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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Development Report 2007 : Development and the Next Generation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082136541X , 9780821365410 , 9780821365427
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.)
    Edition: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: Entwicklungsökonomie ; Globalisierung ; Jugend
    Abstract: The theme of The World Development Report 2007 is youth - young people between the ages of 12 to 24. As this population group seeks identity and independence, they make decisions that affect not only their own well-being, but that of others, and they do this in a rapidly changing demographic and socio-economic environment. Supporting young people's transition to adulthood poses important opportunities and risky challenges for development policy. Are education systems preparing young people to cope with the demands of changing economies? What kind of support do they get as they enter the labor market? Can they move freely to where the jobs are? What can be done to help them avoid serious consequences of risky behavior, such as death from HIV-AIDS and drug abuse? Can their creative energy be directed productively to support development thinking? The report will focus on crucial capabilities and transitions in a young person's life: learning for life and work, staying healthy, working, forming families, and exercising citizenship. For each, there are opportunities and risks; for all, policies and institutions matter
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Liberalizing Trade In Services : A Survey (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Liberalizing Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring The Pro-Poorness of Income Growth Within An Elasticity Framework (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah B Measuring The Pro-Poorness of Income Growth Within An Elasticity Framework
    Keywords: Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Poverty reduction has become a fundamental objective of development, and therefore a metric for assessing the effectiveness of various interventions. Economic growth can be a powerful instrument of income poverty reduction. This creates a need for meaningful ways of assessing the poverty impact of growth. This paper follows the elasticity approach to propose a measure of pro-poorness defined as a weighted average of the deviation of a growth pattern from the benchmark case. The measure can help assess pro-poorness both in terms of aggregate poverty measures, which are members of the additively separable class, and at percentiles. It also lends itself to a decomposition procedure, whereby the overall pattern of income growth can be unbundled, and the contributions of income components to overall pro-poorness identified. An application to data for Indonesia in the 1990s reveals that the amount of poverty reduction achieved over that period remains far below what would have been achieved under distributional neutrality. This conclusion is robust to the choice of a poverty measure among members of the additively separable class, and can be tracked back to changes in expenditure components
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bank Efficiency, Ownership, And Market Structure : Why Are Interest Spreads So High In Uganda ? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Efficiency, Ownership, And Market Structure
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Using a unique bank-level data set on the Ugandan banking system during 1999-2005, the authors explore the factors behind consistently high interest rate spreads and margins. While foreign banks charge lower interest rate spreads, they do not find a robust and economically significant relationship between privatization, foreign bank entry, market structure, and banking efficiency. Similarly, macroeconomic variables can explain little of the over-time variation in bank spreads. Bank-level characteristics, on the other hand, such as bank size, operating costs, and composition of loan portfolio explain a large proportion of cross-bank, cross-time variation in spreads and margins. However, time-invariant bank-level fixed effects explain the largest part of bank variation in spreads and margins. Further, the authors find tentative evidence that banks targeting the low end of the market incur higher costs and therefore higher margins
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Institutions Matter More For Services ? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Do Institutions Matter More For Services ?
    Keywords: Accountability ; Bank ; Bribe ; Children and Youth ; Civil Law ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Government ; Judicial Independence ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Framework ; Legal Frameworks ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium ; Police ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bank ; Bribe ; Children and Youth ; Civil Law ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Government ; Judicial Independence ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Framework ; Legal Frameworks ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium ; Police ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bank ; Bribe ; Children and Youth ; Civil Law ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Government ; Judicial Independence ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Framework ; Legal Frameworks ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium ; Police ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Recent empirical research has focused on the role of institutions in overall economic performance. This paper examines the impact of institutions on the relative performance of the service sector. Through cross-country level and growth regressions it establishes the following stylized fact: countries with better institutions have relatively larger and more dynamic service sectors. It suggests that regulatory and contract enforcing institutions play a key role in the development of service sectors because these sectors enter into a more complex web of transactions with the rest of the economy and are more prone to market failure due to asymmetric information
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluating The Impact of Mexico's Quality Schools Program : The Pitfalls of Using Nonexperimental Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Skoufias, Emmanuel Evaluating The Impact of Mexico's Quality Schools Program
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Disability ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Faculty ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Quality of Instruction ; Research ; School ; School Quality ; Schools ; Science ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Student ; Tertiary Education ; Curriculum ; Disability ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Faculty ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Quality of Instruction ; Research ; School ; School Quality ; Schools ; Science ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Student ; Tertiary Education ; Curriculum ; Disability ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Faculty ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Quality of Instruction ; Research ; School ; School Quality ; Schools ; Science ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Student ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The authors evaluate whether increasing school resources and decentralizing management decisions at the school level improves learning in a developing country. Mexico's Quality Schools Program (PEC), following many other countries and U.S. states, offers US
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Intensity Targets Control Uncertainty Better Than Quotas ? : Conditions, Calibrations, And Caveats (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Marschinski, Robert Do Intensity Targets Control Uncertainty Better Than Quotas ?
    Keywords: Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment
    Abstract: Among policy instruments to control future greenhouse gas emissions, well-calibrated general intensity targets are known to lead to lower uncertainty on the amount of abatement than emissions quotas (Jotzo and Pezzey 2004). The authors test whether this result holds in a broader framework, and whether it applies to other policy-relevant variables as well. To do so, they provide a general representation of the uncertainty on future GDP, future business-as-usual emissions, and future abatement costs. The authors derive the variances of four variables, namely (effective) emissions, abatement effort, marginal abatement costs, and total abatement costs over GDP under a quota, a linear (LIT) and a general intensity target (GIT)-where the emissions ceiling is a power-law function of GDP. They confirm that GITs can yield a lower variance than a quota for marginal costs, but find that this is not true for total costs over GDP. Using economic and emissions scenarios and forecast errors of past projections, the authors estimate ranges of values for key parameters in their model. They find that quotas dominate LITs over most of this range, that calibrating GITs over this wide range is difficult, and that GITs would yield only modest reductions in uncertainty relative to quotas
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Dime A Day : The Possibilities And Limits of Private Schooling In Pakistan (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andrabi, Tahir A Dime A Day
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Privatschule ; Pakistan ; Children ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Fees ; Gender ; Gender Disparities ; Gender and Education ; Investment ; Knowledge ; Participation ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Primary Schools ; Private School ; Private Schools ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Children ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Fees ; Gender ; Gender Disparities ; Gender and Education ; Investment ; Knowledge ; Participation ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Primary Schools ; Private School ; Private Schools ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Children ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Fees ; Gender ; Gender Disparities ; Gender and Education ; Investment ; Knowledge ; Participation ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Primary Schools ; Private School ; Private Schools ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This paper looks at the private schooling sector in Pakistan, a country that is seriously behind schedule in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Using new data, the authors document the phenomenal rise of the private sector in Pakistan and show that an increasing segment of children enrolled in private schools are from rural areas and from middle-class and poorer families. The key element in their rise is their low fees-the average fee of a rural private school in Pakistan is less than a dime a day (Rs.6). They hire predominantly local, female, and moderately educated teachers who have limited alternative opportunities outside the village. Hiring these teachers at low cost allows the savings to be passed on to parents through low fees. This mechanism-the need to hire teachers with a certain demographic profile so that salary costs are minimized-defines the possibility of private schools: where they arise, fees are low. It also defines their limits. Private schools are horizontally constrained in that they arise in villages where there is a pool of secondary educated women. They are also vertically constrained in that they are unlikely to cater to the secondary levels in rural areas, at least until there is an increase in the supply of potential teachers with the required skills and educational levels
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in the Middle East and North Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In this paper, authors examine the political economy and consequences of industrial policy in the MENA region. How can the features of MENA's industrial policy be explained? And what accounts for the fact that, against world trends, industrial policies in MENA countries didn't followed the evolutionary path of industrial policies of other countries? Unlike in many other regions, industrial policy in MENA developed within the context of the region's strong 'social contract' between the government and its people. Although industrial development was an objective, it at times took a backseat to the more important goals of social transformation and economic redistribution, which influenced not only the types and success of industrial policies adopted, but also critically influenced the balance of power among interest groups. Section two of the paper provides the theoretical framework for understanding the experience with industrial policy. Starting with a brief survey of the arguments used to justify industrial policy interventions, and drawing on various strands of the literature it provides a review of the various mechanisms and arguments which help understand the factors which determine the emergence and type of industrial policies observed and how they change. Using this framework section three reviews the experience of MENA countries during the 1950s to the 1970s and the emergence of state-dominated vertical industrial policy, where traditional/sector selective and sector specific policies have been used extensively. Section four attempts to explain the failure for industrial policy to change during the 1980s and 1990s. While the developing world has moved toward more market oriented policies and production systems that are dominated by the private sector and rely on market signals, MENA has maintained much of the old style industrial policies and high state intervention in the economy that characterized much of the developing world in the past. The final section five makes concluding remarks on the likely directions of industrial policy in the region. As internal and external forces shape the way industrial policies can be used in the globalized economy, the MENA region's old style of industrial policy will need to adjust. The ultimate path of change will be determined greatly by each country's initial conditions and individual political economy factors
    DOI: 10.1596/28426
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Investment Climate in Brazil, India, and South Africa : A Contribution to the IBSA Debate (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This analysis demonstrate ...
    DOI: 10.1596/28082
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Is Effective Aid? : How Would Donors Allocate It? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles What Is Effective Aid?
    Keywords: Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There are significant weaknesses in some of the traditional justifications for assuming that aid will foster development. This paper looks at what the cross-country aid effectiveness literature and World Bank Operations Evaluation Department reviews have suggested about effective aid, first in terms of promoting income growth, and then for promoting other goals. This review forms the basis for a discussion of recommendations to improve aid effectiveness and a discussion of effective aid allocation. Given the multiple potential objectives for aid, there is no one right answer. However, it appears that there are a number of reforms to aid practices and distribution that might help to deliver a more significant return to aid resources. We should provide aid where institutions are already strong, where they can be strengthened with the help of donor resources, or where they can be bypassed with limited damage to existing institutional capacity. The importance of institutions to aid outcomes, as well as the fungibility of aid flows, suggests that programmatic aid should be expanded in countries with strong institutions, while project aid should be supported based on its ability to transfer knowledge and test new practices and support global public good provision rather than (merely) as a tool of financial resource transfer. The importance of institutions also suggests that we should be cautious in our expectations regarding the results of increased aid flows
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Azerbaijan's Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality Is So Low (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Azerbaijan's Household Survey Data
    Keywords: Consumption ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Consumption ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Consumption ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Consumption ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Consumption ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Consumption ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping
    Abstract: While the Azerbaijan household income and expenditure survey (HIES) data satisfy most empirical regularities expected in a typical household survey data, the unequality measures based on the data are unusually low. For example, for the latest three years for which we have data (2002 - 2004), the consumption Gini coefficient (the commonly used summary measure of inequality) is in the range of 16 - 18 percent. This is among the lowest Gini coefficients ever observed in any country, and is extremely low even with the standard of countries generally considered as most equal in the world. Azerbaijan, a transitional economy with a significant natural resource base, is unlikely to be the most equal country in the world. The objective of this paper is to investigate why inequality measures are unusually low in the Azerbaijan household survey data. The author presents a methodology for diagnosing and identifying the potential sources of low inequality in the data, including cluster analysis at the primary sampling unit level. The main inference from the findings of the cluster analysis is that the observed low inequality indices are not due to poor supervision of the interviewers and the data collection process. The author finds that the main culprits for the observed low inequality in the HIES data are (1) the low participation rates of wealthy households in the household surveys, and (2) the widespread availability of well-targeted public and private transfers
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Agriculture In Poverty Reduction An Empirical Perspective (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc The Role of Agriculture In Poverty Reduction An Empirical Perspective
    Keywords: Agricultural Development ; Agricultural Growth ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Productivity Growth ; Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Technology ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Development ; Agricultural Growth ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Productivity Growth ; Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Technology ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Development ; Agricultural Growth ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Productivity Growth ; Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Technology ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The relative contribution of a sector to poverty reduction is shown to depend on its direct and indirect growth effects as well as its participation effect. The paper assesses how these effects compare between agriculture and non-agriculture by reviewing the literature and by analyzing cross-country national accounts and poverty data from household surveys. Special attention is given to Sub-Saharan Africa. While the direct growth effect of agriculture on poverty reduction is likely to be smaller than that of non-agriculture (though not because of inherently inferior productivity growth), the indirect growth effect of agriculture (through its linkages with nonagriculture) appears substantial and at least as large as the reverse feedback effect. The poor participate much more in growth in the agricultural sector, especially in low-income countries, resulting in much larger poverty reduction impact. Together, these findings support the overall premise that enhancing agricultural productivity is the critical entry-point in designing effective poverty reduction strategies, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, to maximize the poverty reducing effects, the right agricultural technology and investments must be pursued, underscoring the need for much more country specific analysis of the structure and institutional organization of the rural economy in designing poverty reduction strategies
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Subsidized Health Programs In Armenia Increase Utilization Among The Poor? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Angel-Urdinola, Diego F Do Subsidized Health Programs In Armenia Increase Utilization Among The Poor?
    Keywords: Children ; Families ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Medicines ; Migration ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nurses ; Outpatient Care ; Children ; Families ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Medicines ; Migration ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nurses ; Outpatient Care ; Children ; Families ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Medicines ; Migration ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nurses ; Outpatient Care
    Abstract: This article analyzes the extent to which the Basic Benefit Package (BBP), a subsidized health program in Armenia, increases utilization and affordability of outpatient health care among the poor. The authors find that beneficiaries of the BBP pay approximately 45 percent less in fees for doctor visits (and display 36 percent higher outpatient utilization rates) than eligible users not receiving the BBP. However, even among BBP beneficiaries the level of outpatient health care utilization remains low. This occurs because the program mainly provides discounted fees for doctor visits, but fees do not constitute the main financial constraint for users. The authors estimate suggest that other non-fee expenditures, such as prescription medicines, constitute a more significant financial constraint and are not subsidized by the BBP. As a result, outpatient health care remains expensive even for BBP beneficiaries
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  • 15
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    A Profile of The World's Young Developing Country Migrants (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David J A Profile of The World's Young Developing Country Migrants
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Country of Origin ; Culture & Development ; Developing Countries ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Internal Migration ; Labor Force ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Movement of People ; Policy ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Country of Origin ; Culture & Development ; Developing Countries ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Internal Migration ; Labor Force ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Movement of People ; Policy ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Country of Origin ; Culture & Development ; Developing Countries ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Internal Migration ; Labor Force ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Movement of People ; Policy ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: The paper uses individual level census and household survey data to present a rich profile of the young developing migrants around the world. Youth are found to comprise a large share of all migrants, particularly in migration to other developing countries, with the probability of migration peaking in the late teens or early twenties. The paper examines in detail the age and gender composition of migrants, whether young migrants move alone or with a parent or spouse, their participation in schooling and work in the destination country, the types of jobs they do, and the age of return migration. The results suggest a high degree of commonality in the youth migrant experience across a number of destination countries. In particular, developing country youth tend to work in similar occupations all around the world, and are more concentrated in these occupations than older migrants or native youth. Nevertheless, there is also considerable heterogeneity among youth migrants: 29 percent of 18 to 24 year olds are attending school in their destination country, but another 29 percent are not working or in school. This illustrates both the potential of migration for building human capital, and the fear that lack of integration prevents it from being used
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  • 16
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    The Clean Energy Challenge (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that a key goal of the World Bank is supporting developing countries in meeting their energy demands, and helping poor people escape from poverty, and doing so with a smaller environmental footprint. It is important to build a strong partnership between rich countries and developing countries. He talked about Brazil producing ethanol on an enormous scale and with exceptional efficiency where ethanol prices have been steadily coming down in Brazilian industry, when global energy prices have been coming up. He noted the need to remove unnecessary trade obstacles that make bio fuels less competitive. He concluded by saying that the goal of World Bank's new Investment Framework for Clean Energy and Development is to provide advice, technical assistance, and investment programs to help the partner countries meet the energy challenges while protecting the natural environment
    DOI: 10.1596/24891
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  • 17
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    Path to Prosperity (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Singapore's remarkable progress along the road from poverty to prosperity which has also been discovered by many other countries in East Asia and around the world. He spoke of how each country must find its own path for people to pursue the same dreams of the chance to go to school, the security of a good job, and the ability to provide a better future for their children. Throughout the world, and importantly in the developing world, there is a growing recognition that the path to prosperity must be built on a solid foundation of good governance. Rich countries that have a vital responsibility in the fight against corruption and the need to take action against bribe givers who often come from their countries and to help the developing country partners recover stolen assets. He concluded by saying that the Bank's mission is to help pave the way for the poor by giving them opportunity to work, so that they can take control of their own destiny
    DOI: 10.1596/24894
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  • 18
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    Africa : The Road to Opportunity (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the past-quarter century has to count as the most successful 25 years in history in the fight against poverty. The one region that has so far been conspicuously left behind by that progress is Sub-Saharan Africa. The people of Africa are hard at work building a more hopeful future for their continent. There is no shortage of energy, ambition, or entrepreneurial spirit. What are most severely lacking are resources to support good plans and good ideas. For Africa and the poorest countries in the world a critical source of development funding comes from the International Development Association or IDA. France has been a leader in IDA in the past. The World Bank has responded with an 'Africa Action Plan.' Wolfowitz briefly discussed four key areas of focus: Education, Health, Private Sector Development, and Infrastructure
    DOI: 10.1596/24911
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  • 19
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    The Demographic Benefit of International Migration : Hypothesis And Application To The Middle Eastern And North African Contexts (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fargues, Philippe The Demographic Benefit of International Migration
    Keywords: Birth Rates ; Country of Origin ; Demographic Change ; Demographic Pressures ; Demographic Transition ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Countries ; International Migrants ; International Migration ; Marriage ; Population Policies ; Birth Rates ; Country of Origin ; Demographic Change ; Demographic Pressures ; Demographic Transition ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Countries ; International Migrants ; International Migration ; Marriage ; Population Policies ; Birth Rates ; Country of Origin ; Demographic Change ; Demographic Pressures ; Demographic Transition ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Countries ; International Migrants ; International Migration ; Marriage ; Population Policies
    Abstract: The view that international migration has no impact on the size of world population is a sensible one. But the author argues, migration from developing to more industrial countries during the past decades may have resulted in a smaller world population than the one which would have been attained had no international migration taken place for two reasons: most of recent migration has been from high to low birth-rate countries, and migrants typically adopt and send back to their home countries models and ideas that prevail in host countries. Thus, migrants are potential agents of the diffusion of demographic modernity, that is, the reduction of birth rates among nonmigrant communities left behind in origin countries. This hypothesis is tested with data from Morocco and Turkey where most emigrants are bound for the West, and Egypt where they are bound for the Gulf. The demographic differentials encountered through migration in these three countries offer contrasted situations-host countries are either more (the West) or less (the Gulf) advanced in their demographic transition than the home country. Assuming migration changes the course of demographic transition in origin countries, the author posits that it should work in two opposite directions-speeding it up in Morocco and Turkey and slowing it down in Egypt. Empirical evidence confirms this hypothesis. Time series of birth rates and migrant remittances (reflecting the intensity of the relationship kept by emigrants with their home country) are strongly correlated with each other. Correlation is negative for Morocco and Turkey, and positive for Egypt. This suggests that Moroccan and Turkish emigration to Europe has been accompanied by a fundamental change of attitudes regarding marriage and birth, while Egyptian migration to the Gulf has not brought home innovative attitudes in this domain, but rather material resources for the achievement of traditional family goals. Other data suggest that emigration has fostered education in Morocco and Turkey but not in Egypt. And as has been found in the literature, education is the single most important determinant of demographic transition among nonmigrant populations in migrants' regions of origin. Two broader conclusions are drawn. First, the acceleration of the demographic transition in Morocco and Turkey is correlated with migration to Europe, a region where low birth-rates is the dominant pattern. This suggests that international migration may have produced a global demographic benefit under the form of a relaxation of demographic pressures for the world as a whole. Second, if it turns out that emigrants are conveyors of new ideas in matters related with family and education, then the same may apply to a wider range of civil behavior
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  • 20
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    Inclusive Education : Contributions from an Experience in Uruguay (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This report describes an experience, developed jointly by the Uruguayan National Department of Public Education (ANEP) and the World Bank, of the implementation of an Inclusive Education component. The goal is to demonstrate a concrete example of what countries can do to implement such inclusive education in practice, within the framework of strategies proposed by the "Education for All" initiative and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).This document does not attempt to provide either details of the conceptual framework or political arguments for setting the international guidelines of inclusive education programs, but rather responds to the demand for practical examples that illustrate an operational strategy. One of the promising characteristics of the Uruguayan experience with the implementation of the Inclusive Education component was that it did not require additional programs or resources; rather, the process was incorporated as a new tool within an overall strategy for improving the quality of education in the country.Although the fact that the component has only recently been implemented (2003) prevents an exhaustive study of its results and impact thus far, publicizing the experience internationally is justifieddue to the need for documentation of actual experiences developed on a national scale. It is hoped that this will allow the public to envisage models for the implementation of inclusive education
    DOI: 10.1596/29571
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  • 21
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    Contagion And Firms' Internationalization In Latin America : Evidence From Mexico, Brazil, And Chile (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sakho, Yaye Seynabou Contagion And Firms' Internationalization In Latin America
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Capital Market ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Contagion ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Information Asymmetry ; International ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Market ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Contagion ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Information Asymmetry ; International ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Market ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Contagion ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Information Asymmetry ; International ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The author investigates whether contagion matters when emerging market firms cross-list their stocks in a developed capital market. She develops a rational expectations model where financial markets are segmented along emerging markets' borders and contagion spreads from one emerging market to another through the actions of international investors rebalancing their portfolio using stocks cross-listed in the developed market. The author finds that contagion is a cost of internationalization as cross-listed stocks are more affected by contagion than pure domestic stocks. Furthermore, a welfare analysis of international cross-listing versus financial autarky suggests that the benefits of internationalization in terms of less information asymmetry and better market efficiency offset the costs of contagion. Her model is able to explain some transmission of the 1998 Brazilian crisis to Mexico and Chile
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  • 22
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    Compendium of Economic and Trade Indicators by Region, 1960 to 2004 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agricultural Workers ; Agriculture ; GDP ; High-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population
    Abstract: This compilation of data is prepared as a companion to the Bank's research project on distortions to agricultural incentives. Its purpose is to provide comparative basic economic and trade indicators for the countries involved as case studies in that project. The project is global in coverage, and is sub-divided into five groups: Africa, Asia, Europe and Central Asia's Transition Economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, and high-income countries. The present compendium is divided into seven main sections. The first one includes data on high income countries which are compared with three aggregates for developing countries. Sections two through five focuses indeed specifically on one of the four regional groups and compare data for the case study countries with various aggregates of studied and not studied countries. Due to the very limited data availability several countries have not been included in the compendium. Finally, section six and seven include estimates of trade distortions, and sectoral shares of value added and household expenditures for all the studied countries and several regional aggregates
    DOI: 10.1596/37165
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  • 23
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    The Fiscal Framework And Urban Infrastructure Finance In China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ming Su The Fiscal Framework And Urban Infrastructure Finance In China
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics
    Abstract: China has experienced more than 25 years of extraordinary economic growth. Underlying this growth has been a decentralized fiscal system, in which provinces and large cities are given the freedom to make infrastructure investments to stimulate local development, and are allowed to retain a large part of the fiscal revenues that are generated from economic activity. Although successful as a growth strategy, this policy created two problems for national fiscal management. First, it significantly reduced the central government's share of fiscal revenues, which fell from 34.8 percent in 1980 to 22 percent in 1992. Second, it widened economic and fiscal disparities between the rapidly growing urban coastal region and the rest of the country. Rapid growth in subnational debt (which rose 23-fold in a decade) and subnational nonperforming loans (estimated by the authors to range between US
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  • 24
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    The Investment Climate In Post-Conflict Situations (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mills, Rob The Investment Climate In Post-Conflict Situations
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Capacity Enhancement ; Conflict and Development ; Contract ; Contract Enforcement ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Enabling Environment ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good ; International Economics ; Investment ; Investment Climate ; Labor Markets ; Local Capacity ; Macroeconomic ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Bank Policy ; Capacity Enhancement ; Conflict and Development ; Contract ; Contract Enforcement ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Enabling Environment ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good ; International Economics ; Investment ; Investment Climate ; Labor Markets ; Local Capacity ; Macroeconomic ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Bank Policy ; Capacity Enhancement ; Conflict and Development ; Contract ; Contract Enforcement ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Enabling Environment ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good ; International Economics ; Investment ; Investment Climate ; Labor Markets ; Local Capacity ; Macroeconomic ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: This paper is a policy review of the role of investment climate in post-conflict situations. It summarizes the broad range of ways in which conflict negatively affects the investment climate, from macroeconomic instability to a degraded regulatory framework. It stresses that attention needs to be paid to the broader "enabling environment," including institutions, governance, capacity, and social capital. It suggests that a vibrant private sector underpinned by a good investment climate is particularly important in the post-conflict recovery phase for three reasons: it generates employment, provides public services where the state has retrenched, and builds social capital. By addressing these important "greed and grievance" factors, the private sector helps reduce the likelihood of a return to conflict. The paper concludes by distilling key lessons relating to the management of the post-conflict reform process. Despite the importance of a good investment climate, greater effort is needed to ensure that private sector development reforms are included in the first round of post-conflict policymaking. Local ownership of reforms and enhanced local capacity to implement them is key to sustainable improvements in the investment climate. Development partners have an important role to play in facilitating dialogue and promoting partnerships between public and private sector stakeholders. At the same time, development partners need to ensure that their presence in fragile post-conflict economies does not damage the very sector they are trying to support
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  • 25
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    Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (61 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hertel, Thomas W Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries
    Keywords: Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Rich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. The authors' findings reject this claim. The analysis uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the United States, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protect U.S. large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization
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  • 26
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    Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stifel, David Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Following the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals, there is an increasing demand for methods to track poverty regularly. This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of regular, comparable data on household consumption. The minimum data requirements for the methodology are the availability of a household budget survey and a series of surveys with a comparable set of asset data also contained in the budget survey. The methodology is illustrated using a series of Demographic Health Surveys from Kenya
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  • 27
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    Group Versus Individual Liability : A Field Experiment In The Philippines (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Group Versus Individual Liability
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power ; Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power ; Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power
    Abstract: Group liability is often portrayed as the key innovation that led to the explosion of the microcredit movement, which started with the Grameen Bank in the 1970s and continues on today with hundreds of institutions around the world. Group lending claims to improve repayment rates and lower transaction costs when lending to the poor by providing incentives for peers to screen, monitor, and enforce each other's loans. However, some argue that group liability creates excessive pressure and discourages good clients from borrowing, jeopardizing both growth and sustainability. Therefore, it remains unclear whether group liability improves the lender's overall profitability and the poor's access to financial markets. The authors worked with a bank in the Philippines to conduct a field experiment to examine these issues. They randomly assigned half of the 169 pre-existing group liability 'centers' of approximately twenty women to individual-liability centers (treatment) and kept the other half as-is with group liability (control). We find that the conversion to individual liability does not affect the repayment rate, and leads to higher growth in center size by attracting new clients
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  • 28
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    Deposit Insurance And Banking Reform In Russia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Camara, Modibo K Deposit Insurance And Banking Reform In Russia
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is not to review the pros and cons of deposit insurance systems, but to focus, rather narrowly, on the recent adoption of a deposit insurance system (DIS) in Russia, the rationale offered, and the potential impact it might have on the stability and development of the Russian banking system. An attempt is made to draw some lessons from the implementation experience in Russia. The paper starts with a brief description of the Russian DIS, followed by an overview of the banking system's structure and some observations on the sequencing followed for adopting the DIS and the political economy of its adoption. It concludes with a discussion of areas requiring attention
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  • 29
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    The Impact of Policies To Control Motor Vehicle Emissions In Mumbai, India (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Takeuchi, Akie The Impact of Policies To Control Motor Vehicle Emissions In Mumbai, India
    Keywords: Air ; Air Pollution ; Bus ; Bus Fares ; Bus System ; Buses ; Cars ; Diesel ; Diesel Buses ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Emissions ; Passenger Transport ; Policies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Air Pollution ; Bus ; Bus Fares ; Bus System ; Buses ; Cars ; Diesel ; Diesel Buses ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Emissions ; Passenger Transport ; Policies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Air Pollution ; Bus ; Bus Fares ; Bus System ; Buses ; Cars ; Diesel ; Diesel Buses ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Emissions ; Passenger Transport ; Policies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of measures to reduce emissions from passenger transport, specifically buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai. These include converting diesel buses to compressed natural gas (CNG), as the Indian Supreme Court required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in bus fares to cover the cost of pollution controls. The authors model an increase in the price of gasoline, which should affect the ownership and use of cars and two-wheelers, as well as imposing a license fee on cars to retard growth in car ownership. The impact of each policy on emissions depends not only on how the policy affects the mode that is regulated, but on shifts to other modes. The results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles-in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 (particulate matter that measure less than or equal to 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) reduced-is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 a year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport. The bus conversion program passes the cost-benefit test. In contrast, the results suggest the elasticities of emissions from transport with respect to a gasoline tax and a tax on vehicle ownership are -0.04 and -0.10 respectively. As a consequence, it would take substantial increases in the gasoline tax or vehicle ownership tax to produce reductions in emissions similar to the bus conversion program. These results, however, reflect the low shares of cars and two-wheelers in the Mumbai emissions inventory and need not apply to cities, such as Delhi, where these shares are higher
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  • 30
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    Jointness In Bayesian Variable Selection With Applications To Growth Regression (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (17 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ley, Eduardo Jointness In Bayesian Variable Selection With Applications To Growth Regression
    Keywords: Arts and Music ; Calibration ; Climate Change ; Counting ; Covariance ; Culture & Development ; Data ; Econometrics ; Economic ; Educational Technology and Distance Learning ; Environment ; Evaluation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Indicators ; Information Security and Privacy ; Less ; Linear Regression ; Logarithms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Matrix ; Poverty Reduction ; Precision ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Probab ; Probabilities ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Arts and Music ; Calibration ; Climate Change ; Counting ; Covariance ; Culture & Development ; Data ; Econometrics ; Economic ; Educational Technology and Distance Learning ; Environment ; Evaluation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Indicators ; Information Security and Privacy ; Less ; Linear Regression ; Logarithms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Matrix ; Poverty Reduction ; Precision ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Probab ; Probabilities ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Arts and Music ; Calibration ; Climate Change ; Counting ; Covariance ; Culture & Development ; Data ; Econometrics ; Economic ; Educational Technology and Distance Learning ; Environment ; Evaluation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Indicators ; Information Security and Privacy ; Less ; Linear Regression ; Logarithms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Matrix ; Poverty Reduction ; Precision ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Probab ; Probabilities ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: The authors present a measure of jointness to explore dependence among regressors in the context of Bayesian model selection. The jointness measure they propose equals the posterior odds ratio between those models that include a set of variables and the models that only include proper subsets. They show its application in cross-country growth regressions using two data-sets from the model-averaging growth literature
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  • 31
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    How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ? : Evidence From Around The World (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fares, Jean How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ?
    Keywords: Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper uses a new standardized micro database for a large set of developing countries to (1) describe the patterns of labor market outcomes for youth, and (2) explain the contributions of supply and demand factors to youth outcomes. The paper shows that youth face various difficulties in transitioning to work. This is reflected in their relatively higher unemployment rate, higher incidence of low paying or unpaid work, and a large share of youth who are neither working nor in school. This is especially true for young girls who are found outside the labor market, some engaged in home production. Finally, the paper also finds that cross-country estimates show that changes in the youth relative cohort size is unlikely to have a large effect on how youth are faring in the labor market
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  • 32
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    Trade Reforms And Welfare : An Ex-Post Decomposition of Income In Vietnam (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin Trade Reforms And Welfare
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully
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  • 33
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    Corporate Governance And Stakeholders' Financial Interests In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance And Stakeholders' Financial Interests In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Account Holders ; Accounting ; Accounting Standards ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Accounting Standards ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Accounting Standards ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the corporate governance arrangements of institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) aimed at protecting stakeholders' financial interests. Many IIFS corporate governance issues are common with those of their conventional counterparts. Others are distinctive. In particular they offer unrestricted investment accounts that share risks with shareholders but without a voting right. This paper first reviews internal and external arrangements put in place by IIFS to protect stakeholders' financial interests. It discusses shortcomings notably in terms of potential conflict of interest between shareholders and holders of unrestricted investment accounts. It then suggests a corporate governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements to provide safeguards to unrestricted investment account holders without overburdening IIFS' financial performance. The paper uses a review of 13 IIFS and regulatory information from countries where IIFS have developed the most
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  • 34
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    An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (98 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lindbeck, Assar An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs. The author also studies the consequences of the economic reforms for the previous social arrangements in the country, which were tied to individual work units-agriculture communes, collective firms, and state-owned enterprises. He continues with the social development during the reform period, reflecting a complex mix of social advances, mainly in terms of poverty reduction, and regresses for large population groups in terms of income security and human services, such as education and, in particular, health care. Next, the author discusses China's future policy options in the social field, whereby he draws heavily on relevant experiences in industrial countries over the years. The future options are classified into three broad categories: policies influencing the level and distribution of factor income, income transfers including social insurance, and the provision of human services
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  • 35
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    Access To Financial Services In Zambia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de Luna Martinez, Jose Access To Financial Services In Zambia
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Despite the deep financial sector reforms undertaken in Zambia in the early 1990s, the expected benefits of establishing a market-based banking system has not materialized. In 2005 the banking system continued to be small and underdeveloped. Credit to the private sector by banks represented only 8 percent of GDP in 2005, which is slightly lower than the level registered in 1990. As in the early 1990s, only large corporations and a few small- and medium-size enterprises have access to credit in 2006. Moreover, less than 8 percent of Zambia's adult population had a bank account in 2005. And despite the open door policy to foreign financial institutions, which has been in place since Zambia's independence, only a few new banking products have been introduced by foreign banks to serve the needs of households and firms. This paper analyzes the factors that have prevented the development of a large and inclusive banking system in Zambia and highlights possible actions that may help improve access to finance in Zambia in both the short and long terms
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  • 36
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    Beyond Trade : The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements On Foreign Direct Investment Inflows (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (66 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Beyond Trade
    Keywords: Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on the net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows of member countries using a comprehensive database of PTAs in a panel setting. He finds that PTA membership is associated with a positive change in net FDI inflows, and the FDI gains are increasing in the market size of the PTA partners and their proximity to the host country. The author identifies several different channels through which preferential trade liberalization may affect FDI, and confirms that both threshold effects (signing the agreement) and market size effects (joining a larger and faster-growing common market) are important determinants of net FDI inflows, although the latter seem to dominate. The estimated relationship is largely driven by North-South PTAs, and is most pronounced in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the period when the majority of "deep integration" PTAs had been advanced
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  • 37
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    Partially Awakened Giants : Uneven Growth In China And India (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chaudhuri, Shubham Partially Awakened Giants
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper examines the ways in which recent economic growth has been uneven in China and India and what this has meant for inequality and poverty. Drawing on analyses based on existing household survey data and aggregate data from official sources, the authors show that growth has indeed been uneven-geographically, sectorally, and at the household level-and that this has meant uneven progress against poverty, less poverty reduction than might have been achieved had growth been more balanced, and an increase in income inequality. The paper then examines why growth was uneven and why this should be of concern. The discussion is structured around the idea that there are both "good" and "bad" inequalities-drivers and dimensions of inequality and uneven growth that are good or bad in terms of what they imply for both equity and long-term growth and development. The authors argue that the development paths of both China and India have been influenced by, and have generated, both types of inequalities and that while good inequalities-most notably those that reflect the role of economic incentives-have been critical to the growth experience thus far, there is a risk that bad inequalities-those that prevent individuals from connecting to markets and limit investment and accumulation of human capital and physical capital-may undermine the sustainability of growth in the coming years. The authors argue that policies are needed that preserve the good inequalities-continued incentives for innovation and investment-but reduce the scope for bad ones, notably through investments in human capital and rural infrastructure that help the poor connect to markets
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  • 38
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    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 3. Application To Water Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Parrachino, Irene Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: This paper reviews various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of water resources. With an increase in the competition over various water resources, the incidents of disputes have been in the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of various water uses, such as multi-objective water projects, irrigation, groundwater, hydropower, urban water supply, wastewater, and transboundary water disputes. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce water resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. In particular, the various approaches for cost sharing and for allocation of physical water infrastructure and flow can serve as a basis for stable and efficient agreement, such that long-term investments in water projects are profitable and sustainable. The latter point is especially important, given recent developments in water policy in various countries and regional institutions such as the European Union (Water Framework Directive), calling for full cost recovery of investments and operation and maintenance in water projects. The CGT approaches discussed and demonstrated in this paper can provide a solid basis for finding possible and stable cost-sharing arrangements
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  • 39
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    Informality Trends And Cycles (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V Informality Trends And Cycles
    Keywords: Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper studies the trends and cycles of informal employment. It first presents a theoretical model where the size of informal employment is determined by the relative costs and benefits of informality and the distribution of workers' skills. In the long run, informal employment varies with the trends in these variables, and in the short run it reacts to accommodate transient shocks and to close the gap that separates it from its trend level. The paper then uses an error-correction framework to examine empirically informality's long- and short-run relationships. For this purpose, it uses country-level data at annual frequency for a sample of industrial and developing countries, with the share of self-employment in the labor force as the proxy for informal employment. The paper finds that, in the long run, informality is larger in countries that have lower GDP per capita and impose more costs to formal firms in the form of more rigid business regulations, less valuable police and judicial services, and weaker monitoring of informality. In the short run, informal employment is found to be counter-cyclical for the majority of countries, with the degree of counter-cyclicality being lower in countries with larger informal employment and better police and judicial services. Moreover, informal employment follows a stable, trend-reverting process. These results are robust to changes in the sample and to the influence of outliers, even when only developing countries are considered in the analysis
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  • 40
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    Patient Satisfaction, Doctor Effort, And Interview Location : Evidence From Paraguay (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das, Jishnu Patient Satisfaction, Doctor Effort, And Interview Location
    Keywords: Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation ; Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation ; Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation
    Abstract: To examine the relationship between patient satisfaction and doctor performance, the authors observed 2,271 interactions between 292 doctors and their patients in 98 clinics and hospitals in Paraguay and conducted an exit-survey with the same patients as they left the clinic. For a subsample of 64 facilities they also interviewed patients who visited the facility within the last week. There are three patterns in the data: (1) Patient satisfaction is positively correlated with doctor effort, measured as a combination of time spent, questions asked, and examinations performed after controlling for observed doctor and patient characteristics; (2) However, accounting for unobserved doctor characteristics dramatically reduces the level of significance and size of correlation between effort and satisfaction, showing that much of the positive relationship is driven by these unobserved doctor-specific factors; and (3) Reported satisfaction is significantly lower for patients interviewed at home compared with those interviewed at the clinic. This leads the authors to conclude that even if patient satisfaction reflects some aspects of the doctor's performance, unobserved heterogeneity combined with survey biases limit the widespread applicability of patient satisfaction as an indicator of doctor performance
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  • 41
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    An Assessment of Reform Options For The Public Service Pension Fund In Uganda (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (108 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogomolova, Tatiana An Assessment of Reform Options For The Public Service Pension Fund In Uganda
    Keywords: Bank ; Capital Market ; Contribution ; Contribution Scheme ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Economist ; Financial Literacy ; Insurance ; Liabilities ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Capital Market ; Contribution ; Contribution Scheme ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Economist ; Financial Literacy ; Insurance ; Liabilities ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Capital Market ; Contribution ; Contribution Scheme ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Economist ; Financial Literacy ; Insurance ; Liabilities ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the future liabilities that the Ugandan Public Service Pensions Fund might accumulate under the provisions of the Pensions Act (CAP 286) unless it is reformed. It then discusses alternative reform options that can be used in designing an educated homegrown reform of the fund. The paper supports a hybrid (two-pillar) reform option composed of a small defined benefit scheme and a complementary defined contribution scheme, instead of a pure defined contribution (monopillar) reform option discussed by policymakers in the country. The main reason for this is related to the fact that hybrid and pure defined contribution reforms will have the same impact on reducing pension expenditure (for the same grandfathering rules and surplus in the first pillar). In addition, everything else being equal, the hybrid reform is likely to produce higher average replacement rates due to the redistributive and pooling properties of the small defined benefit pillar
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  • 42
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    Road Network Upgrading And Overland Trade Expansion In Sub-Saharan Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Buys, Piet Road Network Upgrading And Overland Trade Expansion In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Bridge ; Costs ; Heavy Trucks ; High Transport ; Highway ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Planning ; Initiatives ; Journey ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Bridge ; Costs ; Heavy Trucks ; High Transport ; Highway ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Planning ; Initiatives ; Journey ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Bridge ; Costs ; Heavy Trucks ; High Transport ; Highway ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Planning ; Initiatives ; Journey ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that isolation from regional and international markets has contributed significantly to poverty in many Sub-Saharan African countries. Numerous empirical studies identify poor transport infrastructure and border restrictions as significant deterrents to trade expansion. In response, the African Development Bank has proposed an integrated network of functional roads for the subcontinent. Drawing on new econometric results, the authors quantify the trade-expansion potential and costs of such a network. They use spatial network analysis techniques to identify a network of primary roads connecting all Sub-Saharan capitals and other cities with populations over 500,000. The authors estimate current overland trade flows in the network using econometrically-estimated gravity model parameters, road transport quality indicators, actual road distances, and estimates of economic scale for cities in the network. Then they simulate the effect of feasible continental upgrading by setting network transport quality at a level that is functional, but less highly developed than existing roads in countries like South Africa and Botswana. The authors assess the costs of upgrading with econometric evidence from a large World Bank database of road project costs in Africa. Using a standard approach to forecast error estimation, they derive a range of potential benefits and costs. Their baseline results indicate that continental network upgrading would expand overland trade by about
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  • 43
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    The Little Data Book on Africa 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821367048 , 9780821367056 , 9780821367049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (124 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Indicators
    DDC: 338.96
    Keywords: Economic indicators ; Social indicators ; Africa Statistics Social conditions 1960- ; Africa Statistics Economic conditions 1960-
    Abstract: A pocket-sized reference on key development data for over 50 countries in Africa, this book provides profiles of each country with 54 development indicators about people, environment, economy, technology, infrastructure, trade and finance. A must have for anyone interested in today's development challenges in sub-Saharan Africa
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  • 44
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    Foreign Aid : Challenges and Opportunities (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Africa's challenge to unleash the energy of the people, and give people the opportunity to improve their lives themselves. He talked about the challenge of corruption. He appreciated Africa for improving policies to make it easier for new businesses to take off and for businesses that are established to expand. Africans are taking a lead in helping their continent turn the corner, and donors are raising the bar for development assistance to try to ensure that every dollar is used to create a healthier, better-educated, more prosperous Africa. Governance is taken seriously, with performance-based aid strengthening anti-corruption efforts
    DOI: 10.1596/24892
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  • 45
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    Transparency in Extractive Industries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed the fight against poverty during the last 20 years, during which East Asian countries have made progress, but Sub-Saharan African poverty has doubled. Oil revenues far exceed official development assistance. Yet for some countries it has been more of a curse than a blessing. Corruption and waste has led to distorted economies and demoralized societies in which government power has become an object of plunder leading to civil war and social chaos. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) aims to improve governance in resource-rich countries through disclosure and verification of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas, and mining. It focuses on transparency, which is one important aspect of governance-but it is an important step towards transforming resources into real development impact, to real effect on the lives of the poor. He spoke about EITI process still facing many challenges ahead. If EITI is to succeed, it must engage every group that has a stake in the country's future. EITI process requires governments to significantly increase their capacity while coping with other pressing demands. Making EITI succeed means going beyond just EITI in making revenues more transparent. We need to begin a vigorous effort in the area of helping countries recover stolen assets. For most countries EI revenues by themselves will not be enough by themselves to guarantee higher living standards for all citizens. We must do everything we can to help these countries transform their wealth into a brighter future for every citizen
    DOI: 10.1596/24896
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  • 46
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    Parliaments and Poverty in Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, reminded participants that it is important to remember the more than 1 billion people worldwide struggling to survive on less than USD 1 a day. Fighting the scourge of poverty is at the heart of the World Bank Group's mission. The burden of debt and the disease of corruption threaten to undermine the efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Many regions of the world have made significant progress to improve living standards and reduce poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa is moving dangerously in the opposite direction. Africa's richest resource, and its best hope, is its people. But more development financing and debt relief is needed. In the long run, neither aid nor debt relief will help the poor escape poverty without a transparent and accountable government. We are seeing an informed African citizenry demanding change. The World Bank Group is committed to supporting champions of reform in both government and civil society. Partnering with parliaments from donor countries is as important as working with parliaments in recipient countries. To achieve true prosperity for our integrated planet, we must work together to help give the poorest among us the chance to find their way out of poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/24897
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  • 47
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    Roundtable Discussion on Economic Development, Georgia State, GA, December 11, 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, and Ambassador Andrew Young engaged in a roundtable discussion on economic development, moderated by Dean Bahl of Georgia State. Wolfowitz has made Africa the first priority of the Bank. There is really a chance for Africa to turn the corner. It's going to have to start with the best performers, doing what the so-called Tigers did in East Asia, showing the way for other countries. Young said you can make more money honestly in a growing economy, than you can steal in a dying economy. Wolfowitz gave examples of the turnaround in Africa. Africa needs an environment where foreign investment support and local domestic investment is even more important
    DOI: 10.1596/24900
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  • 48
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    The Demography of Youth In Developing Countries And Its Economic Implications (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (61 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lam, David The Demography of Youth In Developing Countries And Its Economic Implications
    Keywords: Changes In Fertility ; Demographic Changes ; Developing Countries ; Economic Change ; Economic Implications ; Family Resources ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Policy ; Policy Res ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Youth and Government ; Changes In Fertility ; Demographic Changes ; Developing Countries ; Economic Change ; Economic Implications ; Family Resources ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Policy ; Policy Res ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Youth and Government ; Changes In Fertility ; Demographic Changes ; Developing Countries ; Economic Change ; Economic Implications ; Family Resources ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Policy ; Policy Res ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: The number of young people is reaching unprecedented levels in most developing countries. In many countries, especially in East Asia and Latin America, youth populations are at or near their peak, and will decline in coming decades. In other countries, especially in Africa and South Asia, youth populations will continue growing for several decades. From an economic perspective, absolute numbers may be less important than the growth rate or relative size of youth cohorts. Growth rates and the ratio of youth to working-age population reached a peak in the 1970s or 1980s in most developing countries. The worst economic pressures of youth demography may have already occurred in many countries, although significant pressure will continue in Africa and South Asia
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  • 49
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    The Basic Analytics of Access To Financial Services (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten The Basic Analytics of Access To Financial Services
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Access to financial services, or rather the lack thereof, is often indiscriminately decried as a problem in many developing countries. The authors argue that the "problem of access" should rather be analyzed by identifying different demand and supply constraints. They use the concept of an access possibilities frontier, drawn for a given set of state variables, to distinguish between cases where a financial system settles below the constrained optimum, cases where this constrained optimum is too low, and-in credit services-cases where the observed outcome is excessively high. They distinguish between payment and savings services and fixed intermediation costs, on the one hand, and lending services and different sources of credit risk, on the other hand. The authors include both supply and demand side frictions that can lead to lower access. The analysis helps identify bankable and banked population, the binding constraint to close the gap between the two, and policies to prudently expand the bankable population. This new conceptual framework can inform the debate on adequate policies to expand access to financial services and can serve as the basis for an informed measurement of access
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  • 50
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    Duration of Unemployment Benefits And Quality of Post-Unemployment Jobs : Evidence From A Natural Experiment (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van Ours, Jan C Duration of Unemployment Benefits And Quality of Post-Unemployment Jobs
    Keywords: Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment ; Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment ; Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper investigates how the potential duration of unemployment benefits affects the quality of post-unemployment jobs. It takes advantage of a natural experiment introduced by a change in Slovenia's unemployment insurance law that substantially reduced the potential benefit duration. Although this reduction strongly increased job finding rates, the quality of the post-unemployment jobs remained unaffected. The paper finds that the law change had no effect on the type of contract (temporary versus permanent), the duration of the post-unemployment job, or the wage earned in the job
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  • 51
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    Migrant Networks And Foreign Direct Investment (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Javorcik, Beata S Migrant Networks And Foreign Direct Investment
    Keywords: Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies ; Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies ; Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies
    Abstract: While there exists sizeable literature documenting the importance of ethnic networks for international trade, little attention has been devoted to studying the effects of networks on foreign direct investment (FDI). The existence of ethnic networks may positively affect FDI by promoting information flows across international borders and by serving as a contract enforcement mechanism. This paper investigates the link between the presence of migrants in the United States and U.S. FDI in the migrants' countries of origin, taking into account the potential endogeneity concerns. The results suggest that U.S. FDI abroad is positively correlated with the presence of migrants from the host country. The data further indicate that the relationship between FDI and migration is driven by the presence of migrants with a college education
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  • 52
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    Corporate Governance And Shariah Compliance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance And Shariah Compliance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures
    Abstract: The structures and processes established within an institution offering Islamic financial Services (IIFS) for monitoring and evaluating Shariah compliance rely essentially on arrangements internal to the firm. By being incorporated in the institutional structure, a Shariah supervisory board (SSB) has the advantage of being close to the market. Competent, independent, and empowered to approve new Shariah-conforming instruments, an SSB can enable innovation likely to emerge within the institution. The paper reviews the issues and options facing current arrangements for ensuring Shariah compliance by IIFS. It suggests a framework that draws on internal and external arrangements to the firm and emphasizes market discipline. In issuing its fatwas, an SSB could be guided by standardized contracts and practices that could be harmonized by a self-regulatory professionals' association. A framework with the suggested internal and external features could ensure adequate consistency of interpretation and enhance the enforceability of contracts before civil courts. The review of transactions would mainly be entrusted to internal review units, which would collaborate with external auditors responsible for issuing an annual opinion on whether the institution's activities has met its Shariah requirements. This process would be sustained by reputable entities such as rating agencies, stock markets, financial media, and researchers who would channel signals to market players. This framework would enhance public understanding of the requirements of Shariah and lead to more effective options available to stakeholders to achieve improvements in Islamic financial services
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  • 53
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    East Asia Update, November 2006 : Managing Through a Global Downturn (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: Growth in Emerging East Asia is expected to reach close to 8 percent in 2006, the second strongest pace in the five year long economic expansion underway in the region since 2001. Emerging East Asia comprises Developing East Asia (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and some smaller economies) and four Newly Industrialized Economies or NIEs (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, China). The rest of this summary provides further information on the main cross-country trends and policy issues discussed in this report. Developments at the country level are discussed in the Country Sections at the back of the report, while fuller Country Briefs are available at the website associated with this report. The Special Focus in this report is on Investing in Young People in East Asia and the Pacific, a study of the lessons for East Asia from the World Bank's recent World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation
    DOI: 10.1596/33508
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  • 54
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    Republic of El Salvador Country Environmental Analysis : Improving Environmental Management to Address Trade Liberalization and Infrastructure Expansion (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: El Salvador, a small country with limited national resources, needs to grow through its main comparative advantage, which is its strong culture of competitive businesses. To do so, however, the government needs to ensure that the best affordable environmental management is in place to secure sustainable economic development. The benefits of further improvements to the environmental institutional and regulatory frameworks will be substantial not only to facilitate and sustain trade and infrastructure expansion, but in terms of preserving the natural resource base on which economic growth depends. Moreover, while DR-CAFTA is expected to bring new possibilities for investment and trade, the agreement will also raise the scrutiny and monitoring by El Salvador's trade partners regarding environmental compliance. Maintaining low compliance rates would add unnecessary friction and raise the regulatory risks for investing in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/33926
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  • 55
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    Republic of Belarus - Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision : Detailed Assessment of Compliance (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Banking Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Law and Development ; Legal Framework
    Abstract: This detailed assessment of observance with the basel core principles for effective banking supervision is the first external comprehensive assessment of the system of banking supervision in Belarus. The assessment of observance of each of the core principles follows a qualitative approach and is based on the core principles methodology document (October 1999). The assessment method consisted of examining the degree of observance of each of a principle's essential criteria and, where the assessors judged necessary, of the additional criteria. The assessment included a review of the relevant, legally non-binding instruments of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (NBRB) under the form of recommendations, the internal provisions of the NBRB, the licensing documents and the bank examination reports prepared by the NBRB, annual reports, the NBRB website, and other relevant material. The assessment is also based on the self-assessment prepared by the NBRB and discussions with staff in the banking supervision area, and with banks
    DOI: 10.1596/37386
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  • 56
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    Republic of Belarus - Transparency of Monetary Policy and Banking Supervision : Technical Note (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Autonomy ; Monetary Policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This note examines the observance by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (NBRB) of the good practices on transparency in monetary policy. The transparency analysis was based on a review of relevant laws and regulations and the International Monetary Fund (IMF s) code of good practices on transparency in monetary and financial policies without carrying out a formal principle-by-principle assessment. It was conducted as part of the joint IMF-World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) mission to Belarus that took place in November 2004. NBRB displays a satisfactory degree of transparency in formulation and implementation of its monetary policy although improvements are possible in several areas. The objectives and responsibilities of the NBRB, and the broad modalities of accountability and public dissemination of the information, are defined in the Statute of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus and the Banking Code. The monetary policy process is generally well structured and open. In several areas, however, the NBRB should further improve its monetary policy transparency and accountability practices
    DOI: 10.1596/37389
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  • 57
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    East Asia Update, March 2006 : Solid Growth, New Challenges (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: The report stipulates growth in Emerging East Asian countries eased modestly from 7.5 percent in 2004 to 6.8 percent in 2005. The slower pace of activity was most clear in the Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs), and in some of the middle income economies of South East Asia. But it was not universal. Growth accelerated in Indonesia and Vietnam, and continued at very high rates in China. In addition, while the moderation in activity in the NIEs and South East Asia occurred in the first part of 2005, activity was generally rebounding in the latter part of the year. Indeed growth for 2005 as a whole, generally turned out higher than we had expected six months ago. The prospects for 2006 also look reasonably firm, with aggregate regional growth expected to exceed 6.5 percent for a third year in a row. Global high tech demand slowed in late 2004 and early 2005, causing a downturn in tech-reliant East Asian export growth, but then rebounded strongly in the second half of the year. High oil prices clearly played a large role in moderating growth in 2005. While the report assumes that oil prices have now peaked, they are still expected to average 10 percent higher in 2006 than in 2005, so that some of the adverse impact is still likely to be playing out in 2006. Nevertheless, the real surprise has been that the highest real oil prices in more than 25 years did not inflict more serious economic damage, with growth not falling below 4 percent in any of the main economies of the region
    DOI: 10.1596/33507
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  • 58
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    Mexico - Technical Note on Industrial Organization and Competition : Pension System in Mexico (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Mexico, as many other countries in Latin America, has adopted an individual capitalization pension system. The design of these pension reforms confers the administration of pension funds to private companies. Under these schemes competition plays a key role, keeping prices low, a good quality of service, and an efficient investment allocation. However, the extent of competition in the reformed systems has been a common concern for most of the countries where it has been implemented. Moreover, when competition has been intense, like in Chile between 1994 and 1997, marketing expenses were extremely high. This outcome may not be desirable if it does not benefit future pensioners and is an unnecessary increase in costs of providing the service. The performance of competition in this industry is largely related to the demand characteristics, which is by design highly insensitive to prices, rates of return or quality of service, given that this is a compulsory product with government guarantees. Regulations in this market also significantly affect the way in which competition operates. Aiming to a better degree of competition, the private pension system's regulator in Mexico has introduced innovate rules. These regulations have focus in inducing higher demand elasticity to prices and lowering barriers to entry. This has entailed lower prices, lower profits, and the entrance of new firms. The paper is structured as follows: section A gives pension reform in Mexico; section B gives the role of the government; section C deals with the afore industry; section D is commission structure; section E gives potential barriers to entry; section F focuses on changes in regulation that promote price competition; section G gives comments on policy implications and prospects; and section H gives conclusions and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37387
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  • 59
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    Mexico Financial Sector Assessment Program Update : Technical Note on the Pension Annuity Market (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Competition ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the performance and development of the Mexican pension annuity market in Mexico that stemmed from the 1997 pension reform. The Mexican experience displays interesting characteristics that provide lessons for other countries that still need to design the decumulation phase of their newly established second pillars. At the same, time it raises some technical and policy concerns that need addressing as they could hamper, in the future, the healthy development of the market. This paper benefited from interviews with officials in the Insurance Supervisory Authority (CNSF), the Ministry of Finance (SHCP), the Pension Supervisory Authority (CONSAR), and the Social Security Institute (IMSS) as well as with management of specialized annuity companies. The paper is structured as follows: section one gives introduction; section two briefly summarizes the 1992 and 1997 pension reforms from which the pension annuity market derives; section three analyzes the evolution of the industrial organization, annuity product design and competition, the evolution of assets and liabilities and investment, as well as the regulatory framework for the aforementioned items, and the performance of the market; section four analyzes the development prospects of the market in light of the more recent 2001 and 2002 reforms of the 1997 social security law; and section five gives conclusions and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37342
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 60
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    Financial System Structure In Colombia : A Proposal For A Reform Agenda (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: De la Cruz, Javier Financial System Structure In Colombia
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The objective of this policy paper is to identify and propose high-level legal and regulatory reforms to Colombia's financial system structure that would enhance efficiency and/or mitigate risks. Five specific and four general reforms are proposed and evaluated based on their compatibility with the aforementioned objectives, ease of implementation, impact, and consistency with international practice. Potential implications for supervision and competition, as well as likely criteria for developing a carefully sequenced reform roadmap, are also highlighted
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  • 61
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    Rural Vulnerability In Serbia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Rural Vulnerability In Serbia
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future. Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature, extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70 percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than those with a significantly higher share of their income coming from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring the agricultural sector's lopsided exposure to covariate shocks in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to mobilize them in time of need
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  • 62
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    The World Trade Organization And Antidumping In Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P The World Trade Organization And Antidumping In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Since the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine the pattern of actual industrial use of antidumping in nine of the major "new user" developing countries - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. For these countries we are able to match data from two newly available sources: data on production in 28 different 3-digit ISIC industries from the Trade, Production and Protection Database to data on antidumping investigations, outcomes and imports at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product level from the Global Antidumping Database. Our econometric analysis is to estimate a two-stage model of the industry-level decision to pursue an antidumping investigation and the national government's decision of whether and how much antidumping import protection to provide. First, we find evidence consistent with the theory of endogenous trade policy: larger industries that face substantial import competition are more likely to pursue an antidumping investigation, and larger and more concentrated industries receive greater antidumping protection from imports. Second, we find that industries that use antidumping are more likely to face the changing economic conditions specified by the technical evidentiary criteria of the WTO Antidumping Agreement: industries that face rapidly falling import prices are more likely to pursue an investigation, and industries that are more susceptible to cyclical dumping due to greater capital investment expenditures and that face rapidly increasing competition from imports receive greater antidumping protection
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  • 63
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    Forgone Earnings From Smoking : Evidence For A Developing Country (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Forgone Earnings From Smoking
    Keywords: Addiction ; Aggressive ; Alcohol Consumption ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Behavior ; Children ; Health Care ; Health Effects ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Observation ; Pollution ; Public Health ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Addiction ; Aggressive ; Alcohol Consumption ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Behavior ; Children ; Health Care ; Health Effects ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Observation ; Pollution ; Public Health ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Addiction ; Aggressive ; Alcohol Consumption ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Behavior ; Children ; Health Care ; Health Effects ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Observation ; Pollution ; Public Health ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Tobacco Use and Control
    Abstract: The authors estimate the economic losses related to the negative effect of smoking on wages in a context of a developing country. Using data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Monitoring Survey, they jointly estimate a system of three equations: the smoking decision and two separate wage equations for smokers and nonsmokers. The results show that, after controlling for observed characteristics and taking into account unobserved heterogeneity in personal characteristics, smoking has a substantial negative impact on wages. On average smokers' wages are 20 percent lower than the wages of similar nonsmokers, providing strong evidence for the potential policy relevance of tobacco control initiatives for developing countries
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  • 64
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    Economic growth, education and AIDS in Kenya : a long-run analysis (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4025
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bell, Clive, 1943 - Economic growth, education and AIDS in Kenya
    Keywords: 1950-2050 ; AIDS ; Bildungspolitik ; Overlapping Generations ; Kenia ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Citizens ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Formal Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Knowledge ; Labour Market ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Citizens ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Formal Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Knowledge ; Labour Market ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Citizens ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Formal Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Knowledge ; Labour Market ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies
    Abstract: The AIDS epidemic threatens Kenya with a long wave of premature adult mortality, and thus with an enduring setback to the formation of human capital and economic growth. To investigate this possibility, the authors develop a model with three overlapping generations, calibrate it to the demographic and economic series from 1950 until 1990, and then perform simulations for the period ending in 2050 under alternative assumptions about demographic developments, including the counterfactual in which there is no epidemic. Although AIDS does not bring about a catastrophic economic collapse, it does cause large economic costs-and many deaths. Programs that subsidize post-primary education and combat the epidemic are both socially profitable-the latter strikingly so, due to its indirect effects on the expected returns to education-and a combination of the two interventions profits from a modest long-run synergy effect
    Note: Gesehen am 14.05.2021
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4025
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  • 65
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    Public Infrastructure And Growth : New Channels And Policy Implications (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Agenor, Pierre-Richard Public Infrastructure And Growth
    Keywords: Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the various channels through which public infrastructure may affect growth. In addition to the conventional productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects typically emphasized in the literature, the impact of infrastructure on investment adjustment costs, the durability of private capital, and the production of health and education services are also highlighted. Effects on health and education are well documented in a number of microeconomic studies, but macroeconomists have only recently begun to study their implications for growth. Links between health, infrastructure, and growth are illustrated in an endogenous growth model with transitional dynamics, and the optimal allocation of public expenditure is discussed. The concluding section draws implications of the analysis for the design of strategies aimed at promoting growth and reducing poverty
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  • 66
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    Forests, Biomass Use, And Poverty In Malawi (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Forests, Biomass Use, And Poverty In Malawi
    Keywords: Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Output ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farmers ; Forest Products ; Fuelwood ; Harvesting ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduct ; Wildlife Resources ; Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Output ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farmers ; Forest Products ; Fuelwood ; Harvesting ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduct ; Wildlife Resources ; Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Output ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farmers ; Forest Products ; Fuelwood ; Harvesting ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduct ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: In this paper, the authors seek to answer three questions about poverty and forests in Malawi: (1) What is the extent of biomass available for meeting the energy needs of the poor in Malawi and how is this distributed? (2) To what extent does fuelwood scarcity affect the welfare of the poor? (3) How do households cope with scarcity? In particular, do households spend more time in fuelwood collection and less time in agriculture in response to scarcity? The authors attempt to answer these questions using household and remote-sensing data. They find that 80 percent of rural poor households in Malawi are likely to benefit from an increase in biomass per hectare in their community. Rural women respond to biomass scarcity by increasing the time they spend on fuelwood collection. But the actual decrease in consumption expenditure and increase in time in fuelwood collection are small and biomass scarcity is not associated with a reduction in agricultural labor supply
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  • 67
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    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 2. Application To Natural And Environmental Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zara, Stefano Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of natural and environmental resources. With an increase in the level of competition over environmental and natural resources, the incidents of disputes have been at the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of common pool resources such as fisheries and forests, and cases of environmental pollution such as acid rain, flow, and stock pollution. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce environmental and natural resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. CGT applications to international fishery disputes are especially useful in that they have been making headway in policy-related agreements among states and regions of the world. Forest applications are more local in nature, but of great relevance in solving disputes among communities and various levels of governments
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  • 68
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    Incomplete Contracts And Investment : A Study of Land Tenancy In Pakistan (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mansuri, Ghazala Incomplete Contracts And Investment
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: When contracts are incomplete, relationship-specific investments may be underprovided due to the threat of opportunistic expropriation or holdup. The authors find evidence of such underinvestment on tenanted land in rural Pakistan. Using data from households cultivating multiple plots under different tenure arrangements, they show that land-specific investment is lower on leased plots. This result is robust to the possible effects of asymmetric information in the leasing market. Greater tenure security also increases land-specific investment on leased plots. Moreover, variation in tenure security appears to be driven largely by heterogeneity across landlords, suggesting that reputation may be important in mitigating the holdup problem
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  • 69
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    How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Olarreaga, Marcelo How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs
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  • 70
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    Empowering Parents To Improve Education : Evidence From Rural Mexico (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gertler, Paul Empowering Parents To Improve Education
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Curriculum Development ; Disability ; Disadvantaged Students ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Reform ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Information Asymmetries ; Learning ; Learning Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Curriculum ; Curriculum Development ; Disability ; Disadvantaged Students ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Reform ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Information Asymmetries ; Learning ; Learning Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Curriculum ; Curriculum Development ; Disability ; Disadvantaged Students ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Reform ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Information Asymmetries ; Learning ; Learning Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: Mexico's compensatory education program provides extra resources to primary schools that enroll disadvantaged students in highly disadvantaged rural communities. One of the most important components of the program is the school-based management intervention known as AGEs. The impact of the AGEs is assessed on intermediate school quality indicators (failure, repetition and dropout), controlling for the presence of the conditional cash transfer program. Results prove that school-based management is an effective measure for improving outcomes, based on an over time difference-in-difference evaluation. Complementary qualitative evidence corroborates the veracity of such findings
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  • 71
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    Governance Matters V : Aggregate And Individual Governance Indicators For 1996 - 2005 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (109 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kaufmann, Daniel Governance Matters V
    Keywords: Accountability ; Aggregate Governance Indicators ; Aggregate Indicators ; Citizen ; Corruption ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Challenges ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Government Effectiveness ; Institution ; National Governance ; Accountability ; Aggregate Governance Indicators ; Aggregate Indicators ; Citizen ; Corruption ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Challenges ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Government Effectiveness ; Institution ; National Governance ; Accountability ; Aggregate Governance Indicators ; Aggregate Indicators ; Citizen ; Corruption ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Challenges ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Government Effectiveness ; Institution ; National Governance
    Abstract: The authors report on the latest version of the worldwide governance indicators, covering 213 countries and territories and measuring six dimensions of governance from 1996 until end-2005: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. The latest indicators are based on hundreds of variables and reflect the views of thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents and experts worldwide. Although global averages of governance display no marked trends during 1996-2005, nearly one-third of countries exhibit significant changes [for better or for worse] on at least one dimension of governance. Three new features distinguish this update. (1) The authors have moved to annual reporting of governance estimates. This update includes new governance estimates for 2003 and 2005, as well as minor backward revisions to biannual historical data for 1996-2004. (2) The authors are, for the first time, publishing the individual measures of governance from virtually every data source underlying the aggregate governance indicators. The ready availability of the individual data sources underlying the aggregate governance indicators is aimed at further enhancing the transparency of the methodology and of the resulting aggregate indicators, as well as helping data users and policymakers identify specific governance challenges in individual countries. (3) The authors present new evidence on the reliability of expert assessments of governance which, alongside survey responses, form part of the aggregate measures of governance
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  • 72
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    Rules of Origin For Preferential Trading Arrangements : Implications For The ASEAN Free Trade Area of EU And U.S. Experience (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cadot, Olivier Rules of Origin For Preferential Trading Arrangements
    Keywords: Agricultural Products ; Economic Theory and Research ; External Tariff ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Free Trade Areas ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Market Access ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Protectionist Pressures ; Public Sector Development ; Rules of Origin ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agricultural Products ; Economic Theory and Research ; External Tariff ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Free Trade Areas ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Market Access ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Protectionist Pressures ; Public Sector Development ; Rules of Origin ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agricultural Products ; Economic Theory and Research ; External Tariff ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Free Trade Areas ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Market Access ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Protectionist Pressures ; Public Sector Development ; Rules of Origin ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: With free trade areas (FTAs) under negotiation between Japan and the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) members and between the Republic of Korea and AFTA members, preferential market access will become more important in Asian regionalism. Protectionist pressures will likely increase through rules of origin, the natural outlet for these pressures. Based on the experience of the European Union and the United States with rules of origin, the authors argue that, should these FTAs follow in the footsteps of the EU and the U.S. and adopt similar rules of origin, trading partners in the region would incur unnecessary costs. Using EU trade under the Generalized System of Preferences with Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific partners, the authors estimate how the use of preferences would likely change if AFTA were to veer away from its current uniform rules of origin requiring a 40 percent local content rate. Depending on the sample used, a 10 percentage point reduction in the local value content requirement is estimated to increase the utilization rate of preferences by between 2.5 and 8.2 percentage points
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  • 73
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    Export Promotion Agencies : What Works And What Doesn't (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Export Promotion Agencies
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The number of national export promotion agencies (EPAs) has tripled over the past two decades. While more countries have made them part of their national export strategy, studies have criticized their efficiency in developing countries. Partly in reaction to these critiques, EPAs have been retooled (see ITC 1998 or 2000, for example). This paper studies the impact of existing EPAs and their strategies based on a new data set covering 104 industrial and developing countries. Results suggest that on average they have a strong and statistically significant impact on exports. For each
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  • 74
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    Services Inputs And Firm Productivity In Sub-Saharan Africa : Evidence From Firm-Level Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (16 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Matthias Services Inputs And Firm Productivity In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The authors investigate the relationship between the productivity of African manufacturing firms and their access to services inputs. They use data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey for over 1,000 firms in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries to calculate the total factor productivity of firms. The Enterprise Surveys also contain unique measures of firms' access to communications, electricity, and financial services. The availability of these measures at the firm level, both as subjective and objective indicators, allows the authors to exploit the variation in services performance at the subnational regional level. Furthermore, by using the regional variation in services performance, they are also able to address concerns about the possible endogeneity of the services variables. The results show a significant and positive relationship between firm productivity and service performance in all three services sectors analyzed. The authors thus provide support for the argument that improvements in services industries contribute to enhancing the performance of downstream economic activities, and thus are an essential element of a strategy for promoting growth and reducing poverty
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 75
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    Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services : Issues And Options (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) corporate governance challenges and suggests options to address them. It first points out the importance of corporate governance for IIFS, where it would require a distinct treatment from conventional corporate governance and highlights three cases of distress of IIFS. It then dwells on prevailing corporate governance arrangements addressing IIFS' needs to ensure the consistency of their operations with Islamic finance principles and the protection of the financial interests of a stakeholders' category, namely depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. It raises the issues of independence, confidentiality, competence, consistency, and disclosure that may bear on pronouncements of consistency with Islamic finance principles. It also discusses the agency problem of depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. The paper argues for a governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements and relies significantly on transparency and disclosure of market relevant information
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 76
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    Estimating The Returns To Education : Accounting For Heterogeneity In Ability (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony Estimating The Returns To Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Typically estimates of the benefits of education investments show average private rates of return for the average individual. The average may not be useful for policy. An examination of the distribution of the returns across individuals is needed. The few studies that have examined these patterns focus on high-income countries, showing investments to be more profitable at the top of the income distribution. The implication is that investments may increase inequality. Extending the analysis to 16 East Asian and Latin American countries the authors observe mixed evidence in middle-income countries and decreasing returns in low-income countries. Such differences between countries could be due to more job mobility in industrial countries, scarcity of skills, or differential exposure to market forces
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  • 77
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    Urban Infrastructure Finance From Private Operators : What Have We Learned From Recent Experience ? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Annez, Patricia Clarke Urban Infrastructure Finance From Private Operators
    Keywords: Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading
    Abstract: The author examines the role of private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in mobilizing finance for key urban services, that is, urban roads, municipal solid waste management, and water and sanitation since the early 1990s when private participation came to be seen as a key element in infrastructure development. Her review indicates that for financing urban services, PPI has disappointed-playing a far less significant role than was hoped for, and which might be expected given the attention it has received and continues to receive in strategies to mobilize financing for infrastructure. Looking beyond the number, the author examines transactions and finds that there are good reasons-practical, political, economic and institutional-for these disappointments. Recommending that cities in developing countries try harder is not likely to relieve all these constraints. Experience shows that there are a number of features that raise the risk profile of urban infrastructure for private investors, which has meant that the bulk of the transactions that have taken place have been exceptions rather than harbingers of a growing trend. Many of the measures that could reduce the risk profile are outside the control of many cities, others unlikely to change, and yet another group of steps to be taken that would improve prospects for urban service provision, whether in the hands of public or private operators. These findings suggest a more pragmatic and selective approach to the focus on PPI as a source of finance, and more focus on the array of some of the fundamental steps, among them strengthening the public finances of cities to improve both the capacity to deliver services and to reduce the risks that private investors must take when they invest in urban infrastructure
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 78
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    The Macro Financing of Natural Hazards In Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mahul, Olivier The Macro Financing of Natural Hazards In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The authors propose a financial model to address the design of efficient risk financing strategies against natural disasters at the country level. It is simple enough to shed analytical light on some of the key issues but flexible and realistic enough to provide some quantitative guidance on the ex ante financing of catastrophic losses. The risk financing problem is decomposed into two steps. First, the resource gap, defined as the difference between losses and available ex-post resources (such as post-disaster aid), is identified. It determines the losses to be financed by ex ante financial instruments (reserves, catastrophe insurance, and contingent debt). Second, the cost-minimizing financial arrangements are derived from the marginal costs of the financial instruments. The model is solved through a series of graphical analyses that make this complex financial problem easier to apprehend. This model captures and explains the main impacts of financial parameters (such as insurance premium, cost of capital) on efficient risk financing structures
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  • 79
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    Banking Services For Everyone ? : Barriers To Bank Access And Use Around The World (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Banking Services For Everyone ?
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Accounts ; Banking Services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Checking Account ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Depos Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Financial Transaction ; Housing ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Accounts ; Banking Services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Checking Account ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Depos Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Financial Transaction ; Housing ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Accounts ; Banking Services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Checking Account ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Depos Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Financial Transaction ; Housing ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Using information from 193 banks in 58 countries, the authors develop and analyze indicators of physical access, affordability, and eligibility barriers to deposit, loan, and payment services. They find substantial cross-country variation in barriers to banking and show that in many countries these barriers can potentially exclude a significant share of the population from using banking services. Correlations with bank- and country-level variables show that bank size and the availability of physical infrastructure are the most robust predictors of barriers. Further, the authors find evidence that in more competitive, open, and transparent economies, and in countries with better contractual and informational frameworks, banks impose lower barriers. Finally, though foreign banks seem to charge higher fees than other banks, in foreign dominated banking systems fees are lower and it is easier to open bank accounts and to apply for loans. On the other hand, in systems that are predominantly government-owned, customers pay lower fees but also face greater restrictions in terms of where to apply for loans and how long it takes to have applications processed. These findings have important implications for policy reforms to broaden access
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  • 80
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    Water Allocation Strategies For The Kat Basin In South Africa : Comparing Negotiation Tools And Game Theory Models (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Water Allocation Strategies For The Kat Basin In South Africa
    Keywords: Catchment ; Catchment Management ; Catchments ; Domestic Water Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Flow ; Groundwater ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Meters ; Natural Resources ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Storage Capacity ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water and Industry ; Catchment ; Catchment Management ; Catchments ; Domestic Water Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Flow ; Groundwater ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Meters ; Natural Resources ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Storage Capacity ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water and Industry ; Catchment ; Catchment Management ; Catchments ; Domestic Water Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Flow ; Groundwater ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Meters ; Natural Resources ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Storage Capacity ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Governments and developing agencies promote participatory approaches in solving common pool resource problems, such as in the water sector. Two main participatory approaches have been applied separately, namely negotiation and mediation. In this paper the authors apply the Role-Playing Game that is a component of the Companion Modeling approach, a negotiation procedure, and the Cooperative Game Theory (Shapley value and the Nucleolus solution concepts) that can be mirrored as a mediated mechanism to a water allocation problem in the Kat watershed in South Africa. While the absolute results of the two approaches differ, the negotiation and the cooperative game theory provide similar shares of the benefit allocated to the players from various cooperative arrangements. By evaluating the two approaches, the authors provide useful tips for future extension for both the Role-Playing Games and the Cooperative Game Theory applications
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  • 81
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    Migration And Remittances : Causes And Linkages (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Niimi, Yoko Migration And Remittances
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances
    Abstract: The authors empirically examine the determinants of remittance flows at the cross-country level. They consider, among other things, the significance of the level of migration, the education level of migrants, and financial sector development in determining remittances. Given the potential endogeneity problems, the migration and financial development variables are instrumented in the estimation. They find that the migration level is the main driver of remittance flows, even after controlling for the endogeneity bias through instrumental variable estimation. The authors also find that the education level of migrants relative to the population in home countries, the size of the economy, and the level of economic development of recipient countries adversely affect remittance flows. While they find the effect of financial sector development to be positive, its significance is not strongly supported in their analysis
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  • 82
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    Development And The Interaction of Enforcement Institutions (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dhillon, Amrita Development And The Interaction of Enforcement Institutions
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors examine how institutions that enforce contracts between two parties-producers and consumers-interact in a competitive market with one-sided asymmetric information and productivity shocks. They compare an informal enforcement mechanism, reputation, the efficacy of which is enhanced by consumers investing in "connectedness," with a formal mechanism, legal enforcement, the effectiveness of which can be reduced by producers by means of bribes. When legal enforcement is poor, consumers connect more with one another to improve informal enforcement. In contrast, a well-connected network of consumers reduces producers' incentives to bribe. In equilibrium, the model predicts a positive relationship between the frequency of productivity shocks, bribing, and the use of informal enforcement, providing a physical explanation of why developing countries often fail to have efficient legal systems. Firm-level estimations confirm the partial equilibrium implications of the model
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  • 83
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    Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers' income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men
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  • 84
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    International Trade, Security, And Transnational Terrorism : Theory And Empirics (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mirza, Daniel International Trade, Security, And Transnational Terrorism
    Keywords: Attacks ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Policies ; Counterterrorist Policies ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Transactions ; Hazard Risk Management ; International Economics & Trade ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attacks ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Policies ; Counterterrorist Policies ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Transactions ; Hazard Risk Management ; International Economics & Trade ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attacks ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Policies ; Counterterrorist Policies ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Transactions ; Hazard Risk Management ; International Economics & Trade ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The authors offer a general analytical framework illustrating the complex two-way interactions between trade and transnational terrorism. Then they survey the recent economic literature in light of this framework by pointing to the importance in empirical studies of (1) controlling appropriately for theses interactions, (2) distinguishing between "source" countries and "target" countries of terrorism, and (3) taking into account the intertemporal persistence of terrorism between specific pairs of countries
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  • 85
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    Does Insurance Market Activity Promote Economic Growth ? : Country Study For Industrial And Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arena, Marco Does Insurance Market Activity Promote Economic Growth ?
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Insurance market activity, both as a financial intermediary and a provider of risk transfer and indemnification, may contribute to economic growth by allowing different risks to be managed more efficiently and by mobilizing domestic savings. During the past decade, there has been faster growth in insurance market activity, particularly in emerging markets given the process of liberalization and financial integration, which raises questions about its impact on economic growth. The author tests whether there is a causal relationship between insurance market activity (life and nonlife insurance) and economic growth. Using the generalized method of moments for dynamic models of panel data for 56 countries and for the 1976-2004 period, he finds robust evidence of a causal relationship between insurance market activity and economic growth. Both life and nonlife insurance have a positive and significant causal effect on economic growth. High-income countries drive the results in the case of life insurance. On the other hand, both high-income and developing countries drive the results in the case of nonlife insurance
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  • 86
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    The Little Data Book 2006 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821364758 , 9780821364819 , 9780821364758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (240 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    DDC: 330.9/05
    Keywords: Economic indicators ; Social indicators ; Economic development Statistics 21st century ; Economic history Statistics 21st century
    Abstract: A pocket-sized reference on key development data for over 200 countries, that provides profiles of each country with 54 development indicators about People, Environment, Economy, Technology and Infrastructure, Trade, and Finance
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  • 87
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    Overview of Corporate Governance Issues for Co-operatives (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Good governance is now accepted as vital to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and as a pre-condition for sustainable economic growth. Ensuring better governance of corporations, financial institutions and markets is increasingly recognised for developing countries despite the limited number of firms there with widely traded shares (Oman and Blume 2005). For developing countries, significant benefits can be linked to higher corporate governance standards in the private sector. These include better access to external finance, lower costs of capital and better firm performance (Claessens 2003). The corporate governance agenda has also been broadened by the recognition of the reach of corporate models characterised by different forms and structures to the Anglo-American model of an investor owned firm. However until now little attention has been paid to the governance needs of other institutional forms of business such as co-operatives despite their considerable presence in many developing countries. The co-operative sector as a whole remains poorly understood and its specific governance challenges remain as yet largely unexplored. This aim of this paper is to begin to remedy this absence. Taking as a starting point the distinct nature of co-operatives, relevant trends and issues within corporate governance are explored within the framework of the co-operative sector
    DOI: 10.1596/26128
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  • 88
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    Strengthening Health Services in Low Income Countries : Guidance for Decision-Makers (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Health systems in lower income countries are often not able to provide for the basichealth needs of their populations. The progress of recent initiatives such as the WHO millennium development goals and new funds for disease programs is slowed by the limitations of these health service and systems. Strengthening these health systems has become a priority, but this cannot be achieved immediately, the causes of these limitations are many, complex and with deep historical origins. It is important to ensure that the new resources are used in ways which effectively strengthen these services and systems in both the short and long term. There is some experience and research which has found effective ways to strengthen service delivery and system functioning. However, this research is largely unknown or unused by policy makers and decision makers in ministries, local government, aid agencies and work bank advisors. Although evidence from elsewhere will need to be adapted to the local situation, this research can help avoid expensive mistakes and save time and money in choosing and implementing effective health service strengthening strategies. The purpose of this report is to present some of the first guidance and materials from the world bank 'Improving health service program' (WB IHSP). It gives interim guidance based on the best available evidence which was identified in a rapid review of actions for strengthening health services and systems
    DOI: 10.1596/25992
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  • 89
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    Learning Through Monitoring : Lessons From A Large-Scale Nutrition Program In Madagascar (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Galasso, Emanuela Learning Through Monitoring
    Keywords: Breastfeeding ; Children ; E-Business ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Exercises ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Implementation ; Intervention ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ; Nutrition Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; E-Business ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Exercises ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Implementation ; Intervention ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ; Nutrition Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; E-Business ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Exercises ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Implementation ; Intervention ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ; Nutrition Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Monitoring data are generally collected as a by-product of the process of monitoring program implementation. Yet this rich source of data have not been exploited to assess the effectiveness of the program. In this paper the authors use detailed administered data from a large-scale, community-based nutrition program in Madagascar to argue that this data can be used to estimate the differential effect of increased exposure to the program and study how these returns to exposure evolve over time. They find that the returns to exposure are positive: communities exposed for an additional one or two years display on average lower malnutrition rates of around 7-9 percentage points. And they find that the returns decrease as time and duration increase, although they do not dissipate to zero. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the returns to the program reflect learning effects from the intervention. Finally, the results show higher differential returns to the program in poorer areas and areas more vulnerable to diseases. These findings have important implications for how such programs should be scaled-up within a country
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  • 90
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    Bangladesh Country Environmental Analysis (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The economic losses resulting from the environmental impacts considered in this report are equivalent to more than 4 percent o f Bangladesh's Gross Domestic Product. Among these impacts, three sources of environmental degradation stand out as currently receiving insufficient attention given their relative significance: (1) in door and urban air pollution, (2) the degradation o f water quality in Dhaka, and (3) the decline of capture fisheries. The economic losses associated with these three concerns alone may amount to more than 2.7 percent of GDP. The report proposes a set of actions in each o f these areas, and also identifies a series of measures that could be taken to strengthen environmental governance, which forms an overarching constraint to improved environmental management across all issues. While the report estimates the economic losses associated with the environmental impacts considered, it does not provide a benefit-cost or cost-effectiveness analysis of the proposed mitigating actions. It will be important to examine the costs of the proposed actions in more detail as an element of the follow-up work in each o f the priority areas
    DOI: 10.1596/33925
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 91
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    Pakistan Strategic Country Environmental Assessment (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The urgency of addressing Pakistan's environmental problems has probably never been greater. Conservative estimates presented in this report suggest that environmental degradation costs the country at least 6 percent of GDP, or about Rs. 365 billion per year, and these costs fall disproportionately upon the poor. The most significant causes of environmental damage identified and estimated in this report are (1) illness and premature mortality caused by air pollution (indoor and outdoor), (almost 50 percent oft he total damage cost); (2) diarrhoeal diseases and typhoid due to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene (about 30 percent of the total), and (3) reduced agricultural productivity due to soil degradation (about 20 percent of the total). The magnitude of these costs indicates that environmental decay has become a serious development concern. Following a discussion of the analytical framework for environmental outcomes, , the report analyzes the main binding constraints to improving environmental performance as falling into four categories, (1) gaps in institutional design, (2) gaps in the regulatory framework, (3) capacity limitations, and (4) gaps in incentives and accountability. Of these, weak incentives and low levels of public accountability remain the critical constraints on performance. Public scrutiny of performance is ultimately a source of strength that leads to stronger institutions with greater public trust and support. The principal features of these constraints are discussed, as are recommendations for moving forward to more sustainable economic growth. The annex (Volume 2) provides a comprehensive overview of the data and methods used to estimate the costs of environmental degradation in three environmental damage categories and three natural resource damage categories: (1) urban air pollution, including particulate matter and lead, (2) water supply, sanitation and hygiene, (3) indoor air pollution, (4) agricultural damage from soil salinity and erosion, (5) rangeland degradation, and (6) deforestation. Data limitations have prevented estimation of degradation costs at the national level for coastal zones, municipal waste disposal, and inadequate industrial and hospital waste management
    DOI: 10.1596/33928
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 92
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    Republic of Colombia : Mitigating Environmental Degradation to Foster Growth and Reduce Inequality (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Over the last five decades, Colombia has made substantial progress in protecting its environment. This includes restructuring its legal and regulatory landscape, undertaking policy initiatives, and strengthening its capacity for protecting and managing its natural resources and environmental quality, and establishing a system of national parks and forestry reserves that covers more than a quarter of the country. Colombia's environmental management framework has focused on three main environmental priorities: (a) river basin management and conservation of water resources, (b) reforestation, and (c) conservation o f biodiversity. The analysis of the cost of environmental degradation conducted as part of the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA), shows that the most costly problems associated with environmental degradation are urban and indoor air pollution; inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene; natural disasters (such as flooding and landslides); and land degradation. The burden of these costs falls most heavily on vulnerable segments of the population, especially poor children under age five. The effects of environmental degradation associated with these principal causes are estimated to cost more than 3.7 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), mainly due to increased mortality and morbidity and decreased productivity. To identify alternatives aimed at abating the cost of environmental degradation, this CEA examines institutional and policy issues in the functioning of the country's environmental management system and suggests some cost-effective interventions
    DOI: 10.1596/33924
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 93
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    Republic of Belarus - Deposit Insurance : Technical Note (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; State-Owned Banks
    Abstract: The current system of deposit insurance is governed by two different pieces of legislation, each in turn elaborated by a separate National Bank of Belarus (NBB) resolution. The two legislations cover foreign exchange accounts in state owned banks and all other accounts, respectively. The first legislation was the presidential decree of April 20, 1998, which established full coverage for foreign exchange accounts in six state banks. The second legislation is Article 121 of the Banking Code which is the legal basis for coverage for all other deposits and which became effective October 12, 2000. The deposit insurance system is currently characterized by preferential treatment of the authorized banks and in particular Belarusbank and Belagroprombank
    DOI: 10.1596/37384
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 94
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    Guidance for Supervisory Board Members of Banks (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This manual, for present and prospective Supervisory Board (SB) members of non-complex banks, is intended to provide a guide to international best practice. It is designed to help SB in a practical way attend and maintain high standard of internal governance. This manual provides an overview. SB members are advised to familiarize themselves with the scope of the relevant legislation as they may be personally liable for breaches of certain provisions. This manual gives SB members fundamental understanding of their tasks. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/25993
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  • 95
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    Coordinating for Good Governance (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed good governance, policies, and practice that are the means to achieve better development results. He spoke of sound principles of accountability and transparency that not only assure funds that are spent as intended, but also are essential to accelerating economic growth, helping the poor to escape poverty,and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. He highlighted the need to find solutions which are innovative and flexible and which respect the unique constituents and conditions in each country. He concluded by saying that the effort to strengthen and improve governance is a key element in the fight against poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/24893
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 96
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    Moving Forward from Singapore (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed giving the poor people of the world a chance to escape poverty. He spoke about the actions to promote good governance that are crucial to successful economic development, poverty reduction and helping member countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals. He mentioned issues of global import, particularly the prospects for the Doha Round and the issue of clean, efficient, and affordable energy. He concluded by saying that the Bank Group will continue to remain active in a variety of international efforts to provide global public goods
    DOI: 10.1596/24895
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 97
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    Development is a Two-Wheeled Cart (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the Gender Equality Millennium Development Goal is a central component of our overall mission of fighting poverty and empowering women in their education and opportunity for a better future. Gender equality is more than a women's issue, it is a development issue. If one of the wheels of the cart isn't moving, the cart won't go very far. We have already missing the 2005 target to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education. Trends in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa put us in danger of missing the 2015 target. We must bring more women into the labor force and into higher-paid occupations. The Bank has made significant progress on gender mainstreaming in social sectors like education and health, but more must be done to support shared growth in such areas as infrastructure, energy, and transport
    DOI: 10.1596/24889
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 98
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    Remarks at Meeting on 'Sustaining Treatment Costs--Who Will Pay?' (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, at a meeting jointly sponsored by WHO, UNAIDS, and the World Bank, addressed the issue of the financial sustainability of AIDS treatment-especially focusing on the increasing need for second-line combination treatment regimens. The Bank is working to strengthen capacity for effectively mainstreaming AIDS priorities into national planning efforts, particularly development of poverty reduction and implementation processes. As one of many development partners supporting national AIDS programs, the World Bank is committed to improve coordination, and to better align and harmonize its support with country responses
    DOI: 10.1596/24898
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  • 99
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    Young People Speak Out : Youth Consultations for the World Development Report 2007 (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Report Background Papers
    Abstract: The following pages relate to the experience of over three thousand young people with regards to what it means for them to be coming of age in today's world. Between September 2005 and April 2006, these young women and men met in twenty-six developing countries to talk about what concerns them: getting a degree, landing a job, staying healthy, finding a partner, moving into their own place, and making a difference in their society. By voicing their concerns and policy demands, these young people contributed to what is universally regarded as one of the most influential perennial development research publications: The World Development Report (WDR). The authors of the report recognized the value of listening to the subjects of their research and working together with a team of consultation experts to devise what may well be among the most extensive stakeholder consultation processes to date. Given the focus of the 2007 WDR on youth, it was especially important to devise a consultative process that will foster a dialogue not only about youth but also with young people themselves. At the same time, it had to be made clear to the youth constituency that the report could not be written by youth. The consultations had three clearly stated objectives: information, validation, and traction. They provided information to the team of researchers to learn about and understand the perspectives of the young people. Moreover, the dialogue with the youth in developing countries helped the team to validate their research. Finally, the consultations were also a key instrument to foster political traction with global youth organizations, governmental agencies, and development partners to enhance the 'operationalization' of the report
    DOI: 10.1596/29573
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 100
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    A Practitioner's Guide To Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar A Practitioner's Guide To Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Distributional Equity ; Equalization ; Equity ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Grant Designs ; Grant Programs ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Intergovernmental Finance ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental Transfer ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Equity ; Equalization ; Equity ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Grant Designs ; Grant Programs ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Intergovernmental Finance ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental Transfer ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Equity ; Equalization ; Equity ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Grant Designs ; Grant Programs ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Intergovernmental Finance ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental Transfer ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Intergovernmental fiscal transfers are a dominant feature of subnational finance in most countries. They are used to ensure that revenues roughly match the expenditure needs of various orders (levels) of subnational governments. They are also used to advance national, regional, and local area objectives, such as fairness and equity, and creating a common economic union. The structure of these transfers creates incentives for national, regional, and local governments that have a bearing on fiscal management, macroeconomic stability, distributional equity, allocative efficiency, and public services delivery. This paper reviews the conceptual, empirical, and practice literature to distill lessons of policy interest in designing the fiscal transfers to create the right incentives for prudent fiscal management and competitive and innovative service delivery. It provides practical guidance on the design of performance-oriented transfers that emphasize bottom-up, client-focused, and results-based government accountability. It cites examples of simple but innovative grant designs that can satisfy grantors' objectives while preserving local autonomy and creating an enabling environment for responsive, responsible, equitable, and accountable public governance. The paper further provides guidance on the design and practice of equalization transfers for regional fiscal equity as well as the institutional arrangements for implementation of such transfer mechanisms. It concludes with negative (practices to avoid) and positive (practices to emulate) lessons from international practices
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