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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2005 Annual Report on Operations Evaluation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821365215 , 9780821365229 , 9780821365212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (96 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The 2005 Annual Report on Operation Evaluation examines the use of information by World Bank managers to improve development results and enhance the effectiveness of the Bank at the country level. It suggests that greater attention is needed to measure and manage development results at the country level. This will require strengthening countries' performance measurement capacity. The Bank is making progress in strengthening the results focus of its monitoring and evaluation, but more attention is needed to improve performance measurement and tracking progress
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Doing Business 2007 : How to Reform (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082136488X , 9780821364895 , 9780821364888
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (188 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Abstract: Doing Business 2007 focuses on reforms, identifies top reformers in business regulation, and best practices in how to reform. This volume is the fourth in a series of annual reports investigating global regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Co-sponsored by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation - the private sector arm of the World Bank Group - this year's report measures quantitative indicators on business regulations and their enforcement compared across 175 countries - from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe - and over time. Doing Business 2007 updates indicators developed in the three preceding reports. The ten indicators are: starting a business, dealing with licenses, hiring and firing, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, trading across borders, paying taxes, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. The indicators are used to analyze economic and social outcomes, such as informality, corruption, unemployment, and poverty. This annually published report gives policymakers the ability to measure regulatory performance in comparison to other countries, learn from best practices globally, and prioritize reforms. This year's report covers 20 additional countries
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Development Report 2007 : Development and the Next Generation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082136541X , 9780821365410 , 9780821365427
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.)
    Edition: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: Entwicklungsökonomie ; Globalisierung ; Jugend
    Abstract: The theme of The World Development Report 2007 is youth - young people between the ages of 12 to 24. As this population group seeks identity and independence, they make decisions that affect not only their own well-being, but that of others, and they do this in a rapidly changing demographic and socio-economic environment. Supporting young people's transition to adulthood poses important opportunities and risky challenges for development policy. Are education systems preparing young people to cope with the demands of changing economies? What kind of support do they get as they enter the labor market? Can they move freely to where the jobs are? What can be done to help them avoid serious consequences of risky behavior, such as death from HIV-AIDS and drug abuse? Can their creative energy be directed productively to support development thinking? The report will focus on crucial capabilities and transitions in a young person's life: learning for life and work, staying healthy, working, forming families, and exercising citizenship. For each, there are opportunities and risks; for all, policies and institutions matter
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stifel, David Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Following the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals, there is an increasing demand for methods to track poverty regularly. This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of regular, comparable data on household consumption. The minimum data requirements for the methodology are the availability of a household budget survey and a series of surveys with a comparable set of asset data also contained in the budget survey. The methodology is illustrated using a series of Demographic Health Surveys from Kenya
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Olarreaga, Marcelo How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Governance And Private Investment In The Middle East And North Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (65 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Nabli, Mustapha Kamel Governance And Private Investment In The Middle East And North Africa
    Keywords: Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of the low level of private investment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with special emphasis on the role of governance. Based on the existing literature, the authors categorize what types of governance institutions are more detrimental to entrepreneurial investments. They then estimate a simultaneous model of private investment and governance quality where economic policies concurrently explain both variables. The empirical results show that governance plays a significant role in private investment decisions. This result is particularly true in the case of "administrative quality" in the form of control of corruption, bureaucratic quality, investment-friendly profile of administration, and law and order, as well as for "political stability." Evidence in favor of "public accountability" seems, however, less robust. The estimations also stress that structural reforms-such as financial development and trade openness-and human development affect private investment decisions directly, and/or through their positive impact on governance. These findings bring new empirical evidence on the subject of private investment in the developing world and in MENA countries in particular
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies : Is There More To Come? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mitra, Pradeep Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper decomposes changes in inequality, which has in general been increasing in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, both by income source and socio-economic group, with a view to understanding the determinants of inequality and assessing how it might evolve in the future. The empirical analysis relies on a set of inequality statistics that, unlike "official data", are consistent and comparable across countries and are based on primary records from household surveys recently put together for the World Bank study "Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1998-2003" [World Bank (2005b)]. The increase in inequality in transition, as predicted by a number of theoretical models, in practice differed substantially across countries, with the size and speed of its evolution depending on the relative importance of its key determinants, viz., changes in the wage distribution, employment, entrepreneurial incomes and social safety nets. Its evolution was also influenced by policy. This diversity of outcomes is exemplified on the one hand for Central Europe by Poland, where the increase in inequality has been steady but gradual and reflects, inter alia, larger changes in employment and compensating adjustments in social safety nets and, on the other for the Commonwealth of Independent States by Russia, where an explosive overshooting of inequality peaked in the mid-1990s before being moderated through the extinguishing of wage arrears during its post-1998 recovery. The paper argues that the process of transition to a market economy is not complete and that further evolution of inequality will depend both on (i) transition-related factors, such as the evolution of the education premium, a bias in the investment climate against new private sector firms which are important vehicles of job creation and regional impediments to mobility of goods and labor, as well as increasingly (ii) other factors, such as technological change and globalization. The paper also contrasts key features of inequality in Russia in the context of other transition economies with trends in inequality observed in China where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a steep increase in inequality. It argues that the latter's experience is, to a large extent, a developmental, rather than a transition-related phenomenon deriving from the rural-urban divide and is, therefore, of limited relevance for predicting changes in inequality in Russia
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fairtrade And Market Failures In Agricultural Commodity Markets (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (63 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ronchi, Loraine Fairtrade And Market Failures In Agricultural Commodity Markets
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Demand ; Export Markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Failures ; Market Power ; Market Share ; Marketing ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Price ; Price Policy ; Price Risk ; Prices ; Prices ; Producer Price ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Demand ; Export Markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Failures ; Market Power ; Market Share ; Marketing ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Price ; Price Policy ; Price Risk ; Prices ; Prices ; Producer Price ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Demand ; Export Markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Failures ; Market Power ; Market Share ; Marketing ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Price ; Price Policy ; Price Risk ; Prices ; Prices ; Producer Price
    Abstract: This paper concerns an NGO intervention in agricultural commodity markets known as Fairtrade. Fairtrade pays producers a minimum unit price and provides capacity building support to member cooperative organizations. Fairtrade's organizational capacity support targets those factors believed to reduce the commodity producer's share of returns. Specifically, Fairtrade justifies its intervention in markets like coffee by claiming that market power and a lack of capacity in producer organizations 'marks down' the prices producers receive. As the market share of Fairtrade coffee grows in importance, its intervention in commodity markets is of increasing interest. Using an original data set collected from fieldwork in Costa Rica, this paper assesses the role of Fairtrade in overcoming the market factors it claims limits producer returns. Features of the Costa Rican input market for coffee permit a generalization of the results. The empirical results find that market power is a limiting factor in the Costa Rican market and that Fairtrade does improve the efficiency of cooperatives, thereby increasing the returns to producers. These results do not depend on the minimum price policy of Fairtrade and therefore can inform on its organizational support activities. Finally, the results also suggest that producers selling to vertically integrated, multinational coffee mills face lower producer price 'mark-downs' compared with domestically owned non-cooperative mills. This result contradicts the popular view that the increasing concentration of vertically integrated multinational firms accounts for a decline in producers' share of coffee returns
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Impacts of Russia's Accession To The World Trade Organization (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rutherford, Thomas Regional Impacts of Russia's Accession To The World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Imperfect Competition ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Competitiveness ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Imperfect Competition ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Competitiveness ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Imperfect Competition ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In this paper we develop a computable general equilibrium model of the regions of Russia to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the regions of Russia. We estimate that the average gain in welfare as a percentage of consumption for the whole country is 7.8 percent (or 4.3 percent of consumption); we estimate that three regions will gain considerably more: Northwest (11.2 percent), St. Petersburg (10.6 percent) and Far East (9.7 percent). We estimate that the Urals will gain only 6.2 percent of consumption, considerably less than the national average. The principal explanation in our central analysis for the differences across regions is the ability of the different regions to benefit from a reduction in barriers against foreign direct investment. The three regions with the largest welfare gains are clearly the regions with the estimated largest shares of multinational investment. But the Urals has attracted relatively little FDI in the service sectors. An additional reason for differences across regions is quantified in our sensitivity analysis: regions may gain more from WTO accession if they can succeed in creating a good investment climate
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Banking Sector Openness And Economic Growth (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bayraktar, Nihal Banking Sector Openness And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Banking sector openness may directly affect growth by improving the access to financial services and indirectly by improving the efficiency of financial intermediaries, both of which reduce the cost of financing, and in turn, stimulate capital accumulation and economic growth. The objective of the paper is to empirically reinvestigate these direct and indirect links using a more advanced econometric technique (GMM dynamic panel estimators). An illustrative model is presented to link financial market development with investment. The empirical results confirm the presence of direct and indirect links, and thus provide support for countries planning to open their banking sector for international competition
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The World Trade Organization And Antidumping In Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P The World Trade Organization And Antidumping In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Since the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine the pattern of actual industrial use of antidumping in nine of the major "new user" developing countries - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. For these countries we are able to match data from two newly available sources: data on production in 28 different 3-digit ISIC industries from the Trade, Production and Protection Database to data on antidumping investigations, outcomes and imports at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product level from the Global Antidumping Database. Our econometric analysis is to estimate a two-stage model of the industry-level decision to pursue an antidumping investigation and the national government's decision of whether and how much antidumping import protection to provide. First, we find evidence consistent with the theory of endogenous trade policy: larger industries that face substantial import competition are more likely to pursue an antidumping investigation, and larger and more concentrated industries receive greater antidumping protection from imports. Second, we find that industries that use antidumping are more likely to face the changing economic conditions specified by the technical evidentiary criteria of the WTO Antidumping Agreement: industries that face rapidly falling import prices are more likely to pursue an investigation, and industries that are more susceptible to cyclical dumping due to greater capital investment expenditures and that face rapidly increasing competition from imports receive greater antidumping protection
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anos Casero, Paloma Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti
    Keywords: Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Limited fiscal space limits Djibouti's ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals and improve the living conditions of its population. Djibouti's fiscal structure is unique in that almost 70 percent of government revenue is denominated in foreign currency (import taxes, foreign aid grants, and military revenue) while over 50 percent of government expenditure is denominated in local currency (wages, salaries, and social transfers). Djibouti's economic structure is also unusual in that merchandise exports of local origin are insignificant, and the country relies heavily on imported goods (food, medicines, consumer and capital goods). A currency devaluation, by reducing real wages, could potentially generate additional fiscal space that would help meet Djibouti's fundamental development goals. Using macroeconomic and household level data, the authors quantify the impact of a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate on fiscal savings, real public sector wages, real income, and poverty under various hypothetical scenarios of exchange-rate pass-through and magnitude of devaluation. They find that a currency devaluation could generate fiscal savings in the short-term, but it would have an adverse effect on poverty and income distribution. A 30 percent nominal exchange rate devaluation could generate fiscal savings amounting between 3 and 7 percent of GDP. At the same time, a 30 percent nominal devaluation could cause nearly a fifth of the poorest households to fall below the extreme poverty line and pull the same fraction of upper middle-income households below the national poverty line. The authors also find that currency devaluation could generate net fiscal savings even after accounting for the additional social transfers needed to compensate the poor for their real income loss. However, the absence of formal social safety nets limits the government's readiness to provide well-targeted and timely social transfers to the poor
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    When Instability Increases The Effectiveness of Aid Projects (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Guillaumont, Patrick When Instability Increases The Effectiveness of Aid Projects
    Keywords: Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The authors assess the effect of economic instability on the success of projects funded by the World Bank using the outcome of the projects, which is a notation of their overall success determined by the Bank's Independent Evaluation Group. It has been argued in macroeconomic studies that aid effectiveness is higher in vulnerable countries because it dampens the negative effects of shocks. The authors show that this finding is not inconsistent with the observation that the success of the projects is lower in an unstable environment. Instability, in particular the instability of exports, harms aid projects as it harms the rest of the economy, while the success of projects decreases when the total amount of aid received increases, due to absorptive capacity limitations. But this decrease is slower when instability is higher, showing a positive effect of aid through its stabilizing impact. The authors find the same results keeping only the projects funded by nonconcessionary loans, which suggests that the cushioning effect of aid extends not only to aid funded projects but to whole sets of projects. Corroborating macroeconomic findings, their results lead to the same conclusion that more aid should be allocated to more vulnerable countries, in spite of the lower success of the projects in an unstable environment: project evaluations cannot include the macrostabilizing effect of the aid delivered through projects
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  • 14
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    Estimating The Returns To Education : Accounting For Heterogeneity In Ability (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony Estimating The Returns To Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Typically estimates of the benefits of education investments show average private rates of return for the average individual. The average may not be useful for policy. An examination of the distribution of the returns across individuals is needed. The few studies that have examined these patterns focus on high-income countries, showing investments to be more profitable at the top of the income distribution. The implication is that investments may increase inequality. Extending the analysis to 16 East Asian and Latin American countries the authors observe mixed evidence in middle-income countries and decreasing returns in low-income countries. Such differences between countries could be due to more job mobility in industrial countries, scarcity of skills, or differential exposure to market forces
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  • 15
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    Migrant Networks And Foreign Direct Investment (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Javorcik, Beata S Migrant Networks And Foreign Direct Investment
    Keywords: Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies ; Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies ; Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies
    Abstract: While there exists sizeable literature documenting the importance of ethnic networks for international trade, little attention has been devoted to studying the effects of networks on foreign direct investment (FDI). The existence of ethnic networks may positively affect FDI by promoting information flows across international borders and by serving as a contract enforcement mechanism. This paper investigates the link between the presence of migrants in the United States and U.S. FDI in the migrants' countries of origin, taking into account the potential endogeneity concerns. The results suggest that U.S. FDI abroad is positively correlated with the presence of migrants from the host country. The data further indicate that the relationship between FDI and migration is driven by the presence of migrants with a college education
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  • 16
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    Services Inputs And Firm Productivity In Sub-Saharan Africa : Evidence From Firm-Level Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (16 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Matthias Services Inputs And Firm Productivity In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The authors investigate the relationship between the productivity of African manufacturing firms and their access to services inputs. They use data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey for over 1,000 firms in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries to calculate the total factor productivity of firms. The Enterprise Surveys also contain unique measures of firms' access to communications, electricity, and financial services. The availability of these measures at the firm level, both as subjective and objective indicators, allows the authors to exploit the variation in services performance at the subnational regional level. Furthermore, by using the regional variation in services performance, they are also able to address concerns about the possible endogeneity of the services variables. The results show a significant and positive relationship between firm productivity and service performance in all three services sectors analyzed. The authors thus provide support for the argument that improvements in services industries contribute to enhancing the performance of downstream economic activities, and thus are an essential element of a strategy for promoting growth and reducing poverty
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  • 17
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    Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services : Issues And Options (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) corporate governance challenges and suggests options to address them. It first points out the importance of corporate governance for IIFS, where it would require a distinct treatment from conventional corporate governance and highlights three cases of distress of IIFS. It then dwells on prevailing corporate governance arrangements addressing IIFS' needs to ensure the consistency of their operations with Islamic finance principles and the protection of the financial interests of a stakeholders' category, namely depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. It raises the issues of independence, confidentiality, competence, consistency, and disclosure that may bear on pronouncements of consistency with Islamic finance principles. It also discusses the agency problem of depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. The paper argues for a governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements and relies significantly on transparency and disclosure of market relevant information
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  • 18
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    Deposit Insurance And Banking Reform In Russia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Camara, Modibo K Deposit Insurance And Banking Reform In Russia
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is not to review the pros and cons of deposit insurance systems, but to focus, rather narrowly, on the recent adoption of a deposit insurance system (DIS) in Russia, the rationale offered, and the potential impact it might have on the stability and development of the Russian banking system. An attempt is made to draw some lessons from the implementation experience in Russia. The paper starts with a brief description of the Russian DIS, followed by an overview of the banking system's structure and some observations on the sequencing followed for adopting the DIS and the political economy of its adoption. It concludes with a discussion of areas requiring attention
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  • 19
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    Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (61 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hertel, Thomas W Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries
    Keywords: Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Rich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. The authors' findings reject this claim. The analysis uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the United States, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protect U.S. large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization
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  • 20
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    Public Infrastructure And Growth : New Channels And Policy Implications (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Agenor, Pierre-Richard Public Infrastructure And Growth
    Keywords: Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the various channels through which public infrastructure may affect growth. In addition to the conventional productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects typically emphasized in the literature, the impact of infrastructure on investment adjustment costs, the durability of private capital, and the production of health and education services are also highlighted. Effects on health and education are well documented in a number of microeconomic studies, but macroeconomists have only recently begun to study their implications for growth. Links between health, infrastructure, and growth are illustrated in an endogenous growth model with transitional dynamics, and the optimal allocation of public expenditure is discussed. The concluding section draws implications of the analysis for the design of strategies aimed at promoting growth and reducing poverty
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  • 21
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    Forests, Biomass Use, And Poverty In Malawi (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Forests, Biomass Use, And Poverty In Malawi
    Keywords: Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Output ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farmers ; Forest Products ; Fuelwood ; Harvesting ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduct ; Wildlife Resources ; Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Output ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farmers ; Forest Products ; Fuelwood ; Harvesting ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduct ; Wildlife Resources ; Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Output ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farmers ; Forest Products ; Fuelwood ; Harvesting ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduct ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: In this paper, the authors seek to answer three questions about poverty and forests in Malawi: (1) What is the extent of biomass available for meeting the energy needs of the poor in Malawi and how is this distributed? (2) To what extent does fuelwood scarcity affect the welfare of the poor? (3) How do households cope with scarcity? In particular, do households spend more time in fuelwood collection and less time in agriculture in response to scarcity? The authors attempt to answer these questions using household and remote-sensing data. They find that 80 percent of rural poor households in Malawi are likely to benefit from an increase in biomass per hectare in their community. Rural women respond to biomass scarcity by increasing the time they spend on fuelwood collection. But the actual decrease in consumption expenditure and increase in time in fuelwood collection are small and biomass scarcity is not associated with a reduction in agricultural labor supply
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  • 22
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    How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ? : Evidence From Around The World (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fares, Jean How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ?
    Keywords: Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper uses a new standardized micro database for a large set of developing countries to (1) describe the patterns of labor market outcomes for youth, and (2) explain the contributions of supply and demand factors to youth outcomes. The paper shows that youth face various difficulties in transitioning to work. This is reflected in their relatively higher unemployment rate, higher incidence of low paying or unpaid work, and a large share of youth who are neither working nor in school. This is especially true for young girls who are found outside the labor market, some engaged in home production. Finally, the paper also finds that cross-country estimates show that changes in the youth relative cohort size is unlikely to have a large effect on how youth are faring in the labor market
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  • 23
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    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 2. Application To Natural And Environmental Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zara, Stefano Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of natural and environmental resources. With an increase in the level of competition over environmental and natural resources, the incidents of disputes have been at the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of common pool resources such as fisheries and forests, and cases of environmental pollution such as acid rain, flow, and stock pollution. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce environmental and natural resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. CGT applications to international fishery disputes are especially useful in that they have been making headway in policy-related agreements among states and regions of the world. Forest applications are more local in nature, but of great relevance in solving disputes among communities and various levels of governments
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  • 24
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    The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper contributes to explain the cross-country heterogeneity of the poverty response to changes in economic growth. It does so by focusing on the structure of output growth. The paper presents a two-sector theoretical model that clarifies the mechanism through which the sectoral composition of growth and associated labor intensity can affect workers' wages and, thus, poverty alleviation. Then it presents cross-country empirical evidence that analyzes first, the differential poverty-reducing impact of sectoral growth at various levels of disaggregation, and the role of unskilled labor intensity in such differential impact. The paper finds evidence that not only the size of economic growth but also its composition matters for poverty alleviation, with the largest contributions from labor-intensive sectors (such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing). The results are robust to the influence of outliers, alternative explanations, and various poverty measures
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  • 25
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    Utilities Reforms And Corruption In Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Utilities Reforms And Corruption In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Data ; Data Analysis ; Databases ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Telecommunications ; Mobile Phones ; Performance ; Performance Indicators ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Private Security ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Town Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Data ; Data Analysis ; Databases ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Telecommunications ; Mobile Phones ; Performance ; Performance Indicators ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Private Security ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Town Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Data ; Data Analysis ; Databases ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Telecommunications ; Mobile Phones ; Performance ; Performance Indicators ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Private Security ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Town Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: This paper shows empirically that "privatization" in the energy, telecommunications, and water sectors, and the introduction of independent regulators in those sectors, have not always had the expected effects on access, affordability, or quality of services. It also shows that corruption leads to adjustments in the quantity, quality, and price of services consistent with the profit-maximizing behavior that one would expect from monopolies in the sector. The results suggest that privatization and the introduction of independent regulators have, at best, only partial effects on the consequences of corruption for access, affordability, and quality of utility services
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  • 26
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    The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Do, Quy-Toan The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Dependence ; Dowries ; Dowry ; Education ; Education and Society ; Extended Family ; Families ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Folklore ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; History ; Households ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Partners ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Populations ; Power ; Property ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Dependence ; Dowries ; Dowry ; Education ; Education and Society ; Extended Family ; Families ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Folklore ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; History ; Households ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Partners ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Populations ; Power ; Property ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Dependence ; Dowries ; Dowry ; Education ; Education and Society ; Extended Family ; Families ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Folklore ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; History ; Households ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Partners ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Populations ; Power ; Property ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: The institution of consanguineous marriage-a marriage contracted between close biological relatives-has been a basic building block of many societies in different parts of the world. This paper argues that the practice of consanguinity is closely related to the practice of dowry, and that both arise in response to an agency problem between the families of a bride and a groom. When marriage contracts are incomplete, dowries transfer control rights to the party with the highest incentives to invest in a marriage. When these transactions are costly however, consanguinity can be a more appropriate response since it directly reduces the agency cost. The paper's model predicts that dowry transfers are less likely to be observed in consanguineous unions. It also emphasizes the effect of credit constraints on the relative prevalence of dowry payment and consanguinity. An empirical analysis using data from Bangladesh delivers robust results consistent with the predictions of the model
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    The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability
    Keywords: Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors examine empirically how domestic structural characteristics related to openness and product- and factor-market flexibility influence the impact that terms-of-trade shocks can have on aggregate output. For this purpose, they apply an econometric methodology based on semi-structural vector auto-regressions to a panel of 90 countries with annual observations for the period 1974-2000. Using this methodology, the authors isolate and standardize the shocks, estimate their impact on GDP, and examine how this impact depends on the domestic conditions outlined above. They find that larger trade openness magnifies the output impact of external shocks, particularly the negative ones, while improvements in labor market flexibility and financial openness reduce their impact. Domestic financial depth has a more nuanced role in stabilizing the economy. It helps reduce the impact of external shocks particularly in environments of high exposure-that is, when trade and financial openness are high, firm entry is unrestricted, and labor markets are rigid
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  • 28
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    International Trade, Security, And Transnational Terrorism : Theory And Empirics (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mirza, Daniel International Trade, Security, And Transnational Terrorism
    Keywords: Attacks ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Policies ; Counterterrorist Policies ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Transactions ; Hazard Risk Management ; International Economics & Trade ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attacks ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Policies ; Counterterrorist Policies ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Transactions ; Hazard Risk Management ; International Economics & Trade ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attacks ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Policies ; Counterterrorist Policies ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Transactions ; Hazard Risk Management ; International Economics & Trade ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The authors offer a general analytical framework illustrating the complex two-way interactions between trade and transnational terrorism. Then they survey the recent economic literature in light of this framework by pointing to the importance in empirical studies of (1) controlling appropriately for theses interactions, (2) distinguishing between "source" countries and "target" countries of terrorism, and (3) taking into account the intertemporal persistence of terrorism between specific pairs of countries
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  • 29
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    Road Network Upgrading And Overland Trade Expansion In Sub-Saharan Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Buys, Piet Road Network Upgrading And Overland Trade Expansion In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Bridge ; Costs ; Heavy Trucks ; High Transport ; Highway ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Planning ; Initiatives ; Journey ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Bridge ; Costs ; Heavy Trucks ; High Transport ; Highway ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Planning ; Initiatives ; Journey ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Bridge ; Costs ; Heavy Trucks ; High Transport ; Highway ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Planning ; Initiatives ; Journey ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that isolation from regional and international markets has contributed significantly to poverty in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Numerous empirical studies identify poor transport infrastructure and border restrictions as significant deterrents to trade expansion. In response, the African Development Bank has proposed an integrated network of functional roads for the subcontinent. Drawing on new econometric results, the authors quantify the trade-expansion potential and costs of such a network. They use spatial network analysis techniques to identify a network of primary roads connecting all Sub-Saharan capitals and other cities with populations over 500,000. The authors estimate current overland trade flows in the network using econometrically-estimated gravity model parameters, road transport quality indicators, actual road distances, and estimates of economic scale for cities in the network. Then they simulate the effect of feasible continental upgrading by setting network transport quality at a level that is functional, but less highly developed than existing roads in countries like South Africa and Botswana. The authors assess the costs of upgrading with econometric evidence from a large World Bank database of road project costs in Africa. Using a standard approach to forecast error estimation, they derive a range of potential benefits and costs. Their baseline results indicate that continental network upgrading would expand overland trade by about
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  • 30
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    Assessing the Enabling Governance Environment to Promote and Enforce Women's Rights in the Southern Caucasus (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia experienced a sharp decline in economic output, prolonged regional conflicts resulting in great numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, the deterioration of social protection systems, and devastating natural disasters. These circumstances resulted in a dramatic increase in poverty and a decline in the human development index. Poverty has greatly affected women and introduced numerous obstacles and challenges in the promotion of gender equality and advancement of women's rights. Furthermore, women face new challenges with regard to issues such as human trafficking, rights of IDPs, and peacekeeping initiatives. Regional cooperation is necessary to address these issues. This project set out to assess the capacity of civil society organizations (CSOs) to meet the pressing needs for legal literacy, legal aid, and improved access to justice and legal services for poor women in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The primary objectives were as follows: identify laws and institutions that promote women's rights; identify and disseminate successful initiatives that promote women's legal rights and legal literacy and facilitate their access to legal services; and strengthen collaboration among groups working on gender issues in prioritizing women's legal rights. This report is organized around three key dimensions of gender equality: the status of women as far as human capital development is concerned, their status in terms of access to productive resources, and their status and protection under the law
    DOI: 10.1596/28208
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    Coordinating for Good Governance (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed good governance, policies, and practice that are the means to achieve better development results. He spoke of sound principles of accountability and transparency that not only assure funds that are spent as intended, but also are essential to accelerating economic growth, helping the poor to escape poverty,and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. He highlighted the need to find solutions which are innovative and flexible and which respect the unique constituents and conditions in each country. He concluded by saying that the effort to strengthen and improve governance is a key element in the fight against poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/24893
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 32
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    Development is a Two-Wheeled Cart (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the Gender Equality Millennium Development Goal is a central component of our overall mission of fighting poverty and empowering women in their education and opportunity for a better future. Gender equality is more than a women's issue, it is a development issue. If one of the wheels of the cart isn't moving, the cart won't go very far. We have already missing the 2005 target to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education. Trends in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa put us in danger of missing the 2015 target. We must bring more women into the labor force and into higher-paid occupations. The Bank has made significant progress on gender mainstreaming in social sectors like education and health, but more must be done to support shared growth in such areas as infrastructure, energy, and transport
    DOI: 10.1596/24889
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Remarks at Meeting on 'Sustaining Treatment Costs--Who Will Pay?' (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, at a meeting jointly sponsored by WHO, UNAIDS, and the World Bank, addressed the issue of the financial sustainability of AIDS treatment-especially focusing on the increasing need for second-line combination treatment regimens. The Bank is working to strengthen capacity for effectively mainstreaming AIDS priorities into national planning efforts, particularly development of poverty reduction and implementation processes. As one of many development partners supporting national AIDS programs, the World Bank is committed to improve coordination, and to better align and harmonize its support with country responses
    DOI: 10.1596/24898
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Inclusive Education : Contributions from an Experience in Uruguay (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This report describes an experience, developed jointly by the Uruguayan National Department of Public Education (ANEP) and the World Bank, of the implementation of an Inclusive Education component. The goal is to demonstrate a concrete example of what countries can do to implement such inclusive education in practice, within the framework of strategies proposed by the "Education for All" initiative and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).This document does not attempt to provide either details of the conceptual framework or political arguments for setting the international guidelines of inclusive education programs, but rather responds to the demand for practical examples that illustrate an operational strategy. One of the promising characteristics of the Uruguayan experience with the implementation of the Inclusive Education component was that it did not require additional programs or resources; rather, the process was incorporated as a new tool within an overall strategy for improving the quality of education in the country.Although the fact that the component has only recently been implemented (2003) prevents an exhaustive study of its results and impact thus far, publicizing the experience internationally is justifieddue to the need for documentation of actual experiences developed on a national scale. It is hoped that this will allow the public to envisage models for the implementation of inclusive education
    DOI: 10.1596/29571
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Pakistan Strategic Country Environmental Assessment (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The urgency of addressing Pakistan's environmental problems has probably never been greater. Conservative estimates presented in this report suggest that environmental degradation costs the country at least 6 percent of GDP, or about Rs. 365 billion per year, and these costs fall disproportionately upon the poor. The most significant causes of environmental damage identified and estimated in this report are (1) illness and premature mortality caused by air pollution (indoor and outdoor), (almost 50 percent oft he total damage cost); (2) diarrhoeal diseases and typhoid due to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene (about 30 percent of the total), and (3) reduced agricultural productivity due to soil degradation (about 20 percent of the total). The magnitude of these costs indicates that environmental decay has become a serious development concern. Following a discussion of the analytical framework for environmental outcomes, , the report analyzes the main binding constraints to improving environmental performance as falling into four categories, (1) gaps in institutional design, (2) gaps in the regulatory framework, (3) capacity limitations, and (4) gaps in incentives and accountability. Of these, weak incentives and low levels of public accountability remain the critical constraints on performance. Public scrutiny of performance is ultimately a source of strength that leads to stronger institutions with greater public trust and support. The principal features of these constraints are discussed, as are recommendations for moving forward to more sustainable economic growth. The annex (Volume 2) provides a comprehensive overview of the data and methods used to estimate the costs of environmental degradation in three environmental damage categories and three natural resource damage categories: (1) urban air pollution, including particulate matter and lead, (2) water supply, sanitation and hygiene, (3) indoor air pollution, (4) agricultural damage from soil salinity and erosion, (5) rangeland degradation, and (6) deforestation. Data limitations have prevented estimation of degradation costs at the national level for coastal zones, municipal waste disposal, and inadequate industrial and hospital waste management
    DOI: 10.1596/33928
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    Not If but When : Adapting to Natural Hazards in the Pacific Islands Region - A Policy Note (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Mainstreaming ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Pacific Island communities are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters - ranging from tropical cyclones, drought, floods, storm surges and tsunamis. Each year, these events result in significant loss of life, the destruction of homes, public infrastructure and livelihoods and the reversal of hard-won economic gains. Recently, deadly tsunami and earthquake events in the Indian Ocean region have focused the attention of the world community, particularly those living in small islands and coastal regions, to the need for greater vigilance in disaster prevention and preparedness. This is all the more important as evidence mounts that climate change will exacerbate the incidence of extreme events and potential disasters. The goal of this Policy Note is to influence policy makers and development partners in the Pacific Islands region to undertake risk management of natural hazards and minimize the future impacts of natural disasters, climate change and sea-level rise. As a short-term objective, the Policy Note aims to review the disaster trends and lessons learned from pilot risk management of natural hazards initiatives, and recommend a strategic way forward. Particular attention is paid to Incentives, Institutions, and Instruments
    DOI: 10.1596/37125
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    Republic of Belarus - Transparency of Monetary Policy and Banking Supervision : Technical Note (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Autonomy ; Monetary Policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This note examines the observance by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (NBRB) of the good practices on transparency in monetary policy. The transparency analysis was based on a review of relevant laws and regulations and the International Monetary Fund (IMF s) code of good practices on transparency in monetary and financial policies without carrying out a formal principle-by-principle assessment. It was conducted as part of the joint IMF-World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) mission to Belarus that took place in November 2004. NBRB displays a satisfactory degree of transparency in formulation and implementation of its monetary policy although improvements are possible in several areas. The objectives and responsibilities of the NBRB, and the broad modalities of accountability and public dissemination of the information, are defined in the Statute of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus and the Banking Code. The monetary policy process is generally well structured and open. In several areas, however, the NBRB should further improve its monetary policy transparency and accountability practices
    DOI: 10.1596/37389
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Global Monitoring Report 2006 : Strengthening Mutual Accountability -- Aid, Trade, and Governance (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821364774 , 9780821364833 , 9780821364772
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (248 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Monitoring Report
    Abstract: This third edition of the Global Monitoring Report examines the commitments and actions of donors, international financial institutions, and developing countries to implement the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries in 2000. Many countries are off track to meet the Millennium Development Goals, particularly in Africa and South Asia, but new evidence is emerging that higher-quality aid and a better policy environment are accelerating progress in some countries, and that the benefits of this progress are reaching poor families. This report takes a closer look at the donors' 2005 commitments to aid and debt relief, and argues that rigorous, sustained monitoring is needed to ensure that they are met and deliver results, and to prevent the cycle of accumulating unsustainable debt from repeating itself. International financial institutions need to focus on development outcomes rather than inputs, and strengthen their capacity to manage for results in developing countries
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    Global Development Finance 2006 (I. Analysis and Statistical Appendix) : The Development Potential of Surging Capital Flows (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821359908 , 9780821364802 , 9780821359907
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (222 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: International private capital flows to developing countries reached a record net level of
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  • 40
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    The Little Green Data Book 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821364766 , 9780821364826 , 9780821364765
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (236 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: A pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries that includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation
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    2006 Annual Report on Operations Evaluation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821368451 , 9780821368466 , 9780821368459
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (138 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The AROE series continues to strengthen its focus on results, monitoring, and evaluation. The latest 2006 edition updates the implications of managing for results in World Bank operations, assesses if monitoring and evaluation practices provide staff with information that helps them manage for results, and looks at IEG's own effectiveness. Its recommendations address ways to make monitoring and evaluation more effective and influential tools
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    Incomplete Contracts And Investment : A Study of Land Tenancy In Pakistan (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mansuri, Ghazala Incomplete Contracts And Investment
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: When contracts are incomplete, relationship-specific investments may be underprovided due to the threat of opportunistic expropriation or holdup. The authors find evidence of such underinvestment on tenanted land in rural Pakistan. Using data from households cultivating multiple plots under different tenure arrangements, they show that land-specific investment is lower on leased plots. This result is robust to the possible effects of asymmetric information in the leasing market. Greater tenure security also increases land-specific investment on leased plots. Moreover, variation in tenure security appears to be driven largely by heterogeneity across landlords, suggesting that reputation may be important in mitigating the holdup problem
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    Group Versus Individual Liability : A Field Experiment In The Philippines (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Group Versus Individual Liability
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power ; Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power ; Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power
    Abstract: Group liability is often portrayed as the key innovation that led to the explosion of the microcredit movement, which started with the Grameen Bank in the 1970s and continues on today with hundreds of institutions around the world. Group lending claims to improve repayment rates and lower transaction costs when lending to the poor by providing incentives for peers to screen, monitor, and enforce each other's loans. However, some argue that group liability creates excessive pressure and discourages good clients from borrowing, jeopardizing both growth and sustainability. Therefore, it remains unclear whether group liability improves the lender's overall profitability and the poor's access to financial markets. The authors worked with a bank in the Philippines to conduct a field experiment to examine these issues. They randomly assigned half of the 169 pre-existing group liability 'centers' of approximately twenty women to individual-liability centers (treatment) and kept the other half as-is with group liability (control). We find that the conversion to individual liability does not affect the repayment rate, and leads to higher growth in center size by attracting new clients
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    What Is Effective Aid? : How Would Donors Allocate It? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles What Is Effective Aid?
    Keywords: Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There are significant weaknesses in some of the traditional justifications for assuming that aid will foster development. This paper looks at what the cross-country aid effectiveness literature and World Bank Operations Evaluation Department reviews have suggested about effective aid, first in terms of promoting income growth, and then for promoting other goals. This review forms the basis for a discussion of recommendations to improve aid effectiveness and a discussion of effective aid allocation. Given the multiple potential objectives for aid, there is no one right answer. However, it appears that there are a number of reforms to aid practices and distribution that might help to deliver a more significant return to aid resources. We should provide aid where institutions are already strong, where they can be strengthened with the help of donor resources, or where they can be bypassed with limited damage to existing institutional capacity. The importance of institutions to aid outcomes, as well as the fungibility of aid flows, suggests that programmatic aid should be expanded in countries with strong institutions, while project aid should be supported based on its ability to transfer knowledge and test new practices and support global public good provision rather than (merely) as a tool of financial resource transfer. The importance of institutions also suggests that we should be cautious in our expectations regarding the results of increased aid flows
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  • 45
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    Rural Vulnerability In Serbia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Rural Vulnerability In Serbia
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future. Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature, extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70 percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than those with a significantly higher share of their income coming from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring the agricultural sector's lopsided exposure to covariate shocks in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to mobilize them in time of need
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  • 46
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    Education And HIV/AIDS Prevention : Evidence From A Randomized Evaluation In Western Kenya (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Duflo, Esther Education And HIV/AIDS Prevention
    Keywords: AIDS HIV ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adolescent Health ; Aids Epidemic ; Cost of Education ; Curriculum ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Science ; Students ; Tertiary Education ; AIDS HIV ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adolescent Health ; Aids Epidemic ; Cost of Education ; Curriculum ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Science ; Students ; Tertiary Education ; AIDS HIV ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adolescent Health ; Aids Epidemic ; Cost of Education ; Curriculum ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Science ; Students ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The authors report results from a randomized evaluation comparing three school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in Kenya: (1) training teachers in the Kenyan Government's HIV/AIDS-education curriculum; (2) encouraging students to debate the role of condoms and to write essays on how to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS; and (3) reducing the cost of education. Their primary measure of the effectiveness of these interventions is teenage childbearing, which is associated with unprotected sex. The authors also collected measures of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. After two years, girls in schools where teachers had been trained were more likely to be married in the event of a pregnancy. The program had little other impact on students' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, or on the incidence of teen childbearing. The condom debates and essays increased practical knowledge and self-reported use of condoms without increasing self-reported sexual activity. Reducing the cost of education by paying for school uniforms reduced dropout rates, teen marriage, and childbearing
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  • 47
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    Economic growth, education and AIDS in Kenya : a long-run analysis (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4025
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bell, Clive, 1943 - Economic growth, education and AIDS in Kenya
    Keywords: 1950-2050 ; AIDS ; Bildungspolitik ; Overlapping Generations ; Kenia ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Citizens ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Formal Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Knowledge ; Labour Market ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Citizens ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Formal Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Knowledge ; Labour Market ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Citizens ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Formal Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Knowledge ; Labour Market ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies
    Abstract: The AIDS epidemic threatens Kenya with a long wave of premature adult mortality, and thus with an enduring setback to the formation of human capital and economic growth. To investigate this possibility, the authors develop a model with three overlapping generations, calibrate it to the demographic and economic series from 1950 until 1990, and then perform simulations for the period ending in 2050 under alternative assumptions about demographic developments, including the counterfactual in which there is no epidemic. Although AIDS does not bring about a catastrophic economic collapse, it does cause large economic costs-and many deaths. Programs that subsidize post-primary education and combat the epidemic are both socially profitable-the latter strikingly so, due to its indirect effects on the expected returns to education-and a combination of the two interventions profits from a modest long-run synergy effect
    Note: Gesehen am 14.05.2021
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4025
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  • 48
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    Duration of Unemployment Benefits And Quality of Post-Unemployment Jobs : Evidence From A Natural Experiment (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van Ours, Jan C Duration of Unemployment Benefits And Quality of Post-Unemployment Jobs
    Keywords: Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment ; Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment ; Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper investigates how the potential duration of unemployment benefits affects the quality of post-unemployment jobs. It takes advantage of a natural experiment introduced by a change in Slovenia's unemployment insurance law that substantially reduced the potential benefit duration. Although this reduction strongly increased job finding rates, the quality of the post-unemployment jobs remained unaffected. The paper finds that the law change had no effect on the type of contract (temporary versus permanent), the duration of the post-unemployment job, or the wage earned in the job
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  • 49
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    Do Intensity Targets Control Uncertainty Better Than Quotas ? : Conditions, Calibrations, And Caveats (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Marschinski, Robert Do Intensity Targets Control Uncertainty Better Than Quotas ?
    Keywords: Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment
    Abstract: Among policy instruments to control future greenhouse gas emissions, well-calibrated general intensity targets are known to lead to lower uncertainty on the amount of abatement than emissions quotas (Jotzo and Pezzey 2004). The authors test whether this result holds in a broader framework, and whether it applies to other policy-relevant variables as well. To do so, they provide a general representation of the uncertainty on future GDP, future business-as-usual emissions, and future abatement costs. The authors derive the variances of four variables, namely (effective) emissions, abatement effort, marginal abatement costs, and total abatement costs over GDP under a quota, a linear (LIT) and a general intensity target (GIT)-where the emissions ceiling is a power-law function of GDP. They confirm that GITs can yield a lower variance than a quota for marginal costs, but find that this is not true for total costs over GDP. Using economic and emissions scenarios and forecast errors of past projections, the authors estimate ranges of values for key parameters in their model. They find that quotas dominate LITs over most of this range, that calibrating GITs over this wide range is difficult, and that GITs would yield only modest reductions in uncertainty relative to quotas
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  • 50
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    Preferential Trade Agreements And Their Role In World Trade (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (90 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Trade Agreements And Their Role In World Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on bilateral trade flows using a comprehensive database of PTAs in force and a detailed matrix of world trade. He shows that total trade between PTA partners is a poor proxy for preferential trade (trade in tariff lines where preferences are likely to matter): while the former amounted to one-third of global trade in 2000-02, the latter was between one-sixth and one-tenth of world trade. His gravity model estimates indicate that using total rather than preferential trade to assess the impact of PTAs leads to a significant downward bias in the PTA coefficient. The author finds that product exclusions and long phase-in periods significantly limit preferential trade, and their removal could more than double trade in tariff lines above 3 percent of most-favored-nation (MFN) duties. He also shows that the effects of PTAs on trade vary by type of agreement and are increasing in the incomes of PTA partners
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  • 51
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    Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance Within A Responsible Fiscal Framework : South African Case (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (17 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van Ryneveld, Philip Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance Within A Responsible Fiscal Framework
    Keywords: Cities ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governments ; Grants ; Guarantees ; Housing ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Local Government ; Local Governments ; Metropolitan Area ; Municipal Financial Management ; Policy ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Subnational Governance ; Transport ; Transport Economics ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Governance and Management ; Cities ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governments ; Grants ; Guarantees ; Housing ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Local Government ; Local Governments ; Metropolitan Area ; Municipal Financial Management ; Policy ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Subnational Governance ; Transport ; Transport Economics ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Governance and Management ; Cities ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governments ; Grants ; Guarantees ; Housing ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Local Government ; Local Governments ; Metropolitan Area ; Municipal Financial Management ; Policy ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Subnational Governance ; Transport ; Transport Economics ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Governance and Management
    Abstract: Since South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994, it has given significant attention to building an effective system of decentralization including provincial and local government. While provincial governments are responsible mainly for the implementation of social services such as health and education, the provision of much of the urban infrastructure is the responsibility of local government. Although many challenges remain, the country has made significant progress over the past decade in addressing urban service backlogs in poor areas. At the same time, it has greatly improved macroeconomic fundamentals. The system of financing local government seeks to place accountability firmly at the local level, with most revenues in the larger urban centers raised locally through a combination of local taxes and fees for services, while poorer regions are predominantly grant funded. The objective has been to encourage the financing of capital infrastructure through local borrowing based on sustainable, transparent local finances rather than national repayment guarantees, which are outlawed. There is some indirect subsidization of loans through the state-owned Development Bank of Southern Africa. But the emphasis is on achieving redistribution through transparent, formula-based grants paid directly from national to local governments. While further bedding down of the system is needed, the approach is proving largely successful. The paper concludes by recommending that the existing division between provinces as providers of social services and local governments as the key locus of responsibility for services related to the built environment should be strengthened, particularly through the devolution of more urban transport related functions. A number of key risks are also highlighted, including issues related to the reform of local business taxes
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  • 52
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    Urban Infrastructure Finance From Private Operators : What Have We Learned From Recent Experience ? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Annez, Patricia Clarke Urban Infrastructure Finance From Private Operators
    Keywords: Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading
    Abstract: The author examines the role of private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in mobilizing finance for key urban services, that is, urban roads, municipal solid waste management, and water and sanitation since the early 1990s when private participation came to be seen as a key element in infrastructure development. Her review indicates that for financing urban services, PPI has disappointed-playing a far less significant role than was hoped for, and which might be expected given the attention it has received and continues to receive in strategies to mobilize financing for infrastructure. Looking beyond the number, the author examines transactions and finds that there are good reasons-practical, political, economic and institutional-for these disappointments. Recommending that cities in developing countries try harder is not likely to relieve all these constraints. Experience shows that there are a number of features that raise the risk profile of urban infrastructure for private investors, which has meant that the bulk of the transactions that have taken place have been exceptions rather than harbingers of a growing trend. Many of the measures that could reduce the risk profile are outside the control of many cities, others unlikely to change, and yet another group of steps to be taken that would improve prospects for urban service provision, whether in the hands of public or private operators. These findings suggest a more pragmatic and selective approach to the focus on PPI as a source of finance, and more focus on the array of some of the fundamental steps, among them strengthening the public finances of cities to improve both the capacity to deliver services and to reduce the risks that private investors must take when they invest in urban infrastructure
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  • 53
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    Trade Reforms And Welfare : An Ex-Post Decomposition of Income In Vietnam (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin Trade Reforms And Welfare
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully
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  • 54
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    The Impact of Policies To Control Motor Vehicle Emissions In Mumbai, India (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Takeuchi, Akie The Impact of Policies To Control Motor Vehicle Emissions In Mumbai, India
    Keywords: Air ; Air Pollution ; Bus ; Bus Fares ; Bus System ; Buses ; Cars ; Diesel ; Diesel Buses ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Emissions ; Passenger Transport ; Policies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Air Pollution ; Bus ; Bus Fares ; Bus System ; Buses ; Cars ; Diesel ; Diesel Buses ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Emissions ; Passenger Transport ; Policies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Air Pollution ; Bus ; Bus Fares ; Bus System ; Buses ; Cars ; Diesel ; Diesel Buses ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Emissions ; Passenger Transport ; Policies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of measures to reduce emissions from passenger transport, specifically buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai. These include converting diesel buses to compressed natural gas (CNG), as the Indian Supreme Court required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in bus fares to cover the cost of pollution controls. The authors model an increase in the price of gasoline, which should affect the ownership and use of cars and two-wheelers, as well as imposing a license fee on cars to retard growth in car ownership. The impact of each policy on emissions depends not only on how the policy affects the mode that is regulated, but on shifts to other modes. The results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles-in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 (particulate matter that measure less than or equal to 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) reduced-is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 a year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport. The bus conversion program passes the cost-benefit test. In contrast, the results suggest the elasticities of emissions from transport with respect to a gasoline tax and a tax on vehicle ownership are -0.04 and -0.10 respectively. As a consequence, it would take substantial increases in the gasoline tax or vehicle ownership tax to produce reductions in emissions similar to the bus conversion program. These results, however, reflect the low shares of cars and two-wheelers in the Mumbai emissions inventory and need not apply to cities, such as Delhi, where these shares are higher
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  • 55
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    Growth Before And After Trade Liberalization (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Salinas, Gonzalo Growth Before And After Trade Liberalization
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Development ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Indicators ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Protectionism ; Theory ; Trade Law ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Development ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Indicators ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Protectionism ; Theory ; Trade Law ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Development ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Indicators ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Protectionism ; Theory ; Trade Law
    Abstract: The empirical study of the impact of trade liberalization has not convinced the skeptics about the economic gains after trade reforms. Some have even argued that trade reforms have led to economic collapse and to deindustrialization. Using a sample that excludes countries that were subject to major exogenous disruptions, the authors note that post-reform economic growth was 1.2 percentage points higher than before the reforms. This is remarkable considering that pre-reform periods were characterized by highly expansionary state policies and large external borrowing, and the crisis years that preceded trade liberalization in the comparisons are eliminated. Through multivariate fixed effects estimations the authors calculate that annual per capita GDP growth rates increased by up to 2.6 percentage points after the trade reforms, compared to a counterfactual that takes into consideration the evolution of several growth determinants. Moreover, trade liberalization has been followed by an acceleration of growth in investment, exports of goods and services, and manufacturing exports, and as opposed to common belief, outward orientation did not lead to significant deindustrialization and actually seems to have increased export diversification. Growth acceleration occurred irrespective of income per capita level and was quite significant in Sub-Saharan Africa. As expected, small countries benefited most from the reforms
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  • 56
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    A Dime A Day : The Possibilities And Limits of Private Schooling In Pakistan (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andrabi, Tahir A Dime A Day
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Privatschule ; Pakistan ; Children ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Fees ; Gender ; Gender Disparities ; Gender and Education ; Investment ; Knowledge ; Participation ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Primary Schools ; Private School ; Private Schools ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Children ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Fees ; Gender ; Gender Disparities ; Gender and Education ; Investment ; Knowledge ; Participation ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Primary Schools ; Private School ; Private Schools ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Children ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Fees ; Gender ; Gender Disparities ; Gender and Education ; Investment ; Knowledge ; Participation ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Primary Schools ; Private School ; Private Schools ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This paper looks at the private schooling sector in Pakistan, a country that is seriously behind schedule in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Using new data, the authors document the phenomenal rise of the private sector in Pakistan and show that an increasing segment of children enrolled in private schools are from rural areas and from middle-class and poorer families. The key element in their rise is their low fees-the average fee of a rural private school in Pakistan is less than a dime a day (Rs.6). They hire predominantly local, female, and moderately educated teachers who have limited alternative opportunities outside the village. Hiring these teachers at low cost allows the savings to be passed on to parents through low fees. This mechanism-the need to hire teachers with a certain demographic profile so that salary costs are minimized-defines the possibility of private schools: where they arise, fees are low. It also defines their limits. Private schools are horizontally constrained in that they arise in villages where there is a pool of secondary educated women. They are also vertically constrained in that they are unlikely to cater to the secondary levels in rural areas, at least until there is an increase in the supply of potential teachers with the required skills and educational levels
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    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 3. Application To Water Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Parrachino, Irene Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: This paper reviews various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of water resources. With an increase in the competition over various water resources, the incidents of disputes have been in the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of various water uses, such as multi-objective water projects, irrigation, groundwater, hydropower, urban water supply, wastewater, and transboundary water disputes. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce water resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. In particular, the various approaches for cost sharing and for allocation of physical water infrastructure and flow can serve as a basis for stable and efficient agreement, such that long-term investments in water projects are profitable and sustainable. The latter point is especially important, given recent developments in water policy in various countries and regional institutions such as the European Union (Water Framework Directive), calling for full cost recovery of investments and operation and maintenance in water projects. The CGT approaches discussed and demonstrated in this paper can provide a solid basis for finding possible and stable cost-sharing arrangements
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    Informality Trends And Cycles (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V Informality Trends And Cycles
    Keywords: Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper studies the trends and cycles of informal employment. It first presents a theoretical model where the size of informal employment is determined by the relative costs and benefits of informality and the distribution of workers' skills. In the long run, informal employment varies with the trends in these variables, and in the short run it reacts to accommodate transient shocks and to close the gap that separates it from its trend level. The paper then uses an error-correction framework to examine empirically informality's long- and short-run relationships. For this purpose, it uses country-level data at annual frequency for a sample of industrial and developing countries, with the share of self-employment in the labor force as the proxy for informal employment. The paper finds that, in the long run, informality is larger in countries that have lower GDP per capita and impose more costs to formal firms in the form of more rigid business regulations, less valuable police and judicial services, and weaker monitoring of informality. In the short run, informal employment is found to be counter-cyclical for the majority of countries, with the degree of counter-cyclicality being lower in countries with larger informal employment and better police and judicial services. Moreover, informal employment follows a stable, trend-reverting process. These results are robust to changes in the sample and to the influence of outliers, even when only developing countries are considered in the analysis
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  • 59
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    Adult Mortality And Consumption Growth In The Age of HIV/AIDS (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beegle, Kathleen Adult Mortality And Consumption Growth In The Age of HIV/AIDS
    Keywords: Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors use a 13-year panel of individuals in Tanzania to assess how adult mortality shocks affect both short and long-run consumption growth of surviving household members. Using unique data which tracks individuals from 1991 to 2004, they examine consumption growth, controlling for a set of initial community, household and individual characteristics. The effect is identified using the sample of households in 2004 which grew out of baseline households. The authors find robust evidence that an affected household will see consumption drop 7 percent within the first five years after the adult death. With high growth in the sample over this time period, this creates a 19 percentage point growth gap with the average household. There is some evidence of persistent effects of these shocks for up to 13 years, but these effects are imprecisely estimated and not significantly different from zero. The impact of female adult death is found to be particularly severe
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    Patient Satisfaction, Doctor Effort, And Interview Location : Evidence From Paraguay (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das, Jishnu Patient Satisfaction, Doctor Effort, And Interview Location
    Keywords: Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation ; Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation ; Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation
    Abstract: To examine the relationship between patient satisfaction and doctor performance, the authors observed 2,271 interactions between 292 doctors and their patients in 98 clinics and hospitals in Paraguay and conducted an exit-survey with the same patients as they left the clinic. For a subsample of 64 facilities they also interviewed patients who visited the facility within the last week. There are three patterns in the data: (1) Patient satisfaction is positively correlated with doctor effort, measured as a combination of time spent, questions asked, and examinations performed after controlling for observed doctor and patient characteristics; (2) However, accounting for unobserved doctor characteristics dramatically reduces the level of significance and size of correlation between effort and satisfaction, showing that much of the positive relationship is driven by these unobserved doctor-specific factors; and (3) Reported satisfaction is significantly lower for patients interviewed at home compared with those interviewed at the clinic. This leads the authors to conclude that even if patient satisfaction reflects some aspects of the doctor's performance, unobserved heterogeneity combined with survey biases limit the widespread applicability of patient satisfaction as an indicator of doctor performance
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    Development And The Interaction of Enforcement Institutions (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dhillon, Amrita Development And The Interaction of Enforcement Institutions
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors examine how institutions that enforce contracts between two parties-producers and consumers-interact in a competitive market with one-sided asymmetric information and productivity shocks. They compare an informal enforcement mechanism, reputation, the efficacy of which is enhanced by consumers investing in "connectedness," with a formal mechanism, legal enforcement, the effectiveness of which can be reduced by producers by means of bribes. When legal enforcement is poor, consumers connect more with one another to improve informal enforcement. In contrast, a well-connected network of consumers reduces producers' incentives to bribe. In equilibrium, the model predicts a positive relationship between the frequency of productivity shocks, bribing, and the use of informal enforcement, providing a physical explanation of why developing countries often fail to have efficient legal systems. Firm-level estimations confirm the partial equilibrium implications of the model
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    Are Lives A Substitute For Livelihoods ? : Terrorism, Security, And U.S. Bilateral Imports (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mirza, Daniel Are Lives A Substitute For Livelihoods ?
    Keywords: Attack ; Attacks ; Car Bomb ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Measures ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Homeland Security ; Industry ; Information ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attack ; Attacks ; Car Bomb ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Measures ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Homeland Security ; Industry ; Information ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attack ; Attacks ; Car Bomb ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Measures ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Homeland Security ; Industry ; Information ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development
    Abstract: What is the impact of terrorism on trade through higher security at the borders? The authors set up a theory which shows that the impact goes not only from terrorism to trade. Higher trade with a partner might, in turn, increase the probability of terrorism acts and make security measures more costly for total welfare. To identify the true impact of terrorism, their theory allows for a strategy to condition out the latter mechanism. The authors show in particular how past incidents perpetrated in third countries (anywhere in the world except the origin or targeted country) constitute good exogenous factors for current security measures at the borders. Their tests suggest that terrorist incidents have a small effect on U.S. imports on average, but a much higher effect for those origin countries at the top of the distribution of incidents. In addition, the level of the impact is up to three times higher when the acts result in a relatively high number of victims, the products are sensitive to shipping time, and the size of the partner is small. The authors further show how terrorism affects the number of business visas given by the United States, thereby affecting significantly U.S. imports in differentiated products. These results suggest that security to prevent terrorism does matter for trade
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    Rural Poor In Rich Rural Areas : Poverty In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Rural Poor In Rich Rural Areas
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Rural poverty remains a crucial part of the poverty picture in Argentina. This paper used a rural dataset collected by the World Bank in 2003. Findings show that extreme income poverty in rural areas reached 39 percent of the people or 200,000-250,000 indigent families. These families tend to: be large, and young, and to escape from poverty as they mature and children leave the household (life cycle); live largely in dispersed areas where basic service provision is often weak and delivery is difficult (in particular school attendance beyond 11 years of age falls off very rapidly compared with grouped rural or urban areas); and be more likely to be small landholders than landless laborers. The structure of poverty in rural Argentina shows that larger households are poorer than smaller households, female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households, young households/household heads are poorer than older households/household heads, the poor tend to work more in the informal sector, and a greater share of those engaged in agriculture are poor. However, poverty is by no means strictly an agricultural problem. Furthermore, the deepest poverty is among the poorly educated and young household heads with children. Without interventions to improve their opportunities and assets, their plight is likely to worsen
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    Measuring And Reducing The Impact of Corruption In Infrastructure (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles Measuring And Reducing The Impact of Corruption In Infrastructure
    Keywords: Anti-Corruption ; Anticorruption ; Bank ; Bribe ; Bribery ; Bribes ; Confidence ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Corruption Perceptions ; Corruption Perceptions Index ; Corruption Research ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transport ; Anti-Corruption ; Anticorruption ; Bank ; Bribe ; Bribery ; Bribes ; Confidence ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Corruption Perceptions ; Corruption Perceptions Index ; Corruption Research ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transport ; Anti-Corruption ; Anticorruption ; Bank ; Bribe ; Bribery ; Bribes ; Confidence ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Corruption Perceptions ; Corruption Perceptions Index ; Corruption Research ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transport
    Abstract: This paper examines what we can say about the extent and impact of corruption in infrastructure in developing countries using existing evidence. It looks at different approaches to estimating the extent of corruption and reports on the results of such studies. It suggests that there is considerable evidence that most existing perceptions measures appear to be very weak proxies for the actual extent of corruption in the infrastructure sector, largely (but inaccurately) measuring petty rather than grand corruption. Existing survey evidence is more reliable, but limited in extent and still subject to sufficient uncertainty that it should not be used as a tool for differentiating countries in terms of access to infrastructure finance or appropriate policy models. The paper discusses evidence for the relative costs of corruption impacts and suggests that a focus on bribe payments as the indicator of the costs of corruption in infrastructure may be misplaced. It draws some conclusions regarding priorities for infrastructure anti-corruption research and activities in projects, in particular regarding disaggregated and actionable indicators of weak governance and corruption
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    The Little Data Book on Africa 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821367048 , 9780821367056 , 9780821367049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (124 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Indicators
    DDC: 338.96
    Keywords: Economic indicators ; Social indicators ; Africa Statistics Social conditions 1960- ; Africa Statistics Economic conditions 1960-
    Abstract: A pocket-sized reference on key development data for over 50 countries in Africa, this book provides profiles of each country with 54 development indicators about people, environment, economy, technology, infrastructure, trade and finance. A must have for anyone interested in today's development challenges in sub-Saharan Africa
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    The Little Data Book 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821364758 , 9780821364819 , 9780821364758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (240 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    DDC: 330.9/05
    Keywords: Economic indicators ; Social indicators ; Economic development Statistics 21st century ; Economic history Statistics 21st century
    Abstract: A pocket-sized reference on key development data for over 200 countries, that provides profiles of each country with 54 development indicators about People, Environment, Economy, Technology and Infrastructure, Trade, and Finance
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    The Investment Climate in Brazil, India, and South Africa : A Contribution to the IBSA Debate (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This analysis demonstrate ...
    DOI: 10.1596/28082
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    Young People Speak Out : Youth Consultations for the World Development Report 2007 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Report Background Papers
    Abstract: The following pages relate to the experience of over three thousand young people with regards to what it means for them to be coming of age in today's world. Between September 2005 and April 2006, these young women and men met in twenty-six developing countries to talk about what concerns them: getting a degree, landing a job, staying healthy, finding a partner, moving into their own place, and making a difference in their society. By voicing their concerns and policy demands, these young people contributed to what is universally regarded as one of the most influential perennial development research publications: The World Development Report (WDR). The authors of the report recognized the value of listening to the subjects of their research and working together with a team of consultation experts to devise what may well be among the most extensive stakeholder consultation processes to date. Given the focus of the 2007 WDR on youth, it was especially important to devise a consultative process that will foster a dialogue not only about youth but also with young people themselves. At the same time, it had to be made clear to the youth constituency that the report could not be written by youth. The consultations had three clearly stated objectives: information, validation, and traction. They provided information to the team of researchers to learn about and understand the perspectives of the young people. Moreover, the dialogue with the youth in developing countries helped the team to validate their research. Finally, the consultations were also a key instrument to foster political traction with global youth organizations, governmental agencies, and development partners to enhance the 'operationalization' of the report
    DOI: 10.1596/29573
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Republic of El Salvador Country Environmental Analysis : Improving Environmental Management to Address Trade Liberalization and Infrastructure Expansion (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: El Salvador, a small country with limited national resources, needs to grow through its main comparative advantage, which is its strong culture of competitive businesses. To do so, however, the government needs to ensure that the best affordable environmental management is in place to secure sustainable economic development. The benefits of further improvements to the environmental institutional and regulatory frameworks will be substantial not only to facilitate and sustain trade and infrastructure expansion, but in terms of preserving the natural resource base on which economic growth depends. Moreover, while DR-CAFTA is expected to bring new possibilities for investment and trade, the agreement will also raise the scrutiny and monitoring by El Salvador's trade partners regarding environmental compliance. Maintaining low compliance rates would add unnecessary friction and raise the regulatory risks for investing in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/33926
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    Mexico - Technical Note on Industrial Organization and Competition : Pension System in Mexico (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Mexico, as many other countries in Latin America, has adopted an individual capitalization pension system. The design of these pension reforms confers the administration of pension funds to private companies. Under these schemes competition plays a key role, keeping prices low, a good quality of service, and an efficient investment allocation. However, the extent of competition in the reformed systems has been a common concern for most of the countries where it has been implemented. Moreover, when competition has been intense, like in Chile between 1994 and 1997, marketing expenses were extremely high. This outcome may not be desirable if it does not benefit future pensioners and is an unnecessary increase in costs of providing the service. The performance of competition in this industry is largely related to the demand characteristics, which is by design highly insensitive to prices, rates of return or quality of service, given that this is a compulsory product with government guarantees. Regulations in this market also significantly affect the way in which competition operates. Aiming to a better degree of competition, the private pension system's regulator in Mexico has introduced innovate rules. These regulations have focus in inducing higher demand elasticity to prices and lowering barriers to entry. This has entailed lower prices, lower profits, and the entrance of new firms. The paper is structured as follows: section A gives pension reform in Mexico; section B gives the role of the government; section C deals with the afore industry; section D is commission structure; section E gives potential barriers to entry; section F focuses on changes in regulation that promote price competition; section G gives comments on policy implications and prospects; and section H gives conclusions and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37387
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Overview of Corporate Governance Issues for Co-operatives (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Good governance is now accepted as vital to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and as a pre-condition for sustainable economic growth. Ensuring better governance of corporations, financial institutions and markets is increasingly recognised for developing countries despite the limited number of firms there with widely traded shares (Oman and Blume 2005). For developing countries, significant benefits can be linked to higher corporate governance standards in the private sector. These include better access to external finance, lower costs of capital and better firm performance (Claessens 2003). The corporate governance agenda has also been broadened by the recognition of the reach of corporate models characterised by different forms and structures to the Anglo-American model of an investor owned firm. However until now little attention has been paid to the governance needs of other institutional forms of business such as co-operatives despite their considerable presence in many developing countries. The co-operative sector as a whole remains poorly understood and its specific governance challenges remain as yet largely unexplored. This aim of this paper is to begin to remedy this absence. Taking as a starting point the distinct nature of co-operatives, relevant trends and issues within corporate governance are explored within the framework of the co-operative sector
    DOI: 10.1596/26128
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Strengthening Health Services in Low Income Countries : Guidance for Decision-Makers (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Health systems in lower income countries are often not able to provide for the basichealth needs of their populations. The progress of recent initiatives such as the WHO millennium development goals and new funds for disease programs is slowed by the limitations of these health service and systems. Strengthening these health systems has become a priority, but this cannot be achieved immediately, the causes of these limitations are many, complex and with deep historical origins. It is important to ensure that the new resources are used in ways which effectively strengthen these services and systems in both the short and long term. There is some experience and research which has found effective ways to strengthen service delivery and system functioning. However, this research is largely unknown or unused by policy makers and decision makers in ministries, local government, aid agencies and work bank advisors. Although evidence from elsewhere will need to be adapted to the local situation, this research can help avoid expensive mistakes and save time and money in choosing and implementing effective health service strengthening strategies. The purpose of this report is to present some of the first guidance and materials from the world bank 'Improving health service program' (WB IHSP). It gives interim guidance based on the best available evidence which was identified in a rapid review of actions for strengthening health services and systems
    DOI: 10.1596/25992
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
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    Foreign Aid : Challenges and Opportunities (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Africa's challenge to unleash the energy of the people, and give people the opportunity to improve their lives themselves. He talked about the challenge of corruption. He appreciated Africa for improving policies to make it easier for new businesses to take off and for businesses that are established to expand. Africans are taking a lead in helping their continent turn the corner, and donors are raising the bar for development assistance to try to ensure that every dollar is used to create a healthier, better-educated, more prosperous Africa. Governance is taken seriously, with performance-based aid strengthening anti-corruption efforts
    DOI: 10.1596/24892
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Path to Prosperity (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Singapore's remarkable progress along the road from poverty to prosperity which has also been discovered by many other countries in East Asia and around the world. He spoke of how each country must find its own path for people to pursue the same dreams of the chance to go to school, the security of a good job, and the ability to provide a better future for their children. Throughout the world, and importantly in the developing world, there is a growing recognition that the path to prosperity must be built on a solid foundation of good governance. Rich countries that have a vital responsibility in the fight against corruption and the need to take action against bribe givers who often come from their countries and to help the developing country partners recover stolen assets. He concluded by saying that the Bank's mission is to help pave the way for the poor by giving them opportunity to work, so that they can take control of their own destiny
    DOI: 10.1596/24894
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Cities at the Front Lines of Development (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, stated that the importance of cities is increasing on a daily basis. By 2030, China alone will add 342 million new urban residents, and India 271 million. Africa will add 395 million people and more than half (54 percent) of its population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization creates job opportunities and poverty challenges. Urbanization has place mayors on center stage to implement solutions to alleviate poverty at the local level. The World Bank established a dedicated urban unit more than 30 years ago, with estimated lending on urban issues in 2005 at USD 7 billion. The Bank looks forward to strengthening partnerships with local governments
    DOI: 10.1596/24888
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    East Asia Update, March 2006 : Solid Growth, New Challenges (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: The report stipulates growth in Emerging East Asian countries eased modestly from 7.5 percent in 2004 to 6.8 percent in 2005. The slower pace of activity was most clear in the Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs), and in some of the middle income economies of South East Asia. But it was not universal. Growth accelerated in Indonesia and Vietnam, and continued at very high rates in China. In addition, while the moderation in activity in the NIEs and South East Asia occurred in the first part of 2005, activity was generally rebounding in the latter part of the year. Indeed growth for 2005 as a whole, generally turned out higher than we had expected six months ago. The prospects for 2006 also look reasonably firm, with aggregate regional growth expected to exceed 6.5 percent for a third year in a row. Global high tech demand slowed in late 2004 and early 2005, causing a downturn in tech-reliant East Asian export growth, but then rebounded strongly in the second half of the year. High oil prices clearly played a large role in moderating growth in 2005. While the report assumes that oil prices have now peaked, they are still expected to average 10 percent higher in 2006 than in 2005, so that some of the adverse impact is still likely to be playing out in 2006. Nevertheless, the real surprise has been that the highest real oil prices in more than 25 years did not inflict more serious economic damage, with growth not falling below 4 percent in any of the main economies of the region
    DOI: 10.1596/33507
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    Republic of Guatemala Country Environmental Analysis : Addressing the Environmental Aspects of Trade and Infrastructure Expansion (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: Since the signing of the Peace Accords in 1996, Guatemala has made substantial progress in consolidating peace and democracy. While progress in socioeconomic development has been uneven, there have been important gains in education and health coverage, sustained increases in social sector spending, improved coverage of basic utility services, and better management of public finances, among other gains. Unfortunately, progress has been slower than expected in several important areas, including economic growth rates. Based on the best regional and international practices, this report concludes that mainstreaming environmental considerations into sectoral policies rather than scaling-up the operations of environmental agencies is the best way to prepare Guatemalan institutions for current environmental challenges and those it will encounter in the future. The report also emphasizes the need to provide the right incentives to economic agents (e.g., promoting compliance through achievable requirements but with credible sanctions to violators, rather than trying to change behavior by threatening with criminal charges that are ultimately not enforced), and to engage civil society by improving information and participation mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/33927
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    Compendium of Economic and Trade Indicators by Region, 1960 to 2004 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agricultural Workers ; Agriculture ; GDP ; High-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population
    Abstract: This compilation of data is prepared as a companion to the Bank's research project on distortions to agricultural incentives. Its purpose is to provide comparative basic economic and trade indicators for the countries involved as case studies in that project. The project is global in coverage, and is sub-divided into five groups: Africa, Asia, Europe and Central Asia's Transition Economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, and high-income countries. The present compendium is divided into seven main sections. The first one includes data on high income countries which are compared with three aggregates for developing countries. Sections two through five focuses indeed specifically on one of the four regional groups and compare data for the case study countries with various aggregates of studied and not studied countries. Due to the very limited data availability several countries have not been included in the compendium. Finally, section six and seven include estimates of trade distortions, and sectoral shares of value added and household expenditures for all the studied countries and several regional aggregates
    DOI: 10.1596/37165
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    Republic of Belarus - Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision : Detailed Assessment of Compliance (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Banking Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Law and Development ; Legal Framework
    Abstract: This detailed assessment of observance with the basel core principles for effective banking supervision is the first external comprehensive assessment of the system of banking supervision in Belarus. The assessment of observance of each of the core principles follows a qualitative approach and is based on the core principles methodology document (October 1999). The assessment method consisted of examining the degree of observance of each of a principle's essential criteria and, where the assessors judged necessary, of the additional criteria. The assessment included a review of the relevant, legally non-binding instruments of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (NBRB) under the form of recommendations, the internal provisions of the NBRB, the licensing documents and the bank examination reports prepared by the NBRB, annual reports, the NBRB website, and other relevant material. The assessment is also based on the self-assessment prepared by the NBRB and discussions with staff in the banking supervision area, and with banks
    DOI: 10.1596/37386
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in the Middle East and North Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In this paper, authors examine the political economy and consequences of industrial policy in the MENA region. How can the features of MENA's industrial policy be explained? And what accounts for the fact that, against world trends, industrial policies in MENA countries didn't followed the evolutionary path of industrial policies of other countries? Unlike in many other regions, industrial policy in MENA developed within the context of the region's strong 'social contract' between the government and its people. Although industrial development was an objective, it at times took a backseat to the more important goals of social transformation and economic redistribution, which influenced not only the types and success of industrial policies adopted, but also critically influenced the balance of power among interest groups. Section two of the paper provides the theoretical framework for understanding the experience with industrial policy. Starting with a brief survey of the arguments used to justify industrial policy interventions, and drawing on various strands of the literature it provides a review of the various mechanisms and arguments which help understand the factors which determine the emergence and type of industrial policies observed and how they change. Using this framework section three reviews the experience of MENA countries during the 1950s to the 1970s and the emergence of state-dominated vertical industrial policy, where traditional/sector selective and sector specific policies have been used extensively. Section four attempts to explain the failure for industrial policy to change during the 1980s and 1990s. While the developing world has moved toward more market oriented policies and production systems that are dominated by the private sector and rely on market signals, MENA has maintained much of the old style industrial policies and high state intervention in the economy that characterized much of the developing world in the past. The final section five makes concluding remarks on the likely directions of industrial policy in the region. As internal and external forces shape the way industrial policies can be used in the globalized economy, the MENA region's old style of industrial policy will need to adjust. The ultimate path of change will be determined greatly by each country's initial conditions and individual political economy factors
    DOI: 10.1596/28426
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Guidance for Supervisory Board Members of Banks (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This manual, for present and prospective Supervisory Board (SB) members of non-complex banks, is intended to provide a guide to international best practice. It is designed to help SB in a practical way attend and maintain high standard of internal governance. This manual provides an overview. SB members are advised to familiarize themselves with the scope of the relevant legislation as they may be personally liable for breaches of certain provisions. This manual gives SB members fundamental understanding of their tasks. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/25993
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Clean Energy for Development (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, in the development community, the interaction of energy, environment, and poverty have emerged as a central challenge. Lack of consistent electricity in developing countries is a severe obstacle to doing business. It is also affecting school attendance, particularly among girls. Inefficient energy sources can also pose health problems-as many as 1.6 million deaths per year due to indoor smoke. Rich and poor countries alike need to apply energy-efficient technology to cut greenhouse gas emissions. At the G8 summit in Gleneagles, the World Bank Group was asked to take a leadership role in creating a new framework for clean energy and development, including investment and financing. In the first phase we will propose accelerated investments. In the second phase, we aim to generate new knowledge on technology options and the impact on climate change. Wolfowitz summarized the Bank's ongoing energy spending activities
    DOI: 10.1596/24890
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    The Clean Energy Challenge (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that a key goal of the World Bank is supporting developing countries in meeting their energy demands, and helping poor people escape from poverty, and doing so with a smaller environmental footprint. It is important to build a strong partnership between rich countries and developing countries. He talked about Brazil producing ethanol on an enormous scale and with exceptional efficiency where ethanol prices have been steadily coming down in Brazilian industry, when global energy prices have been coming up. He noted the need to remove unnecessary trade obstacles that make bio fuels less competitive. He concluded by saying that the goal of World Bank's new Investment Framework for Clean Energy and Development is to provide advice, technical assistance, and investment programs to help the partner countries meet the energy challenges while protecting the natural environment
    DOI: 10.1596/24891
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Moving Forward from Singapore (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed giving the poor people of the world a chance to escape poverty. He spoke about the actions to promote good governance that are crucial to successful economic development, poverty reduction and helping member countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals. He mentioned issues of global import, particularly the prospects for the Doha Round and the issue of clean, efficient, and affordable energy. He concluded by saying that the Bank Group will continue to remain active in a variety of international efforts to provide global public goods
    DOI: 10.1596/24895
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    Transparency in Extractive Industries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed the fight against poverty during the last 20 years, during which East Asian countries have made progress, but Sub-Saharan African poverty has doubled. Oil revenues far exceed official development assistance. Yet for some countries it has been more of a curse than a blessing. Corruption and waste has led to distorted economies and demoralized societies in which government power has become an object of plunder leading to civil war and social chaos. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) aims to improve governance in resource-rich countries through disclosure and verification of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas, and mining. It focuses on transparency, which is one important aspect of governance-but it is an important step towards transforming resources into real development impact, to real effect on the lives of the poor. He spoke about EITI process still facing many challenges ahead. If EITI is to succeed, it must engage every group that has a stake in the country's future. EITI process requires governments to significantly increase their capacity while coping with other pressing demands. Making EITI succeed means going beyond just EITI in making revenues more transparent. We need to begin a vigorous effort in the area of helping countries recover stolen assets. For most countries EI revenues by themselves will not be enough by themselves to guarantee higher living standards for all citizens. We must do everything we can to help these countries transform their wealth into a brighter future for every citizen
    DOI: 10.1596/24896
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    Parliaments and Poverty in Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, reminded participants that it is important to remember the more than 1 billion people worldwide struggling to survive on less than USD 1 a day. Fighting the scourge of poverty is at the heart of the World Bank Group's mission. The burden of debt and the disease of corruption threaten to undermine the efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Many regions of the world have made significant progress to improve living standards and reduce poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa is moving dangerously in the opposite direction. Africa's richest resource, and its best hope, is its people. But more development financing and debt relief is needed. In the long run, neither aid nor debt relief will help the poor escape poverty without a transparent and accountable government. We are seeing an informed African citizenry demanding change. The World Bank Group is committed to supporting champions of reform in both government and civil society. Partnering with parliaments from donor countries is as important as working with parliaments in recipient countries. To achieve true prosperity for our integrated planet, we must work together to help give the poorest among us the chance to find their way out of poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/24897
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    Africa : The Road to Opportunity (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the past-quarter century has to count as the most successful 25 years in history in the fight against poverty. The one region that has so far been conspicuously left behind by that progress is Sub-Saharan Africa. The people of Africa are hard at work building a more hopeful future for their continent. There is no shortage of energy, ambition, or entrepreneurial spirit. What are most severely lacking are resources to support good plans and good ideas. For Africa and the poorest countries in the world a critical source of development funding comes from the International Development Association or IDA. France has been a leader in IDA in the past. The World Bank has responded with an 'Africa Action Plan.' Wolfowitz briefly discussed four key areas of focus: Education, Health, Private Sector Development, and Infrastructure
    DOI: 10.1596/24911
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Why Africa Matters to Americans (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, talked about a new generation of leaders emerging in Africa, who increasingly recognize their responsibility to their people. The landscape across Africa is changing. Conflicts diminish. Small Businesses emerge. We are seeing a new breath of hope infused in all parts of that continent. More and more Africans are saying they can't live with corruption. Strong U.S. support for foreign aid is particularly important to help address issues important to Americans, issues like government transparency, anti-corruption, and civil society participation. Wolfowitz concluded that it will be up to Africans most of all to bring about the momentous changes needed to conquer poverty. But as Americans we must be able to say that we did everything we could to give them the hand that they need and deserve
    DOI: 10.1596/24899
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    Roundtable Discussion on Economic Development, Georgia State, GA, December 11, 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, and Ambassador Andrew Young engaged in a roundtable discussion on economic development, moderated by Dean Bahl of Georgia State. Wolfowitz has made Africa the first priority of the Bank. There is really a chance for Africa to turn the corner. It's going to have to start with the best performers, doing what the so-called Tigers did in East Asia, showing the way for other countries. Young said you can make more money honestly in a growing economy, than you can steal in a dying economy. Wolfowitz gave examples of the turnaround in Africa. Africa needs an environment where foreign investment support and local domestic investment is even more important
    DOI: 10.1596/24900
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    East Asia Update, November 2006 : Managing Through a Global Downturn (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: Growth in Emerging East Asia is expected to reach close to 8 percent in 2006, the second strongest pace in the five year long economic expansion underway in the region since 2001. Emerging East Asia comprises Developing East Asia (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and some smaller economies) and four Newly Industrialized Economies or NIEs (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, China). The rest of this summary provides further information on the main cross-country trends and policy issues discussed in this report. Developments at the country level are discussed in the Country Sections at the back of the report, while fuller Country Briefs are available at the website associated with this report. The Special Focus in this report is on Investing in Young People in East Asia and the Pacific, a study of the lessons for East Asia from the World Bank's recent World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation
    DOI: 10.1596/33508
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    Bangladesh Country Environmental Analysis (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The economic losses resulting from the environmental impacts considered in this report are equivalent to more than 4 percent o f Bangladesh's Gross Domestic Product. Among these impacts, three sources of environmental degradation stand out as currently receiving insufficient attention given their relative significance: (1) in door and urban air pollution, (2) the degradation o f water quality in Dhaka, and (3) the decline of capture fisheries. The economic losses associated with these three concerns alone may amount to more than 2.7 percent of GDP. The report proposes a set of actions in each o f these areas, and also identifies a series of measures that could be taken to strengthen environmental governance, which forms an overarching constraint to improved environmental management across all issues. While the report estimates the economic losses associated with the environmental impacts considered, it does not provide a benefit-cost or cost-effectiveness analysis of the proposed mitigating actions. It will be important to examine the costs of the proposed actions in more detail as an element of the follow-up work in each o f the priority areas
    DOI: 10.1596/33925
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    Republic of Colombia : Mitigating Environmental Degradation to Foster Growth and Reduce Inequality (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Over the last five decades, Colombia has made substantial progress in protecting its environment. This includes restructuring its legal and regulatory landscape, undertaking policy initiatives, and strengthening its capacity for protecting and managing its natural resources and environmental quality, and establishing a system of national parks and forestry reserves that covers more than a quarter of the country. Colombia's environmental management framework has focused on three main environmental priorities: (a) river basin management and conservation of water resources, (b) reforestation, and (c) conservation o f biodiversity. The analysis of the cost of environmental degradation conducted as part of the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA), shows that the most costly problems associated with environmental degradation are urban and indoor air pollution; inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene; natural disasters (such as flooding and landslides); and land degradation. The burden of these costs falls most heavily on vulnerable segments of the population, especially poor children under age five. The effects of environmental degradation associated with these principal causes are estimated to cost more than 3.7 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), mainly due to increased mortality and morbidity and decreased productivity. To identify alternatives aimed at abating the cost of environmental degradation, this CEA examines institutional and policy issues in the functioning of the country's environmental management system and suggests some cost-effective interventions
    DOI: 10.1596/33924
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    Water, Food Security and Agricultural Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Research ; Agriculture ; Food Security ; Poverty ; Productivity ; Trade ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment
    Abstract: The Middle East and North Africa (MNA) region is one of the most water scarce regions in the world, with a regional annual average of 1,200 cubic meters per person (world average is close to 7,000). Water, not land, is now the limiting factor for improving agricultural production in the MNA region. Maximizing water productivity, not yield per unit of land, is, therefore, a better strategy for on-farm water management under such conditions. Raising water productivity requires integrated attention to improving technical, agronomic and management measures. Water User Associations greatly facilitate the implementation of integrated measures. Using satellite remote sensing technologies, planners and policy makers can make more effective decisions to ensure a stable supply of water for food and the environment. All MNA countries with the exception of Morocco are net importers of agricultural products. The greatest benefits for MNA will be generated by comprehensive domestic agricultural reforms, in tandem with higher market access in European and world markets. MNA governments will face issues relating to timing and sequencing of reforms. Given its current resources endowments and growth prospects, it is in the best interest for MNA countries to push towards proceeding with the liberalization of markets in developed countries. At the same time, they could ask for some sort of compensation for higher prices and lost preferences in the form of non-trade distorting financial schemes or even cash grants for those countries facing significant losses as a result. Countries will have to pay a particular attention to the implications of this gradual approach for government revenues, adjustment costs and credibility of reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/37139
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 94
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    Online Resource
    Republic of Belarus - Deposit Insurance : Technical Note (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; State-Owned Banks
    Abstract: The current system of deposit insurance is governed by two different pieces of legislation, each in turn elaborated by a separate National Bank of Belarus (NBB) resolution. The two legislations cover foreign exchange accounts in state owned banks and all other accounts, respectively. The first legislation was the presidential decree of April 20, 1998, which established full coverage for foreign exchange accounts in six state banks. The second legislation is Article 121 of the Banking Code which is the legal basis for coverage for all other deposits and which became effective October 12, 2000. The deposit insurance system is currently characterized by preferential treatment of the authorized banks and in particular Belarusbank and Belagroprombank
    DOI: 10.1596/37384
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 95
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    Mexico Financial Sector Assessment Program Update : Technical Note on the Pension Annuity Market (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Competition ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the performance and development of the Mexican pension annuity market in Mexico that stemmed from the 1997 pension reform. The Mexican experience displays interesting characteristics that provide lessons for other countries that still need to design the decumulation phase of their newly established second pillars. At the same, time it raises some technical and policy concerns that need addressing as they could hamper, in the future, the healthy development of the market. This paper benefited from interviews with officials in the Insurance Supervisory Authority (CNSF), the Ministry of Finance (SHCP), the Pension Supervisory Authority (CONSAR), and the Social Security Institute (IMSS) as well as with management of specialized annuity companies. The paper is structured as follows: section one gives introduction; section two briefly summarizes the 1992 and 1997 pension reforms from which the pension annuity market derives; section three analyzes the evolution of the industrial organization, annuity product design and competition, the evolution of assets and liabilities and investment, as well as the regulatory framework for the aforementioned items, and the performance of the market; section four analyzes the development prospects of the market in light of the more recent 2001 and 2002 reforms of the 1997 social security law; and section five gives conclusions and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37342
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
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    The Little Book of External Debt 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082136605X , 9780821366066 , 9780821366059
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (158 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    DDC: 336.3435
    Keywords: Economic history ; Debts, External
    Abstract: This first edition of The Little Book on External Debt provides a quick reference for users interested in external debt stocks and flows, major economic aggregates, key debt ratios, and the currency composition of long-term debt for all countries reporting through the Debtor Reporting system. A pocket edition of the Global Development Finance 2006, Volume II: Summary and Country Tables, it contains statistical tables for 135 countries as well as summary tables for regional and income groups
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6605-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
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    Online Resource
    World Development Indicators 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821364707 , 9780821364710 , 9780821364703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (426 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 800 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic chapters: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Development Finance 2006 (Complete Print Edition) : The Development Potential of Surging Capital Flows (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821359916 , 9780821366233 , 9780821359914
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (472 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: International private capital flows to developing countries reached a record net level of
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
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    Online Resource
    International Financial Reporting Standards : a practical guide (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821367684 , 9780821367698 , 9780821367681
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (312 p.))
    Edition: 4. ed.
    Edition: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: International Financial Reporting Standards
    Abstract: Now in its fourth edition, and with translations into 13 languages, this publication gives readers a broad and basic understanding of the key issues for each International Financial Reporting Standard. It summarizes each standard, providing a quick reference for managers and executives in the private and public sectors who may not have a strong background in accounting. All of the standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) through 31 May 2006 are included in this book
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa Development Indicators 2006 : From the World Bank Africa Database (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821365371 , 9780821365380 , 9780821365373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (160 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Indicators
    Abstract: Africa Development Indicators 2006 provides the most detailed collection of data on Africa available in one volume. It contains about 450 macroeconomic, sectoral, and social indicators, covering 53 African countries. Designed to provide all those interested in Africa with a focused and convenient set of data to monitor development programs and aid flows in the region, this is an invaluable reference tool for analysts and policymakers who want a better understanding of the economic and social developments occurring in Africa
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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