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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (94)
  • Online Resource  (94)
  • Article
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (94)
  • Armut
  • China
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (94)
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  • Online Resource  (94)
  • Article
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264485198
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.)
    Keywords: Strommarkt ; Elektrizitätspolitik ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; China ; Energy
    Abstract: Power markets are an instrument used globally to ensure electricity security while maintaining affordability and incentivising decarbonisation. The People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”) has been making big steps towards implementing markets, and the goals announced in 2020 of carbon dioxide emissions peaking before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 have added momentum to expand their footprint. Provinces have taken a leading role in designing and implementing markets. To improve sharing of resources, the guidance to implement a unified national market system pushes for more co-ordination between provinces. This report examines the role of power markets in China and the pathways to develop a national market. The analysis focuses on short-term markets because they have the potential to unlock flexibility the system needs in light of renewables growth and changing weather patterns. The report provides recommendations to improve markets’ co-ordination across the country as well as within the provinces.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264820401
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Saubere Energie ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Schwellenländer ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Indonesien ; Mexiko ; Energy
    Abstract: This report assesses the impact of the road transport sector on energy demand, CO2 emissions and air pollution in several selected major emerging economies over the coming decades under several IEA modelling scenarios. Most notably the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) aims to show to what extent announced ambitions and targets, including the most recent ones, are on the path to deliver emissions reductions required to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Bringing about a road transport decarbonisation pathway in line with the APS in the selected major emerging economies - Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa - will require significant enhancement of existing policies and the introduction of new innovative policies and measures in each of selected countries. Our report sets out six policy areas critical to the achievement of the road transport transitions and a series of recommendations for strengthening financing for the sector. Importantly, the report provides detailed reference to a wide range of policy measures and good practice already in place in many major emerging economies elsewhere to facilitate knowledge sharing among countries. It also places a special emphasis on the road transport sectors of India and Indonesia. These countries are IEA partners in their respective regions and benefit from an enhanced programme of work.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282157626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Verkehrsmittelwahl ; Güterverkehr ; China ; Kanada ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines why freight carriers and shippers choose one transport mode over others. It analyses the main determinants for using road, rail, inland waterways, coastal shipping or pipelines to move goods and assesses government policies to influence it. The study also reviews how shifting freight to more sustainable modes could reduce the contribution of goods transport to climate change and provides recommendations for more effective policies. The role of mode choice in alleviating congestion and making goods transport safer is also addressed. Three case studies from China, Canada and the Netherlands highlight modal-shift policies.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264828308
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Energieeinsparung ; Innovation ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In the last 20 years, the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”) has strengthened its position on the global stage as an energy innovator, as illustrated by the stories of solar power and, more recently, electric mobility. This is the result of several decades of increasing policy focus on technology innovation, which underpin China’s ambitions to become a producer of knowledge and foster innovation-driven socio-economic development. Looking forward, clean energy innovation will play a crucial role to achieve China’s objectives of carbon peaking by 2030 and neutrality by 2060, and ranks among core government priorities for the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025). This report builds on the IEA Energy Sector Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality in China chapter on “Innovation for carbon neutrality”, and provides complementary and new analysis and information. It maps the institutional and policy landscape of clean energy innovation in China and shows trends for selected metrics to track and explain progress of technology development.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.172
    Keywords: Getreidepreis ; Futtermittelmarkt ; Getreidemarkt ; Import ; Ernährungssicherung ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: International grain prices experienced a sharp increase during the 2020/2021 marketing season, most likely due to the unprecedented increase of imported grains by China. What would be the possible impact on international grain markets if China remains a strong grain importer? The scenario developed to explore the impact of such a development shows that further increases in Chinese grain imports over the medium term could result in a 4% to 25% increase in agriculture commodity prices compared to what was projected in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264589100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.)
    Keywords: 2020-2035 ; Emissionshandel ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Energiewirtschaft ; Klimaschutz ; China ; Energy
    Abstract: The People’s Republic of China (“China”) officially launched its national emissions trading system (ETS) in 2017, and it will come into operation in 2021. Initially covering the power sector, which accounts for over 40% of China’s energy-related CO2 emissions, the ETS is set to subsequently be expanded to other energy-intensive sectors. China’s national ETS could be an important market-based instrument to help the country meet its recently enhanced climate goals to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This report explores how China’s ETS can spur emissions reductions from electricity generation and support power sector transformation. It builds on understanding of power sector development and policy trends and relies on in-depth national and provincial scenario modelling of China’s power system from 2020 to 2035. This study also analyses how the ETS’s output- and rate-based design affects overall power sector emissions, technologies and costs, and regional distribution. Finally, it recommends ways China’s ETS can play a stronger role in incentivising cost-effective and structural power sector decarbonisation to support the country’s long-term climate ambitions.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (177 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Jugendliche ; Karriereplanung ; Erwerbsverlauf ; Australien ; Kanada ; China ; Deutschland ; Südkorea ; Großbritannien ; Uruguay ; USA ; Education
    Abstract: The aim of the OECD Career Readiness project is to identify patterns of teenage attitudes and activities that are associated with better transitions into employment by analysing multiple national longitudinal datasets. This paper looks for further evidence of the link between teenage activities, experiences and career-related thinking and adult career outcomes by analysing 10 new datasets from eight countries. Overall, the results of this paper find further evidence that secondary school students who explore, experience and think about their futures in work frequently encounter lower levels of unemployment, receive higher wages and are happier in their careers as adults. The findings of this paper are analysed together with the evidence from the two previous working papers of the Career Readiness project, concluding that there is international evidence to support 11 out of the 14 potential indicators that were explored as indicators of career readiness.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264665590
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; China ; Taxation ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by the People's Republic of China.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264463615
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Keywords: Grundsteuer ; Steuerreform ; China ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Governance ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report looks at crucial elements of reforms to growth-friendly recurrent taxes on immovable property. Tax design practices in place in OECD and partner countries are compared and analysed through the lenses of economic theory and empirical analysis. A set of good principles and options for reforming recurrent taxes on immovable property based on the latest experience of property tax reforms around the world are presented that are particularly relevant to the Chinese context, where broader use of recurrent taxes on residential properties is needed to make local public finances more sustainable. Challenges and practices related to the administration of property taxes are explored as well as their interplay with different tax designs. In addition, the main political and administrative hurdles in approving and implementing property tax reforms are discussed, and the approaches commonly employed in successfully dealing with them are examined. Although there are major challenges in designing, reforming and managing a recurrent property tax system, it is possible to overcome these in a manner that allows society to reap benefits in terms of a better allocation of resources, more stable house prices and a fairer income distribution.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264816626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Energiewende ; Energiepolitik ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In September 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that the People’s Republic of China will “aim to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060”. Amid the growing wave of governments around the world setting targets for reaching net zero emissions, no pledge is as significant as China’s. The country is the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, accounting for one-third of global CO2 emissions. The pace of China’s emissions reductions will be an important factor in global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. This report, An Energy Sector Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality in China, responds to the Chinese government’s invitation to the International Energy Agency to cooperate on long-term strategies by setting out pathways for reaching carbon neutrality in China’s energy sector. It shows that achieving carbon neutrality fits with China’s broader development goals, such as increasing prosperity and shifting towards innovation-driven growth. The first pathway in this Roadmap – the Announced Pledges Scenario – reflects the enhanced targets China announced in 2020. The report also explores the implications of a faster transition – the Accelerated Transition Scenario – and the socio-economic benefits it would bring beyond those associated with reducing the impact of climate change. This Roadmap examines the technology challenges and opportunities that this new phase of the clean energy transition will bring for China’s development, with a focus on long-term needs. The technology innovations required in the Chinese context are a key in-depth focus area. The report concludes with a series of policy considerations to inform China’s energy debate.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264398511
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.)
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Energy service companies (ESCOs) deliver energy efficiency projects that are financed through the resulting energy cost savings. ESCOs can thus unlock energy efficiency action by addressing barriers related to funding and technical expertise. Despite their potential, many governments still struggle to stimulate development of a market for ESCOs. Evolving Energy Service Companies in People’s Republic of China, (“China” hereafter) provides an overview of how China has built the world’s largest and fastest growing ESCO market over the past decades. This report highlights how the government’s strategic measures to set up key agencies for ESCOs, engage the State-Owned Enterprises, and encourage market play by bringing in commercial players, in line with China’s socio-economic transition, have been critical to making the Chinese ESCO model a success. Looking ahead, ESCOs in China continue to evolve, for example by using digital technologies to make their businesses more sustainable and lucrative. Based on the insights gained from a survey of major ESCOs in China, the report highlights the challenges and opportunities of digitalisation and provides some policy insights.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264878129 , 9789264360266 , 9789264358157
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ageing and fiscal challenges across levels of government
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Deutschland ; China ; Brasilien ; Kanada ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Brazil ; Canada ; China, People’s Republic ; Germany ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Deutschland ; China ; Brasilien ; Kanada ; Altersstruktur ; Finanzpolitik
    Abstract: Populations in OECD and emerging economies are ageing rapidly, which will have significant macroeconomic impacts, including on public expenditures and tax revenues. The rules and practices that govern fiscal relations among different levels of government, such as their responsibilities for taxation, spending and debt management, have a bearing on economic efficiency and ultimately growth. The consequences of population ageing at subnational government levels are especially intense. Many local governments are vulnerable to the ageing of their populations from a fiscal perspective. The economic and fiscal challenges of an ageing population go beyond intergovernmental boundaries, and they require complex intergovernmental policy responses. This volume brings together cross-country studies of fiscal policy, demographics and spatial productivity, as well as country studies of Brazil, Canada, China and Germany.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264787162 , 9789264943001 , 9789264400528
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (195 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Keywords: Finanzausgleich ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Länderfinanzen ; Asien ; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum ; China ; Indien ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; India
    Abstract: Subnational governments’ capacity to effectively fund and deliver public services are crucial for the realisation of the benefits of decentralisation. However, subnational capacities often suffer from significant weaknesses, ranging from inadequate assignments of own-revenues, through to flaws in tax administration, the design of intergovernmental transfers, spending assignments and various aspects of public financial management. The volume discusses how better diagnostics and more strategic reforms can contribute to easing the resource constraints on subnational governments, as well as creating appropriate incentives for these governments to improve performance. The volume includes studies of the enabling conditions for subnational capacity building in Asia, as well as focused studies of China and India's fiscal relations challenges.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264537095
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Macau, China 2020 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Macau ; Taxation ; Macau, China ; China ; Macau ; Steuerrecht ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: This report contains the 2020 Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Macau, China.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264702752
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: People's Republic of China 2020 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; China ; Taxation ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Kooperation ; Peer Review
    Abstract: This report contains the 2020 Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of the People's Republic of China.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264809956
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 152 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Benchmarking the performance of China's education system
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Performance-Messung ; Benchmarking ; China ; Education ; China, People’s Republic ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of both the strengths and potential areas for improvement of the education system of the People’s Republic of China. It articulates the inputs and outputs of China’s education system, brings in up-to-date policies and practices implemented in China, and provides an in-depth analysis on how China’s education system is performing in four overarching dimensions: learning environment, curriculum and teaching practices, student outcomes and education governance. Additionally, this report compares China with other high performing education systems to show the common or divergent patterns between them, offering insights for education systems around the world.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 129
    Keywords: Getreidepolitik ; Politische Reform ; Partielles Gleichgewicht ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reforming China’s grain policy could have significant implications for both domestic and international markets. China has begun to reform its price support policies for several commodities, replacing them with commodity specific area payments. The assessment of policy reform scenarios for grains, using two partial equilibrium models, show that China would maintain more than 80% of self-sufficiency in wheat and maize, and more than 95% in rice. The increase in its grain imports could increase international prices, in particular for wheat and rice. A gradual approach to reforming market price support with compensatory payments would smooth the potential impacts on domestic and world commodity markets, as well as on domestic farm income. While the reform of price support policies benefit consumers the most, more decoupled area payments could also have a greater impact on farm income without increasing the overall cost to society as well as environmental performance of agriculture. Lower costs of managing public grain stocks would equally reduce the budgetary cost of reforms.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 134
    Keywords: Tierhaltung ; Antibiotika ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The People’s Republic of China is an important player in international markets for animal products, antibiotics, as well as in global efforts to combat antibiotic resistance (AMR). This paper reviews use of antibiotics and the emergence of AMR in Chinese food animal production. The rapid growth in food, animal production, and the relatively poor animal production conditions as well as increasing production intensity led to a sharp increase in antibiotic use in both absolute and relative terms. This trend, however, has been reversed by recent government policies and public awareness of AMR. Four government policies are particularly important in attempting to decrease the use of antibiotics: the imposition of maximum residue levels, establishing a list of permitted antibiotics, the proper use of antibiotics during the withdrawal period, and establishing a list of prescription-only antibiotics use in animal production. Antibiotic use in China is more than five times higher than the international average. One of the main reasons for the relative higher antibiotic usage is the widespread misuse associated with growth promotion in the feed and veterinary use on broiler and pig farms. The relatively low cost of antibiotics, estimated at 1% to 3% of production costs, encourages such excess use in livestock production, but alternatives are often not available and more costly. This paper recommends a mix of economic and regulatory approaches to control the overuse of antibiotics in livestock production and limit the rise in antimicrobial resistance.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264772984
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making dispute resolution more effective - MAP peer review report: China (stage 1)
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; China ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; China, People’s Republic ; Hongkong ; Steuer ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Konfliktregelung ; G-20-Staaten
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 1 peer review of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by the People's Republic of China.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 128 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2018, 13
    Keywords: Soziale Ungleichheit ; Armut ; Lebensqualität ; Datenbank ; Schwellenländer ; Brasilien ; Kolumbien ; Costa Rica ; China ; Indien ; Indonesien ; Südafrika ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper describes inequality trends in selected emerging economies (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa) in a range of monetary (i.e. income) and non-monetary dimensions of people’s life (i.e. education, health status, employment and subjective well-being). Inequalities are analysed not only in terms of overall dispersion, but also as gaps between population groups defined by specific characteristics (i.e. sex, age, educational attainment and place of living). To the extent made possible by the nature of available data, measures of income inequality for these emerging countries, as well as for 7 Latin American countries (Bolivia, Dominic Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay), are based on concepts and definitions similar to those used by the OECD for its member countries. All the emerging economies covered in the paper show levels of income inequality higher than in the five most unequal OECD countries, while the picture is more mixed when it comes to inequalities in other dimensions of people’s well-being. An annex complements the analysis by presenting an assessment of the quality of the available data on income distribution for the emerging countries covered in the paper.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1505
    Keywords: Kinderbetreuung ; Privater Konsum ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Bildung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Armut ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Griechenland ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Employment is pivotal to strengthening Greece’s economic recovery, increasing social welfare and redressing poverty. Jobs are returning, making inroads into high unemployment, but their wages and skill levels are lower than many that were lost during the crisis. Greece’s hiring is benefiting from more flexible arrangements. Legislative amendments can maintain this flexibility, ensure wages align with productivity and better protect individuals from labour market risks. Ensuring that workers possess skills that match employers’ needs will sustain employment and productivity growth. Improving the education system is a long-term mission and involves raising its pedagogical strength and orientation towards professional needs. A social welfare system dominated by pensions has not been able to prevent a steep hike in poverty among children and the young, risking long-term harm to well-being. Pursuing recent steps towards a better targeted social protection, accompanied by support programmes for jobseekers, will provide a reliable safety net and reduce poverty. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Greece. (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-greece.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264085299 , 9789264307162 , 9789264307179
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation, agricultural productivity and sustainability in China
    Keywords: Innovation ; Agrartechnik ; Umwelttechnik ; Agrarproduktion ; Produktivität ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The expansion of agricultural production in China has been remarkable, but at the expense of the sustainable use of its natural resources. To counter this, as well as to face problems due to rising labour costs and a rapidly ageing rural population, agricultural production must concentrate on a smaller number of more productive farms. It is in this light that this report reviews recent policy developments to assess whether they have been conducive to productivity growth and environmental sustainability. It finds that the conditions for structural change and innovation at the farm level in China could be further improved by securing the long-term stability of land rights as well as reducing transaction costs. Greater policy coherence with agri-environmental policy objectives could also be achieved through stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. Finally, the agricultural innovation system could play a greater role by placing the focus on public agricultural R&D in areas such as the environment and resource conservation, and in other areas which do not attract much private sector investment.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 129
    Keywords: Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Klimawandel ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Immissionsschutz ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Marktmacht ; Schätzung ; Regressionsanalyse ; China ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the low-carbon transition in OECD and G20 countries. It tracks GHG emissions and energy investments by SOEs and analyses the impact of SOEs on investments in renewable electricity. A descriptive analysis of SOEs’ role in the electricity sector shows the continued importance of SOEs, including prominent investments in both renewables and fossil-fuel-based electricity generation..
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1454
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Armut ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Frankreich ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Thanks to a highly developed welfare state, poverty is moderate on average in France, but – as in other countries – highly concentrated in some neighbourhoods. Their residents face many social disadvantages, including high unemployment and inactivity, schools with many struggling children, often run-down housing and urban infrastructure, and a lack of local enterprises, services and amenities. The government focuses a wide array of policies on these areas to promote better schooling outcomes, employment and local economic activity. Urban renewal and public housing policies aim explicitly at promoting social mixing, often presented as an anti-ghetto policy. Evidence suggests that targeted investment in transport and housing infrastructure as well as education and training could go a long way to improving economic opportunities and well-being in poor areas. In contrast, special economic zones with tax breaks to attract business to these areas have a mixed track record at best. Greater social mixing is difficult to engineer, and it is far from clear if this by itself would improve the lives of the poor. There is a need to better link urban, social and judicial policies favouring alternative sentencing and support for offenders to integrate into society to avoid vicious circles of social disadvantage and crime.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1386
    Keywords: Arbeitsplatz ; Arbeitsgestaltung ; Betriebliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsmarktreform ; Armut ; Einkommensverteilung ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Spanish economy is growing strongly, but there is a risk that many people are being left behind. Unemployment, especially among young people and the low-skilled, remains very high. About half of all the unemployed have been unemployed for over a year and one third for more than two years. A quarter of all those who are employed are on temporary jobs. Since the global economic crisis, poverty and inequality have increased. An immediate priority is to ensure adequate income support for those most in need. Getting more people into better jobs is crucial to raise living standards and to reduce poverty. In terms of structural policies, this requires continuing to improve activation policies, such as training and job placement, re-skilling and up-skilling the unemployed, preventing youth from leaving the education system under-qualified and better on-the-job-training. More can be done to foster the creation of better quality jobs by reducing barriers to hiring and addressing labour market duality.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1421
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Produktivität ; Board of Directors ; Managervergütung ; Eigentümerstruktur ; Institutioneller Investor ; Unternehmenserfolg ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key priority in China’s “new normal” period -- where returns on investment are slackening -- is corporate governance, which could lead to enhanced productivity by a better management of resources at the firm level. Corporate governance principles for listed firms follow global best practices, though their history is relatively short and the Chinese stock market has a number of features, which make the investigation of the impact of various corporate governance practices on firm performance of particular interest. Productivity is considered as a major measure of firm performance, but for comparison accounting indicators are also used to check the impact of selected corporate governance practices using firm-level data of listed firms between 1999-2015. The results are broadly in line with the existing literature: once controlling for endogeneity, there is no evidence that a greater share of independent directors boosts firm performance in general. At the time when the requirement that at least one third of directors must be independent was introduced in 2002, however, profitability improved. A greater salary gap between executives and staff hurts productivity, but boosts ROA and ROE, which are often among the objectives of executives and thus encourage them to seek short-term returns, even at the expense of productivity. While volume-based growth may lead to higher performance by the accounting ratios, it does not necessarily guarantee higher productivity. If such an expansion is debt financed, it can even harm productivity. Excessive ownership concentration appears harmful, but a certain degree of concentration may improve performance. Institutional investors, even though may own only a tiny fraction of shares, are found to boost firm performance. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 197
    Keywords: Auslandsverlagerung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Import ; Wettbewerb ; Arbeitsmarkt ; China ; Europa ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the effects of offshoring, technology and Chinese import competition on labor market polarization in European countries. We find that polarization occurs mostly as a result of polarization within individual industries, while the reallocation of employment away from less polarized industries towards more highly polarized industries also contributed to a lesser extent. In manufacturing, within-industry polarization is mostly associated with technological change, but we also find some tentative evidence that Chinese import competition contributed as well. In other private industries outside of manufacturing, technological change and offshoring are the most relevant forces affecting within-industry polarization. The process of between-industry polarization is driven by widespread deindustrialization in developed countries. We find that Chinese import competition contributed to the decline of employment in the less polarized manufacturing industries. Differences in labor market institutions only explain a limited amount of cross-country variation in the association of polarization and the three forces we consider.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1434
    Keywords: Urbanisierung ; Privater Konsum ; Arbeitsmigranten ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper focusses on the link between urbanisation and consumption behaviour in China. Urbanisation is defined here as rural people moving to cities to work and migrant workers in cities obtaining urban residential status, against the backdrop of government plans to settle 100 million rural dwellers into cities and grant urban residential status to another 100 million migrant workers who already reside in cities. Using household data of the China Family Panel Studies dataset, the paper investigates the impact of those residential status changes on household consumption. The results of the analysis suggest that moving up the residential ladder in this way will likely result in increased consumption by almost 30% for both groups of people and thus contribute to rebalancing of the economy. Higher incomes and longer times in education are important drivers of this process, while a greater number of children in the family discourages consumption. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1413
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Verbrauchsteuer ; Schuldenmanagement ; Politikberatung ; Armut ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Rentenpolitik ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Häusliche Pflege ; Steuervergünstigung ; Japan ; Abenomics ; Economics ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: With gross government debt of 219% of GDP in 2016, Japan’s fiscal situation is in uncharted territory and puts the economy at risk. In addition to raising productivity and growth, Japan needs a more detailed and credible fiscal consolidation path, including specific revenue increases and measures to control spending to restore fiscal sustainability. Spending pressures associated with rapid population ageing make reforms to contain social expenditures a priority. Local governments need to be part of the effort to contain public spending in the context of a shrinking population. Much of the consolidation, though, will have to be on the revenue side, primarily through hikes in the consumption tax rate toward the OECD average and a broadening of the personal income tax base. Fiscal consolidation should be accompanied by measures to promote inclusive growth through the tax and benefit system, in particular by introducing an earned income tax credit to assist the working poor, hiking the tax on capital income and broadening the base of the inheritance tax. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-japan.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1409
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Bildung ; Gesundheit ; Altersvorsorge ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Living standards in China have greatly improved over the past few decades. Both sustained economic growth and an expansion of the social security system have contributed to a sharp reduction in the number of people in poverty. However, urban-rural inequalities remain large and some of the poorest households are being left behind. Further reforms are needed to ensure that the benefits of future growth are shared and that marginalised groups have the opportunity to actively participate in the economy. In particular, policy settings should be adjusted to increase access to good quality education and healthcare for rural and migrant workers and to improve the portability of social security benefits. Changes to the social assistance system that raise work incentives and protect low-income households in poorer locations are also a priority. New spending measures can be funded by adjustments to the tax system which will, in themselves, benefit inclusiveness. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1415
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Entwicklung ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates urban and rural poverty rates across five Chinese administrative regions (Shanghai, Liaoning, Guangdong, Henan and Gansu) in 2014 using representative household level data from the China Family Panel Studies survey. The types of government transfer payments that households in poverty received and the ability for such payments to lift households from poverty are also assessed. Consistent with official estimates, the results highlight substantial disparities in poverty rates between administrative regions. Smaller differences exist between urban and rural locations within the same administrative region. In 2014, the most common types of government transfer received by households in poverty were agricultural subsidies or social assistance - principally the dibao. Regarding the latter, the results suggest some improvement in payment targeting in rural areas, but most dibao recipients had income above the poverty line (as defined in this paper) in 2014. Furthermore, across all administrative regions, the vast majority of households living below the defined poverty line did not receive social assistance at that time.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1300
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Armut ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Soziale Integration ; Costa Rica ; Economics ; Costa Rica ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the past 30 years Costa Rica has grown steadily and social indicators have improved markedly. Well-being indicators are comparable or even above the OECD average in several dimensions, such as health, environment or life-satisfaction. This paper reviews the social progress that Costa Rica has achieved and identifies reducing inequality and poverty as the main challenges. To tackle those challenges, the paper argues that there is a need to upgrade existing social assistance programmes to maximise their impact. Social policies should put more emphasis on getting more people into formal work, including by raising their skill levels. This is the most effective way to get people out of poverty. Education is the area where the largest gap with respect to OECD countries is observed. Policy efforts are also warranted to tackle informality, which is increasing rapidly, and to close the gender gap in the labour market. The health and pension systems play a fundamental role in maintaining social cohesion in Costa Rica and it is crucial to modernise them and to make them sustainable in the face of demographic challenges. Costa Rica exemplifies the benefits of preserving natural resources in generating growth and employment opportunities, thereby providing a way out of poverty. Building on its achievements in this area, Costa Rica should reinforce environmental protection efforts, such as reducing emissions from the transport sector and improving wastewater treatment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264252271
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (280 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A new rural development paradigm for the 21st century
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; OECD-Staaten ; Südkorea ; Südostasien ; China ; Elfenbeinküste ; Tansania ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Science and Technology ; OECD ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung
    Abstract: Three billion people live in rural areas in developing countries. Conditions for them are worse than for their urban counterparts when measured by almost any development indicator, from extreme poverty, to child mortality and access to electricity and sanitation. And the gulf is widening, contributing to large-scale migration to urban areas. This situation exists despite half a century of rural development theories and approaches, and despite the global momentum built around the Millennium Development Goals between 2000 and 2015. Without greater progress on rural development, it is unlikely that the new Sustainable Development Goals will be met. This book calls for a new paradigm for rural development that is equipped to meet the challenges and harness the opportunities of the 21st century – including climate change, demographic shifts, international competition and fast-moving technological change.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1312
    Keywords: 2009-2014 ; Konjunktur ; Verteilungswirkung ; Armut ; Konzentrationsmaß ; Griechenland ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Estimating the impact of the crisis on income distribution requires up-to-date information. Due to the complexity of income surveys such as EU-SILC, income data usually become available with considerable delay. In this context, micro-simulation models are an appropriate and widely used alternative to bridge the gap in official data, allowing for an early evaluation of the distributional impact of changes in tax-benefit policies and in the wider economy. This paper analyses the effects of the Greek crisis on inequality and poverty in 2009-2014 using the micro-simulation model EUROMOD. Specifically, the paper updates earlier OECD estimates of distributional effects of the crisis in 2009-2012, and provides new estimates for 2013-2014, a period for which survey data are not yet publicly available. The results indicate that inequality, as measured by most indicators, rose in 2010-2013 as the recession deepened and unemployment rose, and fell back in 2014 as the economy stabilised. Relative poverty seems to have increased in 2012, after remaining broadly unchanged in the previous two years; in 2013 it appears to have stabilised, while in 2014 it fell back to only slightly above its level in 2010 (13.8% vs.13.2% respectively). This pattern is more pronounced when poverty is measured against an “anchored” benchmark: the proportion of population whose income fell below a poverty line anchored in pre-crisis terms increased steadily and steeply, until 2014 when it finally stabilised at 27.4% (from 13.2% in 2010). Not all population groups were affected evenly by recent developments: the rise of poverty in 2010-2013 especially affected the unemployed, the self-employed, the young, the middle-aged, families living in Athens, families paying rent or mortgage rather than outright owning their dwelling; on the contrary, relative poverty actually fell among groups traditionally seen as ‘poor’, such as farmers and the elderly – although in the latter case the relative improvement in terms of income may have been offset by difficulties in access to health care. The paper also assesses first-round effects of austerity policies on the income distribution given changes in the wider economy, i.e. abstracting from second-round effects associated with the deflationary impact of austerity on output. In this sense, early austerity policies per se appear to have had a small positive distributional impact, partly offsetting the increases in inequality and poverty due to the recession. As fiscal consolidation intensified in 2012, tax and benefit policies appear to have exacerbated the adverse distributional effects of the recession, causing poverty and inequality to rise further. From 2013, austerity policies seem to have had a more equalizing effect, especially at the bottom of the distribution and in terms of its distance from the top. This working paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-greece.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264244603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Broadening the ownership of state-owned enterprises
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Eigentümerstruktur ; Aktiengesellschaft ; China ; Indien ; Neuseeland ; Polen ; Türkei ; Governance ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; New Zealand ; Poland ; Turkey ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; OECD ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The State continues to remain an important shareholder in listed companies worldwide, especially among emerging economies, which rely increasingly on mixed-ownership models. With the benefit of hindsight and more recent examples, this book provides fresh perspectives on the motivation to list state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the process it entails. Drawing from the experiences of five economies (People's Republic of China, India, New Zealand, Poland and Turkey), the book concludes that broadened ownership generally has a positive impact on the governance and performance of these companies. However, country practices show that the act of listing cannot guarantee that these companies are completely averse to State interests; and deviations from sound corporate governance practices, as enshrined in the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of SOEs, can in some cases, raise concerns with regards to non-State shareholder rights, commercial orientation, board independence, conflicting State objectives, transparency, disclosure and more.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264257108
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adopting a territorial approach to food security and nutrition policy
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; Ernährungspolitik ; Kambodscha ; Kolumbien ; Elfenbeinküste ; Marokko ; Peru ; Agriculture and Food ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Ernährungssicherung ; Ernährungspolitik ; Armut ; Bekämpfung
    Abstract: Food insecurity and malnutrition are major international concerns, especially in rural areas. At the global scale, they have received considerable attention and investment, but the results achieved so far have been mixed. Some countries have made progress at the national level, but still have many citizens who are food insecure, often concentrated in specific geographic areas. Food insecurity and poverty are highly interlinked and have a strong territorial dimension. To provide effective long-term solutions, policy responses must therefore be tailored to the specific challenges of each territory, taking into account a multidimensional response that includes food availability, access, utilisation and stability. This report highlights five case studies and the OECD New Rural Paradigm, presenting an effective framework for addressing food insecurity and malnutrition.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264246218
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2016 ; Hacia una nueva asociación con China
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Towards a new partnership with China
    Keywords: China ; Lateinamerika ; Wirtschaftskooperation
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264237025 , 9789264229488
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation policies for inclusive growth
    DDC: 338.2003984754
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Soziale Integration ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Innovationsförderung ; Effektivität ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Erde ; Inklusion ; Innovationsförderung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Innovation ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Soziale Integration
    Abstract: This report looks at a variety of inclusive innovation initiatives and innovative products aimed at improving the welfare of lower-income and excluded groups, notably in terms of essential public services (education, infrastructure and health). It discusses the policy trade-offs between traditional innovation policies and a more inclusive innovation approach, and provides recommendations for aligning current policies. It also deals with the impacts of innovation and innovation policies on industrial and territorial inclusiveness, describing how information and communication technology (ICT) and technology diffusion may influence smaller firms’ chances of succeeding with their innovations.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264230040
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Urban Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD urban policy reviews
    DDC: 307.760951
    Keywords: Stadtentwicklung ; Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Kommunalpolitik ; China ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Stadtentwicklung ; Kommunalpolitik ; Verstädterung ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Binnenwanderung
    Abstract: China needs a new model of urbanisation to match the shift to a new model of growth. For decades, both urbanisation and growth have been based on robust export demand, cheap labour, cheap land and artificially low pricing of environmental externalities. None of these can support growth or urban development in the future. This review examines the major challenges associated with the shift to a new model of urbanisation, looking at a range such issues as social and labour-market policies, land use and transport planning, urban planning, urban governance and public finance. The review presents a new assessment of China’s major cities, which defines functional urban areas based on settlement patterns and commuting zones rather than cities defined as administrative units. The results show, among other things, that China has many more mega-cities, with populations above 10 million, than the official data suggest. The good news for China is that the reforms needed to foster what the authorities call “people-centred urbanisation”, while complex, are coherent with one another and supportive of the broader shift to a growth model that relies more on domestic demand and productivity growth.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264123571
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'aide au développement ; La lutte mondiale contre la pauvreté
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De la ayuda al desarrollo ; El combate internacional de la pobreza
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keeley, Brian From aid to development
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Armut ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; OECD ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Rezession ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Bekämpfung
    Abstract: The balance of economic power is shifting. Countries that were once poor are becoming economic powerhouses. Yet poverty persists worldwide, depriving billions of people of basic necessities and the prospects of creating a better life. How are we responding to this challenge? This book explores the multi-faceted world of aid and development co-operation – a range of global, and sometimes contested, efforts aimed at reducing the impact of poverty. It traces the history of these efforts, explains where they come from and where they are going, and asks whether they are achieving as much as they could. It also examines some of the ways in which development efforts can be made more effective in achieving lasting benefits through good governance and the creation of a deeper partnership between developed and developing countries. And it looks at how the economic emergence of countries like China and India is bringing a new dynamic to development co-operation.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174108
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Redefining "urban"
    RVK:
    Keywords: Stadt ; Ballungsraum ; Urbanisierung ; Südafrika ; China ; England ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; OECD ; Südafrika ; China ; Verstädterung ; Metropolregion ; Abgrenzung ; Klassifikation
    Abstract: This report compares urbanisation trends in OECD countries on the basis of a newly defined OECD methodology which enables cross-country comparison of the socio-econimic and environmental performance of metropolitan areas in OECD countries. The methodology is presented and results from its application to 27 OECD countries are discussed together with policy implication both on national growth and governance of cities. The report also includes three original papers that present the urbanisation dynamics and prospects in China and South Africa and the governance challenges resulting from the new policy agenda on cities in the United Kingdom.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264178267
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; China ; Taxation ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 100 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264112902
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agricultural policies for poverty reduction
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Ländliches Einkommen ; Armut ; Ernährungssicherung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Agrarpolitik ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: With more than two-thirds of the world’s poor living in rural areas, higher rural incomes are a pre-requisite for sustained poverty reduction and reduced hunger. This volume sets out a strategy for raising rural incomes which emphasises the creation of diversified rural economies with opportunities within and outside agriculture. Agricultural policies need to be integrated within an overall mix of policies and institutional reforms that facilitate, rather than impede, structural change. By investing in public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, and by building effective social safety nets, governments can limit the role of less efficient policies such as price controls and input subsidies.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174542
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gobernabilidad del Agua en América Latina y el Caribe ; Un enfoque multinivel
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Governance-Ansatz ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Wasser ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Verwaltung ; Sozialpolitik ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Environment ; Governance ; Lateinamerika ; Karibik ; Lateinamerika ; Karibik ; Wasserversorgung
    Abstract: This report addresses multilevel governance challenges in water policy in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) and identifies good practices for co-ordinating water across ministries, between levels of government, and across local and regional actors. Based on the OECD Multilevel Governance Framework and a survey on water governance, the report i) maps the allocation of roles and responsibilities in 13 LAC countries’ water policy at central government and sub-national level; ii) identifies the main coordination “gaps” in terms of territorial and institutional fragmentation, funding mismatch, information asymmetry, accountability, objectives and capacity, and iii) provides a range of mechanisms to improve water governance at all levels and foster capacity-building.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264168350
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (297 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Poverty reduction and pro-poor growth
    Keywords: Armut ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Ursache ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Gemeinwohl ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Empowerment
    Abstract: Empowerment of those living in poverty is both a critical driver and an important measure of poverty reduction. It is the decisions and actions of poor people themselves that will bring about sustainable improvements in their lives and livelihoods. Inequitable power relations exclude poor people from decision-making and prevent them from taking action. Sustainable poverty reduction needs poor people to be both the agents and beneficiaries of economic growth - to directly participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes. Strengthening poor people’s organizations, providing them with more control over assets and promoting their influence in economic governance will improve the terms on which they engage in markets. This economic empowerment combined with political and social empowerment will make growth much more effective in reducing poverty. This report aims to build donor understanding of empowerment and how best to support it.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264167698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brooks, Jonathan Agricultural policies for poverty reduction
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Ländliches Einkommen ; Armut ; Ernährungssicherung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This book synthesizes the findings of a longer work which sets out a strategy for raising rural incomes. It emphasises the creation of diversified rural economies with opportunities within and outside agriculture. Agricultural policies need to be integrated within an overall mix of policies and institutional reforms that facilitate, rather than impede, structural change. By investing in public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, and by building effective social safety nets, governments can limit the role of less efficient policies such as price controls and input subsidies.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264098978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade for growth and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Armut ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Fairer Handel ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Weltmarkt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Weltwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Reduktion
    Abstract: Trade promotes economic growth, alleviates poverty and helps countries reach their development goals. However, developing countries – in particular the least developed – face difficulties in making trade happen and turning trade into economic growth. The Aid for Trade Initiative – launched at the 2005 World Trade Organisation conference in Hong Kong – aims at helping these countries to take advantage of trade opportunities and to reap the benefits of their integration into the world economy. The Initiative has been a success: it has not only raised awareness among both donors and developing countries about the role of trade in development, but also helped secure increased resources. Trade for Growth and Poverty Reduction: How Aid for Trade Can Help explains how Aid for Trade can foster economic growth and reduce poverty, and why it is an important instrument for a development strategy that actively supports poverty alleviation. Unlocking this potential requires carefully designed and sequenced trade reforms. While developing countries have many trade-related needs, but financial resources and political capital for reforms are limited, it is an important priority to tackle the most binding constraints to trade expansion. This report describes the diagnostic tools available, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and suggests a dynamic framework to guide the sequencing of reform and donor support.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264119208
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Corporate governance of listed companies in China
    DDC: 338.60951
    RVK:
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Aktiengesellschaft ; Aufsichtsrat ; China ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Corporate Governance
    Abstract: This report looks at the institutional framework of corporate governance in China through the prism of the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and is a product of the ongoing OECD-China Policy Dialogue on Corporate Governance. By assessing a broad range of laws, regulations and codes, it provides a valuable reference for understanding how much has been achieved in Chinese corporate governance and the main ambitions of future reform efforts. The report shows that corporate governance has improved significantly since the Chinese stock market was created in 1990, with important achievements in establishing and developing the legal and regulatory framework. The OECD-China Self-Assessment represents a thorough review of all laws, regulations and codes that relate to every principle recommended by the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. It documents the advances in the Chinese Corporate Governance framework. Building on this report, bilateral co-operation between China and the OECD will continue to enhance the understanding of China’s corporate governance system and how it impacts on company and investor behaviour.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264088368
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tackling inequalities in Brazil, China, India and South Africa
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    RVK:
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Sozialpolitik ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Südafrika ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; South Africa ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Südafrika ; Beschäftigung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: Greater integration into the world economy and important policy reforms have resulted in Brazil, China, India and South Africa becoming major actors in the globalisation process, with impressive results in terms of economic growth, social development and poverty reduction. But the benefits of stronger growth have not always been shared equally and income inequality has remained at very high levels. Existing evidence suggests that the evolution of the distribution of income in these four countries is the result of many forces. These include demographic change, migration, unequal access to education, informal employment, existing regulations and their enforcement, social norms and cultural legacy. These forces are often interlinked and reinforce one another. However, as employment is the primary source of income for most households, understanding the impact of labour market outcomes is crucial. This book focuses on the role of growth and employment/unemployment developments in explaining recent income inequality trends in Brazil, China, India and South Africa, and discusses the roles played by labour market and social policies in both shaping and addressing these inequalities. It includes the papers presented at the joint OECD and European Union High-Level Conference on Inequalities in Emerging Economies held in Paris in May 2010. This work is part of OECD’s ongoing dialogue and co-operation with non-member economies around the world.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Edition: 2010
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tackling inequalities in Brazil, China, India and South Africa
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Sozialpolitik ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Südafrika ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Südafrika ; Beschäftigung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Sozialpolitik
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264090200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Growth and sustainability in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Indonesien ; Südafrika ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; South Africa ; OECD
    Abstract: Growth and Sustainability in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa is based on the proceedings of a conference, organised by the OECD, on the growth performance of these large emerging-market economies. The book brings together contributions from distinguished policy makers and scholars. It discusses the growth experiences of these countries, including how they have fared in the wake of the recent global financial crisis. It also examines these countries’ prospects for sustaining strong growth over the long term. The chapters in this book offer new analyses of the growth process in individual countries. They explore, for example, the reduction of external vulnerability in Brazil, the contribution of human and physical capital accumulation in China and Indonesia, initiatives to promote infrastructure and social development in India, and financial deepening in South Africa. These chapters identify the specific drivers of growth in each country, and thus strengthen our understanding of the policy levers that can be used to sustain growth in the years to come.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264079267
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Israel
    DDC: 331.12095694
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Sozialpolitik ; Israel ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Israel ; Israel ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Älterer Arbeitnehmer ; Minderheitenfrage ; Armut
    Abstract: This 2009 review of Israeli labour market and social policy finds that Israel has enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, but the benefits of this are being distributed unevenly. Poverty rates are higher than in any OECD country, which reflects the deep social and economic divides in Israeli society. On one side, there is the general Jewish population with poverty and employment rates similar to those of OECD countries. On the other, there are Arabs and ultra-Orthodox Jews, or Haredim, who have large families, poor educational outcomes and low employment rates. As a result, just over half of Arab and Haredi families live in poverty. Almost half of all children entering primary school in Israel come from one of these two groups, so profound policy changes are needed to prevent future generations of Arabs and Haredim from being scarred by the disadvantages these population groups face today. Tackling the root causes of such deep inequality would greatly enhance the dynamism of the Israeli economy. Greater investment to help workers improve their skills is urgently needed. Welfare-to-work programmes need to be restructured and extended, including by reducing child benefits paid to families who are able to work but do not and by sharply increasing the Earned Income Tax Credit to tackle in-work poverty more effectively. And access to means-tested income supports for the neediest should be improved. Israel has failed to enforce many aspects of its labour legislation, contributing to poor employment conditions for many resident, cross-border and foreign low-income workers. Rules to overcome discrimination against all workers need to be enforced, and the illegal hiring and employment of temporary foreign workers need to be stamped out. Progress has been made in many of these areas. New legislation and initiatives have been introduced. The challenge is how to make reform work in practice. The consequences of not doing so would be devastating.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264059573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (258 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; China ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: With more than 700 million residents living in rural areas, China is still a predominantly rural country. But despite substantial improvements in standards of living, the Chinese countryside is largely lagging behind. This report analyses the key socio-economic forces at work in China's rural areas and discusses the current government strategy for rural development. It argues that in order to bridge rural-urban divides the current policy approach needs to go further in recognising rural-urban complementarities beyond agriculture and that food-security targets need to be balanced with wider rural development objectives.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060616
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (183 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adema, Willem Chile
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    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Armut ; Einkommensverteilung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Sozialpolitik ; Altersvorsorge ; Chile ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Chile ; Chile ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: This report analyses in detail the implications of recent developments in Chile's labour market and social policy and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries’ experience. The report finds that Chile has enjoyed rising living standards over two decades of strong economic growth. The incidence of poverty is now much lower and there is better access to adequate housing, education and healthcare. Nevertheless, Chile’s income distribution remains disturbingly unequal by OECD standards. This is partly due to Chile’s a relatively low employment rate, especially for women, but it also reflects a segmented labour market, where much of the recent job creation has occurred in relatively low-productive sectors. Moreover, despite the existence of an internationally renowned pension programme, Chile’s social protection system as a whole has still a relatively long way to go before reaching the standards of developed countries in terms of effective coverage and capacity to assist needy households. Chilean policy makers have begun to develop and implement a series of ambitious reforms, intended to promote the twin goals of work and equity.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264044814
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (454 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Globalisation and emerging economies
    DDC: 330.9172/4
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Globalisierung ; Schwellenländer ; Brasilien ; Russland ; Indien ; Indonesien ; China ; Südafrika ; Trade ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; Schwellenländer ; Globalisierung ; Außenwirtschaft ; Schwellenländer ; Globalisierung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Brasilien ; Russland ; Indien ; Indonesien ; China ; Südafrika ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Außenhandel ; Globalisierung
    Abstract: OECD countries still dominate the world economy, but their share of world trade dropped from 73% in 1992 to 64% in 2005, and some of the world’s most important economies are not members of the OECD. Foremost among these are the so-called BRIICS: Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa. This book analyses key elements of the trade performance of the BRIICS in relation to the rest of the world, focusing on trade and other policies influencing that performance. Developments in global trade policy are reviewed, notably the impact of preferential trade agreements on the multilateral system and patterns of world trade are described using both indices that reveal networks of trading relations and more standard modeling results. As well as the global analysis, the book also presents a separate chapter for each of the BRIICS, examining the key development and trade issues in each of the six countries over the past few years.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264059429
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; Chine 2009 ; Définir la frontière entre le marché et l'État
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Chine 2009 : Définir la frontière entre le marché et l'État
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    DDC: 330.951
    RVK:
    Keywords: Regulierung ; China ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Reformpolitik ; Systemtransformation ; Demokratisierung ; Governance ; China ; China ; Regulierung
    Abstract: China has made enormous progress in developing the modern legal and regulatory foundation for the market economy. The private sector is now the main driver of growth, and new laws have gone a long way toward establishing private property rights, competition, and mechanisms for entry and exit comparable to those of many OECD countries. At the same time important challenges remain, including further clarification of the scope of state ownership, reform of relations among central and local governments, firmer establishment of the rule of law, and strengthening of regulatory institutions and processes. This review of China's regulatory system focuses on the overall economic context for regulatory reform, the government’s capacity to manage regulatory reform, competition policy and enforcement, and market openness. The review also examines the regulatory framework in the electricity, water and health care sectors. As for OECD countries, the review follows a multidisciplinary and highly interactive approach. A number of OECD instruments and policies are used in this assessment, although the review also takes into account the specific challenges faced by the Chinese authorities. The review includes a comprehensive set of policy recommendations.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264060258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ressources naturelles et croissance pro-pauvres ; Enjeux économiques et politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ressources naturelles et croissance pro-pauvres : Enjeux économiques et politiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Natural resources and pro-poor growth
    RVK:
    Keywords: Natürliche Ressourcen ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Natürliche Ressourcen ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: This publication demonstrates that natural resources can contribute to growth, employment, exports and fiscal revenues in low-income countries, where natural capital constitutes a quarter of total wealth. It highlights the importance of policies encouraging the sustainable management of these resources. Moreover, it emphasises the need to address the political challenges of natural-resource management for long-term pro-poor economic growth. Part I provides an overview of the economics and politics of natural resources. It describes the unique features of natural resources and resulting management challenges, the role of sustainable natural resource management in supporting pro-poor growth, and the politics and governance of natural resources. It then offers recommendations for policy makers on how to support the approaches advocated in the paper. Part II examines these issues with respect to seven specific natural-resource sectors: fisheries, forests, wildlife and ecotourism, soil productivity, water security, minerals and renewable energy.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044203
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (341 p)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growing Unequal?: Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mehr Ungleichheit trotz Wachstum?: Einkommensverteilung und Armut in OECD-Ländern
    DDC: 339.2/2
    Keywords: Poverty ; Income distribution ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Armut
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Avant-propos""; ""Remerciements""; ""Table des mati�res""; ""Introduction""; ""Partie 1. Les principaux aspects de l�inégalité""; ""Chapitre 1. La distribution des revenus dans les pays de l�OCDE : quelles en sont les grandes caractéristiques ?""; ""Introduction""; ""Qu�indique une comparaison de la distribution des revenus entre les pays ?""; ""Graphique 1.1. Coefficients de Gini des inégalités de revenu dans les pays de l�OCDE, milieu des années 2000""; ""La distribution des revenus s�est-elle élargie au fil du temps ?""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Graphique 1.2. �volution des inégalités de revenu""""Tableau 1.1. �volution du revenu réel des ménages par quintile""; ""Graphique 1.3. Variation du rapport du revenu disponible médian au revenu disponible moyen""; ""Tableau 1.2. Gains et pertes de parts de revenu par quintile de revenu""; ""Encadré 1.1. �volutions au sommet de la distribution des revenus""; ""Graphique 1.4. �volution des inégalités de revenu marchand et de revenu disponible""; ""Graphique 1.5. �volution des inégalités de revenu marchand et de revenu disponible, moyenne OCDE""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Encadré 1.2. Distribution des revenus des ménages et part des salaires dans le PIB : y a-t-il un lien entre les deux ?""""Au-delà des indicateurs synthétiques de la distribution des revenus : niveaux de revenu par décile dans les pays de l�OCDE""; ""Graphique 1.6. Niveaux de revenu aux différents niveaux de la distribution, milieu des années 2000""; ""Conclusion""; ""Graphique 1.7. Niveaux de revenu en différents points de la distribution, milieu des années 2000""; ""Notes""; ""Références""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Annexe 1.A1. Données de l�OCDE sur la distribution des revenus : caractéristiques clés""""Tableau 1.A1.1. Sources nationales et ajustements sur les données""; ""Annexe 1.A2. Tableaux et graphiques additionnels""; ""Tableau 1.A2.1. Dominance des courbes de Lorentz dans les pays de l�OCDE""; ""Tableau 1.A2.2. Niveaux d�inégalité de revenu calculés à partir de différents indicateurs synthétiques au milieu des années 2000""; ""Tableau 1.A2.3. Coefficients de Gini à partir de différentes sources""; ""Tableau 1.A2.4. �volution des différentes mesures de l�inégalité""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Partie 2. Les principaux facteurs d�inégalité""""Chapitre 2. L�évolution des structures démographiques et des styles de vie a-t-elle contribué à l�accroissement des inégalités dans la distribution des revenus ?""; ""Introduction""; ""Différences dans la structure de la population des différents pays de l�OCDE""; ""Graphique 2.1. Taille moyenne des ménages dans les différents pays de l�OCDE""; ""Différences démographiques et distribution des revenus""; ""Graphique 2.2. Pyramides de la population en 2005, par sexe, âge et quintile de revenu""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Tableau 2.1. Nombre d�enfants par femme, par quintile de revenu du ménage""
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264053717
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. China
    Keywords: Social responsibility of business ; Investments, Chinese ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign Government policy ; China Economic policy 2000- ; China ; Direktinvestition
    Note: Also available in French under the title: Chine : promouvoir un comportement responsable des entreprises , Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Croissance et inégalités ; Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mehr Ungleichheit trotz Wachstum?; Einkommensverteilung und Armut in OECD-Ländern
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Croissance et inégalités : Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mehr Ungleichheit trotz Wachstum?: Einkommensverteilung und Armut in OECD-Ländern
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Growing unequal?
    DDC: 339.2/2
    RVK:
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Sozialpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Armut
    Abstract: Growing Unequal? brings together a range of analyses on the distribution of economic resources in OECD countries. The evidence on income distribution and poverty covers, for the first time, all 30 OECD countries in the mid-2000s, while information on trends extending back to the mid-1980s is provided for around two-thirds of the countries. The report also describes inequalities in a range of domains (such as household wealth, consumption patterns, in-kind public services) that are typically excluded from conventional discussion about the distribution of economic resources among individuals and households. The report provides evidence of a fairly generalised increase in income inequality over the past two decades across the OECD, but the timing, intensity and causes of the increase differ from what is typically suggested in the media. Precisely how much inequality there is in a society is not determined randomly, nor is it beyond the power of governments to change, so long as they take note of the sort of up-to-date evidence included in this report. This report includes StatLinks, URLs linking tables and graphs in the book to Excel® spreadsheets containing the data.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264053717
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Auslandsinvestition ; Unternehmensethik ; China ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: This Investment Policy Review of China 2008 reviews Chinese government efforts to encourage responsible business conduct against the backdrop of recent regulatory changes and China's increasing outward investment. It assesses the extent to which China's legal and regulatory framework for investment has been improved since the 2006 Review, including new cross-border mergers and acquisitions regulations, the Enterprise Income Tax Law, the Property Rights Law, the Anti-Monopoly Law and the latest revision of the Catalogue for Guiding Foreign Investment Industries. It also evaluates recent improvements in China's FDI statistics. The 2008 Review provides a unique account of the motivations for and development of China's outward direct investment in recent years in light of government policy encouraging companies to "go global", focusing in particular on Chinese investment in Africa. It provides the first detailed and comprehensive analysis of the government's efforts to encourage responsible business conduct by enterprises in China and by Chinese enterprises operating abroad, highlighting in particular efforts to strengthen environmental protection and respect for core labour standards by enterprises. The Review concludes with an evaluation of enterprises' environmental conduct in China.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264028388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mano visible de China en América Latina
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The visible hand of China in Latin America
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    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Lateinamerika ; China ; Außenhandel ; Emerging Market ; Integration ; Weltordnung ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Latin America is looking towards China and Asia -- and China and Asia are looking right back. This is a major shift: for the first time in its history, Latin America can benefit from not one but three major engines of world growth. Until the 1980s, the United States was the region’s major trade partner. In the 1990s, a second growth engine emerged with the European investment boom in Latin America. Now, at the dawn of the new century, the increasing global economic importance of Asia, and in particular China, potentially provides a third engine of growth. This book describes the opportunities and challenges that Latin American economies will face as Chinese importance in the world economy -- and in Latin America's traditional markets -- continues to grow.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264037632
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Second Edition, Revised and Updated
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise; Une perspective historique, 960-2030 AD, Deuxième édition, révisée et mise à jour
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Maddison, Angus, 1926 - 2010 Chinese economic performance in the long run
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsgeschichte ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; China ; Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries. It uses a comparative approach to explain why China’s role in the world economy has changed so dramatically in the last thousand years. It concludes that China is likely to resume its natural role as the world’s largest economy by the year 2015, thus regaining the position it had held until 1890. A dynamic link (StatLink) is provided for each table and graph, which directs the user to a web page where the corresponding data are available in Excel® format. Except for Appendix A, this edition has been revised and updated and Chapter 4 is completely new. "..ambitious in scope and packed with facts. Highly recommended." -Choice "The book is a must for anyone who wants to understand the past and the future of the Chinese economy." -Justin Yifu Lin, Founding Director, China Center for Economic Research, Peking University. "This second edition is a very impressive and important contribution to a subject that has deep significance for the world economy." -Professor Lawrence Klein, Nobel Laureate. "A welcome update to a dazzling essay." -Nicholas Eberstadt, American Enterprise Institute. "This review of a millenium of Chinese economic history and its implications for the future of China and the World is a remarkable achievement. A must read for anyone interested in China." -Dwight H. Perkins, Harvard University. "A great masterpiece in the field of economic history, the shoulders of a giant on which new generations of scholars from all over the world will stand. We Chinese scholars will benefit as greatly from this second edition as we have from the first." -Li Bozhong, Professor of History, Tsinghua University, Beijing. Angus Maddison is Emeritus Professor of Economic Growth and Development at the University of Groningen. He held a number of senior posts at OEEC and OECD between 1953 and 1978, and has been a policy advisor to governments in Brazil, Ghana, Greece, Mexico and Pakistan. He is the author of 20 books on the long run performance of nations, and their interactions within the world economy. He has built up an international network of scholars working in this field. He is a fellow of the British Academy, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Science, and an honorary fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: China 2007
    Keywords: China ; Umweltpolitik
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264024786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (319 p.)
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers une croissance pro-pauvres ; Orientations à l'intention des donneurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers une croissance pro-pauvres : Orientations à l'intention des donneurs
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Promoting pro-poor growth
    RVK:
    Keywords: Armut ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Privatwirtschaft ; Landwirtschaft ; Infrastruktur ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: For aid donors, the pro-poor growth agenda is not business as usual and more of the same will not be sufficient. Focusing on pro-poor growth and income poverty, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Policy Guidance for Donors identifies binding constraints and offers policies and strategies to address them. Policy recommendations aim to help change donor behaviour and pave the way for more effective development co-operation in these areas. This compendium pays special attention to the role of private sector development, agriculture and infrastructure in pro-poor growth – areas that were neglected by many donors during the 1990s but are currently receiving renewed attention in the international development agenda. It also presents a methodology for conducting ex-ante poverty impact assessment, a valuable tool for those whose aim is to maximise the poverty reducing impacts of development interventions.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264109889
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China's power sector reforms
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Elektrizitätspolitik ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energiemarkt ; Reform
    Abstract: In 2005, China added the equivalent of all the power plants in Norway and Sweden to its electricity generating capacity - and its remarkable demand growth shows no sign of abating. But how can the government best assure affordable and environmentally sustainable electricity supply in the future? Assessing the current state of electricity regulation in China, this report draws on experience elsewhere to explore how better to develop and communicate strategy, how to moderate growth in demand through increased efficiency, how to integrate environmental goals into planning and operation, how to ensure sufficient supply when and where it is needed, and how to handle institutional and governance challenges.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264008458
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (645 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La Chine dans l'économie mondiale
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in China
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Politische Steuerung
    Abstract: Il ressort du rapport de l'OCDE sur la Gouvernance en Chine que l'économie chinoise témoigne certes d'une dynamique impressionnante depuis qu'elle fait intervenir de plus en plus le libre jeu des mécanismes du marché. Cet ouvrage examine les enjeux que la Chine rencontre en matière de gouvernance, notamment l'organisation des services publics, la gestion des actifs du Trésor, la gestion réglementaire, l'administration en ligne, la fiscalité et les dépenses publiques, la lutte contre la corruption, la mise à la disposition de renseignements fiables. Il est aussi question de secteurs définis où l'insuffisance des réformes en matière de gouvernance a un effet sur les grandes orientations, à savoir le secteur financier, l'agriculture, la protection de l'environnement, le marché du travail et la protection sociale, l'éducation et la concurrence.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264028470
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288 p.)
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environment, water resources and agricultural policies
    RVK:
    Keywords: Ökologischer Landbau ; Wasser ; Wasserpolitik ; China ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Government policy ; China ; Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Government policy ; OECD countries ; Environmental policy China ; Environmental policy OECD countries ; Water quality management China ; Water quality management OECD countries ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift 2006 ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; Wasserreserve ; Ökosystem ; Umweltpolitik ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Wasserreserve ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik ; Ressourcenmanagement ; Umweltschutz
    Abstract: China's endowment of water resources is extremely low, poorly distributed, and increasingly polluted. With agriculture being one of the main consumers of water, China's future development depends on initiatives that will raise the efficiency and efficacy of water use. These workshop proceedings examine the current situation in China, look at what is being done in OECD countries to manage water resources, and suggest policy options for China.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264035966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254 p.)
    Series Statement: Environmental Finance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Local capital markets for environmental infrastructure
    RVK:
    Keywords: Regionaler Finanzsektor ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; China ; Kasachstan ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic ; Kazakhstan ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; China ; Kasachstan ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Investition ; Umweltschutz ; Kreditmarkt
    Abstract: Transition and emerging economies have difficulties developing their financial markets to a level that would provide access to long-term debt finance at an affordable cost. This report examines opportunities beyond the public sector for financing water and other environmental infrastructure. Specifically, opportunities for accessing savings through private financial and capital markets have been examined. The report identifies bottlenecks to the development of local financial markets for environmental infrastructure and discusses policy recommendations to tackle them.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9264035966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Environmental Finance
    Series Statement: Environmental finance
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Local capital markets for environmental infrastructure
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Local capital markets for environmental infrastructure
    RVK:
    Keywords: Regionaler Finanzsektor ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; China ; Kasachstan ; Russland ; Ukraine ; China ; Kasachstan ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Investition ; Umweltschutz ; Kreditmarkt
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264021945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement ; Chine 2006 ; Politiques ouvertes envers les fusions et acquisitions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Chine 2006 : Politiques ouvertes envers les fusions et acquisitions
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    RVK:
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Übernahme ; International ; China ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China has become one of the world's leading destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI). However, while cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become the dominant form of global FDI flows, they remain a relatively small part of FDI flows into China. In reviewing developments since 2003, this review evaluates the progress made in developing an effective institutional framework for cross-border M&A in China, takes stock of remaining obstacles, and offers policy options to address them.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264013728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Challenges for China's public spending
    RVK:
    Keywords: Öffentliche Ausgaben ; China ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Verwaltungsreform
    Abstract: The study draws extensively on Chinese government and other sources to provide a detailed and up-to-date picture of the current state of China's public expenditure policies, the main reforms that are being undertaken, and the problems that remain to be resolved. Topics covered: key characteristics of China's budget and recent trends; the allocation of spending; the uneven pattern of fiscal decentralisation; gaps between expenditure needs and fiscal resources for local governments and their consequences.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264008441
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (574 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance en Chine
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Governance in China
    DDC: 338.951
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Marktwirtschaft ; China ; Verwaltung ; Governance ; Innenpolitik ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Umweltpolitik ; Tertiärbereich ; Governance ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; China ; Governance ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Verwaltungsreform
    Abstract: While China's economy has shown impressive dynamism following the increased reliance on market-based policies, the governance structures themselves will have to be reformed deeply for this growth to be sustainable. This report examines the many challenges of governance which China is facing. In addition to the well-known problems related to the lack of openness in government and intellectual property rights, this book also looks at the delivery of public services, management of state assets, regulatory management, e-government, taxation and public expenditure, fighting corruption, and producing reliable information. Selected policy areas where the insufficient governance reforms have an impact on the policies themselves -- like the financial sector, agriculture, environmental protection, labour market and social protection, education, and competition -- are also discussed.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264012615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    RVK:
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Branchenentwicklung ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Ländliche Armut ; Landflucht ; Lebensmittelsicherheit ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; Bericht
    Abstract: This book presents a comprehensive overview and assessment of China's agricultural policies combined with OECD estimates of the level of support provided to the Chinese farm sector. It also examines such issues as welfare impacts of liberalisation; Chinese agricultural commodity markets; grain stock estimates; labour mobility and rural poverty in China; and food safety.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264008700
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme fiscale écologique axée sur la réduction de la pauvreté
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental fiscal reform for poverty reduction
    DDC: 363.7
    RVK:
    Keywords: Ökosteuer ; Umweltabgabe ; Steuerreform ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Armut ; OECD-Staaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Lebensbedingungen ; Umweltschutz ; Steuerpolitik ; Steuerreform ; Finanzpolitik ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Transparenz ; Politischer Prozess ; Politische Beteiligung ; Environment ; Taxation ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: This DAC Reference Paper outlines key issues faced when designing Environmental Fiscal Reform (EFR). EFR refers to a range of taxation and pricing measures which can raise fiscal revenues while furthering environmental goals. The objective is to provide insights and “good practice” on how development co-operation agencies can help developing countries take advantage of EFR approaches in both their development and poverty reduction strategies. Following a review of the instruments of EFR and related technical issues, Environmental Fiscal Reform for Poverty Reduction focuses on the political economy and governance aspects of EFR. This includes an examination of the precondition for successful design and implementation, the various steps involved through the EFR Policy Cycle, the challenges faced at each stage, and the main stakeholders involved. The role of donors in supporting EFR processes is also outlined. Subsequently, these issues are reviewed in relation to sectors of particular relevance for developing countries: forestry, fisheries, fossil fuel, electricity, drinking water and industrial pollution control.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264017214
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 339.22
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Electronic books ; China ; Einkommensunterschied ; OECD ; Einkommensunterschied
    Abstract: China has experienced spectacular economic growth since 1978, averaging 8 to 9% per year. As a result, on average, people’s standard of living is far higher than ever before in China’s history. However, economic disparities have also widened very significantly during this period, raising questions about the appropriateness and sustainability of existing policies. This book includes the papers from a seminar held in Paris on 20-21 October 2003 to explore the causes of China's growing economic disparities. The seminar was organised by the OECD and the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China. The papers by Chinese and OECD experts look at the driving forces behind these trends and discuss possible policy responses. The collection presents many comparisons with income inequality trends in OECD countries, including geographic disparities, and looks at ways to improve Chinese data on income distribution.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Investment Policy Reviews: China 2003: Progress and Reform Challenges
    Keywords: China ; Investitionsförderung ; Direktinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Staat
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100206
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pauvreté et santé
    Keywords: Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Medizinische Versorgung ; Grundbedürfnis ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: Investment in health is a strategically important and often underestimated component of economic development. This study sets out a systematic approach to improving health in poor countries. For emerging countries, substantially improved health outcomes are a prerequisite to breaking out of the poverty cycle. This book on poverty and health, jointly published by the OECD and WHO, sets out the essential components of a broad-scope “pro-poor” health approach for action within the health system and beyond it. It is for development practitioners in the area of health issues.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264019423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Appropriation et partenariat ; quel rôle pour la société civile dans les stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté ?
    DDC: 362.5091724
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Konferenzschrift ; Entwicklungsländer ; Bürgerliche Gesellschaft ; Armut
    Abstract: Partnership Forums are the means by which the OECD Development Assistance Committee provides a venue for non-governmental actors to express their points of view and to offer their own contributions to development policy and strategy. In December 2000, the DAC and the Development Centre held a Forum on ways of integrating civil society into policy formation in developing countries, and to identify obstacles to such involvement. Participants agreed that civil society's role in poverty-reduction strategies had been an important element in succesful implementation. This book contains 8 papers presented at the Forum, covering experience in a variety of countries with a variety of stakeholders. The wide-ranging discussion concluded that civil-society participation in policy making not only enhances efficiency in implementation, but also contributes to the creation of more pluralistic and democratic political systems.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 331.763
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift 2002 ; Electronic books ; Agrarhandel ; Armut ; Agrarpolitik ; Agrarwelthandel ; Armut
    Abstract: How do trade liberalisation and rich-country farming policies affect the world’s poor? This publication focuses on that crucial question and underscores its urgency. One in five people worldwide live in extreme poverty with per capita income under a dollar a day. Two in three live in rural areas with farming the dominant source of income. Moreover, the poorest non-farm households spend a relatively large share of their budgets on food. Agricultural policy developments are thus vitally important to all poor people. How can agricultural trade reform serve their needs? What are the potential benefits and dangers of agricultural trade liberalisation? Deriving from the OECD’s on-going co-operation with non-member economies worldwide, this publication tackles various aspects of those fundamental questions on the linkage between farming and poverty.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264158894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and state China ; Congresses ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; China ; Congresses ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; China Foreign economic relations ; Congresses ; Konferenzschrift 2002 ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; China ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: This book presents the proceedings of an OECD conference reflecting on how China can best manage its reform process under WTO integration. It is an invaluable analysis of farm and rural realities in today’s China and their ultimate implications for world trade. China’s World Trade Organisation membership has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges, propelling its agricultural development into a new era. China’s policymakers continue to face the twin challenges of raising farm incomes and restructuring the rural economy. Do economy-wide policies in China support the agricultural sector? What is the true extent of the "peasant burden"? What policies will most effectively promote the development of rural areas? What is the role of education in improving rural livelihoods and redeploying rural labour? What is the degree of market integration and how well are prices transmitted throughout the country? These questions and issues were debated based on the papers reproduced in this publication. They offer the reader the fruits of timely analytical and strategic thinking by some of the world’s renowned experts on China’s agricultural policies and on methods of policy analysis.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 332.67/3/0951
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Electronic books ; China ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: This book provides a selection of papers presented at the Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Regional Development Conference, organised in Xian on 11-12 October 2001 at the request of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation. The book reviews regional patterns of FDI inflows in China, investment requirements, opportunities in and comparative advantages of China’s regions, and details the types of FDI sought for the Chinese hinterland. It offers business perspectives with regard to what needs to be done. Lessons learned from experiences in Canada, Turkey, Germany and Brazil are discussed, with a particular focus on investment promotion and linkages with local enterprise development. The book concludes with policy messages relevant not only to China but also to other countries striving to improve conditions for investment in their less-developed regions.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264176171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (225 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Technology and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technologie et lutte contre la pauvreté en Asie et dans le Pacifique
    DDC: 339.46095
    RVK:
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Biotechnologie ; Informationstechnik ; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Asien ; Pazifischer Raum ; Irland ; Portugal ; Thailand ; China ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Electronic books ; Asiatisch-Pazifischer Raum ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Technologie
    Abstract: Poverty reduction remains a major development challenge in much of Asia and the Pacific. Historically, technology has played a central role in raising living standards across the region, including those of the poor. The Green Revolution and various innovations of modern medicine and public health have been instrumental in improving nutrition, health, and livelihoods of millions of poor people. Yet, the pace of improvement from these sources appears to have slowed, and new technological impetus — as well as improved policies and institutions — are needed to address the persistent poverty problem in some regions and among some social groups. Agricultural and medical biotechnology hold tremendous promise but also bring with them new risks and concerns that need to be addressed before their full potential can be realised. New information technologies are only beginning to diffuse widely in developing Asia and the Pacific, but ultimately these too can have profound impacts on the lives of the poor, empowering them with access to information that once was the preserve of the privileged few.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264292451
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Social Crisis in the Russian Federation
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Russian Federation ; Russland ; Armut ; Gesundheitswesen ; Sozialer Wandel
    Abstract: La Fédération de Russie est confrontée à d'importants problèmes économiques et sociaux. En 1998, le revenu national avait presque reculé de moitié par rapport à 1990. L’espérance de vie des hommes est aujourd’hui de 61 ans, contre 65 ans il y a dix ans. Le taux de suicides et d’automutilations est trois fois supérieur à ce qu’il est en moyenne dans la zone de l’OCDE et le taux de mortalité maternelle cinq fois supérieur à la moyenne OCDE. Les maladies infectieuses ont progressé mais le volume réel des dépenses publiques de santé a régressé de près d’un tiers. Les dépenses consacrées à de nombreux autres dispositifs sociaux ont chuté, même si on les considère par rapport à un PIB en baisse, ce qui n’empêche pas qu’une bonne partie des sommes dépensées pour lutter contre le grave problème de la pauvreté le soit en pure perte. Plus d’un quart de la population russe est frappé par la pauvreté au regard même des critères officiels. Le salaire moyen a pratiquemment diminué de moitié par rapport à son niveau réel du début des années 90 et les retards de paiement des salaires et des pensions ont posé de sérieux problèmes il n’y a pas si longtemps. Quant à l’économie informelle, elle s’est considérablement développée. Que peut-on faire pour résoudre cette crise ? Cet ouvrage présente une analyse détaillée de la crise sociale que connaît la Fédération de Russie et propose des pistes pour la mise en oeuvre de réformes qui stimuleraient les principaux rouages économiques, notamment la productivité, tout en garantissant l’application de politiques sociales et de politiques de l’emploi plus à même d’aider les plus démunis. Ce livre formule également des propositions de réformes de fond propres à améliorer le fonctionnement du marché du travail, à garantir l’offre d’un ensemble de services de soins de santé indispensables, à atténuer les disparités régionales et à résoudre la crise humaine que traversent les plus pauvres.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264287716
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La Chine dans l'économie mondiale
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reforming China's Enterprises
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Unternehmen ; Wirtschaftsreform
    Abstract: PROGRES ET ENJEUX FUTURS La réforme des entreprises en Chine est un enjeu majeur pour la réussite de la transformation du pays en une économie de marché, transformation qui est en cours depuis 1978. Cette réforme revêt aujourd’hui un caractère d’urgence étant donné, d’une part, les sérieux problèmes financiers que connaissent actuellement de nombreuses entreprises chinoises et, d’autre part, la perspective de l’adhésion de la Chine à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce. Elle concerne les entreprises d’Etat aussi bien que les autres entreprises et recouvre un large éventail de mesures spécifiques destinées à accroître les performances financières, améliorer les comportements et mettre en place les institutions et les infrastructures complémentaires indispensables à une économie moderne fondée sur l’entreprise.Cet ouvrage décrit les principales réformes mises en oeuvre dans chacun de ces domaines, les progrès accomplis, les problèmes rencontrés et les défis qu’il va falloir relever. Il en ressort globalement que la réforme des entreprises se situe aujourd’hui à un stade critique. Des progrès importants sont réalisés, mais il reste encore beaucoup plus à faire et un développement rapide est nécessaire dans plusieurs domaines clés si l’on veut que l’ensemble du processus de réforme maintienne son élan et que le potentiel de croissance de la Chine se réalise.Questions examinées : la situation actuelle des entreprises chinoises ; la restructuration économique et la réorganisation des entreprises d’Etat ; la mise en place de mécanismes efficaces de gouvernement d’entreprise ; le rôle du système financier ; l’élaboration de programmes de sécurité sociale.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fédération de Russie; la crise sociale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fédération de Russie: la crise sociale
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Russian Federation ; Russland ; Sozialpolitik ; Armut ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Gesundheitswesen ; Soziale Situation
    Abstract: The Russian Federation faces important economic and social challenges. By 1998 national income was little more than half its level in 1990. Life expectancy for men is now about 61 years, compared to 65 years a decade ago. The rate of suicide and self-inflicted injuries is more than three times the OECD average and maternal mortality rates are about five times the OECD average. Infectious diseases have increased in prevalence, but real public spending on health care has fallen by nearly one-third. Spending on many other social programmes has fallen even as a percentage of the smaller GDP, yet much expenditure remains inefficient and ineffective in addressing the serious problem of poverty. More than a quarter of the Russian population is poverty-stricken according to official criteria. Average wages are not much more than half of their real level of the early 1990s, and wage and pension arrears have posed serious problems in the recent past. The informal economy has grown significantly. What can be done to address this crisis? This book provides a detailed analysis of the social problems facing the Russian Federation, and develops proposals for continuing reform to improve the economic fundamentals, including the productivity, while at the same time ensuring that social and labour market policies become more effective in helping the poorest Russians. The book also proposes policy reforms to improve the operation of the labour market, to guarantee a package of essential health care services, to address the wide disparities between different regions of the Russian Federation, and to deal with the human crisis experienced by the very poor.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264180376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre la pauvreté dans le monde ; Stratégies et études de cas
    DDC: 360
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Electronic books ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut
    Abstract: Eradicating poverty has long been one of the priorities of development co-operation. Yet, despite undoubted progress towards this goal, the strategies adopted at the international and national levels remain controversial. Poverty reduction is a complex issue, involving numerous players in a host of economic, social, political and environmental policy fields. The originality of this publication lies in its approach to identifying best practice, an approach which is as open and thorough as the state of the art will allow. How realistic is it to seek to cut extreme poverty by half by the year 2015? What are the most effective strategies employed by donors, be they development agencies or developed countries? What lessons can be learned from the experience of the developing countries? Clearly, these and many other questions are still unresolved. This publication approaches them by giving a broad overview of general poverty-reduction strategies and objectives. It also presents five particularly enlightening case studies on Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire, the State of Kerala in India, Malaysia and Uganda.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187719
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réussir la réforme des entreprises en Chine
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Unternehmen ; Reform
    Abstract: Reforms to China’s enterprises are central to the effort to complete the transformation to a market economy that has been underway since 1978. Reforms have become all the more urgent with the severe financial problems now being suffered by a large portion of China’s businesses, and with China’s prospective entry into the World Trade Organisation. Enterprise reforms involve both state owned and non-state businesses, and encompass a wide range of individual policies to bolster financial performances, improve behaviour, and provide supporting institutions and infrastructure essential to a modern enterprise economy. The study in this volume describes the main reforms that are being undertaken in each of these areas, the progress that is being made, the problems that are being encountered, and the challenges that remain to be overcome. The overall message is that the enterprise reforms are now at a critical juncture. Important progress is being made; but much more remains to be done and rapid advances are needed in several key areas if the overall reform process is to be sustained and China is to realise its growth potential. Topics covered: the current situation of China’s enterprises; economic restructuring and SOE reorganisation; establishing effective corporate governance mechanisms; the role of the financial system; developing social security programmes.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181076
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ouverture économique et croissance en Chine
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Investitionsförderung ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: China’s remarkable growth in recent years has been often rather arbitrarily ascribed to a number of politico-economic factors. In this volume, the specific effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows is measured quantitatively and estimated on a regional basis. The authors find that there is a much more complex relationship between such flows and growth overall than had hitherto been supposed. While growth associated with FDI flows and a consequent foreign technology input is clearly highest in the coastal, open provinces, geographical dispersion effects can also be identified. In order to avoid widening wealth inequalities, these dispersion effects should be encouraged. Large differences, however, in physical and human capital terms, exist between provinces located on the coast and in the interior of the country and these hinder redistribution of the growth effects of FDI inflows on a national scale. In addition, if China is to continue to benefit substantially from technological progress, domestic research and development capacity will need to be expanded to offset diminishing returns from foreign technology transfers. This implies the adoption of policies designed to increase human capacity development through education and training on a national scale.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789164180292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The agro-food processing sector in China
    RVK:
    Keywords: 00.10.1999 ; Agroindustrie ; Agrarprodukt ; Ernährungsindustrie ; China ; Agricultural industries China ; Congresses ; Food industry and trade China ; Congresses ; Produce trade China ; Congresses ; Agriculture and Food ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China Foreign economic relations ; Congresses ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lebensmittelindustrie ; China ; Agrarprodukt ; Industrie ; China ; Agrarproduktion
    Abstract: China’s food processing sector has arrived at a decisive stage. While primary agriculture has continued to expand at an astounding pace and final consumers have experienced an extended period of rapid income growth, progress at the intermediary stage, the agro-processing sector, has remained limited. Today, a growing need to catch up with these developments has become manifest, but a number of challenges have emerged simultaneously. They include the need to adjust to increasingly diversified consumer demands, to improve the quality and nutritional content of foods, to introduce new food products, to shift to more sophisticated processing methods, to adopt innovative packaging methods, and to comply with new labelling requirements. These developments give rise to a number of questions. What do these changes mean for China’s food processors? Is China’s agriculture adequately prepared for these changes? How can farmers take advantage of these changes? What structural adjustments are needed to meet the challenges arising from the changes in domestic and international food markets? The papers in this Proceedings document try to answer these and many other important questions revolving around changes in, and challenges for, China’s agro-processing sector.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264280373
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Series Statement: Séminaires du Centre de Développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Waging the Global War on Poverty; Strategies and Case Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Waging the Global War on Poverty: Strategies and Case Studies
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: Eradiquer la pauvreté est depuis longtemps une priorité de la coopération au développement. Mais en dépit des progrès incontestables déjà accomplis, les stratégies déployées au niveau international comme au niveau national continuent de faire l'objet de controverses. La lutte contre la pauvreté reste en effet une question complexe qui implique un grand nombre d'acteurs et recouvre une multitude de dimensions aussi bien économiques, sociales, politiques, qu'environnementales. L'originalité de cet ouvrage est d'adopter une approche aussi ouverte et complète que le permettent les connaissances actuelles pour identifier les pratiques les plus fructueuses. Est-il réaliste de vouloir réduire l'extrême pauvreté de moitié d'ici 2015 ? Quelles sont les stratégies les plus efficaces suivies par les donneurs, qu'il s'agisse des agences de développement ou des pays développés ? Quelles leçons peut-on tirer des expériences des pays en développement ? On le voit, les questions en suspens sont nombreuses. Pour y répondre, cet ouvrage donne un large panorama des stratégies et des objectifs globaux de la lutte contre la pauvreté. Il présente également cinq études de cas particulièrement éclairantes portant sur la Bolivie, la Côte d’Ivoire, l'Etat du Kerala en Inde, la Malaisie et l'Ouganda.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264173293
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.1/851
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: The pace of growth in China's agricultural sector is remarkable. Over the past 20 years, food production has outpaced population growth, and enhanced the nutritional status of a billion people. But this success has given rise to a number of questions. Most importantly, will China be able to provide food for its population in a sustainable way, while absorbing the 15 million people added to its population each year? What policies should accompany China’s transition to a market-based economy in the agricultural sector which employs the vast majority of China’s working population? What are the implications of economic and agricultural growth for the environment, the rural communities and the social fabric? What are the implications for international agricultural markets and what could be at stake for other food importing countries? Determining how this demand for food will be met requires a complex analytical framework whose parameters are the subject of an intense discussion and debate. The proceedings of this workshop provide a rich repository of material that helps answer many of these questions.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173439
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Environment ; Taxation ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Umweltsteuer
    Abstract: Environmental taxes are receiving growing interest world-wide. From an environmental perspective, a key driver has been the search for more efficient and cost-effective approaches for implementing domestic environmental policies. From a fiscal policy perspective, growing pressures have been exerted to reduce income tax rates and to offset this by broadening the tax base. These reforms provide opportunities to introduce new environmental taxes in a revenue-neutral manner and simultaneously to achieve environmental and fiscal policy objectives. This volume presents recent developments in designing and implementing environmental taxes in China and OECD countries. Key challenges and opportunities are highlighted, including the role of removing or reforming existing distortionary subsidies that are damaging to the environment; restructuring existing taxes; and introducing new environmental taxes. The papers, which were presented at an OECD Workshop held in October 1998, provide the reader with a unique comparative analysis.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine et les économies européennes en transition; les voies de la réforme
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Different paths to a market economy
    DDC: 338.947
    RVK:
    Keywords: Systemtransformation ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Kapitalstruktur ; Vergleich ; China ; Osteuropa ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift 1995 ; China ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Osteuropa
    Abstract: The similarities and differences between the transition experiences of the Central European countries and the People's Republic of China are often, wrongly, taken as alternative approaches to the same problem. In reality, there is great complexity, not only in the environments of these two great regions -- for China is as big as a region by itself -- but also within them and, therefore, great complexity in the transition process itself.The chapters in this volume, originally produced as papers for a joint OECD Development Centre/CEPR/CEPII Conference in Budapest, examine and contrast the experience of the different jurisdictions within which transition is underway. The authors concentrate on three, broad areas of commonality: public finance; foreign trade regime; and financial intermediation and a critical chapter synthesizes their findings at the end of each part. Differences do, of course, emerge, but so do similarities, leading to general policy conclusions applicable to all transition societies.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La Chine et les économies européennes en transition
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