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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (684)
  • 2000-2004  (684)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2003  (684)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (684)
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (684)
Material
Years
  • 2000-2004  (684)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264033863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour des bâtiments écologiquement viables ; Enjeux et politiques
    DDC: 720.47
    Keywords: Environment ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This book presents an analysis of the environmental impacts of the building sector and of current policies to mitigate these impacts, in particular with regard to reduction of CO2 emission, minimisation of construction and demolition waste and prevention of indoor air pollution. It covers a wide range of policy instruments; building regulation, capital subsidy programmes, energy tax, landfill tax, environmental labelling schemes, energy audit schemes. It indicates the direction in which environmental policies for the building sector should be developed.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264102033
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique commerciale de la Russie ; Le rôle des autorités locales et régionales
    DDC: 382.0947
    Keywords: Governance ; Trade ; Russian Federation ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This book analyses the role of regional governments in the trade policy of the Russian Federation. It examines regional trade-related policies, such as subsidies, taxes and licensing, and their implications for Russia's international trade commitments, and in particular its negotiations for accession to the World Trade Organisation. In effect, when the Russian Federation accedes to the WTO, it will be required to ensure that the laws and administrative practices of its sub-national governments are in conformity with its WTO commitments.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264101470
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 307.760943155
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Electronic books ; Berlin ; Stadtentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Geschichte 1990-1999 ; Berlin ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel
    Abstract: This study of Berlin, after German unification, examines and makes proposals for distressed areas where there is a need for targeted regeneration measures. Building on previous urban renaissance studies, this report adds a new dimension to the lessons learned about urban regeneration through a focus on unemployment, youth and immigration to help create and exploit Berlin's under-developed assets.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264101258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les ententes injustifiables ; Progrès récents et défis futurs
    DDC: 338.87
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Kartellrecht
    Abstract: A probing report on the harm caused by hard-core cartels, on progress made in combating them, and on the challenges that lie ahead. Since adoption of its 1998 recommendation on effective action against hard-core cartels, the OECD has been leading an international effort to restrict their activities. This report reviews progress in combating hard-core cartels notably through strengthened sanctions against companies and individuals. It also quantifies the harm cartels cause and identifies improved methods of investigation. Despite recent progress in several jurisdictions, much remains to be done and this report outlines and identifies the challenges that lie ahead.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.4
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services ; Konferenzschrift 2002 ; Electronic books ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Außenhandelspolitik
    Abstract: What are the major barriers to services trade? To what extent would further liberalisation of trade in services result in increased welfare gains and economic growth? Empirical evidence is also important to demonstrate the economic effects of market and regulatory changes as an aid to the design of adequate regulatory reform. Amongst other issues, the papers in this volume explore fundamental issues for empirical research on trade in services. It highlights the specific data requirements and conceptual challenges for modelling liberalisation of services.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264099241
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mobiliser les marchés au service de la biodiversité ; Pour une politique de conservation et d'exploitation durable
    DDC: 333.9516
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The private provision of biodiversity products and services is proving to be quite feasible in some circumstances. Some biodiversity products and services are already being profitably marketed. Private markets also need to be supported by appropriate public policies. This publication provides a conceptual framework for market creation in the biodiversity policy arena, as well as several examples of where the use of markets can assist policy makers in the search for more sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 346.0486
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This report presents the results of the first international survey on the patenting and licensing activities of public research organisations in OECD countries. It includes data on the stock and number of patents and licenses, the amount of licensing revenue, the size and activities of technology transfer offices, the types of licensing agreements concluded with firms, as well as information on the government and institutional policies for owning and exploiting intellectual property. In addition to the survey results, policy makers, business managers and university and research administrators will find several case studies on how OECD countries are moving to unlock the social and economic benefits of public research. These case studies will also provide insight into how research institutions deal with issues such as whether to license a patent or create a spin-off, how to create technology transfer programmes and how to license IP to firms while preserving access for future research and discovery.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199965
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Print version Sweden
    DDC: 331.39809485
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Schweden ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Älterer Arbeitnehmer
    Abstract:  In the face of rapid population ageing, there is a need to promote better employment opportunities for older people. Much has been said about the need for reform of old-age pensions and early-retirement schemes but this may not be sufficient to raise employment rates for older people signficantly or to reduce the future risk of labour shortages
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminaries; FOREWORD; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS; INTRODUCTION; Chapter 1 THE CHALLENGE AHEAD; Chapter 2 THE CURRENT LABOUR MARKET SITUATION OF OLDER WORKERS; Chapter 3 PROTECTING PEOPLE WHILE ENHANCING WORK INCENTIVES; Chapter 4 REMOVING DEMAND SIDE BARRIERS; Chapter 5 HELPING OLDER WORKERS TO FIND JOBS AND TO CONTINUE WORKING; Chapter 6 POLICY COHERENCE AND DILEMMAS; Bibliography;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264101630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection de la vie privée en ligne ; orientations politiques et pratiques de l'OCDE
    DDC: 658.4/78
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This volume draws together OECD work to date on measures for ensuring effective privacy protection on global networks while continuing to allow the transborder flow of personal data. It contains specific policy and practical guidance to assist governments, businesses and individuals in promoting privacy protection online at national and international levels. It proposes ways of adopting and posting privacy policies, mechanisms for enforcement and redress, and means of promoting education and user awareness.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264099715
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (540 p.)
    Parallel Title: Print version Innovative Soil-Plant Systems for Sustainable Agricultural Practices
    DDC: 631.4
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Landwirtschaft ; Bodennutzung ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Interest in the quality and health of soil has grown with the recognition that soil is vital not only to production of food and fiber, but also the smooth functioning of the ecosystem, and overall environmental stability. Agriculture needs economic soil management practices that provide sufficient food and yet maintain environmental stability, ecological integrity, and the quality of essential resources
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264102774
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Environmental Finance
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.91
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This book presents a method to develop financing strategies for investment-heavy environmental infrastructure, such as urban water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and municipal solid waste. The strategies, supported by the FEASIBLE computer model, were developed in several countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), in EU accession countries and China. This approach focuses on the importance of realism, affordability and the cost-effective use of resources in achieving infrastructure development and environmental goals.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100688
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Cutting Red Tape
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La simplification administrative dans les pays de l'OCDE
    DDC: 352.3/87/09177
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Verwaltung ; Vereinfachung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Verwaltungsreform ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: “Too much red tape” is a common complaint from businesses and citizens in OECD countries. This report analyses proven approaches commonly adopted by governments to reduce and streamline administrative procedures like one-stop shops (physical and electronic), simplification of permits and licence procedures, time limits for decision-making, methods to measure administrative burdens, regulatory-compliance assistance for small and medium-size companies, and increasing reliance on IT-based solutions.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264104099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.9/25/09177
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This report contributes to the dissemination of information on OECD privatisation methods and techniques. It primarily draws upon information that has accumulated during the course of the life of the OECD Privatisation Network and its outreach activity. It also uses information from the Advisory Group on Privatisation, from case examples and from member countries. This report focuses on the implementation aspects of privatisation in the OECD experience.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 111-158
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulation, market structure and performance in telecommunications
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 111-158
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A partir d’une base de données sur la réglementation, la structure de marché et les performances dans l’industrie des télécommunications, ce document étudie les effets de la libéralisation, de l’ouverture des marchés et de la privatisation sur la productivité, les prix et la qualité du service pour les services de téléphonie fixe (interurbains et internationaux) et mobiles (cellulaires) pour 23 pays de l’OCDE au cours de la période 1991-1997. Les données sur la structure de marché et la réglementation sont analysées au moyen de techniques d’analyse factorielle afin de grouper les pays en fonction des politiques suivies et les caractéristiques de leurs marchés. En utilisant comme variables de contrôle les différences dans la technologie et la structure économique, les estimations réalisées sur les données de panel montrent que les anticipations de la concurrence (en utilisant comme proxy le nombre d’années restant avant la libéralisation) et la concurrence effective (en utilisant comme proxy la part de marché des nouveaux entrants ou le nombre de concurrents) entraînent des améliorations au niveau de la productivité et de la qualité et réduisent les prix pour tous les services de télécommunications considérés. Aucun résultat clair ne peut être trouvé au sujet des effets de la privatisation (en utilisant comme proxy la part publique dans l’opérateur de télécommunications publiques et le nombre d’années restant avant la privatisation).
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 57-87
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Modern financial management practices
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 57-87
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Le document explique deux systèmes d’incitation auxquels les gouvernements néo-zélandais successifs ont eu recours pour améliorer leurs principes de gestion financière : le système du prélèvement de frais financiers destiné à améliorer la gestion des actifs et le système du versement d’intérêts pour améliorer la gestion de la trésorerie...
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-46
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gender and Economic Reform
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-46
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Réaliser une réforme économique, c’est modifier les institutions financières et économiques d’un pays. A première vue, cet exercice peut sembler sans grand rapport avec les inégalités existant entre les femmes et les hommes. Il est en effet plus facile de comprendre qu’un projet puisse avoir une incidence différente sur l’un et l’autre sexes que de se rendre compte qu’une stratégie de réduction du déficit budgétaire, de réforme du secteur des transports ou de libéralisation du système de commercialisation des produits agricoles peut ne pas avoir les mêmes effets sur les femmes et sur les hommes. Le fait que la méconnaissance des questions d’égalité entre les sexes puisse être préjudiciable aux résultats des réformes économiques et autres, est encore moins évident. Une réforme économique ne concerne pas uniquement l’économie. Elle s’accompagne aussi de profondes transformations sociales et politiques. Il s’agit donc d’une entreprise trop importante pour être laissée à un groupe d’experts particulier. C’est pourquoi il peut être utile de se pencher sur la dimension de la réforme économique qui touche aux rapports sociaux entre les sexes pour favoriser le dialogue entre les économistes et les autres spécialistes, comme ceux qui s’occupent de politique sociale. Cette démarche peut en outre encourager hommes et femmes à participer davantage au débat public sur la politique économique et ses résultats...
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 25-41
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'orientation de la recherche universitaire par des moyens d'action nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 25-41
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In June 1999 the Australian Government signalled, with the publication of a Green Paper, its intention to reform research and the training of research students in universities. After a period of public and institutional comment and debate, the reforms eventuated and the new policies result in performance based funding for research and research training, which is separated from the base of funding of coursework teaching. The new funding mechanisms can shift core government research resources across universities.Within universities, funding inputs from government need to be directed internally to research-active areas with large numbers of research students and substantial external grants, which contribute most strongly to the performance indicators that bring in the funding. This train of funding from government through to internal resource allocation can be modelled and the results imply potentially permanent changes in the character of universities, by changing the way academic work is funded and accounted for.Funding models can leave teaching-active sections, if they have few research students and little external grant funding, without the means to support even basic levels of research and scholarship. This threatens the standard and nature of university teaching, which by its nature should take place within a culture of sustained scholarship and creation of new knowledge through research.The paper discusses these issues, in the context of models for funding of research, and the responses by university managers and grass-roots academics to the challenges of adapting to the new policy and funding framework.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 121-134
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme de la gestion publique : Connaissance du contexte et expérience internationale
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 121-134
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In this paper I want to address some fundamental questions concerning the nature of knowledge about public management reform, and particularly its transferability between countries and contexts. My main point will be that knowledge of what works and what does not tends to be heavily contextdependent. That is to say, a technique or organisational structure which succeeds in one place may fail in another. So – to put it bluntly – there is no set of general tools that can be transferred from one jurisdiction to another, all around the world, with confidence that they will work well every time. This means we have to look carefully at contexts, and at the “terms of trade” each time we are thinking of borrowing a good management idea from somewhere else. This is not a “how-to-do-it” paper. Rather it is a series of reflections on the nature of the “trade” in public management reforms, drawing on the existing academic literature and seeking to identify issues where further work seems to be desirable...
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 45-54
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 13 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motivating Knowledge Workers: Lessons to and from the Corporate Sector
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 45-54
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les universités australiennes subissent des pressions visant à leur faire adopter des structures organisationnelles, des profils de postes et des systèmes de rémunération et de gestion des performances inspirés des pratiques exemplaires du secteur des entreprises. Pourtant, ces systèmes et pratiques ont souvent plus de 20 ans et reposent sur les bureaucraties hiérarchisées qui dominaient l’industrie et les services. Ils ne sont pas seulement étrangers au monde universitaire, mais aussi, de plus en plus, considérés comme inadaptés aux organisations professionnelles du secteur privé fondées sur le savoir, car les hypothèses sous-jacentes concernant la motivation sont en désaccord avec ce que la recherche indique sur les motivations des « travailleurs du savoir » professionnels. Ces recherches énumèrent des sources de motivation qui semblent en phase avec les supports des dispositifs universitaires traditionnels de rémunération, de promotion et de gestion des performances. Ceci ne signifie toutefois pas qu’il ne faille pas faire évoluer ces dispositifs traditionnels. Au moment où les travaux universitaires se complexifient et où le marché du travail universitaire se diversifie, il convient de prendre en compte cette diversité accrue au sein de dispositifs étendus de promotion et de rétribution...
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Pologne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-77
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 78 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Review of Spain
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-77
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: L’Espagne doit être félicitée pour les progrès substantiels qu’elle a réalisés dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement depuis le dernier Examen de l’aide. Parmi les réalisations importantes à mentionner figurent l’adoption d’une Loi exhaustive sur la coopération internationale pour le développement, l’élaboration d’un Plan directeur sur quatre ans (2001-2004), l’amélioration des Plans annuels de coopération internationale (PACI), et le renforcement des organes existants ou la création de nouveaux organes de coordination. La réforme opérée avait pour objectif de renforcer la cohérence interne et la coordination au sein du système d’aide diversifié de l’Espagne, qui fait intervenir de nombreux ministères, les régions autonomes, les autorités locales et des organisations de la société civile. La nouvelle politique mise en œuvre a eu pour effet notable de faire de la réduction de la pauvreté l’objectif fondamental de la coopération pour le développement. L’égalité hommefemme et l’environnement sont également deux axes prioritaires de la politique menée. L’Espagne s’efforce de cibler ses efforts en matière de réduction de la pauvreté sur les besoins sociaux de base et vient de mettre en place un nouveau programme de micro-financement, qui constitue un nouvel élément important. L’Espagne dispose d’un avantage comparatif dans l’aide qu’elle apporte à l’Amérique latine du fait des liens linguistiques, historiques et culturels étroits qui les unissent. L’Espagne, qui a eu récemment à bâtir un Etat démocratique, peut apporter une valeur ajoutée en faisant profiter ses pays partenaires des enseignements qu’elle en a tirés dans les domaines novateurs et lourds d’enjeux que recouvre la bonne gestion des affaires publiques. A cet égard, elle peut engager avec les pays en développement un dialogue dans des domaines où d’autres donneurs auraient plus de difficultés. Les principales activités menées dans le cadre du renforcement des institutions concernent la réforme judiciaire, la décentralisation, l’administration de l’impôt et la formation des forces de police. Ce sont autant de secteurs où l’Espagne pourrait jouer un rôle de chef de file dans l’action menée avec les autres donneurs en faveur de l’application d’une approche sectorielle...
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 71-89
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les mécanismes de gestion et le financement de l'enseignement supérieur en Allemagne
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 71-89
    Keywords: Education ; Germany
    Abstract: The higher education sector has to face competition much in the same way as other economic entities do. Much has been done to introduce reforms making use of economic terms and concepts. This paper will highlight the manner in which different models for financing higher education can contribute to the management of higher education. The general higher education framework in Germany -- which differs from that in other countries -- has to be taken into account. Amongst these differences are notably: -- the absence of fees as an instrument for the financing and management of higher education; -- the fact that only a restricted number of students are selected by institutions of higher education. Where student numbers for subjects in great demand are too high, applicants are distributed amongst various universities by a central office. This paper is divided into four part: (1) an analysis of the German higher education system,: (2) an examination of different management methods relating to a new system of distributing students amongst the different types of institutions (ordinary universities and universities of applied sciences -- Fachhochschulen). A discussion of the management of student distribution within a given university follows. (3) In this context, it is recommended to introduce a market-oriented system of tuition fees instead of making provisions for student admission on the basis of available capacity, curricular standards (CNW) and centralized procedures of the distribution of students; (4) conclusions are drawn from these reforms in order to develop systems for performance analysis (management accounting and control).
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-67
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen en matière de coopération pour le développement de l'Espagne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-67
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: Spain is to be commended for the notable progress made in development co-operation since the last Peer Review. Important achievements include the adoption of a comprehensive Law on International Development Co-operation and a four-year Master Plan (2001-2004), improved annual plans, and reinforced or new co-ordinating bodies. The purpose of the reform was to enhance consistency and coordination within the diverse Spanish aid system, which includes many ministries, autonomous regions, local authorities, and civil society organisations. A significant achievement of the new policy is that it establishes poverty reduction as the overarching goal in development co-operation. Gender equality and environment are also determined as mainstreaming priorities. Spain seeks to focus its poverty reduction efforts on basic social needs and a new micro-finance programme is an important addition. Spain has a comparative advantage in its assistance to Latin America with strong linguistic, historical, and cultural ties. Spain has had recent experience of building a democratic state and can add value by sharing lessons-learned with partner countries in innovative and risk-taking areas of good governance. In this respect, it can conduct dialogue with developing countries in areas that are difficult for other donors. Major activities through institutional development include judicial reform, decentralisation, tax administration, and police force training. These are areas in which Spain could take on a lead role in pursuing a sector approach with other donors...
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  • 24
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 105-120
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion des connaissances dans l'administration : Une idée dont le temps est venu
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 105-120
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Governments cannot afford to overlook a ground swell that is currently transforming companies, and more especially big companies. It is important that governments draw the appropriate conclusions, not by seeking to “copy” the private sector, but by endeavouring to innovate in accordance with their own identity and specificity and in accordance with their own way of managing their human resources. The following issue paper is in three parts: the first part briefly describes the ground swell, which is commonly known as knowledge management; the second part shows why this movement is also of significance for the public sector; the third part makes proposals with a view to initiating a debate capable of turning into a genuine action programme affecting government over the coming years...
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  • 25
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 143-182
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'industrie de l'électricité : Réglementation, structure du marché et performances
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 143-182
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact various aspects of performance in a statistically significant way.
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  • 26
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 27-44
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An Integrated Approach to Academic Reinforcement Systems
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 27-44
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Au cours des dernières années, la carrière professorale a connu une évolution qui s’apparente à une révolution : diversification très importante des modèles de carrière, de la recherche fondamentale à l’innovation professionnelle au transfert de connaissances ; utilisation accrue des outils informatiques et de l’Internet tant pour la formation que pour la recherche ; quasi-obligation d’un recherche en équipe et en réseau très souvent multidisciplinaire ; partenariats accrus avec l’industrie tant pour la formation que pour la recherche ; règlements de plus en plus complexes et exigeants en matière de propriété intellectuelle. On observe également une compétition accrue, parfois féroce, des universités entre elles et avec l’entreprise privée pour attirer les candidates et candidats les plus prometteurs. Dans un tel contexte, il devient encore plus crucial pour les universités de mettre sur pied des systèmes de renforcement qui soient à la fois équitables et susceptibles non seulement de soutenir la motivation à l’excellence mais également d’attirer et de retenir les meilleurs éléments. Au cours des dernières décennies, les renforçateurs traditionnellement utilisés ont été la rémunération au mérite (merit pay system) et la permanence (tenure), auxquels se sont ajoutés d’autres incitatifs utilisés de façon aléatoire ou conjoncturelle, généralement en l’absence de règles bien établies. La situation actuelle commande un système de renforcement plus riche, plus complexe, plus transparent et plus diversifié qui intègre un ensemble d’incitatifs davantage reliés aux exigences académiques actuelles et à la qualité de vie des membres du corps professoral. Cet article qui s’appuie sur des expériences et réflexions menées à la Faculté des arts et des sciences de l’Université de Montréal ainsi que sur les orientations de plusieurs universités nord américaines offre l’illustration d’une approche intégrée de systèmes de renforcement académiques, de l’embauche à la retraite, ainsi qu’un modèle de rémunération au mérite adapté à l’Université du XXIesiècle. Un accent particulier est mis sur la nécessité de revoir les critères et les standards de promotion, pierre d’assise de tout système de renforcement intégré cohérent...
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  • 27
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 137-184
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 61 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring productivity
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 137-184
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude examine les principaux problèmes rencontrés lors du calcul d’indicateurs de productivité. Elle fournit également des pistes aux chercheurs et aux statisticiens pour résoudre ces problèmes. Elle se fonde sur le Manuel de la productivité de l’OCDE et sur les travaux récents de l’OCDE dans ce domaine. Elle traite tout un ensemble de thèmes liés à l’estimation de la croissance de la productivité, notamment le choix d’un indicateur représentatif de la production (production brute ou valeur ajoutée), l’estimation de cette production, le rôle des facteurs travail et capital, ainsi que les problèmes liés au calcul d’indices. Elle passe ensuite en revue les estimations de l’OCDE relatives à la productivité ainsi que les principaux aspects du calcul de ces estimations, y compris la meilleure façon d’opérer les conversions entre devises. La dernière section est consacrée à l’interprétation des indicateurs de productivité, aux applications les plus fréquentes des résultats et aux principaux écueils à éviter. L’étude conclut que des progrès substantiels ont été réalisés ces dernières années pour rendre plus comparables les statistiques de productivité. Cependant, les données de base de nombreux pays constituent encore le principal obstacle à la construction d’indicateurs comparables de productivité. En outre, il faut que les statisticiens, les chercheurs et les décideurs soient mieux informés sur les utilisations et l’interprétation qui peuvent être faites des statistiques de productivité.
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  • 28
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 135-149
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Inciter les assistants à utiliser les nouvelles technologies dans les activités d'acquisition et d'enseignement de savoirs dans une université professionnalisée : Le rôle de la reconnaissance et de la rétribution
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 135-149
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Bournemouth University faces the same challenges as many other universities. These arise from the sector-wide agendas, such as widening participation, regional partnerships and international collaboration, in addition to increasing research activity and managing with reduced funding. A key priority within Bournemouth’s Learning and Teaching Strategy is to use learning technologies to address these challenges. Several incentives are being used to encourage lecturers to adopt online learning. These have as their common focus the need to value teaching activity on an equal footing with research. The strategies used include funding for learning and teaching projects, a Learning and Teaching Fellowship Scheme, the creation of a Centre for Academic Practice to focus on pedagogic research, payment for membership of the Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, and a staff development programme for Programme Leaders. These initiatives are possible because the University has take a strategic approach to using government funds for learning and teaching and human resources development (HRD) policies. However, putting in place such incentives is only worthwhile if they work, and research suggests that successful and widespread implementation of online learning depends on a number of factors (Johnston and McCormack, 1996; Steel and Hudson, 2001; Somekh, 1998; Spotts, 1999). This article presents findings from research in progress by the author which is investigating factors affecting the adoption of online learning by lecturers at Bournemouth and their motivation to change their teaching methods. The methodology used is action research and the article ends by briefly illustrating some of the issues faced by the researcher conducting research in her own organisation...
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  • 29
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 119-147
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le nouveau système budgétaire russe : Analyse critique et programme de réforme
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 119-147
    Keywords: Governance ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: One of the major challenges faced by transitional economies has been to adjust institutions that were designed to function in a planning environment to function in an increasingly market-oriented environment. One of the most important of these institutional reforms has been the restructuring of the budget system. The latter should be interpreted quite widely to encompass the institutional framework as well as the administrative procedures that determine the means whereby resources are transferred to government, how the use of these resources is prioritised and directed to agreed policy objectives, and then subsequently managed, controlled, monitored and reported on. Such systems must be defined in terms of a legal framework...
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 51-67
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changer d'identité dans un contexte incertain : Un rapport d'avancement
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 51-67
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: National planners struggle to formulate policies which will enable mass higher and universal tertiary education systems to meet diverse needs for lifelong learning in a knowledge society. Institutional leaders experience ambiguity and stress in seeking an identity appropriate to their particular university in a contradictory policy environment which gives mixed messages. With high levels of stress, multiple conflicting demands and scarce resources, there is a natural but short-sighted tendency to manage more tightly and prescriptively as a way of trying to ensure productivity and accountability. This analysis from a large, broad-based and deliberately innovative Australian university examines these tensions. The new RMIT leadership has set out by transparent and participatory means to diagnose its environment, restate its mission and strengthen internal and external partnership to do its work. Networking and engagement are essential for a knowledgemaking and knowledge-using institution to learn and contribute effectively. However, contradiction and uncertainty in the policy environment, which reflect wider societal ambiguities, make this a daunting task...
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 47-65
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accrual Accounting and Budgeting: Key Issues and Recent Developments
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 47-65
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La comptabilité et la budgétisation sur la base des droits constatés et dans l’optique des paiements sont deux méthodes situées aux antipodes l’une de l’autre. Les pays membres ont traditionnellement appliqué la comptabilité sur la base des paiements dans le secteur public, mais ils ont connu dans ces dernières années une tendance forte les amenant à se tourner vers la comptabilité sur la base des droits constatés. Environ la moitié des pays membres ont adopté à des degrés divers la comptabilité sur la base des droits constatés. Les tableaux indiquent de façon détaillée quelles sont les méthodes pratiquées en la matière dans chaque pays membre. Il est possible d’apporter quelques commentaires généraux sur l’utilisation de la comptabilité et la budgétisation sur la base des droits constatés par les pays membres...
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  • 32
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99-111
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reform in a Fragmented System: Higher Education in Bosnia-Herzegovina
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99-111
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La guerre qui a eu lieu de 1992 à 1995 en Bosnie-Herzégovine a creusé d’importantes divisions ethniques dans des structures universitaires déjà morcelées où chaque faculté jouissait d’une indépendance académique et financière considérable. A leur tour, les facultés, conformes à la tradition humboldtienne, se composaient de « chaires » et d’instituts semi-autonomes. Ce niveau de l’organisation avait vu son autonomie s’accroître au cours de l’ère communiste, en vertu du principe « d’autodétermination » caractéristique de la Yougoslavie et destiné à renforcer l’autonomie des unités opérationnelles. Cette fragmentation du niveau institutionnel est encore intensifiée dans la Bosnie-Herzégovine actuelle par l’absence, au niveau national, de toute planification ou contrôle efficace de l’enseignement supérieur. Les efforts de réformes entrepris après la guerre par les organismes internationaux ont abordé quelques-uns des problèmes posés par cette structure fragmentaire. Mais ils n’ont pas suffisamment tenu compte des différences entre les principes théoriques sur lesquels se fondent les universités de Bosnie-Herzégovine et ceux de la tradition anglo-américaine qui inspirent le plus souvent les modèles de réforme de la gestion. En essayant de mieux comprendre les schémas traditionnels de l’organisation universitaire, on pourra sans doute amener les projets d’aide à rendre plus efficace la gestion institutionnelle et à inverser quelques-uns des effets les plus nocifs d’une fragmentation qui agit à plusieurs niveaux.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 117-138
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 25 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Australian Academics and Prospective Academics: Adjustment to a More Commercial Environment
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 117-138
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’adaptation au nouvel environnement commercial a été, à biens des égards, un processus douloureux et préjudiciable pour la profession universitaire en Australie. Elle est désormais plus fragmentée et son influence politique et son envergure se sont dégradées. Les salaires des universitaires n’ont pas suivi l’évolution des salaires professionnels et nombre d’entre eux émettent de sévères critiques à l’encontre des changements intervenus dans la politique gouvernementale en matière d’enseignement supérieur, de la réduction des aides publiques aux universités et des modifications apportées à la structure et à l’administration de leurs établissements. Beaucoup sont très frustrés, désabusés et en colère. Cependant, toutes les adaptations ne se sont pas révélées négatives. Aujourd’hui les universitaires australiens sont plus qualifiés, travaillent plus dur et sont plus productifs en matière de recherche qu’ils ne l’étaient dans les années 70. Ils continuent de manifester un profond intérêt pour les rôles essentiels que joue l’université et beaucoup sont satisfaits de leur travail. Ils sont nombreux à s’être engagés avec succès dans des partenariats de recherche avec l’industrie et dans d’autres activités entrepreneuriales, sans pour autant mettre en péril l’intégrité de leur rôle dans l’enseignement. Mais l’opinion de certains étudiants en doctorat suscite des inquiétudes, en particulier leur insatisfaction quant aux cours suivis, les incertitudes concernant leurs futures carrières et l’opinion extrêmement négative qu’ils ont des universités et de la profession universitaire...
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 49-82
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Production and Use of ICT: A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 49-82
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document examine les rôles du secteur de production de TIC et des principales industries utilisatrices de TIC vis-à-vis de la croissance globale de la productivité dans les pays de l’OCDE. Le secteur de fabrication des TIC, en particulier, se distingue dans de nombreux pays par des taux de croissance de la productivité très élevés, et contribue largement à la croissance de la productivité du travail en Corée, en Finlande et en Irlande. Dans quelques pays, et notamment en Australie et aux États-Unis, certains services utilisateurs de TIC ont aussi enregistré une reprise supérieure à la moyenne de la croissance de la productivité au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie 1990. De plus amples réformes structurelles pourront s’avérer nécessaires pour que l’utilisation des TIC se traduise également dans les statistiques de productivité d’autres pays de l’OCDE. Par ailleurs, les différences observées selon les pays dans la mesure de la productivité des industries productrices et utilisatrices de TIC compliquent les analyses internationales.
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  • 35
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 71-103
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'État performant : Réflexions sur une idée entrée dans les esprits mais pas encore dans les faits
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 71-103
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The contemporary nation-state exists to perform – to provide financial assistance, public services and other benefits to its people. How well the government performs influences the economic and social well-being of citizens, the mindset that voters take into the election booth, the programmes and behaviour of politicians and bureaucrats, and the relationship between government and the governed. Delivering services and writing cheques are not the sole functions of the modern state, for it still has traditional watchman responsibilities such as defending the country against external threat and maintaining domestic health, safety and order. Although the old tasks are essential, in most nation-states they have been surpassed in the sentiments of citizens and in the fiscal accounts of government by a vastly broader array of public services than were provided generations ago. Government not only does more than it once did, it carries out many tasks differently. One of the themes of this paper is that a performing state is inherently a state in transition, adapting to changing conditions and opportunities. Performance is not a static measure, but one that requires ongoing feedback from situations and results to policies and action. Among the many transformations that the performing state has experienced is in its role as unifier of the people through symbols and actions that forge a common national identity. As the provision of services has gained prominence, diversity has gained ground over uniformity because citizens differ in the services they want or need. The performing state must serve the people, even if doing so requires that it serve them differently...
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 99-142
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur des télécommunications : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 99-142
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses an international database on regulation, market structure and performance in the telecommunications industry to investigate the effects of entry liberalisation and privatisation on productivity, prices and quality of service in long-distance (domestic and international) and mobile cellular telephony services in 23 OECD countries over the 1991-1997 period. The data on regulation and market structure is analysed by means of factor analysis techniques in order to group countries according to their policy and market environments. Controlling for technology developments and differences in economic structure, panel data estimates show that prospective competition (as proxied by the number of years remaining to liberalisation) and effective competition (as proxied by the share of new entrants or by the number of competitors) both bring about productivity and quality improvements and reduce the prices of all the telecommunications services considered in the analysis. No clear evidence could be found concerning the effects on performance of the ownership structure of the industry (as proxied by both the public share in the public telecommunications operators and years remaining to privatisation).
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  • 37
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 105-122
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Universitaires australiens d'aujourd'hui et de demain : Adaptation à un environnement plus commercial
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 105-122
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In many respects, adjustment to the new commercial environment has been painful and damaging to the academic profession in Australia. The profession is now more fragmented and has lost political influence and standing. Academic salaries have failed to keep pace with professional salaries and many academics are highly critical of changes in government higher education policy, reduced government financial support for universities and structural and management changes within their institutions. Many feel a strong sense of frustration, disillusionment and anger. However, not all adjustments have been negative. Australian academics today are better-qualified, work harder and are more productive in research than they were in the 1970s. They continue to be deeply interested in key academic roles and many still find their jobs satisfying. Many have made successful transitions to involvement in research links with industry and other entrepreneurial activities, without jeopardising their academic integrity. But the views of PhD students give cause for concern, especially dissatisfaction about course experience, uncertainty about future careers and highly negative views of both universities and academic employment...
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  • 38
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 149-194
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les marchés publics : Rapport de synthèse
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 149-194
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Governments are significant purchasers of goods and services and these markets represent huge opportunities for international trade. Measuring government procurement for a large number of countries, in a consistent manner, is not a trivial task and careful attention must be paid to ensure that national data is gathered on the basis of harmonised procedures in all countries covered. Quantifying the size of government procurement markets becomes even more complicated when attempts are made at distinguishing procurement between government levels (central versus sub-central), or by types of expenditure (consumption versus investment), or at measuring the share of procurement that is potentially opened up to international trade (contestable). The latter indicator is meant to capture tradable purchases and excludes two categories of government purchases that are assumed to be nontradable, i.e. the compensation of government employees and defence-related expenditure...
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  • 39
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 147-177
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. "Leadership" and "Governance" in the Analysis of University Organisations: Two Concepts in Need of De-construction
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 147-177
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Cet article propose une lecture critique de la littérature anglosaxone sur le leadership et le gouvernement des organisations universitaires produite depuis les années 1960. Cette critique prend appui sur un travail empirique conséquent sur les modes de fonctionnement et de gouvernement des universités françaises. L’auteur veut démontrer que la question du leadership dans les universités a été abordée de manière trop personnalisée, trop désincarnée ou trop normative, et que le gouvernement des universités a été analysé de façon trop morcelée. Elle propose l’alternative d’une nouvelle définition du gouvernement de l’université, capable d’en saisir toutes les dimensions : les relations de conflits-coopération entre les différents leaders, les relations d’interdépendance des différents organes collectifs impliqués dans les processus de décision, et enfin les relations entre les leaders et les instances représentatives.
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  • 40
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 187-202
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estimation of the Cyclical Behaviour of Mark-ups: A Technical Note
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 187-202
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude présente des estimations des fluctuations cycliques des taux de marge, suivant une généralisation de la méthode de Rotemberg et Woodford (1991). Les résultats confortent l’hypothèse que les taux de marge sont anticycliques dans la plupart des secteurs, notamment en présence de rigidités à la baisse de l’emploi. Cela s’accorde avec les nombreuses études empiriques selon lesquelles, lors des périodes d’expansion, la concurrence s’accroît ou les incitations à la collusion diminuent, ce qui engendre une pression à la baisse sur les taux de marge. En outre, ce résultat offre une interprétation intéressante pour le comportement procyclique des salaires réels.
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  • 41
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 173-188
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estimation du comportement cyclique des taux de marge : Une note technique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 173-188
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents estimates of the cyclical fluctuations of price-cost margins, following an extended version of the Rotemberg and Woodford (1991) approach. The results support the hypothesis of counter-cyclical price margins in most manufacturing industries, especially in the presence of downward rigidities of labour inputs. This is consistent with a growing body of empirical literature showing that economic booms tend to increase competition or decrease the incentives for collusion, thereby creating downward pressures on price margins. It also offers an appealing interpretation of the otherwise puzzling pro-cyclicality of real wages.
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 167-186
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reform of Gas Sector in Russia
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 167-186
    Keywords: Governance ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Pour l’économie russe, il n’y a guère d’industries qui revêtent plus d’importance que celle du gaz naturel. La Russie est un grand exportateur de gaz et possède des réserves considérables de gaz naturel. Cette industrie, dominée par une seule entreprise verticalement intégrée – RAO Gazprom –, s’est heurtée à plusieurs problèmes, notamment la faiblesse des prix sur le marché intérieur, la généralisation du non-paiement (et des systèmes de troc et de compensation) ainsi que l’absence presque totale de concurrence. A l’occasion d’un séminaire organisé à Moscou en septembre 2001, des experts de l’OCDE et des fonctionnaires russes ont débattu des enseignements à tirer de l’expérience de la réforme des industries du gaz naturel dans la zone OCDE. Les thèmes abordés concernaient notamment l’amélioration de la transparence de Gazprom, la nécessité de rééquilibrer les prix, le « juste » prix du gaz par rapport aux autres formes d’énergie, le financement des nouveaux investissements, la structure et les pouvoirs des institutions réglementaires ainsi que l’action en faveur de la concurrence au niveau de la production de gaz naturel. Une question essentielle, pour l’économie russe, est celle de savoir s’il convient ou non de procéder à la séparation structurelle de Gazprom. La séparation de la production et du transport de gaz naturel pourrait intensifier la concurrence entre producteurs gaziers, et stimuler la mise en valeur de gisements de gaz, sans que la Russie doive renoncer pour autant au pouvoir de marché dont elle jouit sur les marchés gaziers internationaux.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer les capacités des pays en développement dans le domaine de la passation des marchés : Compte rendu succinct de la table ronde de l'OCDE et de la Banque mondiale, 22-23 janvier 2003
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-16
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The Round Table on Strengthening Procurement Capacities in Developing Countries is a joint DAC / World Bank initiative. The overall objectives of the Round Table process are to identify and address key procurement capacity building needs and to build procurement systems in developing countries around which donors can harmonise their procedures (building on the DAC Recommendation to untie ODA to the Least Developed Countries and linking up to the work of the DAC’s Task Force on Donor Practices). This first meeting (three meetings are planned over 2003-2004) had the objectives of arriving at a shared agenda between participants and setting out a business plan to work out a limited number of concrete and demand-driven products over the biennium...
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  • 44
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 129-211
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 81 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Price Transparency: Will a Greater Degree of Price Transparency Help or Harm Buyers?
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 129-211
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Des discussions qui ont eu lieu dans le cadre de la table ronde sur la base des contributions des délégués et du document de référence qui ont été présentés, on peut dégager un certain nombre de points essentiels…
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  • 45
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 105-117
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans les actifs financiers privés pour répondre à des besoins à long terme
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 105-117
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In preparation for the 2002 meeting of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials, an ad hoc Meeting on Investing in Private Financial Assets to Address Longer Term Needs was held in Paris on 4-5 April 2002. Eight countries participated in the meeting with case studies of their national experiences: Australia, Canada, Chile, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. France attended the meeting as well. The meeting was chaired by Mr. Paul Posner, Managing Director, General Accounting Office, United States...
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  • 46
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 85-116
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesure des restrictions visant les investissements directs de l'étranger dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 85-116
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides new measures of restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) for OECD countries. Several different types of restrictions are considered: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, and management and operational restrictions. These restrictions are computed for nine sectors and eleven sub-sectors, most of which are in services, and then aggregated into a single measure for the economy as a whole. According to the aggregate indicators, the last two decades, and especially the 1990s, have witnessed dramatic liberalisation in FDI restrictions. OECD countries are now generally open to inward FDI, although there remain substantial differences between countries and across industries. The most open countries are now in Europe, at least as far as statutory restrictions are concerned. The preponderance of remaining restrictions is in services, with almost no overt restrictions in manufacturing...
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  • 47
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 27-46
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Steerage of Research in Universities by National Policy Instruments
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 27-46
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans un Livre vert paru en juin 1999, le gouvernement australien affichait son intention de réformer la recherche et la formation des étudiants chercheurs en milieu universitaire. Après une période de débat public et de réflexion de la part des institutions, des réformes ont vu le jour. Aux termes des nouvelles dispositions, le financement de la recherche et de la formation dans cette discipline est désormais fondé sur les résultats et totalement séparé de la dotation de base attribuée aux universités pour l’enseignement. Les nouveaux mécanismes de financement permettent également la réaffectation des ressources publiques de base consacrées à la recherche au sein du secteur universitaire.Dans les universités mêmes, il importe d’orienter, en interne, les crédits budgétaires publics vers les disciplines à forte intensité de recherche, comptant de très nombreux étudiants chercheurs et bénéficiant d’importantes subventions de l’extérieur – éléments influant le plus sur les indicateurs de performance qui déterminent l’attribution des fonds. Il est possible de modéliser ce circuit de financement qui va de la décision gouvernementale jusqu’à l’affectation interne des ressources, et les résultats de cette modélisation pourraient fort bien aboutir à une transformation définitive de la nature des universités en modifiant le mode de financement et des travaux qui y sont menés et la façon dont il en est rendu compte.Avec ces modèles de financement, les départements d’enseignementpourraient, s’ils comptent peu d’étudiants chercheurs et ne bénéficient que de faibles subventions de l’extérieur, se retrouver dépourvus des moyens de financer ne serait-ce que les travaux de recherche et d’érudition les plus élémentaires et les bourses d’étude. Cela compromettrait le niveau et la vocation de l’enseignement universitaire qui, par nature, devrait s’inscrire dans une culture d’érudition soutenue et de création de nouveaux savoirs grâce à la recherche.Dans cet article, nous examinons ces aspects dans le contexte des modèles de financement de la recherche, ainsi que les réponses apportées par les gestionnaires d’université et les universitaires de terrain face aux enjeux de l’adaptation au nouveau cadre d’action et de financement.
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  • 48
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 81-90
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 13 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluating Teaching and Research Activities Finding the Right Balance
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 81-90
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Depuis 1990, l’activité de recherche et d’enseignement du personnel universitaire fait l’objet d’évaluations périodiques dans les universités espagnoles. Les évaluations se pratiquent à l’échelon national, régional et à l’échelon de l’établissement. L’organisation est chaque fois différente et traduit l’importance accordée à chacune des activités. Dans la plupart des cas, une évaluation positive est associée à des augmentations de salaire ou à l’octroi d’avantages.Dans cet article, nous analysons le système d’évaluation des activités de recherche et d’enseignement et nous voyons dans quelle mesure il tend à promouvoir l’activité de recherche, avec pour conséquence une dévalorisation de l’activité d’enseignement.
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  • 49
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    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-30
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'opinion publique contre la pauvreté
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-30
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The evidence shows that citizens in OECD DAC member countries want more solidarity and justice in the world. They support international development co–operation, and if they were more and better informed, if their capacity to critically engage in the policy debate was stronger, they could be a precious constituency for its reform and improvement. There lies an opportunity for governments, especially for those that have pledged to increase their ODA, to kick–start a virtuous circle of transparency and reform, and effectively rise to the challenge of global poverty reduction...
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  • 50
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 25-40
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une approche intégrée des systèmes de renforcement académiques
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 25-40
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Over the last few years, university professors’ careers have undergone a change approaching a true revolution: a major diversification in career models, from fundamental research to professional innovation to knowledge transfer; increased use of computerised tools and the Internet in both teaching and research; the all but mandatory requirement to form research teams and networks, often multidisciplinary in nature; the growth in partnerships with industry for both training and research; and ever more complex and demanding regulations governing intellectual property. We also see more competition, often ferocious, among universities and between academe and private companies to attract the most promising candidates. In this context, it has become more vital than ever before for universities to put in place reinforcement systems that are both fair and capable of motivating excellence and of attracting and retaining the best people. In past decades, the traditional reinforcers were the merit pay system and tenure, not counting other incentives used on a random and situational basis, generally in the absence of well-established rules. The current context demands a richer, more complex, more transparent and more diversified reinforcement system that will integrate a set of incentives that are more closely tied to current academic needs and faculty members’ quality of life. This article, which is based on the experiences and thought process of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Université de Montréal and on the orientations of a number of North American universities, illustrates an integrated approach to academic reinforcement systems, from hiring to retirement, and a merit pay model adapted to the university of the 21st century. The need to review promotion criteria and standards is particularly emphasised...
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  • 51
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    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la productivité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the main measurement issues in calculating productivity indicators, and provides guidance to researchers and statisticians in addressing these difficulties. It draws on the OECD Productivity Manual and on recent OECD work on productivity levels. The paper examines a range of issues related to the measurement of productivity growth, including the choice of output measure (gross output versus value added), the measurement of output, labour and capital input, as well as index number issues. It also discusses OECD estimates of productivity levels and the key measurement issues in deriving these estimates, including the appropriate conversion from one currency unit to another. A final section discusses the interpretation of productivity measures, including their most common applications and the possible pitfalls. The paper concludes that substantial progress has been made in recent years to improve the comparability of productivity statistics. In many countries, however, basic source data are still the key limitation to the development of comparable indicators of productivity. In addition, statisticians, researchers and policy makers need to be more aware of the appropriate uses and interpretation of productivity statistics.
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  • 52
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 133-203
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Remises et primes de fidélité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 133-203
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: As with other policies offering lower prices to at least some buyers, loyalty and fidelity discounts are generally pro-competitive and beneficial to consumers even though they may harm certain competitors. Potential problems exist, however, when such discounts are employed in ways that reduce price transparency, exclude or restrict a significant number of actual or potential competitors, or raise the probability of anticompetitive co-ordination. The sometimes complex pro- and anti-competitive effects of loyalty and fidelity discounts are explored in the executive summary, background paper and summary of discussion pertaining to a June 2002 OECD Competition Committee roundtable discussion of the topic. While these documents reveal some interesting policy differences among various members of the Competition Committee, they also point to general agreement that loyalty and fidelity discounts are more likely to raise competition concerns when practised by firms enjoying substantial market power.
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  • 53
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 113-121
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 10 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Book review
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 113-121
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Alors que l’Assemblée galloise, suivant en cela l’Écosse, rétablit (dans une certaine mesure) l’octroi, sous conditions de ressources, de bourses aux étudiants, il est opportun d’examiner l’ouvrage de Nicholas Barr, intitulé The Welfare State as Piggy Bank. Barr se penche sur la question de l’assurance maladie et des pensions avant d’aborder celle de l’éducation ; dans ce domaine, il plaide pour que l’enseignement scolaire relève de l’État mais que l’enseignement supérieur soit soumis aux lois du marché : les étudiants, précise-t-il, « forment un groupe de consommateurs avisés, pleins de bon sens et remarquablement informés » et, de ce fait, sont « plus à même que les responsables de la planification centrale de faire des choix conformes à leurs propres besoins et à ceux de l’économie »....
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  • 54
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    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 7-45
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection sociale et croissance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Public social expenditure accounts for 25 per cent of GDP, or even more in some countries. That expenditure on this scale has some effect on growth seems very likely, but the direction of the effect is disputed by different schools of thought. Using new data sources and panel data econometric techniques, this paper sheds new light on the issue. Evidence is found in favour of the proposition that more social expenditure reduces growth. However, “active” social spending, including active labour market policies, make work pay policies and spending on family services, appears to have the opposite effect and may be growth-enhancing.
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  • 55
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 89-103
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rôles de l'université et profils de carrière : Tendances, scénarios et problèmes de motivation
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 89-103
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The substantial pressures upon higher education systems and institutions are impacting upon individual roles and career paths. Yet recent research on academic identities (Henkel, 2000) suggests the responses are largely adaptive and evolutionary. This article starts by briefly revisiting some of the key aspects of the study by Kogan, Moses and El-Khawas (1994), and the paper by Gordon (1997), before turning to a short discussion of the principal trends which have affected the scene subsequently. It then explores three scenarios in terms of roles and career paths: evolution, selective restructuring, and step-change restructuring. The possible characteristics and implications for various stakeholders of each are considered, as is the connection to current trends, and indicators of change. The paper concludes with suggestions as to how institutions and systems might strategically plan for, and manage, changes in roles and career paths in order to ensure that individuals are motivated and perceive the changes positively and creatively...
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  • 56
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 75-98
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 27 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motivating Individuals: Incentives, Staff Reactions, and Institutional Effects
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 75-98
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Cet article étudie les liens qui peuvent exister entre l’évolution des structures de financement des établissements et les motivations du personnel universitaire. Les incitations spécifiques internes aux universités n’ont certes pas été examinées en détail dans Academic Capitalism, mais il semble bien que les modifications introduites par les pouvoirs publics dans le mode de financement des établissements d’enseignement supérieur, et décrites dans cet ouvrage, ont créé une dynamique organisationnelle qui a abouti à la création ou à l’accroissement d’incitations encore plus spécifiques au sein de ces établissements, et que ces incitations nouvelles ou renforcées ont eu des incidences directes sur le corps universitaire. Cette constatation a conduit l’auteur, avec des étudiants en doctorat, à rechercher s’il y avait effectivement des liens de cause à effet entre les changements intervenus dans la structure du financement des établissements d’enseignement supérieur et leurs activités. Ils ont effectué des analyses économétriques sur la manière dont les travaux liés aux contrats et subventions influaient sur la répartition du temps et la productivité des universitaires. L’auteur conclut que la baisse de la part des dotations publiques globales dans le financement a une incidence majeure sur les établissements d’enseignement supérieur, mais que l’ampleur et la nature de ces effets sont toutefois extrêmement variables, non seulement d’un établissement à l’autre, mais également au sein de chacun d’eux. Au sein d’un établissement les effets de l’évolution de la structure de financement dépendent de nombreux facteurs, notamment la manière dont l’établissement répercute sur ses unités internes et sur les membres de son personnel les pressions de l’environnement...
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  • 57
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    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 9-85
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 9-85
    Keywords: Development ; Canada
    Abstract: The last Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Review of Canada’s development co-operation, held in January 1998, highlighted Canada’s special ability to help lead the international community towards action which pushes out the frontiers of international co-operation. At the same time it noted that, in the context of a fundamental fiscal adjustment to respond to its domestic public debt burden, Canada’s aid budget had been cut by 29% over six years, more than in any other area of Canadian public spending. As a result, Canada’s official development assistance effort (as measured by the ODA/GNI ratio) had declined steeply from 0.45% at the beginning of the 1990s and was projected to fall below 0.30% by the end of the decade. (In fact, partly reflecting fast growth in Canada’s gross national income (GNI), the ODA/GNI ratio fell to 0.25% in 2000 and 0.22% in 2001). The DAC pointed out that these trends had created a paradox at the heart of Canada’s internationalism, given the continuing determination to be involved in a very wide range of issues and with as wide a range of partners as possible. This paradox raised concerns about Canada’s ability to meet expectations, both at home and abroad, for its role in the world...
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  • 58
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 57-118
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gouvernance de la régulation : Amélioration institutionnelle des autorités de régulation sectorielles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 57-118
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In recent years, many countries, both within the OECD and beyond, have reappraised their regulatory policy framework to determine whether it meets the challenges of the new regulatory environment. For utility markets previously characterised by stability and slowness to change, these challenges are arising from rapidly developing technologies, converging industries, the internationalisation of markets, and more informed and discerning consumers...
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  • 59
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 57-70
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pilotage ministériel et réactions des établissements : L'évolution récente du système d'enseignement supérieur finlandais
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 57-70
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: As part of the public sector reform, Finland reformulated its higher education policy in the late 1980s. It also included a profound reform of the government policy implementation instruments within the university system. As a result, a steering model based on the regulation of results instead of inputs was built up, and the autonomy of traditionally heavily regulated universities was increased. The planning and budgeting dialogue between the Ministry of Education and universities was simplified, and the system of performance negotiations and agreements was established. Also, a funding formula, based first on institutional goals agreed upon in the performance agreements, and later, to an increasing degree, on outputs, was established. The new steering model was implemented in the situation, which was characterised by comprehensive linking of Finnish higher education policy to economic and industrial development policies and the information society policy, in particular. The universities have been faced with a challenge of improving their management capacity to be effective in their responses to the new governmental steering and to the changing policy environment, in general. The paper is based in two ongoing empirical studies by the authors, one about the change of the governmental steering instruments from the mid-80s to the present time and the other about the institutional reactions to the present steering-by-results model. The theoretical basis for the paper is provided by the theories of institutional governance.
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  • 60
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    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 79-117
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Performing State: Reflection on an Idea Whose Time Has Come but Whose Implementation Has Not
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 79-117
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’État-nation contemporain existe pour être performant, pour fournir au peuple une aide financière, des services publics et d’autres prestations. La hauteur des performances de l’administration influe sur le bien-être économique et social des citoyens, l’état d’esprit des électeurs qui entrent dans l’isoloir, les programmes et le comportement des hommes politiques et des bureaucrates et les relations entre gouvernants et gouvernés. La mission de l’État moderne ne se limite pas à fournir des services et à faire des chèques, puisqu’il conserve ses fonctions traditionnelles de gardien, par exemple en défendant le pays contre les menaces extérieures et en maintenant à l’intérieur la santé publique, la sécurité et l’ordre. Ces missions restent certes essentielles, mais dans la plupart des États-nations, elles ont été surclassées dans l’esprit des citoyens et dans les comptes de l’administration par une gamme de services publics beaucoup plus étendue que celle fournie il y a 20 ou 40 ans. L’administration n’accomplit pas seulement davantage de tâches que par le passé, elle remplit la plupart d’entre elles différemment. L’une des idées principales du présent rapport est que l’État performant est par nature un État en transition, qui doit s’adapter à l’évolution des conditions et des opportunités. La performance n’est pas une mesure statique ; elle exige une rétroaction continue entre la situation et les résultats d’une part et les politiques et l’action d’autre part. Parmi les nombreuses transformations qui ont touché l’État performant, il faut citer celles qui concernent son rôle d’unification du peuple au travers de symboles et d’actions qui forgent l’identité nationale commune. Au fur et à mesure que la prestation des services prenait de l’importance, la diversité gagnait du terrain sur l’uniformité, du fait que les citoyens ne veulent pas ou n’ont pas tous besoin des mêmes services. L’État performant doit servir les citoyens, même s’il lui faut pour cela ne pas tous les servir de la même manière...
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  • 61
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 41-49
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motiver les travailleurs du savoir : Des enseignements à échanger avec le monde de l'entreprise
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 41-49
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: There is pressure on Australian universities to adopt organisational structures, job design, remuneration and performance management systems based on corporate sector best practice. However, these systems and practices are often at least 20 years old and are based on command-control bureaucracies that dominated the manufacturing and service industries. They are not only alien to universities but are increasingly seen as inappropriate to knowledge-based professional organisations in the corporate sector because the underlying assumptions about what motivates people are at odds with what research shows motivates professional “knowledge-workers”. This research identifies sources of motivation that resonate with what has underpinned traditional university remuneration, promotion and performance schemes. However this does not mean that there is no need for change to those traditional schemes. As academic work becomes more complex and the academic labour market more differentiated, there is a need to recognise this greater diversity within extended promotional and reward schemes...
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  • 62
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 43-59
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Tripartite Mission: Re-examining the Relationship Linking Universities, Medical Schools and Health Systems
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 43-59
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans tous les pays, les partenaires de l’université et du milieu clinique ont des objectifs similaires malgré les variations qui existent selon les contextes nationaux. Ils visent à assurer des services de recherche, d’enseignement et de soins de santé de niveau international. Mais ils font aussi face à des tensions similaires. Les partenaires de la santé et de l’enseignement supérieur se trouvent confrontés à deux paradoxes centraux : ils sont interdépendants (ils ont besoin l’un de l’autre pour s’acquitter de leur mission) et indépendants (ils sont gérés en fonction de priorités différentes). Ensuite, ils s’efforcent d’équilibrer les exigences de deux maîtres (la santé et l’enseignement) dont les priorités sont difficiles à concilier. La façon traditionnelle de mettre en place les partenariats se trouve partout confrontée aux répercussions des facteurs mondiaux de changement dans les services cliniques, l’enseignement et la recherche. Malgré les pressions qui s’exercent sur ses formes d’organisation, la mission tripartite demeure une activité vitale. La manière dont elle est accomplie doit être réexaminée. Introduire des pratiques fondées sur l’expérience et des innovations dans les services, convertir la recherche en pratique, gérer une base de connaissances de plus en plus vaste, mettre au point de nouvelles formes de travail, tout cela exige une approche tripartite. Les partenariats ne se concentrent pas nécessairement sur la synergie entre les missions, autrement dit sur l’intégration des composantes pour produire un effet plus grand que la somme des parties. Ce rapport s’appuie sur les débats entre dirigeants d’organismes situés à la rencontre des secteurs universitaires et de santé sur l’orientation actuelle et future des relations entre les services, la recherche et l’enseignement. Il décrit quelques défis que doivent relever ceux qui gèrent la mission tripartite et propose des moyens de les surmonter.
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  • 63
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    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 87-131
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 87-131
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Based on the results of the OECD 2005 questionnaire on performance information, this article provides an overview of the development and use of performance measures and evaluations in the budget process across OECD countries. This trend is both widespread and long-term. However, questions remain about the real extent of change and if and how performance information is used in budgetary decision making. The article examines: the different institutional roles and responsibilities in developing performance information; the main trends, challenges and success factors for implementation and how this information is used in the budget process; and what factors contribute to its use or lack of use. The article also classifies different approaches to performance budgeting. Two significant findings are that the majority of countries engage in performance-informed budgeting at the Ministry of Finance level (that is, performance information is most often used along with other information to inform but not to determine budget allocations) and that the main reason for not using performance information is the lack of a method to integrate it into the budget process.
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  • 64
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    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article uses internationally-comparable data on the distribution of income across households to identify some well-founded facts to replace the conjecture and supposition which too often dominate discussions on inequality and poverty. There has been a general trend in nearly all OECD countries towards increased market income (earnings and income from capital) inequality between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. However, in a significant minority of countries this has not resulted in higher levels of inequality because either the amounts distributed through the tax and transfer system have increased, or because it has become more progressive. Changes in income distribution in the past ten years generally favoured the prime-age and elderly age groups, particularly those around retirement age. Relative income levels of single parents are very low and have worsened in a number of countries. Trends in earned income, and in particular trends in employment, are found to be crucial in explaining these changes.
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  • 65
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99-105
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 9 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Notes de lectures
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99-105
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: As the Welsh Assembly follows Scotland in reinstating (to some degree) student means-tested grants, it is timely to consider Nicholas Barr, The Welfare State as Piggy Bank. Barr looks at social insurance and pensions before tackling education, where he argues for State provision in relation to schools but Market provision for tertiary education: students are "impressively well-informed – a savvy, streetwise consumer group" and hence "students are more capable than central planners of making choices that conform with their own needs and those of the economy"...
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  • 66
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 7-58
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Driving Forces of Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 7-58
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce document analyse les liens entre la croissance économique et les politiques et les institutions dans les pays de l’OCDE sur la base de régressions en coupe transversale et en séries temporelles. Une approche économétrique nouvelle permet aux paramètres de court terme et à la vitesse de convergence de varier d’un pays à l’autre, en accord avec la plupart des models théoriques, alors que seuls les paramètres de long terme sont contraints à être communs. Au-delà du rôle « primaire » joué par l’accumulation du capital physique et humain, les résultats confirment l’importance pour la croissance de l’activité de R-D, du cadre macroéconomique, ainsi que de l’ouverture aux échanges et du développement des marchés financiers. Les résultats confirment que les variables de politique économique influencent la croissance économique non seulement par le biais d’une allocation efficiente des facteurs de production, mais aussi indirectement par l’accumulation du capital.
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  • 67
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    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 87-103
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les organisations du secteur public peuvent-elles apprendre ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 87-103
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the importance of managing information in organisations, as well as the challenges for organisations to make use of and adapt from it. Organisationsare expected to value information, to be able to learn from the past and to adapt to changing circumstances. While much of the literature has focused on private sector organisations, public sector organisations and indeed thegovernments within which they operate are undergoing significant reforms and face equal challenges. This paper considers organisational learning in the public sector in light of current public sector reform initiatives, many of which have implicitly been based on the assumption that the public sector can indeed use empirical evidence on past experience to inform current decision-making. In doing so, the paper tries to avoid treating organisational learning anthromorphically, focusing instead on the processes and procedures that form the life blood of organisations. Learning in organisations relates to how the organisation deliberately changes and adapts over time in terms of structures, functions, values, attitudes and behaviour. Organisational learning, as we shall use the term, refers to formal structures of information and whether or not they are used. Our interest is in how organisations can bring together information on past performance and have it influence decisions. Building on organisational learning literature, we will argue that while individual learning is important, it is not enough. There is a need to institutionalise learning processes within a public sector organisation...
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  • 68
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    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 67-85
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle de l'évaluation dans l'apprentissage politique et administratif et le rôle des enseignements tirés dans la pratique de l'évaluation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 67-85
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The writing of this paper, is in reference to my contribution in Can Governments Learn?, one of the books published by the International Evaluation Research Group. My immediate and first reaction was that it is of course always very nice to be asked to contribute for a distinguished audience. My second reaction was to ask myself when my essay in Can Governments Learn? was really written and what questions it dealt with; and perhaps even more, what was the answer to the question which constitutes the title of the book. The need to ask the latter questions had of course something to do with the answer to the first question, namely that the essay was written about 10 years ago. It was therefore obvious that the discussion in this book in a more technical sense had to be updated, but also had to take into account both some new empirical material and the discussion within a couple of intellectual fields. The title of this current paper implies several questions: to what degree politicians and administrators learn from evaluations, and also to what degree learning takes place among the evaluators themselves. These questions create a sort of strategic problem. Am I going to give the answer at the beginning of my paper or perhaps later? But perhaps I will compromise: I will start with a short version of the answer now, but elaborate on the answer later...
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  • 69
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    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 41-63
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 25 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Building a consensus for fiscal reform: The Chilean case
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 41-63
    Keywords: Governance ; Chile
    Abstract: La crise financière, apparue en Asie en 1997, a suscité un regain d’intérêt pour les finances publiques des économies émergentes. La plupart des observateurs n’ayant pas été à même de déceler la montée des déséquilibres budgétaires, les importantes dettes publiques éventuelles, la vulnérabilité des structures actifs-passifs ainsi que les incohérences temporelles des politiques budgétaires, les institutions financières internationales se sont engagées à promouvoir une plus grande transparence et une efficience accrue dans la gestion des finances publiques. Cela a donné lieu, ces deux dernières années, à l’élaboration d’une série de codes sur la transparence, de lignes directrices et de rapports sur les meilleures pratiques visant à éviter que de telles défaillances ne se reproduisent à l’avenir...
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  • 70
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 43-56
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'université publique : Une référence pour l'enseignement supérieur brésilien
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 43-56
    Keywords: Education ; Brazil
    Abstract: Over the past few years, the debate on the future of higher education in Brazil has been by and large split into two camps. One side stresses the urgent need to broaden the system, to allow a growing number of Brazilians to gain qualifications and enter an increasingly competitive and international labour market as skilled workers. This is the view behind the significant expansion of private higher education in Brazil over the past decade. The other side does not disregard the problems of public higher education, or the demands of thousands of young people deprived of a university education, but holds that the expansion of higher education should be based on the conclusions of the 1998 World Conference on Higher Education in Paris. Rather than setting public against private education, this approach envisages the growth of the system as a whole, on the premise that education is a strategic asset for national development, a universal right and one of the duties of any State.
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  • 71
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    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 97-178
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 84 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation, public purpose and private service: The twentieth century culture of contracting out and the evolving law of diffused sovereignty
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 97-178
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’ouvrage fondateur de la Nouvelle gestion publique, paru en 1992 sous le titre « Reinventing Government » (« Réinventer l’État »), qui a inspiré l’initiative Clinton-Gore du même nom, a identifié 36 solutions de remplacement au « service public standard ». Étonnamment, les auteurs écrivent dans cet ouvrage que le gouvernement fédéral recourt déjà à un grand nombre de ces solutions de remplacement1. De la même manière, les outils de base identifiés par la Commission Reagan sur la Privatisation – bons donnant accès à un service public (« vouchers »), vente de biens publics et externalisation – ne sont pas nouveaux.
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  • 72
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    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La bourse, le marché de l'immobilier et le comportement des consommateurs
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: After the buoyancy of stock markets in the late nineties, share prices have generally trended downwards since 2001. By contrast, house prices have continued to increase, rising more rapidly than the general price level in several countries. These developments have led to renewed interest in the impact of asset prices on consumption and overall demand. This paper analyses the roles of household financial wealth and housing wealth across G7 countries (with the exception of Germany), in determining private consumption. It provides some estimates of the sensitivity of consumption to various forms of wealth and tests whether these sensitivities have changed over time. The impacts of recent financial and housing market developments on consumption are also quantified. The main results are, first, that for all countries, wealth channels are identified, second, that these effects vary significantly across countries, and third that for some countries, their importance has tended to rise markedly over the recent past.
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  • 73
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    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport aérien de passagers : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.
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  • 74
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    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Canada
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Important issues in competition policy in Canada today are the independence and powers of the institutions and the balance between competition policy principles and national interests. The foundations of policy are being tested in merger litigation over the meaning of efficiency. Enforcement against cartels is complicated by a need to show that restraints are “undue.” Canada's “conformity continuum” offers an important, distinctive contribution to enforcement practice. Responses to controversies sometimes appear ad hoc, but the outcomes, such as the laws about banking mergers and about airlines, have recognised competition concerns. Policy options for consideration include finding other means to promote the goals now served by ownership controls, reviewing the scope of federal and provincial regulatory constraints on competition, clarifying the scope of the Commissioner's decision-making independence, and making enforcement more efficient by providing for private action, improving the decision process, and clarifying the anti-cartel principle.
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  • 75
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    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 105-137
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assainissement des finances publiques et planification budgétaire à moyen terme au Japon
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 105-137
    Keywords: Governance ; Japan
    Abstract: The macroeconomic policy in Japan in the 1990s swung from fiscal expansion to fiscal consolidation and conversely. The efforts to restore soundness of public finance culminated in the Fiscal Structural Reform Act of 1997, which articulated several fiscal targets in the medium-term perspective. The act was however suspended after only a year due to economic slowdown, which threatened politicians with the possibility that fiscal consolidation might deteriorate the Japanese economy further. During the past decade, a number of economic packages to stimulate the return of the economy to a self-sustaining growth path totalled over 130 trillion yen in terms of project cost base.2 However, the Japanese economy has not recovered. As a result, these discretionary fiscal policies made the fiscal balance dramatically worse and accumulated government debt to over 140% of GDP in 2002. The new government under Prime Minister J. Koizumi was formed in April 2001. The government put structural reforms at the top of the agenda and included the fiscal consolidation plan to achieve a primary balance surplus in the early 2010s. While Japan is moving into an ageing society more rapidly than other countries, there is increasing pressure to restore public finances over the medium term. However, downside risk in the Japanese economy has been increasing since the middle of 2002 mainly due to serious deflationary pressure. Halting deflation is urgent in the short term for restoring economic growth. Japan is thus faced with considerable difficulties in achieving both the short-term objective of economic recovery and the medium-term objective of fiscal consolidation. In addition, Japan is in the extraordinary situation where there has been little incentive to enforce fiscal consolidation because huge domestic savings can finance huge government deficit, keeping the coupon rate of a ten-year Japanese Government bond to less than 1%...
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  • 76
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    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 79-128
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ouverture à la concurrence et efficacité des services à financement public
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 79-128
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD countries gradually open the provision of publicly funded services to competition. This article sets out an analytical framework focusing on incentives and information asymmetries between government as a principal and the agents supplying publicly funded services, and reviews how these issues are addressed by different forms of competition. Taking a wide perspective across different publicly funded services, the article reviews to what extent and how OECD countries have introduced competition, and it seeks to compare and explain the differences based on service characteristics. This review covers education, childcare, long-term care for elderly and employment services. In such services used by individuals there can be benefits from letting users chooseamong alternative suppliers, but developing appropriate regulation shaping the incentives of users and suppliers is essential. Alternatively, competitive tendering and contracting can be used, as is frequently done in OECD countries in technical and support services, including in areas where the final services are supplied via a public monopoly. Private finance of infrastructure investment plays a minor role so far.
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  • 77
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    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 171-190
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motivating the Professoriate: Why Sticks and Carrots are only for Donkeys
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 171-190
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Sous l’effet de la diminution des dotations gouvernementales aux universités et de l’augmentation des mesures destinées à favoriser la transparence, tant dans l’enseignement que dans la recherche, les structures de gestion de l’enseignement tertiaire se transforment. Les universités ont de tout temps fait confiance à la participation active et collégiale de leur personnel universitaire pour atteindre les objectifs et donner corps aux attentes qui animent le secteur depuis des générations. Dans cet article, les auteurs ont recours à la théorie psychologique de la motivation et à la recherche correspondante pour examiner les dispositifs conçus par les instances dirigeantes pour promouvoir la productivité du corps professoral. Nous nous élevons contre la mise en œuvre naïve de stratégies du changement qui ne semblent reposer ni sur la théorie ni sur la recherche. Nous proposons des stratégies visant à suivre ces changements de la politique et des pratiques conformément à certains paradigmes bien établis des sciences sociales, afin d’assurer la réalisation des objectifs souhaités sans risquer de provoquer des effets négatifs indésirables qui empêchent l’université d’accomplir sa mission de création et de transmission de savoirs nouveaux...
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  • 78
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    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document présente les ratios fiscaux révisés calculés à partir d’hypothèses plus réalistes que celles retenues dans une étude précédente qui suivait la même approche (fondée sur les Statistiques des recettes publiques et les données des Comptes nationaux) pour évaluer la charge fiscale effective. Bien que les niveaux des ratios fiscaux révisés soient parfois très différents de ceux calculés précédemment, les deux séries de données sont généralement fortement corrélées. Cette étude présente également une analyse de sensibilité à l’assouplissement, dans toute la mesure du possible et pour des pays et des périodes données, de certaines hypothèses irréalistes qui continuent d’être retenues. L’effet en est souvent important sur les ratios fiscaux, en particulier pour ce qui est des revenus du capital, et les deux séries de données ne sont parfois plus si fortement corrélées. Ceci met en évidence la nécessité d’utiliser ces ratios conjointement avec d’autres indicateurs, tels que les taux d’imposition effectifs moyens, pour mener la démonstration jusqu’au bout.
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  • 79
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    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 71-80
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 13 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Lack of a National Policy Regime of Quality Assurance in Germany Implications and Alternatives
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 71-80
    Keywords: Education ; Germany
    Abstract: Du fait de sa structure fédérale, et contrairement à d’autres pays tels que les Pays-Bas ou le Royaume-Uni, il n’existe pas en Allemagne de régime national de garantie de la qualité dans l’enseignement supérieur. Il y a certes divers instruments ayant pour objet de définir les normes minimales ou d’évaluer la qualité d’une façon ou d’une autre, mais aucun d’entre eux ne vise la garantie de la qualité au niveau national. L’homologation des cursus et des universités incombe à chacun des États (Länder) et se fait en conformité avec certains critères plus ou moins formels. L’évaluation est conduite, soit au niveau de chaque université, soit au niveau régional (par exemple dans le Nordverbund). En conséquence, ses résultats ne bénéficient pas d’une grande attention de la part de l’opinion publique. L’homologation en est encore à ses débuts et se limite aux programmes nouvellement créés de licence et de maîtrise. Le seul instrument de comparaison de l’enseignement supérieur qui couvre l’ensemble du pays est constitué par les classements effectués par des établissements privés. On examine ici les incidences de cette absence de dispositif national en tenant compte aussi bien des politiques nationales de garantie de la qualité et des classements. A propos de ces derniers, on définit les normes méthodologiques essentielles auxquelles ils doivent répondre afin de jouer leur rôle.
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  • 80
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    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 109-181
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transparence des prix : Une plus grande transparence des prix est-elle bonne ou mauvaise pour les acheteurs ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 109-181
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Although enhanced price transparency will generally increase competition to the benefit of consumers, this paper argues that it can have the opposite effect in some special situations. A negative impact is especially likely in markets already prone to anti-competitive coordination. In such markets, competition authorities should be suspicious of competitors exchanging price data, or engaging in any other practice that could help focus anti-competitive arrangements or help competitors more than customers to react to price changes. They should also be wary of exchanges of non-binding future prices. The paper identifies a number of key factors to consider in assessing whether increased price transparency might raise the probability of anticompetitive co-ordination. That includes having a look at meeting competition and most favored nation clauses, and the practice of base point pricing. The paper also examines price transparency as regards information exchanges within trade associations, price advertisements, and mandatory price transparency in public procurement markets. It closes with a short list of questions competition authorities might wish to keep in mind when investigating the effects of price transparency. This OECD Competition Roundtable was held in June 2001.
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  • 81
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    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 49-76
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pratiques modernes de gestion financière
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 49-76
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The paper highlights two incentive regimes which have been used by governments to improve their financial management systems: the capital charge regime to improve asset management and the interest rate regime to improve cash management...
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  • 82
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 87-98
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme dans un système fragmentaire : L'enseignement supérieur en Bosnie-Herzégovine
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 87-98
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The 1992-95 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina created deep ethnic divisions in alreadyfragmented university structures, where individual faculties possessed considerable academic and financial independence. The faculties, in turn, in the Humboldtian tradition, were composed of semi-autonomous "chairs" and institutes. This level of the organisation had gained added autonomy in the Communist period from the distinctive Yugoslav "self-management" principle, intended to empower operating units. This fragmentation at institutional level is compounded in present-day Bosnia-Herzegovina by the absence of any effective national-level planning and control of higher education. Post-war reform efforts by international agencies have addressed some of the problems of this fragmented structure. But they have not taken sufficient account of the differences between the academic principles on which the universities of Bosnia-Herzegovina are founded and those of the Anglo-American tradition, from which models of managerial reform are typically taken. Through a better understanding of the universities’ long-established organisational frameworks, it may be possible for aid projects to help achieve enhanced institutional managerial effectiveness and to reverse some of the more damaging effects of multi-level fragmentation.
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  • 83
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    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 9-25
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The management of change in higher education
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 9-25
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’auteur a prononcé le discours inaugural, reproduit dans ces pages, à la Conférence générale de l’IMHE qui s’est tenue à l’OCDE, du 16 au 18 septembre 2002, sur le thème « Incitations et transparence : instruments de changements dans l’enseignement supérieur ».
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  • 84
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    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-42
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Égalité homme-femme et réforme économique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-42
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: "Gender and Economic Reform" clarifies the complex relationship between gender and the way economies operate. It contends that incorporating gender analysis into the design and implementation of economic reform helps to promote the emergence of economies that grow sustainably, in ways that reduce gender inequalities rather than reinforce them. The analysis is particularly relevant in the current context in which gender equality is a proclaimed Millennium Development Goal and the Monterrey Consensus calls for gender sensitive programming. The paper is meant to improve policy makers’ ability to dialogue on what the relevant links might be between gender and economic reform and how to take gender into account in designing and implementing reform programmes. Throughout the document, a number of tools for integrating gender equality into economic policy analysis and decision-making at the national or sector-wide levels are presented. These tools focus on producing a new shared understanding of underlying economic and social relations in order to promote the achievement of a gender-balanced path of economic growth. The document is based on a large body of secondary material written over the past decade by gender specialists and other experts led by Professor Diane Elson et al. on behalf of the former Task Force on Gender and Economic Reform. It includes a summary of key concepts contained in six documents issued by the DAC Working Party on Gender Equality as Workshop Documents Nos. 1 to 6 (OECD 1998). It comes as a complement to the work conducted by that group on gender and sector-wide approaches and will be particularly useful in the light of ongoing work on gender-sensitive budgeting...
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  • 85
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    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 281-305
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory reform in retail distribution
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 281-305
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent article a pour principal objectif d’analyser les différences qui caractérisent la réglementation du secteur de la distribution de détail dans la zone OCDE, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à l’année 1998. Ces différences sont formulées en tenant compte des changements survenus dans ce secteur afin de mettre en lumière les interactions potentielles entre la réglementation et les forces du marché. Plusieurs pays ont complètement libéralisé les réglementations concernant l’accès au marché, les prix et les services. Dans certains pays, il existe actuellement une tendance à introduire des restrictions à l’accès pour les grandes surfaces. Dans d’autres pays, l’accès au marché a été jusqu’à présent freiné par des réglementations restrictives et des contraintes administratives. Les données empiriques disponibles indiquent que les réglementations qui restreignent les heures d’ouvertures des magasins et limitent/gênent l’accès au marché en imposant des obligations spéciales liées à l’enregistrement, à l’emplacement et/ou au seuil de surface de vente brident le dynamisme du secteur (par exemple, en réduisant les taux d’entrée et de sortie et en empêchant la restructuration et la modernisation) ainsi que la pression de la concurrence, et se traduisent par une croissance moins forte de l’emploi et des prix à la consommation plus élevés.
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  • 86
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 123-133
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frayeur et aversion à l'université : Le cas du personnel universitaire et administratif en Australie
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 123-133
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Academic staff and the academic research, teaching and scholarship they undertake are quite properly the prime focus in universities. However, in the modern university, these functions could not be carried out without the input of general (AKA “nonacademic”) staff. Staff who are not members of academe represent about 50% of all staff, and as a group are treated with antipathy by many academics. The terms “governance” and “administration” are misunderstood by many academics and used interchangeably when it suits them. This paper considers the binary divide between “academic” and “non-academic” staff, and considers the importance of terminology in ensuring that the total university can operate as efficiently as possible...
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  • 87
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    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 81-101
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 26 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Management mechanisms and financing of higher education in Germany
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 81-101
    Keywords: Education ; Germany
    Abstract: L’enseignement supérieur, tout comme l’économie, doit faire face à la concurrence. Il y a beaucoup à faire pour ouvrir la voie des réformes en utilisant les termes et les concepts de l’économie. Dans cet article, nous chercherons à voir dans quelle mesure les modèles de financement de l’enseignement supérieur peuvent contribuer à sa gestion. Il faut, pour ce faire, prendre en compte la situation générale de l’enseignement supérieur en Allemagne qui est différente de celle d’autres pays. Ces différences sont, entre autres : -- L’absence de droits d’étude comme moyen de financement et de gestion de l’enseignement supérieur. -- Le fait que seuls quelques étudiants sont sélectionnés par les établissements d’enseignement supérieur ; ceux qui souhaitent suivre des disciplines très demandées sont répartis entre les universités par un office central. Cet article se divise en quatre parties. (1) à partir d’une analyse du système allemand d’enseignement supérieur, (2) on examine divers types de gestion offerts par le nouveau système de répartition des étudiants entre les différentes catégories d’établissements (universités et universités de science appliquée — Fachhochschulen ; on étudie ensuite la gestion des universités au moyen de la répartition des étudiants à l’intérieur de l’université ; (3) à cet égard, il est recommandé d’instaurer un système marchand de versement de droits d’étude au lieu de décider des admissions en fonction des capacités disponibles, des normes de programme (CNW) et des procédures centralisées d’affectation des étudiants (4) enfin, les conclusions de ces réformes sont développées en vue de la mise au point de systèmes d’information.
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  • 88
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    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 7-51
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 7-51
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cet article comporte deux notes du Secrétariat, l'une sur les objectifs du droit et de la politique de la concurrence et l'autre sur une conception optimale d'une autorité de la concurrence. Ces notes ont été rédigées pour servir de cadre de discussion lors de la réunion du Forum global sur la concurrence qui s'est tenue les 10 et 11 février 2003. Il a été décidé de lier ces questions dans l'ordre du jour du Forum après qu'il eut été admis que les objectifs du droit et de la politique de la concurrence pouvaient avoir une incidence sur une conception optimale d'une autorité de la concurrence. Il a cependant été convenu que le traitement des objectifs devrait en premier lieu viser une discussion sur la façon dont ils ont trait ou peuvent avoir trait à la conception d'institutions chargées de la mise en œuvre de la concurrence dans le cadre plus large d'un gouvernement. Dans ces conditions, la note sur les objectifs ne fait pas le tour complet du pour et du contre s'agissant d'objectifs spécifiques qui pourraient être inclus dans les objectifs d'une ou de plusieurs juridictions quoique cette question soit discutée dans une certaine mesure. Ces deux notes fournissent avant tout une analyse et une synthèse des réponses à deux questionnaires portant sur ces sujets, qui avaient été diffusés avant la réunion aux participants au Forum global sur la concurrence. En outre, la note sur les objectifs comporte quelques informations supplémentaires communiquées par les participants dans leurs contributions écrites distribuées à la réunion du GFC.
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  • 89
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    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 15-129
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 15-129
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has a substantial impact on promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in developing countries due to the large size of its economy, its ability to influence world opinion and action and its weight within the international donor community. In 2001 the United States was the largest donor in the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in volume terms, reporting net official development assistance (ODA) of USD 10.9 billion, more than one-fifth of the DAC total. This represented 0.11% of its gross national income (GNI), the lowest ODA/GNI ratio in the DAC and below the DAC average country effort of 0.40%. President Bush recently announced a bold new proposal, the “Millennium Challenge Account” (MCA) for an additional USD 5 billion annually by 2006. If approved by Congress, the MCA will consolidate the American position as the largest donor, and slightly improve the country’s ODA/GNI performance. The American “checks and balances” system of government has some important ramifications for United States development co-operation. This approach implicates a wide range of stakeholders in budget decision-making, especially through the Congress. Flexible approaches to compromise are standard features of the American system, especially for issues of a short-term nature that respond to national or special interests. Addressing long-term issues related to development co-operation can prove more difficult because they lack urgency or a sufficiently strong and influential domestic constituency. Several of the issues raised in the 1998 DAC Peer Review are being addressed by the current Administration. However, some important development issues, including those relating to Congress, to the basic structure of American aid administration, or to the promotion of policy coherence for development, have proven more resistant to change and are noted again in this review...
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  • 90
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    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 8-47
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 54 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Social Protection and Growth
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 8-47
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Les dépenses sociales publiques s’élèvent à 25 pour cent du PIB, voire plus dans certains pays. Des dépenses d’une telle ampleur ont très vraisemblablement quelque effet sur la croissance, mais les avis divergent quant au sens dans lequel s’exerce cet effet. A partir de nouvelles sources de données et de techniques économétriques exploitant des données de panel, l’ouvrage jette un nouvel éclairage sur la question. Certaines observations viennent corroborer l’idée qu’un accroissement des dépenses sociales nuit à la croissance. Toutefois, des dépenses sociales « actives », – incluant les politiques actives du marché du travail, les mesures qui valorisent la reprise d’activité et les dépenses en faveur des services aux famille – semblent avoir l’effet opposé et sont peut-être favorables à la croissance.
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  • 91
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 39-52
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir de la mission tripartite : Réexaminer la relation entre les universités, les écoles de médecine et les systèmes de santé
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 39-52
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Despite variation across national contexts, university-clinical partners in any country have similar aims. These are to deliver world-class research, education and health care services, and there are similar tensions.. Health and higher education partners face two central paradoxes: that they are interdependent (require each other to discharge their mission) and independent (managed according to different priorities). Also, partners struggle to balance the demands of two masters (health and education) whose priorities are difficult to square. Traditional ways of organising partnerships are challenged everywhere by the global change in clinical provision, education and research. Despite pressures on its organisational form, the tripartite mission remains a vital pursuit. The way it is achieved needs to be re-examined. Introducing evidence-based practice and service innovation, translating research into practice, managing a growing knowledge base, and developing new forms of working each require a tripartite approach. Partnerships are not necessarily focused on synergy between missions, meaning the integration of component parts to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of its parts. This report draws on discussions with leaders of organisations at the interface of health and university sectors on the current and future direction of relationships between service, research and education. It outlines some challenges for those managing the tripartite mission and suggestions for ways to approach these.
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  • 92
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    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 91-108
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Impact of the State on Institutional Differentiation in New Zealand
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 91-108
    Keywords: Education ; New Zealand
    Abstract: Le système d’enseignement supérieur néo-zélandais constitue un ensemble de petite taille, mais complexe, d’établissements d’enseignement post-secondaire, d’établissements polytechniques, d’instituts de technologie et d’universités qui, à première vue, semble proposer des formations d’une remarquable diversité aux quelques quatre millions d’habitants. Si d’importants textes de loi adoptés en 1990 ont défini de façon formelle quatre grandes catégories d’établissements d’enseignement tertiaire publics, en pratique, toutefois, les douze dernières années témoignent d’une convergence progressive des types d’établissements.A travers un bref historique du système, l’analyse des missions et valeurs des établissements, et les indicateurs de performance rendus publics, cet article étudie et montre, avec exemples à l’appui, comment les établissements d’enseignement supérieur néo-zélandais ont convergé au cours des douze dernières années. Cette évolution s’est déroulée durant un long processus de déréglementation au cours duquel c’est le marché qui, se substituant à la politique gouvernementale, a régi l’orientation du système et des établissements qu’il regroupe. Même la récente politique du gouvernement, qui préconise officiellement l’instaurat ion d’identités fortes et distinctes pour les établissements d’enseignement tertiaire et une plus grande différenciation entre eux, a été contrariée par une intervention des mêmes décideurs visant à empêcher l’évolution du système en limitant le nombre d’universités dans le pays.
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  • 93
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    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 27-47
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maîtriser les dépenses publiques : La théorie de la limitation des dépenses
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 27-47
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: What don’t I mean by expenditure limitation? This paper is not about why governments should chose to limit spending. If governments wish to increase spending, that is obviously their prerogative. Moreover, they are, on the evidence, very good at it. Governments need no advice on doing what comes naturally. There need be no solution when there is perceived to be no problem…
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  • 94
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    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 5-35
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 5-35
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: When large-scale aid programmes to developing countries began in the 1950s and 1960s, new concepts and definitions were required to measure and compare donors’ efforts. One of the key contributions of the Development Assistance Committee was to codify the notion of foreign aid under the name "official development assistance" (ODA). The DAC developed the ODA definition in the late 1960s and gave it its final form in 1972. The documents below discuss what the definition means in practice, which countries are eligible for ODA, and what progress donors have made towards achieving the UN target for ODA of 0.7% of their national income...
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mise en oeuvre et effets de la réforme de la réglementation : Leçons à tirer et problématique actuelle
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the non-competitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentivebased regulatory approaches relying on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal separation of formerly integrated monopolies; iii) the ways to ensure that important non-economic objectives, such as universality of service, continue to be achieved in a more competitive environment at a minimum cost for society; and iv) the design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions that encourage best practice regulation.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement en capital humain : Le rôle de l'enseignement secondaire du 2e cycle et de l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-62
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budgeting in the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-62
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: Le processus budgétaire de l’administration fédérale des États-Unis est différent de celui des autres pays membres de l’OCDE. La raison en est la division rigoureuse des pouvoirs qui caractérise le régime constitutionnel américain de même qu’un long parcours historique marqué par l’ajout successif de nouvelles institutions. Le processus budgétaire présidentiel a commencé à se développer au début du siècle précédent. Il a été codifié pour la première fois en 1921 dans une loi intitulée Budget and Accounting Act, laquelle exigeait que le Président soumette au Congrès un budget pour le gouvernement et créait le Bureau of the Budget, devenu depuis l’Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Dans les années 70, le Congrès a modifié son propre processus budgétaire au moyen d’une loi intitulée Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act. Adoptée en 1974, cette loi créait la résolution budgétaire du Congrès et établissait le Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Une nouvelle institution s’est ajoutée au cours des années 1980 dans le but de contrôler le déficit. Il s’agit de la loi intitulée Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, connue sous le nom de Loi Gramm-Rudman-Hollings qui a été adoptée en 1985. Elle a été modifiée en profondeur en 1990 par la Budget Enforcement Act...
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 151-233
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 82 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Loyalty and Fidelity Discounts and Rebates
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 151-233
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: A l’instar d’autres politiques qui offrent des prix plus bas, au moins à certains acheteurs, les remises et primes de fidélité sont généralement proconcurrentielles et profitables aux consommateurs alors même qu’elles peuvent porter préjudice à certains consommateurs. Des problèmes peuvent cependant se faire jour lorsque de tels rabais sont utilisés d’une manière qui réduise la transparence des prix, qui exclue ou limite un nombre significatif de concurrents actuels ou futurs, ou augmente la probabilité d’une coordination anticoncurrentielle.Les effets pro ou anticoncurrentiels parfois complexes des remises et primes de fidélité sont appréhendés dans la synthèse, la note de référence et le résumé des discussions de la table ronde de juin 2002 du Comité de la concurrence sur ce sujet. Alors que ces documents font apparaître quelques différences intéressantes en matière de politique entre les différents pays membres, ils montrent aussi que tous s’accordent à reconnaître que les remises et primes de fidélité sont surtout de nature à susciter des inquiétudes du point de vue de la concurrence lorsqu’elles sont pratiquées par des entreprises qui bénéficient d’une puissance sur le marché significative.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-53
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La budgétisation aux États-Unis
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-53
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The budgetary process in the United States federal government is different from that in other OECD member countries. This is a consequence of the strict separation of powers that characterises the American constitutional system and of a long historical development in which new layers of institutional innovation were successively added to existing ones. The presidential budgetary process started to develop in the beginning of the previous century. Its first codification took place in the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which required that the President submit a budget for the government to Congress and created the Bureau of the Budget, now the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). In the 1970s, Congress changed its own budgetary process through the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, which created the Congressional Budget Resolution and established the Congressional Budget Office. Another layer of innovation was added during the 1980s with the aim of controlling the deficit. This began with the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, commonly known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, which in 1990 was fundamentally amended by the Budget Enforcement Act...
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 7-26
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Sector Modernisation: A New Agenda
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 7-26
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La présente note tend à montrer que, si l’on attend des administrations publiques qu’elles parviennent à s’adapter à l’évolution des besoins de la société, il leur faut des instruments d’analyse et d’action plus efficaces et des stratégies de changement plus élaborées que ceux dont disposent à ce jour la plupart des pays membres de l’OCDE...
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