with over 300 local, regional, and national actors across government, private sector, universities, research institutes, NGOs and non-profit community organisations. The project also benefited from foresight and futures workshops conducted in January and July 2022 with experts and policymakers across OECD countries.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1753
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Produktivität ; Litauen ; Economics ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Lithuania is digitalising its economy with visible success, but much scope remains for the integration of advanced technologies. The COVID-19 crisis confirmed the importance of digitalisation to sustain activity. Increased private investment in innovation is essential to speed up digitalisation. The take-up of R&D tax incentives is low, however, despite relatively generous provisions, and many smaller firms have not been inclined to innovate. More effective public support for business R&D and stronger research-business collaboration on innovation are important. There is also a need to promote digital uptake, especially among smaller firms that lag behind. Improving access to equity finance for young innovative firms, reducing remaining gaps in digital infrastructure, along with better information on digital tools and how to use them, can help smaller firms digitalise. The public sector too has to become more digitalised. Addressing weaknesses in foundational skills through education reforms and responding more effectively to labour market needs for digital skills would enable a wider adoption of advanced technologies and higher productivity growth, while ensuring that the digitalisation dividends are distributed fairly. Increased participation in adult learning, especially among the less educated, is the way forward to adapt to increased job automation in the digital era.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264979000 , 9789264390928 , 9789264848375
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Globalisierung ; Kleine Inselentwicklungsländer ; Guadeloupe ; Economics ; Energy ; Development ; France
    Abstract: Located in the Caribbean Sea, Guadeloupe is a French Overseas Department and a European Outermost Region in search of a more sustainable economic development pathway. In support of that endeavour, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight looks at the region's opportunities and challenges, identifying priority actions in several areas, including the bio- and circular economy, creative sectors and renewable energies. The Spotlight enriches our understanding of the diversity of development pathways, including those of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It is the result of an extensive peer-review process involving public and private stakeholders from Colombia, Caribbean countries and other EU outermost regions.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1763
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
    Abstract: The need to rapidly decarbonise economies raises questions about whether countries’ workforces possess the requisite skills to achieve the net zero transition as well as the capacity to redeploy workers from “brown” to “green” jobs. This paper applies a task-based framework to granular data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and country-specific employment sources to generate new indicators of the green skills structure of labour markets for a large number of OECD countries and non-OECD EU countries. Significant cross-country differences emerge in the underlying supply of green skill and the potential of economies to reallocate brown job workers to green jobs within their broad occupation categories. In a majority of detailed brown occupations, workers have in principle the necessary skills to transition to green jobs, with the exception of those in production occupations, who may require more extensive re-skilling. In contrast, workers from most highly automatable occupations are generally not found to have the sufficient skills to transition to green jobs, suggesting more limited scope for the net-zero transition to reinstate labour displaced by automation.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA CF) was adopted in 2012. In one decade, it has expanded to 92 countries, including most OECD countries. However, there is still work to be done by national statistics producers to increase the use of SEEA statistics. This paper focuses on the SEEA stocks and flows accounts, providing examples of where they are already used to support public policy making in high-priority areas such as climate change, environmental sustainability, the circular economy, and management of ecosystems and freshwater, as well as feeding into indicators, dashboards and other frameworks. Although these examples show that SEEA statistics are already informing public policy making in many countries, there are still important “influence gaps”. The second part of this paper discusses why these gaps exist and what can be done about them.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1761
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent markets with sophisticated investors and large firms price transition risks due to climate policies. The analysis exploits longitudinal data on firms’ economic and environmental performances - as measured by emission intensity, patenting activity in mitigation technologies, and ESG scores – and syndicated loan data. It provides three main results. First, firms with good environmental performance (in terms of emission intensity or patenting activity in mitigation technologies) benefit from a significantly lower cost of debt as climate-change mitigation policies become more stringent. Second, ESG scores and their environmental pillar are not sufficiently informative to assess and price domestic climate policy risks. Third, more stringent mitigation policies encourage investment in green firms by reducing the cost of debt: an increase of about EUR 10/t CO2 in carbon taxes raises investment by about 12% for firms with high patenting activity in mitigation technologies while it decreases investment by about 11% for firms with high emission intensity. The paper discusses policies to improve the available information on firms’ environmental performance metrics so as to enable investors who are smaller and less sophisticated than those participating in the syndicated-loan market to assess firms’ climate transition risks and to allocate capital in line with emission reduction targets.
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1766
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence on the impact of digitalisation on productivity in Slovenia during the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic affected overall labour productivity negatively. Nonetheless, results show that firms that were more ICT-intensive before the pandemic experienced a smaller decline in their labour productivity growth compared to their less ICT-intensive peers in the same 2-digit level sector. This resilience effect was strongest for firms that are integrated in global value chains. A second finding is that COVID-19 resulted in productivity-enhancing reallocation of labour to ICT-intensive firms, reflecting that these firms registered higher employment growth relative to their less ICT-intensive peers during the pandemic. A third finding is that high levels of state ownership in a sector was associated with less productivity-enhancing reallocation. This suggests that state-owned enterprises retained workers that could be redirected to more productive firms. Together, these findings highlight the potential of digitalisation to support resilience and stronger productivity growth, although labour market rigidities and state ownership hamper the positive impact of digitalisation.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1764
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: A competition-friendly business regulatory environment is essential for the well-functioning of markets. It ensures that important policy goals are addressed, and market failures tackled. However, regulation can also create barriers to the entry and expansion of firms that may limit and distort competition and hinder the efficient allocation of resources, negatively affecting productivity and growth. Some of these barriers are necessary, but others may go beyond what is needed to address the policy objectives and the market failure(s) regulation is intended to solve. This paper relies on the last vintage of the Product Market Regulation indicators to determine to what extent Poland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan aims to create a more competition-friendly business environment. The analysis suggests that only a limited number of the measures included in the Plan may address regulatory weaknesses identified by these indicators. Therefore, the paper suggests OECD best practices that the country could consider to remove unnecessary regulatory barriers and boost the benefits that the investments envisaged in the Plan could bring about.
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1769
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The increase in institutional ownership, the shift towards passive portfolio management and the rise of common ownership have transformed OECD countries financial markets in the last decades. The paper investigates the potential consequences of these transformations on firm's productivity, using granular data on firms financial and ownership structure as well as a variety of econometric methods. The analysis suggests that the rise of institutional investors is overall not a major concern from a productivity standpoint: firms displaying higher institutional ownership tend to have higher productivity levels and growth rates compared to their peers, though the positive relationship tends to vanish when institutional investors' time horizon is short. Moreover, inter-industry common ownership is related to higher firm-level productivity and this positive relation is stronger for firms operating in intangible-intensive and digital sectors, potentially hinting to an easing of vertical relationships and/or technological spillovers when firms operating in different sectors are owned by the same equity holders. On the contrary, the correlation with intra-industry common ownership appears negative, though not always significantly, potentially due to lower competition.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.45
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Employment ; Governance
    Abstract: This study provides an in-depth examination of the fiscal and governance decentralisation of long-term care (LTC) across OECD countries, offering projections of future fiscal burdens of LTC spending across levels of government. With rapid population ageing and a decrease in the supply of informal care, LTC spending has increased significantly. The paper introduces a novel methodology to estimate LTC expenditures across different government levels, including central and subnational governments. By analysing country cases, it explores the responsibilities assigned to each government level and the implications for service delivery and intergovernmental coordination. The study also discusses the overall anticipated increase of LTC expenditure to 2.3% of GDP by 2040, identifying the most impacted countries. This research contributes to our understanding of LTC systems, highlights the challenges of increasing LTC costs and provides insights for optimising governance and fiscal expenditure.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1783
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Raising productivity growth is central to closing the gap with the incomes and well-being enjoyed in many OECD countries. Croatia has internationally competitive firms, and a dynamic economy with many young and potentially productive firms. However, overall performance has been limited by the presence of many less productive firms and more productive firms that often fail to grow. This likely reflects a business environment that weakens competitive pressures and makes investments more costly and risky. Reducing the burdens of lengthy and unpredictable regulatory procedures, resolving legal disputes faster with a more efficient judicial system, and improving public sector integrity, will be key for boosting productivity growth. Developing public equity markets and expanding R&D support would improve access to finance for young and innovative firms. State-owned enterprises play a comparatively large role in Croatia’s economy but tend to underperform financially and in delivering goods and services. Improving their governance, by strengthening the state’s oversight and governance arrangements, can improve outcomes. This Working Paper relates to the 2023 OECD Economic Survey of Croatia.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1772
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: Immigration has increased rapidly since the late 1990s, driven largely by strong economic growth and high standards of living. By mid-2023, foreign citizens made up around 18% of the population. This has brought important economic benefits to Iceland, including by boosting the working age population and helping the country to meet labour demands in fast-growing sectors. However, there are important challenges regarding the integration of immigrants and their children that need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach, helping to make the most of immigration. Successful labour market integration of immigrants requires more effective language training for adults and an improvement in skills recognition procedures. At the same time, immigrants need more opportunities to work in the public sector and the adult learning system should be adjusted to better encompass their training needs. Strengthening language skills is key to improving the weak educational outcomes of immigrant students. Enhancing teachers’ preparedness to accommodate students’ diverse educational needs is another pre-requisite. Strengthening integration further hinges upon meeting the housing needs of the immigrant population, including through an increase in the supply of social and affordable housing.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1782
    Keywords: Economics ; Türkiye
    Abstract: The Turkish economy grew strongly over the past two decades and created many jobs. However, given its young and growing workforce, Türkiye needs to ramp up efforts to achieve high-quality formal job creation. A sizeable share of the workforce, mostly female workers, does not actively participate in the labour market. While informality has decreased significantly, it is still widespread and entrenches productivity differences across firms. Rigid labour market rules, particularly the high severance pay but also minimum wages, impede formal job creation. More flexible labour markets should be part of a comprehensive reform programme that shifts job loss protection to a broader-based unemployment insurance scheme, supported by well-designed activation policies. While educational attainment has risen impressively, a growing number of vacancies, significant skill mismatches and a low level of adult skills highlight the need to address the quality of education and to improve on the matching of talent to jobs.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1788
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses employment dynamics across firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of job retention schemes (JRS) in shaping these dynamics. It relies on a novel collection of high-frequency harmonised micro-aggregated statistics, computed using administrative data on employment and wages from electronic payroll records across 12 countries linked to monthly information on policy support during COVID-19, as well as on a new indicator of JRS de-jure generosity. The analysis highlights four key findings: i) the employment adjustment margins varied over time, adjusting mainly through the intensive margin in 2020, while both the intensive and the extensive margins contributed to employment changes in 2021; ii) the reallocation process remained productivity enhancing, although to a lower extent on average compared to 2019; iii) JRS were successful in their purpose of cushioning the effect of the crisis on employment growth and firm survival; iv) JRS support did not distort the productivity-enhancing nature of reallocation.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.45
    Keywords: Economics ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the experiences of self-employed online freelancers working on digital labour platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on interviews with freelancers and platform managers and experts in Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. Their experiences during COVID-19 reveal issues of asymmetric power vis-à-vis platforms. Notably, they reported lack of transparency and certainty in their contracts with platforms, lack of power in negotiating with clients, and limited ability to engage with clients on other platforms. In addition, they often experienced difficulties in accessing government temporary supports for businesses during the pandemic. The paper puts forward policy recommendations to address these issues.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the latest update of the OECD’s long-term scenarios, which are done every 2-3 years to quantify some of the most important long-term macroeconomic trends and policy challenges facing the global economy. For the first time, this update incorporates the effect of the low-carbon energy transition. The study first presents a baseline projection that acts as a business-as-usual scenario against which the economic effects of the transition can be gauged. Next, it outlines extensions to the OECD global long-term model (LTM) to consider energy use and associated CO2 emissions and describes an alternative stylised scenario in which OECD and non-OECD G20 countries successfully transition to low-carbon energy in a way broadly consistent with a net-zero target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. These extensions rely on a variety of sources, but most crucially on simulations of CO2 mitigation costs with the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. Finally, the model’s extensions are used to explore some fiscal implications of the energy transition, in particular how the negative economic effects of carbon mitigation could be alleviated by fiscal or other structural reforms.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1776
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promouvoir l'égalité des genres pour renforcer la croissance économique et la résilience
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Women’s employment rates and wages are still lagging those of men across OECD countries, with average employment and wage gaps now around 15% and 12% respectively. Gaps narrowed at a relatively modest pace over the past decade, calling for further policy action. A lack of affordable high-quality childcare is often an obstacle to women’s participation in the labour market and notably to working full time. A very unequal sharing of parental leave between parents and challenges upon return to work further hampers women’s careers. Biases in the tax system may discourage women from working in some countries. Women face disadvantage in accessing management positions and entrepreneurship. A range of policies can help reduce gender gaps, including better childcare provision, incentivising parents to better share parental leave, re-skilling and upskilling on return from parental leave, encouraging gender equality within firms, integration programmes for foreign-born women, promoting women entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, and levelling taxation for second earners. Moreover, the multiple dimensions and root causes of gender inequality call for mainstreaming gender across policy domains.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1773
    Keywords: Economics ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence on the short and long-term sectoral effect of environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions, exploiting longitudinal data covering 30 OECD countries and more than 50 sectors. The analysis relies on the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index, a composite index tracking climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. Estimates obtained from panel regressions suggest that more stringent environmental policies are associated with lower emissions, that the effect builds over time and differs across sectors depending on their fossil fuel intensity. A one unit increase in the EPS index (about one standard deviation), is associated with 4% lower CO2 emissions in the sector with median fossil fuel intensity after two years and by 12% after 10 years. For sectors in the top decile of the fossil fuel intensity distribution, the estimates point to a decline in emissions by 11% after two years and 19% after ten years. Environmental policies targeted at energy, manufacturing and transport sectors have the largest potential impact on emissions. Illustrative policy scenarios based on these results indicate that achieving emission reductions consistent with net-zero targets will require raising the stringency of environmental policies more drastically and rapidly than in the past.
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1779
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using data on more than 150.000 non-financial companies operating in both manufacturing and services sectors around the world, we analyse the drivers of firm performance throughout the whole COVID cycle (until end 2021). We highlight three key results. First, if anything, larger and older firms did worse than smaller and younger ones in terms of revenues and investment spending, both during COVID-19 and the subsequent recovery. Even in sectors that were under scrutiny from a competition standpoint, such as technology and healthcare, larger firms did not systematically over-perform. Second, ex-ante financial strength attenuated the effects of the shock on revenues during the COVID cycle. Third, there is some evidence of debt overhang: firms that entered the crisis with a higher leverage ratio invested less than others, including on R&D, both in 2020 and in 2021, while firms that became more debt-burdened during the pandemic tended to record weaker investment spending during the recovery. These insights shed light on market power, competition, and more generally on the performance of the corporate sector since the start of COVID-19 pandemic.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1778
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is among OECD best performers in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, much thanks to a comprehensive policy framework and relatively efficient policies. There is nonetheless room to further improve consistency of targets and policies, notably for transport, agriculture and carbon removals. Sweden’s long record as a climate frontrunner is also threatened by policy changes moving the 2030 reduction target out of reach unless compensated by new ambitious measures. A green industrial revolution is gaining momentum in Sweden’s north, fuelled by an abundant supply of clean electricity. Considerable investments in electricity generation, storage and transmission are needed, but long planning and permitting procedures slow many key projects down. The green revolution depends on people and skills to run industry and complementary public services. This is a challenge for northern regions and municipalities already facing labour shortages.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1785
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study investigates the capacity of governments to reallocate spending across different functions of the government. It mobilises the COFOG dataset for the period 1996 - 2017, which allows comparing public spending mixes at detailed levels in ways that are consistent across countries and over time. Three main empirical findings are established. Firstly, countries differ in their propensity to reallocate public spending across functions and countries that reallocate more are also countries with sounder governance and tighter fiscal rules in place. Secondly, obstacles to reallocation are identified, with governments avoiding nominal cuts, especially in health and social expenditures. Thirdly, while the analysis underlines some degree of convergence among OECD countries in terms of public spending allocation, this convergence is not universal. A cluster of Nordic countries persists, and Greece is identified as diverging from the rest of countries included in the sample.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1775
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study analyses the economic effects of the EU's ‘Fit for 55’ climate mitigation policies using the OECD ENV-Linkage model, a dynamic, global Computable General Equilibrium model. The model projects macroeconomic, sectoral, energy and emission trends for the EU, and for the five largest EU economies separately, up to 2035. Policy scenarios combine carbon pricing with regulations to reach the ‘Fit For 55’ emission reduction target in 2030. Additional scenarios analyse i) harmonised carbon pricing across countries and sectors, ii) different forms of revenue recycling from carbon pricing, iii) the effect of the EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on competitiveness, and iv) the effect of Russia’s war against Ukraine on mitigation costs. Given the short time horizon of the analysis (until 2035), the model does not assess the positive economic benefits associated with fewer climate impacts and extreme climate events. ‘Fit for 55’ policies are projected to lead to a loss of GDP per capita of 2.1% in 2035 compared to the reference scenario (pre-‘Fit for 55’ policies), reflecting increasing production costs on the back of higher carbon pricing. Higher carbon pricing is also projected to lead to a loss of competitiveness in energy-intensive industries. The EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism may only partly mitigate the loss of competitiveness of energy-intensive industries. Harmonising carbon pricing across sectors would help limit the loss to GDP per capita, as a uniform carbon price is lower and allows for directing emission reduction efforts to sectors and countries with the lowest abatement costs. Finally, Russia’s war against Ukraine has not substantially increased the GDP costs of mitigation. Without the war, lower fossil fuel import prices would have led to higher fossil fuel demand, ultimately requiring more stringent mitigation action.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper investigates the link between gender diversity in senior management and firm-level productivity. For this purpose, it constructs a novel cross-country dataset with information on firms’ senior management group and other firm characteristics, covering both publicly listed and unlisted firms in manufacturing and non-financial market services across nine OECD countries. The main result from the analysis is that productivity gains from increasing gender diversity in senior management are highest among firms with low initial diversity. Increasing the female share to the sample average of 20% in firms with initially lower shares would increase aggregate productivity by around 0.6%. This suggests that improving women’s access to senior management positions matters not only for equity but could yield significant productivity gains.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1774
    Keywords: Economics ; Employment ; Germany
    Abstract: The green transformation of the economy is expected to lead to a sharp reduction in employment in carbon-intensive industries. For designing policies to support displaced workers, it is crucial to better understand the cost of job loss, whether there are specific effects of being displaced from a carbon-intensive sector and which workers are most at risk. By using German administrative labour market data and focusing on mass layoff events, we estimate the cost of involuntary job displacement for workers in high carbon-intensity sectors and compare it with the displacement costs for workers in low carbon-intensity sectors. We find that displaced workers from high carbon-intensity sectors have, on average, higher earnings losses and face stronger difficulties in finding a new job and recovering their earnings. Our results indicate that this is mainly due to human capital specificity, the regional clustering of carbon-intensive activities and higher wage premia in carbon-intensive firms. Workers displaced in high carbon-intensity sectors are older, face higher local labour market concentration and have fewer outside options for finding jobs with similar skill requirements. They have a higher probability to switch occupations and sectors, move to occupations that are more different in terms of skill requirements compared to the pre-displacement job, and are more likely to change workplace districts after displacement. Women, older workers and those with vocational degrees as well as workers in East Germany, experience particularly high costs in case they are displaced from high carbon-intensity sectors.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1780
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes an algorithm, “DoomBot”, which selects parsimonious models to predict downturns over different quarterly horizons covering the ensuing two years for 20 OECD countries. The models are country- and horizon-specific and are automatically updated as the estimation sample period is extended, so facilitating out-of-sample evaluation of the algorithm. A limited combination of explanatory variables is chosen from a much larger pool of potential variables that include those that have been most useful in predicting downturns in previous OECD work. The most frequently selected variables are financial variables, especially those relating to credit and house prices, but also include equity prices and various measures of interest rates (such as the slope of the yield curve). Business cycle variables -- survey measure of capacity utilisation, industrial production, GDP and unemployment -- are also selected, but more frequently at very short horizons. The variables selected do not just relate to the domestic economy of the country being considered, but also international aggregates, consistent with findings from previous OECD work. The in-sample fit of the models is very good on standard performance metrics, although the out-of-sample performance is less impressive. The models do, however, provide a clear out-of-sample early warning of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), especially when considered collectively, although they do generate ‘false alarms’ just ahead of the crisis. The models are less good at predicting the euro area crisis out-of-sample, but it is clear from the evolution of the choice of variables that the algorithm learns from this episode, for example through the more frequent selection of a variable measuring euro area sovereign bond spreads. The latest out-of-sample predictions made in mid-2023, suggest the probability of a downturn is at its greatest and most widespread since the GFC, with the largest contributions to such risks coming from house prices, interest rate developments (as measured by the slope of the yield curve and the rapidity of the change in short rates) and oil prices. On the other hand, warning signals from business cycle variables and equity prices, which are often good downturn predictors at short horizons, are conspicuously absent.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1786
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper identifies different types of climate change mitigation strategies countries adopted over the last two decades and assesses the policy synergies they might generate. The analysis exploits the rich policy repository of the OECD’s Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF). This is the most comprehensive and harmonised mitigation policy database to date, covering more than 120 policy instruments and 50 countries over 2000-20. Statistical cluster analysis yields four types of mitigation strategies, which differ in the variety and stringency of mitigation policies. Until the mid-2000s mitigation strategies were similar and based on few policies and low overall stringency. They started to differentiate in the mid-2000s and then in the mid-2010s as some countries enlarged the variety of policy instruments and raised stringency. Regression results indicate that emissions are negatively associated with the overall stringency of the country’s mitigation strategies. Moreover, this relationship is stronger for mitigation strategies comprising a larger set of instruments, pointing to larger policy synergies.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1777
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The EU’s ambitious Green Deal aims at achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The EU is starting from a relatively good position. It has successfully reduced greenhouse gas emissions over the past decade. But further efforts are needed to reach the net zero target. These include an extension of emission trading to agriculture and the phase-out of generous subsidies for fossil fuels. Such efforts should be complemented by additional measures to shift to clean energy, notably more integrated electricity markets and deeper capital markets that provide the necessary investment in new technologies. Accelerating the green transition will also involve costs for displaced workers. Bolstering workers’ mobility and training will help improve labour reallocation and reduce transition costs.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.113
    Keywords: Economics ; Development ; Trade ; Environment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This paper traces the history of China’s development co-operation system and looks into its practices, touching upon implementation gaps with established international norms and practices.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264688971 , 9789264626829 , 9789264493438
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (167 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The digital economy is growing, with producers increasingly using digital technology to revolutionise their production processes, and with new business models being created based on the digital transformation. To improve the visibility of digitalisation in macroeconomic statistics, the Digital Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) framework has been developed under the auspices of the OECD’s Informal Advisory Group (IAG) on Measuring GDP in a Digitalised Economy. In the Digital SUTs framework, three dimensions are introduced for measuring the digital economy: the nature of the transaction (the “how”), the goods and services produced (the “what”), and the new digital industries (the “who”). The OECD Handbook on Compiling Digital SUTs explains these three dimensions and includes examples. It also presents the high priority indicators that have been agreed by the IAG and includes recommended templates for producing the outputs.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1750
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
    Abstract: Overall, the health of the Irish population has improved substantially during recent decades and is quite good compared with other OECD countries. However, spending is elevated, partly reflecting a system that is strongly based on hospitals. Population ageing is exacerbating spending pressures. In addition, the health sector is dealing with past underspending, particularly in capital outlays in the years following the global financial crisis, that have constrained service delivery, contributing to substantial waiting lists and heavy pressure on staff. The government has initiated wide-ranging reforms, termed Sláintecare, with the aim of broadening the coverage of universal care, decentralising provision and enhancing the integration of primary, community and hospital care. The reforms are complicated, reflecting a healthcare system that is complex and at times opaque. This is particularly the case with the interaction of the public and private parts of the system in which private patients enjoy easier access to care, leading to concerns about a two-tier healthcare system. The creation of new regional health areas is set to support more decentralised decision-making, but information systems to track spending and reform implementation need an overhaul. The COVID-19 pandemic has diverted policy-making attention just as the reforms got underway, but stepping up the efforts to address legacy issues and move forward on the reforms is now key to meet the coming challenges while using resources effectively.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility ; Unternehmenspolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Economics
    Abstract: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has had devastating impacts on the people of Ukraine. The consequences stemming from the war have imperilled the world's economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and are reshaping and disrupting global supply chains, with ramifications for food security, energy, and other critical sectors. The war has also put a spotlight on the role of businesses operating in the region, facing heightened challenges in maintaining responsible business conduct (RBC) in high-risk settings. In this highly dynamic context, businesses should consider risks of being linked or contributing to adverse impacts on people, planet and society via their operations or business relationships. This note takes stock of how Russia’s war against Ukraine has had an impact on and shaped considerations for RBC.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1762
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews selected implications of trade integration via global value chains (GVC) and identifies gaps in understanding of GVC risks. Despite recent significant progress, many GVC risks remain unknown. The paper also discusses pros and cons of possible strategies to minimise GVC risks and specific measures that are debated in the literature. None of the proposed strategies is a silver bullet and best measures are likely to vary across products and sectors. Most actions to improve resilience lie with firms rather than governments. There is less controversy about governments taking a more proactive role in co-ordinating data collection, analysing GVC risks and collaborating with private firms to promote standards of conduct. In contrast, there is less agreement about governments using financial incentives, regulatory requirements and direct government control to reshape GVCs. Government intervention risks creating costly distortions without minimising economic volatility and improving national security, and making international co-operation regarding social and environmental goals more difficult.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1759
    Keywords: Economics ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: The shrinking number of workers due to smaller young cohorts entering the labour market and large-scale outward migration are undermining Bulgaria’s growth prospects, the sustainability of its social institutions and society more widely. Bulgaria needs to provide more support for families and make staying in the country more attractive by raising productivity, fostering the creation of more good-quality formal jobs and reinforcing the social safety net. Bulgarian women have high activity rates, a high share in management jobs and a low wage gap with men, but all this translates into high opportunity costs for educated women of having children. Policies, including access to affordable quality childcare countrywide, more egalitarian burden sharing with men and greater incentives to get back to work, would help reduce those costs. Women from disadvantaged backgrounds should be offered a career path through upgrading skills and lifelong learning. Inactivity rates among the working age population should be addressed by reforms to the social welfare system that would improve activation and through targeted measures. Vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities, are disadvantaged in multiple ways and need tailored measures to escape poverty, acquire skills and integrate into the labour market.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Briefs no.1
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Stimulus packages adopted following the COVID-19 pandemic – such as the US Inflation Reduction Act and NextGenerationEU - have been presented as an opportunity to "build back better" and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy while re-igniting the economy. But this revival of industrial policy has also raised concerns about the potential for a global green subsidy war. OECD analysed funding measures worth USD 1.3 trillion announced around the world in 2020-21 to support development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies. These measures can trigger substantial greenhouse gas emissions reductions while boosting the growth of the clean tech sector in all regions and reducing dependence over fossil fuel imports. This policy brief summarises key findings from our analysis and offers additional recommendations to policymakers.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/04
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: The shipping industry is essential for international trade, but it is also an important source of CO2 emissions. To make progress towards climate targets, countries need to monitor CO2 emissions from vessels owned by their ship operator companies. However, most shipping activity takes place outside national borders, making it more difficult to monitor than activity taking place within countries. The OECD's experimental database on OECD.stat provides a new source of data for CO2 emissions from global shipping, which is available monthly in near real time. This data will help national statistics producers to compile their Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). This Working Paper presents some initial results from the new data source and describes how they were produced. The method is based on granular and timely ship-level data provided by the United Nations Global Platform, and it uses a bottom-up estimation approach to produce results broken down by country and type of ship.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2023/01
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID 19 pandemic has inflicted a series of shocks on the global economy, not least impacting global trade and investment. During the same time, several countries adopted new foreign direct investment (FDI) related policies. This paper presents novel preliminary evidence on the effects of these new FDI policies and COVID-19-related supply-chain disruptions on cross-border investment. It employs, among others, granular data on FDI policies and investment projects undertaken in a wide range of sectors in 175 host economies worldwide by investors from 46 home countries. It finds that a combination of FDI policies and COVID-19-related measures has a statistically significant and economically meaningful negative effect on the probability of a new cross-border greenfield investment project occurring during the sample period. The effect is the strongest in sectors with high R&D intensity.
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.43
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of one year of policy responses to the 2022/2023 energy crisis triggered by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine from the perspective of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In this paper, "SME policy responses" are defined as all government policies, whether SME-specific or not, which have lowered or affected in other way the price of electricity and natural gas paid by SMEs. The paper discusses three broad policy categories and related approaches implemented across countries: price-support measures; income-support measures; and complementary policies fostering the green transition. Overall, while emergency measures were initially centred on energy-intensive sectors, a larger number of SMEs was eventually covered as governments ramped up the scale and scope of their action due to the protraction of the Russian war in Ukraine. Going forward, as wholesale energy prices return to pre-war levels, price-support measures should be withdrawn. Income support could be used in some cases to help companies deal with still high retail energy prices, but the main policy focus should shift towards measures that improve the energy efficiency and environmental performance of SMEs.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/03
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Trade in value added (TiVA) indicators are increasingly used to monitor countries' integration into global supply chains. However, they are published with a significant lag - often two or three years - which reduces their relevance for monitoring recent economic developments. This paper aims to provide more timely insights into the international fragmentation of production by exploring new ways of nowcasting five TiVA indicators for the years 2021 and 2022 covering a panel of 41 economies at the economy-wide level and for 24 industry sectors. The analysis relies on a range of models, including Gradient boosted trees (GBM), and other machine-learning techniques, in a panel setting, uses a wide range of explanatory variables capturing domestic business cycles and global economic developments and corrects for publication lags to produce nowcasts in quasi-real time conditions. Resulting nowcasting algorithms significantly improve compared to the benchmark model and exhibit relatively low prediction errors at a one- and two-year horizon, although model performance varies across countries and sectors.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1768
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany intends to reach climate neutrality in 2045, tripling the speed of emission reductions that was achieved between 1990 and 2019. Soaring energy prices and the need to replace Russian energy imports have amplified the urgency to act. Various policy adjustments are needed to ensure implementation and achieve the transition to net zero cost-effectively. Lengthy planning and approval procedures risk slowing the expansion of renewables, while fossil fuel subsidies and generous tax exemptions limit the effectiveness of environmental policies. Germany should continue to rely on carbon pricing as a keystone of its mitigation strategy and aim to harmonise prices across sectors and make them more predictable. Carbon prices will be more effective if complemented by well-designed sectoral regulations and subsidies, especially for boosting green R&D, expanding sustainable transport and electricity network infrastructure, and decarbonising the housing sector. Subsidies for mature technologies and specific industries should be gradually phased out. Using carbon tax revenue to compensate low-income households and improve the quality of active labour market policies would help to support growth and ensure that the transition does not weaken social cohesion.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1781
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the link between educational policies and i) student performance and ii) macroeconomic measures of productivity. The analysis has two stages. First, using the 2015 and 2018 PISA databases, it quantifies the relationship between student test scores and the characteristics of students taking the tests, their school environment and national educational systems. Second, assuming that these relationships reflect the effect of different characteristics/policies on student test performance, the second stage converts the latter into an estimated effect on macroeconomic measures of productivity using a new measure of human capital as an intermediary variable. This new measure of human capital, devised in previous OECD work, combines student test scores and mean years of schooling with estimated elasticities that suggest the former is more important. The analysis shows a positive association between spending on education and student test scores, but only for levels of student expenditure below the OECD median, suggesting scope for currently low-spending countries to raise student performance with potential gains to long-run productivity. Boosting participation in early childhood education as well as improving teacher quality is found to generate large aggregate productivity gains. There are significant, but smaller, macroeconomic gains for many countries from limiting grade repetition and ability grouping across all subjects as well as increasing the accountability of schools. Finally, the results provide evidence for income inequality having a major influence on productivity through a human capital channel.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.265
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Amidst the recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has resulted in new challenges to the global economy and to international trade. This report relies on detailed trade data to assess the impact of these two overlapping shocks on international trade and supply chains. In February 2022, global trade was approaching pre-Covid levels in absolute terms, but with a different product and geographical composition resulting in a continued sense of tension in the trading system. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has added a new dimension of challenges as it has led to deliberate radical interruptions of trade linkages between Russia, Ukraine and many industrialised economies, with significant repercussions on prices of key commodities in the energy and agricultural sectors.
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