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  • English  (159)
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  • 2000-2004  (159)
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  • 2000-2004  (159)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3300
    Parallel Title: Almeida, Rita The labor market effects of foreign-owned firms
    Keywords: Corporations, Foreign ; Labor market ; Skilled labor ; Wages ; Corporations, Foreign ; Labor market ; Skilled labor ; Wages
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3301
    Parallel Title: Das, Jishnu Which doctor?
    Keywords: Physicians Evaluation ; Physicians Evaluation
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3305
    Parallel Title: Fisman, Raymond Do stronger intellectual property rights increase international technology transfer?
    Keywords: Intellectual property ; Technology transfer ; Intellectual property ; Technology transfer
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3307
    Parallel Title: Monga, Célestin Latvia's macroeconomic options in the medium term
    Keywords: European Union ; European Union ; Latvia Economic policy 1991- ; Latvia Economic policy 1991-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3312
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Drawbacks ; Commercial policy ; Drawbacks
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3313
    Parallel Title: Available in another form On the unequal inequality of poor communities
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3314
    Parallel Title: Bagwell, Kyle The case for tradable remedies in wto dispute settlement
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3325
    Parallel Title: Wane, Waly The quality of foreign aid
    Keywords: Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic assistance Evaluation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3327
    Parallel Title: Lopez Acevedo, Gladys A duration analysis of CONALEP (Mexico's national technical professional school)
    Keywords: Technical education ; Technical education
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3329
    Parallel Title: Lindelow, Magnus Sometimes more equal than others
    Keywords: Public health ; Social indicators ; Public health ; Social indicators
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3331
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Fuelwood consumption and participation in community forestry in India
    Keywords: Community forestry ; Fuelwood ; Community forestry ; Fuelwood
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3332
    Parallel Title: Saggi, Kamal Transfer of technology to developing countries
    Keywords: Technology transfer ; Technology transfer
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3335
    Parallel Title: Bastos, Fabiano Productivity and the investment climate
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Investments ; Industrial productivity ; Investments
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3336
    Parallel Title: Monga, Célestin Dynamics of income inequality and welfare in Latvia in the late 1990s
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3339
    Parallel Title: Noumba Um, Paul A policy note on telecommunications reform in Algeria
    Keywords: Telecommunication ; Telecommunication
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3344
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Disclosure of environmental violations and the stock market in the Republic of Korea
    Keywords: Industrial management Environmental aspects ; Offenses against the environment ; Stock exchanges ; Industrial management Environmental aspects ; Offenses against the environment ; Stock exchanges
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3357
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Poverty in the Brazilian Amazon
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Pará (Brazil : State) Economic conditions ; Pará (Brazil : State) Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3361
    Parallel Title: Busse, Matthias Trade, environmental regulations, and the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Environmental law ; International trade ; Environmental law ; International trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3363
    Parallel Title: Fuchs, Michael Structural issues in the Kenyan financial system
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3366
    Parallel Title: Chen, Derek Hung Chiat Knowledge and development
    Keywords: Economic development ; Intellectual capital ; Economic development ; Intellectual capital
    Abstract: "Chen and Dahlman assess the effects of knowledge on economic growth. By using an array of indicators, each of which represents an aspect of knowledge, as independent variables in cross-section regressions that span 92 countries for the period 1960 to 2000, they show that knowledge is a significant determinant of long-term economic growth. In particular, the authors find that the stock of human capital, the level of domestic innovation and technological adaptation, and the level of information and communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure all exert statistically significant positive effects on long-term economic growth. More specifically with regard to the growth effects of the human capital stock, they find that an increase of 20 percent in the average years of schooling of a population tends to increase the average annual economic growth by 0.15 percentage point. In terms of innovation, the authors find that a 20 percent increase in the annual number of USPTO patents granted is associated with an increase of 3.8 percentage points in annual economic growth. Lastly, when the ICT infrastructure, measured by the number of telephones per 1,000 persons, is increased by 20 percent, they find that annual economic growth tends to increase by 0.11 percentage point. This paper a product of the Global Knowledge and Learning Division, World Bank Institute, is part of a larger effort in the Institute to assess the effects of knowledge on economic development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3369
    Parallel Title: Hentschel, Jesko Using rapid city surveys to inform municipal social policy
    Keywords: Household surveys ; Household surveys ; Cali (Colombia) Social policy ; Cali (Colombia) Social policy
    Abstract: "Many developing countries assign local governments increasing responsibilities in fighting poverty. This requires local social policy to go beyond the execution of centrally designed and funded education and health programs. Hence, local governments and their partners have both an opportunity and a need to analyze key local bottlenecks for poverty reduction and social development. Drawing on an example from Cali, Colombia, Hentschel describes a tool for such policy formulation at the local level a rapid city household survey. Although the survey uses pre-coded and closed- ended questions, it is contextual in the sense that it is tailor-made to social and economic conditions in Cali. The survey places particular emphasis on collecting key quantitative information, such as household welfare and service access, as well as qualitative information, such as service evaluations and population priorities. Combining the quantitative and qualitative data allows, for example, the mapping of population budget priorities or service satisfaction levels by welfare group. Rapid city household surveys could provide an important tool for the development of local social policies. This paper "a joint product of the Human Development Sector Unit, and the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region" is part of a larger effort in the region to support local and municipal governments in the formulation of social policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3372
    Parallel Title: Glaessner, Thomas C Two case studies on electronic distribution of government securities
    Keywords: Government securities Data processing ; Government securities Data processing ; Treasury Direct (Computer system) ; Treasury bills Purchasing ; Data processing ; Government securities Data processing ; Government securities Data processing ; Treasury Direct (Computer system) ; Treasury bills Purchasing ; Data processing
    Abstract: "The case study on the U.S. TreasuryDirect examines the evolution of the electronic distribution systems for marketable and nonmarketable government securities, the main objectives, and the basic legal infrastructure and the preconditions enabling the system. The U.S. experience highlights that the enabling environment and infrastructure (for example, in terms of information databases such as Pay.Gov) make a large difference in terms of both the security and convenience that customers can expect in the use of the system. The system also achieved important cost savings for the Bureau of the Public Debt. The case study on the Small Investors Program of the Philippines looks at a program that the Philippine government has been experimenting with to sell its securities directly to retail investors over the Internet. The recently revised version of the program called the Expanded Small Investors Program aims to increase access to government securities and distribute them more widely, develop better savings products, and enhance competition in the primary markets for these securities. Glaessner and Kantur analyze whether the programs main goals can be achieved while mitigating the risks. Their analysis suggests that there are good reasons to believe that the new program will succeed. Still, regular and responsive assessments and adjustments will be required as the program moves forward. This paper a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department is part of a larger effort in the department to provide public goods coming out of the debt management and debt market development program and capital markets practice"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/12/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3376
    Parallel Title: Domaç, Ilker What triggers inflation in emerging market economies?
    Keywords: Inflation (Finance) ; Inflation (Finance)
    Abstract: "Emerging market economies (EMEs) have experienced a noticeable decline in inflation since the mid-1990s. Whether this stable price environment in EMEs is likely to endure and what kind of policies need to be followed to ensure price stability, however, still continue to be questions of considerable policy relevance. Domaç, and Yucel investigate the factors associated with the start of 24 inflation episodes in 15 EMEs between 1980 and 2001. They use pooled probit analysis to estimate the contribution of the key factors to inflation starts. Their empirical results suggest that increases in the output gap, agricultural shocks, and expansionary fiscal policy raise the probability of inflation starts in EMEs. Their findings also indicate that a more democratic environment and an increase in capital flows relative to GDP reduce the probability of inflation starts. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to enhance knowledge on the inflationary process and its policy implications"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3381
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frédéric Measuring the international mobility of skilled workers (1990-2000)
    Keywords: Labor mobility ; Skilled labor ; Labor mobility ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "Until recently, there has been no systematic empirical assessment of the economic impact of the brain drain. Despite many case studies and anecdotal evidence, the main reason for this seems to be the lack of harmonized international data on migration by country of origin and education level. An exception is the paper by Carrington and Detragiache (1998), which provided skilled migration rates for 61 developing countries in 1990. This study relies on a set of tentative assumptions. For example, they transpose the skill structure of U.S. immigrants on the OECD total immigration stock. In this paper, Docquier and Marfouk provide new estimates of skilled workers' emigration rates for about 190 countries in 2000 and 170 countries in 1990, in both developing and industrial countries. Using various statistical sources, they revisit Carrington and Detragiache's measures by incorporating information on immigrants' educational attainment and country of origin from almost all OECD countries. The set of receiving countries is restricted to OECD nations. The authors' database covers 92.7 percent of the OECD immigration stock. In absolute terms, the authors show that the largest numbers of highly educated migrants are from Europe, Southern and Eastern Asia, and, to a lesser extent, from Central America. Nevertheless, as a proportion of the potential educated labor force, the highest brain drain rates are observed in the Caribbean, Central America, and Western and Eastern Africa. Repeating the exercise for 1990 and 2000 allows the authors to evaluate the changes in brain drain intensity. Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Central America experienced a remarkable increase in the brain drain during the past decade. The database delivers information that is rich enough to assess the changes in the international distribution of migration rates, to test for the (push and pull) determinants per skill group, to evaluate the growth effects of migration on source and destination countries, and to estimate the relationships between migration, trade, foreign research and development, and remittances. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to measure the extent of the brain drain as part of the International Migration and Development Program"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3385
    Parallel Title: Freund, Caroline L Loss aversion and trade policy
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Commercial policy
    Abstract: "Freund and Ozden provide new survey evidence showing that loss aversion and reference dependence are important in shaping people's perception of trade policy. Under the assumption that agents' welfare functions exhibit these behavioral elements, they analyze a model with a welfare-maximizing government and with the lobbying framework of Grossman and Helpman (1994). The policy implications of the augmented models differ in three important ways: There is a region of compensating protection, where a decline in the world price leads to an offsetting increase in protection, such that a constant domestic price is maintained; Protection following a single negative price shock will be persistent; Irrespective of the extent of lobbying, there will be a deviation from free trade that tends to favor loss-making industries. The augmented models are more consistent with the observed structure of protection and, in particular explain why many trade policy instruments are explicitly designed to maintain prices at a given level. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze trade policy formulation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3386
    Parallel Title: Buddelmeyer, Hielke An evaluation of the performance of regression discontinuity design on progresa
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty
    Abstract: "While providing the most reliable method of evaluating social programs, randomized experiments in industrial and developing countries alike are accompanied by political risks and ethical issues that jeopardize the chances of adopting them. Buddelmeyer and Skoufias use a unique data set from rural Mexico collected for the purpose of evaluating the impact of the PROGRESA poverty alleviation program to examine the performance of a quasi-experimental estimator, the regression discontinuity design (RDD). Using as a benchmark the impact estimates based on the experimental nature of the sample, the authors examine how estimates differ when the RDD is used as the estimator for evaluating program impact on two key indicators--child school attendance and child work. Overall the performance of the RDD was remarkably good. The RDD estimates of program impact agreed with the experimental estimates in 10 out of the 12 possible cases. The two cases in which the RDD failed to reveal any significant program impact on school attendance of boys and girls were in the first year of the program (round 3). RDD estimates comparable to the experimental estimates were obtained when the authors used as a comparison group children from noneligible households in the control localities. This paper--a product of the Poverty and Gender Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to develop and apply rigorous methods in the evaluation of poverty alleviation programs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3391
    Parallel Title: Jensen, Jesper The impact of liberalizing barriers to foreign direct investment in services
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "Jensen, Rutherford, and Tarr use a computable general equilibrium model of the Russian economy to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which encompasses improved market access, tariff reduction, and reduction of barriers against multinational service providers. They assume that foreign direct investment in business services is necessary for multinationals to compete well with Russian business service providers, but cross-border service provision is also present. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. As a result, the estimated gains from WTO accession are much larger than would be obtained from a typical model with perfect competition. The ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment have been estimated based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialized research institutes in Russia. The authors estimate that Russia will gain about 7.2 percent of the value of Russian consumption in the medium run from WTO accession and up to 24 percent in the long run. They estimate that the largest gains to Russia will derive from liberalization of barriers against multinational service providers. Piecemeal and systematic sensitivity analysis shows that their results are robust. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of liberalization of barriers against foreign direct investment in services sectors"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3397
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B A unified framework for pro-poor growth analysis
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Indonesia Economic policy ; Indonesia Economic policy
    Abstract: "Starting with a general impact indicator as an evaluation criterion, Essama-Nssah offers an integrative framework for a unified discussion of various concepts and measures of pro-poor growth emerging from the current literature. He shows that whether economic growth is considered pro-poor depends fundamentally on the choice of evaluative weights. In addition, the author's framework leads to a new indicator of the rate of pro-poor growth that can be interpreted as the equally distributed equivalent growth rate. This is a distribution-adjusted rate of growth that depends on the chosen level of inequality aversion. Illustrations based on data for Indonesia in the 1990s show a strong link between growth and poverty reduction in that country. A decomposition of the observed poverty outcomes reveals the extent to which changes in inequality have blunted the poverty impacts of both growth and contraction. Finally, the results also demonstrate that absolute and relative indicators of pro-poor growth can lead to conflicting conclusions from the same set of facts. This paper'--a product of the Poverty Reduction Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the distributional implications of economic growth"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3399
    Parallel Title: Baker, Judy Analyzing urban poverty
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Urban economics ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Urban economics
    Abstract: "In recent years an extensive body of literature has emerged on the definition, measurement, and analysis of poverty. Much of this literature focuses on analyzing poverty at the national level, or spatial disaggregation by general categories of urban or rural areas, with adjustments made for regional price differentials. Yet for an individual city attempting to tackle the problems of urban poverty, this level of aggregation is not sufficient for answering specific questions such as where the poor are located in the city, whether there are differences between poor areas, if access to services varies by subgroup, whether specific programs are reaching the poorest, and how to design effective poverty reduction programs and policies. Answering these questions is critical, particularly for large, sprawling cities with highly diverse populations and growing problems of urban poverty. Understanding urban poverty presents a set of issues distinct from general poverty analysis and thus may require additional tools and techniques. Baker and Schuler summarize the main issues in conducting urban poverty analysis, with a focus on presenting a sample of case studies from urban areas that were implemented by a number of different agencies using a range of analytical approaches for studying urban poverty. Specific conclusions regarding design and analysis, data, timing, cost, and implementation issues are discussed. This paper-a product of the Urban Unit, Transport and Urban Development Department-is part of a larger effort in the department to promote strategies for reducing urban poverty"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3400
    Parallel Title: Calderán, César The effects of infrastructure development on growth and income distribution
    Keywords: Economic development ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Calderán and Serven provide an empirical evaluation of the impact of infrastructure development on economic growth and income distribution using a large panel data set encompassing over 100 countries and spanning the years 1960-2000. The empirical strategy involves the estimation of simple equations for GDP growth and conventional inequality measures, augmented to include, among the regressors, infrastructure quantity and quality indicators, in addition to standard controls. To account for the potential endogeneity of infrastructure (as well as that of other regressors), the authors use a variety of generalized-method-of-moments (GMM) estimators based on both internal and external instruments and report results using both disaggregated and synthetic measures of infrastructure quantity and quality. The two robust results are: (1) growth is positively affected by the stock of infrastructure assets, and (2) income inequality declines with higher infrastructure quantity and quality. A variety of specification tests suggests that these results do capture the causal impact of the exogenous component of infrastructure quantity and quality on growth and inequality. These two results combined suggest that infrastructure development can be highly effective to combat poverty. Furthermore, illustrative simulations for Latin American countries suggest that these impacts are economically quite significant and highlight the growth acceleration and inequality reduction that would result from increased availability and quality of infrastructure. This paper a joint product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Department and the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effects of infrastructure development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3404
    Parallel Title: Levine, Ross The corporate governance of banks
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Banks and banking Government policy ; Corporate governance ; Banks and banking ; Banks and banking Government policy ; Corporate governance
    Abstract: "Levine examines the corporate governance of banks. When banks efficiently mobilize and allocate funds, this lowers the cost of capital to firms, boosts capital formation, and stimulates productivity growth. So, weak governance of banks reverberates throughout the economy with negative ramifications for economic development. After reviewing the major governance concepts for corporations in general, the author discusses two special attributes of banks that make them special in practice: greater opaqueness than other industries and greater government regulation. These attributes weaken many traditional governance mechanisms. Next, he reviews emerging evidence on which government policies enhance the governance of banks and draws tentative policy lessons. In sum, existing work suggests that it is important to strengthen the ability and incentives of private investors to exert governance over banks rather than to rely excessively on government regulators. These conclusions, however, are particularly tentative because more research is needed on how legal, regulatory, and supervisory policies influence the governance of banks. This paper a product of the Global Corporate Governance Forum, Corporate Governance Department is part of a larger effort in the department to improve the understanding of corporate governance reform in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3410
    Parallel Title: Musalem, Alberto R Pension funds and national saving
    Keywords: Pension trusts ; Saving and investment ; Pension trusts ; Saving and investment
    Abstract: "Murphy and Musalem conduct an empirical study of the effect of the accumulation of pension fund financial assets on national saving using a panel of 43 industrial and developing countries. The authors find evidence suggesting that the accumulation of pension fund financial assets might increase national saving when these funds are the result of a mandatory pension program. By contrast, national saving might be unaffected when pension funds are the result of a public program implemented to foster voluntary pension saving. This paper is a product of the Human Development Group, Middle East and North Africa Region. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Contractual Savings Institutions and National Saving."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3413
    Parallel Title: Alm, James Stamp duties in Indian states
    Keywords: Stamp duties ; Stamp duties
    Abstract: "Alm, Annez, and Modi review the options for reform of stamp duties on immovable property transfers collected by Indian state governments. After briefly reviewing some of the many administrative difficulties experienced with the tax, they turn to an examination of its economic impacts. A review of stamp duties internationally indicates that Indian rates are exceptionally high, at rates often above 10 percent. Most countries' rates are less than 5 percent, including a number of low and middle-income developing countries. With these high rates, the authors find that while the tax has become the third largest revenue source for many Indian states, it imposes high compliance costs on taxpayers, has been subject to a good deal of evasion and fraud, and the distortionary impacts appear to be large, reducing the responsiveness of real estate markets in Indian cities by discouraging transactions essential to the efficient growth of cities. The authors then study the revenue implications of lowering stamp duty rates, which need to be understood if reform is to be viable. Evidence indicates that the current high duty rates, coupled with weak tax administration, lead to widespread evasion of the tax through underdeclaration. This underdeclaration of property values directly affects collection of other taxes, among them, property taxes and capital gains tax. Moreover, it indirectly affects the collection of all taxes through the impact of underdeclaration on the circulation of black money. Simulations indicate that revenues lost due to a lowering of stamp duty rates closer to international levels are quite likely to be recovered in higher collections of other taxes. However, these taxes would at least in part be collected by other levels of government. So reform could be made a more viable option through appropriately designed intergovernmental transfers. This paper a joint product of the Energy and Infrastructure Sector Unit, South Asia Region, and the Urban Unit, Transport and Urban Development Department is part of a larger effort in the Bank to to assess the impacts of alternative tax systems in urban finance"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3422
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Toward a social policy for Argentina's infrastructure sectors
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Argentina was a pioneer of infrastructure reform in the early 1990s. The social dimension of infrastructure services was typically overlooked in the reform process. However, social sensitivities often resurfaced in the years that followed, leading to a series of ad hoc social policy measures that cumulatively amount to US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3426
    Parallel Title: Fajnzylber, Pablo International economic activities and the demand for skilled labor
    Keywords: International economic integration ; Skilled labor ; Skilled labor ; International economic integration ; Skilled labor ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "Increases in international economic integration can lead to greater specialization according to comparative advantage, but also to the diffusion of skill-biased technologies. In developing countries characterized by relative abundance of unskilled labor, these factors can have opposite effects on the relative demand for skilled labor. Fajnzylber and Fernandes investigate the impact of the use of imported inputs, exports, and foreign direct investment on the demand for skilled workers by Brazilian and Chinese manufacturing plants. They find that while in Brazil increased levels of international integration are associated with an increased demand for skilled labor, the opposite is true in China. This paper 'a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group' is part of a larger effort in the group to study the links between globalization and labor markets"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3423
    Parallel Title: Taliercio, Robert Designing performance
    Keywords: Public administration ; Public administration ; Revenue ; Revenue ; Public administration ; Public administration ; Revenue ; Revenue
    Abstract: "During the past decade, diverse developing countries have introduced radical reforms in their collection of taxes. In more than 15 countries, traditional tax departments have been granted the status of semiautonomous revenue authorities (ARAs), which are designed with a number of autonomy-enhancing features, including self-financing mechanisms, boards of directors with high-ranking public and private sector representatives, and sui generis personnel systems. Taliercio addresses gaps in the public management and tax administration literatures by closely examining ARA reforms in Kenya, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Uganda, and Venezuela from their inception to the early 2000s. Using the comparative case study method, he tackles three questions. First, what has motivated the wave of ARA reforms over the past decade? The author argues that from a public management perspective, reformers intended to use autonomy to enhance bureaucratic performance in low-capacity public sectors. Second, is there a connection between autonomy and performance? Focusing on revenue collection, compliance management, taxpayer services, human resource management, and administrative costs, the author suggests that autonomy is associated with higher levels of performance. He also makes the case that higher levels of autonomy are associated with higher levels of performance. Third, if there is a connection between autonomy and performance, which specific design features matter most and why? In spite of the popularity of the ARA reform, there is no consensus on best practice in organizational design. The author offers hypotheses based on the cases about why certain designs work better than others, and makes specific recommendations for the next generation of ARA reforms. This paper a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Department, East Asia and Pacific Region is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand under what conditions public sector performance improves"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3430
    Parallel Title: Chomitz, Kenneth M The forest-hydrology-poverty nexus in Central America
    Keywords: Biodiversity conservation ; Forest conservation ; Watersheds ; Biodiversity conservation ; Forest conservation ; Watersheds
    Abstract: "A "forest-hydrology-poverty nexus" hypothesis asserts that deforestation in poor upland areas simultaneously threatens biodiversity and increases the incidence of flooding, sedimentation, and other damaging hydrological processes. Nelson and Chomitz use rough heuristics to assess the applicability of this hypothesis to Central America. They do so by using a simple rule of thumb to identify watersheds at greater risk of hydrologically significant land use change: these are watersheds where there is a relatively large interface between agriculture and forest, and where this interface is on a steep slope. The authors compare the location of these watersheds with spatial maps of poverty and forests (for Guatemala and Honduras) and with maps of population and forests (for Central America at large). The analysis is performed for watersheds defined at different scales. The authors find plausible evidence for a forest-biodiversity-poverty connection in Guatemala, and to a lesser extent in Honduras. In the rest of Central America, there are relatively few areas where forest meets agriculture on steep slopes--either the forest or the slopes are lacking. And the ratio of these forest/agriculture/hillside interfaces to watershed area declines markedly as larger-scale watersheds are considered. This directs attention to relatively small watersheds for further investigation of the "nexus." This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of conservation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3431
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman Financial development, financial fragility, and growth
    Keywords: Financial services industry ; Intermediation (Finance) ; Financial services industry ; Intermediation (Finance)
    Abstract: "Loayza and Rancire study the apparent contradiction between two strands of the literature on the effects of financial intermediation on economic activity. On the one hand, the empirical growth literature finds a positive effect of financial depth as measured by, for instance, private domestic credit and liquid liabilities (for example, Levine, Loayza, and Beck 2000). On the other hand, the banking and currency crisis literature finds that monetary aggregates, such as domestic credit, are among the best predictors of crises and their related economic downturns (for example, Kaminski and Reinhart 1999). The authors account for these contrasting effects based on the distinction between the short- and long-run impacts of financial intermediation. Working with a panel of cross-country and time-series observations, they estimate an encompassing model of short- and long-run effects using the Pooled Mean Group estimator developed by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (1999). Their conclusion from this analysis is that a positive long-run relationship between financial intermediation and output growth coexists with a mostly negative short-run relationship. The authors further develop an explanation for these contrasting effects by relating them to recent theoretical models, by linking the estimated short-run effects to measures of financial fragility (namely, banking crises and financial volatility), and by jointly analyzing the effects of financial depth and fragility in classic panel growth regressions. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the sources of growth and volatility"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3436
    Parallel Title: Thorn, Kristian Approaches to results-based funding in tertiary education
    Keywords: Education, Higher Economic aspects ; Education, Higher Economic aspects
    Abstract: "Unrealized potential exists for increasing accountability and transparency in Chilean tertiary education by allocating resources based on achieved results rather than historical precedence and political negotiation. Against this background, Thorn, Holm-Nielsen, and Jeppesen profile approaches to results-based funding of tertiary education to identify efficacious finance reform options for Chile. International experience shows that financing by results is not a ready-made concept, but a broad label that offers a menu of design options. To decipher results-based funding, the authors cover all phases in designing and implementing a results-based funding system and highlight strengths and weaknesses of concepts, such as taximeter funding, performance contracts, and formula-based allocations. This paper--a product of the Human Development Department, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to increase accountability for results"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3440
    Parallel Title: Levy Yeyati, Eduardo Market discipline under systemic risk
    Keywords: Bank failures ; Capital market ; Risk management ; Bank failures ; Capital market ; Risk management
    Abstract: "Levy-Yeyati, Martinez Peria, and Schmukler show that systemic risk exerts a significant impact on the behavior of depositors, sometimes overshadowing their responses to standard bank fundamentals. Systemic risk can affect market discipline both regardless of and through bank fundamentals. First, worsening systemic conditions can directly threaten the value of deposits by way of dual agency problems. Second, to the extent that banks are exposed to systemic risk, systemic shocks lead to a future deterioration of fundamentals not captured by their current values. Using data from the recent banking crises in Argentina and Uruguay, the authors show that market discipline is indeed quite robust once systemic risk is factored in. As systemic risk increases, the informational content of past fundamentals declines. These episodes also show how few systemic shocks can trigger a run irrespective of ex-ante fundamentals. Overall, the evidence suggests that in emerging economies, the notion of market discipline needs to account for systemic risk. This paper--a product of the Finance Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study market discipline"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/29/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3446
    Parallel Title: Walque, Damien de The long-term legacy of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia
    Keywords: Education ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Education ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Cambodia Politics and government 1975-1979 ; Cambodia Politics and government 1975-1979
    Abstract: "De Walque studies the long-term impact of genocide during the period of the Khmer Rouge (1975-79) in Cambodia and contributes to the literature on the economic analysis of conflict. Using mortality data for siblings from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey in 2000, he shows that excess mortality was extremely high and heavily concentrated during 1974-80. Adult males had been the most likely to die, indicating that violent death played a major role. Individuals with an urban or educated background were more likely to die. Infant mortality was also at very high levels during the period, and disability rates from landmines or other weapons were high for males who, given their birth cohort, were exposed to this risk. The very high and selective mortality had a major impact on the population structure of Cambodia. Fertility and marriage rates were very low under the Khmer Rouge but rebounded immediately after the regime's collapse. Because of the shortage of eligible males, the age and education differences between partners tended to decline. The period had a lasting impact on the educational attainment of the population. The education system collapsed during the period, so individuals--especially males--who were of schooling age during this interval had a lower educational attainment than the preceding and subsequent birth cohorts. This paper--a product of the Public Services Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the consequences of conflict"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3450
    Parallel Title: Klinger, Bailey Discovery and development
    Keywords: Economic development ; New products ; Economic development ; New products
    Abstract: "Klinger and Lederman use disaggregated export data to explore the relationship between economic discovery and economic development. They find that discoveries, or episodes, when countries begin exporting a new product are not limited to so-called 'dynamic' industries. Rather, they also occur in traditional sectors such as agriculture. In addition, the data suggest discovery is a component of the stages of productive diversification that occur with development, following a consistent pattern--discovery activity peaks at the lower-middle income level and then declines. Based on this pattern, the authors show that discovery in the 1990s occurred with a higher than expected frequency in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and lower than expected frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa. Discovery is not found to be a product of structural transformation based on changing factor endowments across income levels. Beyond export growth, population, and development, there are no significant and positive relationships between the expected drivers of entrepreneurship and the frequency of discovery. Combined with the finding that higher absorptive capacity and lower barriers to entry are associated with a reduction in discovery, this suggests that market failures arising from imitation and free-riding may be inhibiting the emergence of new export products in developing countries. This paper--a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the role of innovation in development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3453
    Parallel Title: Di Gropello, Emanuela Education decentralization and accountability relationships in Latin America
    Keywords: Education ; Schools Decentralization ; Education ; Schools Decentralization
    Abstract: "Di Gropello analyzes decentralization reforms in the education sector in Latin America (their status, impact, and ongoing challenges) by making use of the accountability framework developed by the World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. She starts by identifying three main groups of models according to the subnational actors involved, the pattern adopted in the distribution of functions across subnational actors, and the accountability system central to the model. She then reviews the impact of these models according to the available empirical evidence, and explores determinants of this impact, extracting lessons useful to the design of future reforms. The author concludes that the single most important factor in ensuring the success or failure of a reform is the way the accountability relationships are set to work within each of the models and provides some lessons on how to get these relationships to work effectively. She also provides three main general lessons for selecting 'successful' models: (1) avoid complicated models; (2) increase school autonomy and the scope for 'client power, 'maintaining a clear role for the other accountability relationships; and (3) place more emphasis on the 'management 'accountability relationship and the sustainability of the models. This paper--a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effectiveness of service delivery"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3456
    Parallel Title: Serven, Luis Macroeconomic stability in developing countries
    Keywords: Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Abstract: "In the 1990s macroeconomic policies improved in a majority of developing countries, but the growth dividend from such improvement fell short of expectations, and a policy agenda focused on stability turned out to be associated with a multiplicity of financial crises. Montiel and Serven take a retrospective look at the content and implementation of the macroeconomic reform agenda of the 1990s. They review the progress achieved with fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies across the developing world, and the effectiveness of the changing policy framework in promoting stability and growth. The main lesson is that slow growth and frequent crises resulted, more often than not, from shortcomings in the reform agenda of the 1990s. These shortcomings essentially concern the depth and breadth of the macroeconomic reform agenda, its attention to macroeconomic vulnerabilities, and the complementary reforms outside the macroeconomic sphere. This paper--a joint product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, and the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to draw policy lessons from the development experience of the 1990s"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3460
    Parallel Title: Sakellariou, Chris N Schooling and labor market impacts of a natural policy experiment
    Keywords: Education ; Labor market ; Education ; Labor market
    Abstract: "Patrinos and Sakellariou use a nationally representative household survey to estimate returns to schooling in Venezuela from instrumental variables based on a supply-side intervention in the education market. These estimates apply to a subgroup of liquidity-constrained individuals, in the spirit of the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) literature. Returns to schooling estimates which apply to a subgroup of individuals affected by the policy intervention may be more interesting from a policy perspective than the return to the 'average' individual. The authors use an instrument based on the 1980 education reform (the Organic Law of Education) which provided for nine years of compulsory basic education. They also obtain alternative estimates using father's education as an instrument, in an attempt to derive high and low estimates of returns to schooling in Venezuela. The estimates are consistent with recent findings suggesting that the effect of education, at least for certain subgroups affected by a policy intervention, is as large or larger than what is suggested by OLS estimates. This paper--a product of the Education Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to estimate the labor market outcomes of education"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3468
    Parallel Title: Briceño-Garmendia, Cecilia Infrastructure services in developing countries
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments
    Abstract: "Briceno, Estache, and Shafik review the evidence on the state of infrastructure in the developing world, emphasizing the investment needs and the emerging policy issues. While their assessment is seriously constrained by data gaps, they provide useful insights on the main challenges ahead, emphasizing that, in addition to the widely discussed access problems, the poorest also face major affordability and service quality issues which were not well addressed by the reforms of the 1990s. The authors make a case for a stronger commitment of the international community to generate the information needed to assess and monitor infrastructure needs and policies. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to upgrade economic and policy work in infrastructure"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3278
    Parallel Title: Lester, Rodney Rapid onset natural disasters
    Keywords: Natural disasters Economic aspects ; Risk management ; Natural disasters Economic aspects ; Risk management
    Note: "April 21, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 15, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3302
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Convergence, dynamics, and geography of economic growth
    Keywords: Cities and towns ; Cities and towns ; Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Economic conditions ; Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3308
    Parallel Title: Dumoulin, Hubert Grignon The regulatory and supervisory framework for fixed income markets in Europe
    Keywords: Fixed-income securities ; Fixed-income securities
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3311
    Parallel Title: Saleh, Jahangir Property rights institutions and investment
    Keywords: Investments ; Right of property ; Investments ; Right of property
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3315
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip A review of the political economy of governance
    Keywords: Corporate governance ; Public administration ; Corporate governance ; Public administration
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3318
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Location and welfare in cities
    Keywords: Poor ; Squatter settlements ; Poor ; Squatter settlements
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3324
    Parallel Title: Lindelow, Magnus Health care decisions as a family matter
    Keywords: Medical care Decision making ; Medical care Decision making
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3330
    Parallel Title: Canals-Cerda, Jose The dynamics of school and work in rural Bangladesh
    Keywords: Education ; Rural children Employment ; Education ; Rural children Employment
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3334
    Parallel Title: Shapiro, Joseph Compensatory education for disadvantaged Mexican students
    Keywords: Compensatory education ; Compensatory education
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3340
    Parallel Title: Filmer, Deon If you build it, will they come?
    Keywords: Schule ; Schulpolitik ; Bildungsverhalten ; Ländlicher Raum ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungsländer ; Class size ; Schools ; Class size ; Schools
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3343
    Parallel Title: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Linking representative household models with household surveys for poverty analysis
    Keywords: Poverty Econometric models ; Poverty Econometric models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3346
    Parallel Title: Mody, Jyothsna Achieving accountability through decentralization
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3348
    Parallel Title: Henson, Spencer Standards and agro-food exports from developing countries
    Keywords: Food Safety regulations ; Food industry and trade Safety measures ; Food Safety regulations ; Food industry and trade Safety measures
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3352
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Ruth The transition from communism
    Keywords: Privatization ; Rule of law ; Privatization ; Rule of law
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3356
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Where do we stand on transport infrastructure deregulation and public-private partnership?
    Keywords: Public-private sector cooperation ; Transportation Deregulation ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Transportation Deregulation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3359
    Parallel Title: Wang, Zhi A flexible modeling framework to estimate interregional trade patterns and input-output accounts
    Keywords: Input-output tables ; Regional economic disparities Mathematical models ; Input-output tables ; Regional economic disparities Mathematical models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3367
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Estimating willingness-to-pay with random valuation models
    Keywords: Environmental protection ; Environmental protection ; Sevan Lake (Armenia) ; Sevan Lake (Armenia)
    Abstract: "This paper presents a case study of willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimation using random valuation models. A contingent valuation survey was conducted in Yerevan, Armenia to estimate people's WTP for the protection of Lake Sevan. Three elicitation formats - open-ended, closed-ended, and the stochastic payment card (SPC) approach - were used with split random samples. WTP models with heterogeneous errors were constructed and estimated with the survey data. The SPC approach produces a higher estimation of the mean WTP than both the open-ended and closed-ended approaches, while results from the open-ended and closed-ended elicitation formats are similar. Furthermore, contrary to research findings obtained in the United States, this study finds higher WTP estimations with mail surveys than with personal interviews. This paper - a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of sustainable development in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3371
    Parallel Title: Soto, Raimundo On the measurement of market-oriented reforms
    Keywords: Free trade ; Privatization ; Free trade ; Privatization
    Abstract: "Loayza and Soto present policy and outcome-based ways of measuring the progress of market-oriented reforms in both traditional areas of first-generation reform and the areas of institutional reform that have been emphasized lately. These policy areas are the domestic financial system, international financial markets, international trade, the labor market, the tax system, public infrastructure and public firms, the legal and regulatory framework, and governance. For each of them, the authors first discuss the general principles underlying market-oriented reform. Second, they present various indicators of the policy stance in the area in question. And third, they present various outcome indicators of the policy stance. This paper is a product of Investment Climate Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the process of economic reform"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3377
    Parallel Title: Klingebiel, Daniela Resolving systemic financial crises
    Keywords: Banks and banking Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies ; Banks and banking Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies
    Abstract: "Claessens, Klingebiel, and Laeven analyze the role of institutions in resolving systemic banking crises for a broad sample of countries. Banking crises are fiscally costly, especially when policies like substantial liquidity support, explicit government guarantees on financial institutions' liabilities, and forbearance from prudential regulations are used. Higher fiscal outlays do not, however, accelerate the recovery from a crisis. Better institutions--less corruption, improved law and order, legal system, and bureaucracy--do. The authors find these results to be relatively robust to estimation techniques, including controlling for the effects of a poor institutional environment on the likelihood of financial crisis and the size of fiscal costs. Their results suggest that countries should use strict policies to resolve a crisis and use the crisis as an opportunity to implement medium-term structural reforms, which will also help avoid future systemic crises. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to study financial crisis resolution"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3378
    Parallel Title: Lopez, Humberto Pro-growth, pro-poor
    Keywords: Economic development ; Poor Government policy ; Economic development ; Poor Government policy
    Abstract: "Is a pro-growth strategy always the best pro-poor strategy? To address this issue, Lopez provides an empirical evaluation of the impact of a series of pro-growth policies on inequality and headcount poverty. He relies on a large macroeconomic data set and estimate dynamic panel models that allows him to differentiate between the short- and long-run impacts of the policies under consideration on growth, inequality, and poverty. The author's findings indicate that regardless of their impact on inequality, pro-growth policies lead to lower poverty levels in the long run. However, he also finds evidence indicating that some of these policies may lead to higher inequality and, under plausible assumptions for the distribution of income, to higher poverty levels in the short run. These findings would justify the adoption of a pro-growth policy package as the center of any poverty reduction strategy, together with pro-poor measures that complement such a package by offsetting potential short-run increases in poverty. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to understand how to increase the impact of growth on poverty reduction"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3380
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Genetically modified rice adoption
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic Case studies ; Genetically modified foods Case studies ; Rice Case studies ; Economic assistance, Domestic Case studies ; Genetically modified foods Case studies ; Rice Case studies
    Abstract: "The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase producer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields, while the next generation of GM food research is focusing on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers. "Golden rice" has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of poor people in developing countries. Anderson, Jackson, and Nielsen analyze the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Asia, including its impact on rice producers and other consumers. They do so using the global economywide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest that farm productivity gains could be dwarfed by the welfare gains resulting from the potential health-enhancing attributes of golden rice which would boost the productivity of unskilled workers among Asia's poor. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the global economic effects of agricultural biotechnology policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3389
    Parallel Title: Broner, Fernando Why do emerging economies borrow short term?
    Keywords: Debts, External ; Debts, External
    Abstract: "Broner, Lorenzoni, and Schmukler argue that emerging economies borrow short term due to the high risk premium charged by international capital markets on long-term debt. They first present a model where the debt maturity structure is the outcome of a risk-sharing problem between the government and bondholders. By issuing long-term debt, the government lowers the probability of a liquidity crisis, transferring risk to bondholders. In equilibrium, this risk is reflected in a higher risk premium and borrowing cost. Therefore, the government faces a tradeoff between safer long-term borrowing and cheaper short-term debt. Second, the authors construct a new database of sovereign bond prices and issuance. They show that emerging economies pay a positive term premium (a higher risk premium on long-term bonds than on short-term bonds). During crises, the term premium increases, with issuance shifting toward shorter maturities. This suggests that changes in bondholders' risk aversion are important to understand emerging market crises. This paper--a product of the Investment Climate Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand financial markets in emerging economies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3392
    Parallel Title: Goodwin, Barry K Risk modeling concepts relating to the design and rating of agricultural insurance contracts
    Keywords: Agricultural insurance ; Risk (Insurance) ; Agricultural insurance ; Risk (Insurance)
    Abstract: "Goodwin and Mahul identify the key issues and concerns that arise in the design and rating of crop yield insurance plans, with a particular emphasis on production risk modeling. The authors show how the availability of data shapes the insurance scheme and the ratemaking procedures. Relying on the U.S. experience and recent developments in statistics and econometrics, they review risk modeling concepts and provide technical guidelines in the development of crop insurance plans. Finally, they show how these risk modeling techniques can be extended to price risk in order to develop crop revenue insurance schemes. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to develop effective risk management and financial products for agriculture"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3394
    Parallel Title: Lopez Acevedo, Gladys Teachers' salaries and professional profile in Mexico
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Teachers Salaries, etc ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Teachers Salaries, etc
    Abstract: "Teachers' salaries have often been highlighted as an important issue in discussions on school improvement. The level and structure of teacher remuneration affect morale and the ability to focus on and devote adequate time to teaching. Lopez-Acevedo examines who teachers are, whether teachers are underpaid, and whether teachers face higher compensation uncertainty than their counterparts face. The results show that teachers in basic education consistently work fewer hours than their occupational counterparts. Regression analysis shows that teachers in basic public schools are better paid early in their professional lives than are other comparable individuals. Because retirement benefits are usually generous, teachers stay within the profession. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to examine teachers' incentives"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3396
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Agricultural trade reform and poverty reduction in developing countries
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Produce trade ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Produce trade
    Abstract: "Anderson offers an economic assessment of the opportunities and challenges provided by the World Trade Organization's Doha Development Agenda, particularly through agricultural trade liberalization, for low-income countries seeking to trade their way out of poverty. After discussing links between poverty, economic growth, and trade, he reports modelling results showing that farm product markets remain the most costly of all goods market distortions in world trade. The author focuses on what such reform might mean for developing countries both with and without their involvement in the multilateral trade negotiations. What becomes clear is that if those countries want to maximize their benefits from the Doha round, they need also to free up their own domestic product and factor markets so their farmers are better able to take advantage of new market opportunities abroad. The author also addresses other concerns of low-income countries about farm trade reform: whether there would be losses associated with tariff preference erosion, whether food-importing countries would suffer from higher food prices in international markets, whether China's WTO accession will provide an example of trade reform aggravating poverty by way of cuts in prices received by Chinese farmers, and the impact on food security and poverty alleviation. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the poverty implication of trade policy reforms"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3401
    Parallel Title: Calderán, César Trends in infrastructure in Latin America, 1980-2001
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) Case studies ; Infrastructure (Economics) Case studies
    Abstract: "There is widespread concern across Latin America that the provision of infrastructure services has suffered as a consequence of the retrenchment of the public sector and the insufficient response of the private sector to the opening up of infrastructure industries to private participation in most countries. Calderán and Serven document the recent trends in infrastructure stocks and infrastructure investment in major Latin American economies. Using an updated dataset constructed for this task, the authors describe the evolution of the quantity and quality of infrastructure assets--power, transport, and telecommunications--as well as the investment expenditures of the public and private sectors. They find that Latin America lags behind the international norm in terms of infrastructure quantity and quality, and there is little evidence that the gap may be closing--except in the telecommunications sector. Furthermore, overall infrastructure investment has fallen, as a combined result of the retrenchment of public investment and the limited response of the private sector, which has been mostly confined to the telecommunications industry. However, there is considerable disparity across countries. On the whole the data show that the countries most successful in attracting large volumes of private investment (Bolivia, Chile, and Colombia) are precisely those where public investment has remained high. This paper--a joint product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Department, and the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effects of infrastructure development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3403
    Parallel Title: Zafar, Ali What happens when a country does not adjust to terms of trade shocks?
    Keywords: Petroleum industry and trade ; Terms of trade ; Petroleum industry and trade ; Terms of trade ; Gabon Economic policy ; Gabon Economic policy
    Abstract: "Gabon is currently one of the richest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, having a GDP per capita of close to
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/13/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3419
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Poverty alleviation through geographic targeting
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Using recently completed "poverty maps" for Cambodia, Ecuador, and Madagascar, the authors simulate the impact on poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically defined subgroups of the population according to their relative poverty status. They find large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as districts or villages. But these gains are still far from the poverty reduction that would be possible had the planners had access to information on household level income or consumption. The results suggest that a useful way forward might be to combine fine geographic targeting using a poverty map with within-community targeting mechanisms. This paper--a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to develop tools for the analysis of poverty and income distribution"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3428
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Who suffers from indoor air pollution?
    Keywords: Indoor air pollution ; Indoor air pollution
    Abstract: "In this paper the authors investigate individuals' exposure to indoor air pollution. Using new survey data from Bangladesh, they analyze exposure at two levels--differences within households attributable to family roles, and differences across households attributable to income and education. Within households, they relate individuals' exposure to pollution in different locations during their daily round of activity. The authors find high levels of exposure for children and adolescents of both sexes, with particularly serious exposure for children under 5. Among prime-age adults, they find that men have half the exposure of women (whose exposure is similar to that of children and adolescents). They also find that elderly men have significantly lower exposure than elderly women. Across households, they draw on results from their previous paper (Dasgupta and others, 2004), which relate pollution variation across households to choices of cooking fuel, cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. They find that these choices are significantly affected by family income and adult education levels (particularly for women). Overall, the authors find that the poorest, least-educated households have twice the pollution levels of relatively high-income households with highly-educated adults. For children in a typical household, pollution exposure can be halved by adopting two simple measures--increasing their outdoor time from 3 to 5 or 6 hours a day, and concentrating outdoor time during peak cooking periods. The authors recognize that weather and other factors may intervene occasionally, and that child supervision outdoors may be difficult for some households. However, the potential benefits are so great that neighbors might well agree to pool outdoor supervision once they became aware of the implications for their children's health. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental health issues in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3432
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel Growth, inequality, and simulated poverty paths for Tanzania, 1992-2002
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Although Tanzania experienced relatively rapid growth in per capita GDP in the 1995-2001 period, household budget survey (HBS) data show only a modest and statistically insignificant decline in poverty between 1992 and 2001. To assess the likely trajectory of poverty rates over the course of the period, changes in poverty are simulated using unit-record HBS data and national accounts growth rates under varying assumptions for growth rates and inequality changes. To this end the projection approach of Datt and Walker (2002) is used along with an extension that is better suited to taking into account distributional changes observed between the two household surveys. The simulations suggest that following increases in poverty during the economic slowdown of the early 1990s, recent growth in Tanzania has brought a decline in poverty, particularly in urban areas. Unless recent growth is sustained, the country will not meet its 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Poverty reduction is on track in urban areas, but reaching the MDG target for bringing down poverty in rural areas, where most Tanzanians live, requires sustaining high growth in rural output per capita. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 2 Team, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the Tanzania country team to investigate the relation between economic growth and poverty reduction"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3434
    Parallel Title: Wang, Yanling North-South technology diffusion, regional integration, and the dynamics of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis
    Keywords: Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; International economic relations ; Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; International economic relations
    Abstract: "Based on static analysis, a number of studies argue that forming a regional trade agreement is more likely to raise welfare if member countries are "natural trading partners," while other studies claim that the opposite is true. Schiff and Wang look at the argument from a dynamic viewpoint by examining the impact of North-South trade on technology diffusion and total factor productivity (TFP) in the South. Specifically, it examines the impact on TFP in the Republic of Korea, Mexico, and Poland of trade with Japan, Canada plus the United States (North America) and the European Union. Using industry-level data, they find that (1) technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional: Korea benefits mainly from trade with Japan, Mexico with the United States, and Poland with the European Union; and (2) though these results suggest that the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis holds for all three countries, careful analysis shows that it holds for Korea and Mexico but not necessarily for Poland. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the dynamic effects of North-South regional trade blocs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3439
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Elections, special interests, and the fiscal costs of financial crisis
    Keywords: Elections ; Financial crises ; Fiscal policy ; Elections ; Financial crises ; Fiscal policy
    Abstract: "Keefer proposes a new approach to explain why the costs of crisis are greater in some countries than in others. He begins with the premise that many crises result from the willingness of politicians to cater to special interests at the expense of broad social interests. A parsimonious model predicts that the less costly it is for average citizens to expel politicians, the more veto players there are; the less important are exogenous shocks, and the more difficult it is for politicians and special interests to forge credible agreements, the lower the costs of crisis are. Though these predictions differ from those in the literature, empirical evidence presented shows that they explain the fiscal costs of financial crisis, even after controlling for the financial sector policies believed to contribute most to the efficient prevention and resolution of financial crisis. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the political economy of good policy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3438
    Parallel Title: Morrison, Andrew R Addressing gender-based violence in the Latin American and Caribbean region
    Keywords: Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention
    Abstract: "Morrison, Ellsberg, and Bott present an overview of gender-based violence (GBV) in Latin America, with special emphasis on good practice interventions to prevent GBV or offer services to its survivors or perpetrators. Intimate partner violence and sexual coercion are the most common forms of GBV, and these are the types of GBV that they analyze. GBV has serious consequences for women's health and well-being, ranging from fatal outcomes, such as homicide, suicide, and AIDS-related deaths, to nonfatal outcomes, such as physical injuries, chronic pain syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, complications during pregnancy, miscarriage, and low birth-weight of children. GBV also poses significant costs for the economies of developing countries, including lower worker productivity and incomes, and lower rates of accumulation of human and social capital. The authors examine good practice approaches in justice, health, education, and multisectoral approaches. In each sector, they identify good practices for: (1) law and policies; (2) institutional reforms; (3) community-level interventions; and (4) individual behavior change strategies. The authors offer conclusions and recommendations for future work on gender-based violence: It is essential to focus on the prevention of GBV, not just on services for its survivors. Prevention is best achieved by empowering women and reducing gender disparities, and by changing norms and attitudes which foster violence. Interventions should employ a multisectoral approach and work at different levels--individual, community, institutional, and laws and policies. GBV may be common in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, but there are promising approaches available to begin working toward its elimination. This paper--a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to address issues of violence and its impact on development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3443
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Improving credit information, bank regulation, and supervision
    Keywords: Banks and banking Case studies State supervision ; Central banks Case studies ; Credit Case studies ; Banks and banking Case studies State supervision ; Central banks Case studies ; Credit Case studies
    Abstract: "Powell, Mylenko, Miller, and Majnoni analyze how data in public credit registries can be used both to strengthen bank supervision and to improve the quality of credit analysis by financial institutions. Empirical tests using public credit registry (PCR) data were performed in collaboration with the central banks in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The results of the empirical tests confirm the value of the data for credit risk evaluation and provide insights regarding its use in supervision, including in calculations of credit risk for capital and provisioning requirements, or as a check on a bank's internal ratings for the Basel II's internal rating-based approach. The authors also define a set of critical design parameters and use the results to comment on appropriate public registry design. Finally, they discuss the relationship between the different objectives of a PCR and how they influence the registry's design. This paper--a product of the Finance Cluster, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the effects of bank capital regulation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/17/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3445
    Parallel Title: Clarke, George Has private participation in water and sewerage improved coverage?
    Keywords: Sewerage Case studies ; Water-supply Case studies ; Sewerage Case studies ; Water-supply Case studies
    Abstract: "Introducing private sector participation (PSP) into the water and sewerage sectors in developing countries is difficult and controversial. Empirical studies on its effects are scant and generally inconclusive. Case studies tend to find improvements in the sector following privatization, but they suffer from selection bias and it is difficult to generalize their results. To explore empirically the effects of PSP on coverage, Clarke, Kosec, and Wallsten assemble a new dataset of connections to water and sewerage services at the city and province level based on household surveys in Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. The household surveys, conducted over a number of years, allow them to compile data before and after the introduction of PSP, as well as from similar (control) regions that never privatized at all. Their analysis reveals that, in general, connection rates to piped water and sewerage improved following the introduction of PSP, consistent with the case study literature. The authors also find, however, that connection rates similarly improved in the control regions, suggesting that PSP may not have been responsible for those improvements. On the other hand, connection rates for the poorest households also tended to increase in the regions with PSP and in the control regions, suggesting that--in terms of connections at least--PSP did not harm the poor. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the impact of infrastructure reform on poor households"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3304
    Parallel Title: Chen, Derek Hung Chiat The rmsm-x+p
    Keywords: Poverty Econometric models ; Poverty Econometric models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3309
    Parallel Title: Webb, Steven Benjamin Fiscal responsibility laws for subnational discipline
    Keywords: Local finance Law and legislation ; Local finance Law and legislation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3310
    Parallel Title: Chong, Alberto Bundling services and household welfare in developing countries
    Keywords: Households ; Public welfare ; Households ; Public welfare
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3316
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Ruth Homeownership, community interactions, and segregation
    Keywords: Homeowners ; Homeowners
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3317
    Parallel Title: Demirguç-Kunt, Asli Business environment and the incorporation decision
    Keywords: Business enterprises ; Incorporation ; Business enterprises ; Incorporation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3320
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Country portfolios
    Keywords: Capital movements ; Investments, Foreign ; Loans, Foreign ; Capital movements ; Investments, Foreign ; Loans, Foreign
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3321
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Education and its poverty-reducing effects
    Keywords: Education ; Poverty ; Education ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3322
    Parallel Title: Serven, Luis Tango with the gringo
    Keywords: Foreign exchange administration ; Foreign exchange administration
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3323
    Parallel Title: Taye Mengistae Investment climate and international integration
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; International economic integration ; Investments, Foreign ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; International economic integration ; Investments, Foreign
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3326
    Parallel Title: Subbarao, K Toward an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya
    Keywords: Households ; Rural poor ; Households ; Rural poor ; Kenya Rural conditions ; Kenya Rural conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3328
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Labor market reforms, growth, and unemployment in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Manpower policy ; Manpower policy ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Manpower policy ; Manpower policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3333
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Globalization, poverty, and inequality since 1980
    Keywords: Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3337
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Do households gain from community-based natural resource management?
    Keywords: Natural resources, Communal ; Natural resources, Communal
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3342
    Parallel Title: Udell, Gregory F Financing small and medium-size enterprises with factoring
    Keywords: Factoring (Finance) ; Small business Finance ; Factoring (Finance) ; Small business Finance
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3353
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar Implementing decentralized local governance
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3354
    Parallel Title: Porto, Guido G Informal export barriers and poverty
    Keywords: Export controls ; Poverty ; Export controls ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3350
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Cross-sectional analyses of climate change impacts
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climatic changes ; Agriculture ; Climatic changes
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3355
    Parallel Title: Micco, Alejandro Infrastructure, competition regimes, and air transport costs
    Keywords: Aeronautics, Commercial Costs ; Aeronautics, Commercial Costs
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3358
    Parallel Title: Krivonos, Ekaterina The impact of coffee market reforms on producer prices and price transmission
    Keywords: Coffee Prices ; Coffee industry ; Coffee Prices ; Coffee industry
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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