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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,687)
  • OLC Ethnologie  (2)
  • 2010-2014  (3,689)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,686)
  • Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Datasource
Material
Years
Year
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oxford : Berg | London [u.a.] : Bloomsbury | Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 1.2006 -
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    ISSN: 1745-8927
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2006 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. The senses & society
    DDC: 390
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  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 13.2004 -
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    ISSN: 1741-1912
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 13.2004 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg Ethnomusicology forum
    Former Title: Vorg. British journal of ethnomusicology
    DDC: 780.89
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Amsterdam : Harwood Academic Publ. | New York : Gordon and Breach Science Publ. | Amsterdam : Gordon & Breach | Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | Philadelphia : Gordon and Breach ; 1.1971 -
    ISSN: 0141-1012
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1971 -
    DDC: 570
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264214293
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (226 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. TALIS 2013 Results; An International Perspective on Teaching and Learning
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Education ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Comment les pays peuvent-ils préparer les enseignants à relever les différents défis des établissements d’enseignement d’aujourd’hui ? L’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) de l’OCDE aide à répondre à cette question en interrogeant les enseignants et les chefs d’établissement sur leurs conditions de travail et l’environnement d’apprentissage dans leur établissement. En apportant des données précises, récentes et comparables, l’enquête TALIS a pour objectif d’aider les pays à élaborer et à améliorer leurs politiques, de manière à porter la profession d’enseignant au plus haut niveau de qualité. Pour les enseignants et les chefs d’établissement, elle représente une possibilité de contribuer à l’analyse et à la formulation de politiques d’éducation dans des domaines clés. Parmi les thèmes explorés figurent la formation continue, la direction d’établissement, les pratiques pédagogiques, le climat scolaire, les évaluations et les commentaires y afférents, la satisfaction professionnelle et le profil des enseignants. Le présent rapport synthétise les résultats de la deuxième édition de l’enquête TALIS, menée en 2013.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Edition: Online-Ressource Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
    Edition: Online-Ausg.:
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.68
    Note: Online-Ausg.: , Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264727489
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; Niue
    Abstract: This publication contains the Supplementary Phase 1 Peer Review Report for Niue.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264644496
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; Jersey
    Abstract: This publication contains the Supplementary Combined: Phase 1 + Phase 2 Peer Review Report for Jersey.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity shortages can paralyse our modern economies. All governments fear rolling black-outs and their economic consequences, especially in economies increasingly based on digital technologies. Over the last two decades, the development of markets for power has produced cost reduction, technological innovation, increased cross border trade and assured a steady supply of electricity. Now, IEA countries face the challenge of maintaining security of electricity supply during the transition to low-carbon economies. Low-carbon policies are pushing electricity markets into novel territories at a time when most of the generation and network capacity will have to be replaced. Most notably, wind and solar generation, now an integral part of electricity markets, can present new operating and investment challenges for generation, networks and the regional integration of electricity markets. In addition, the resilience of power systems facing more frequent natural disasters is also of increasing concern. IEA ministers mandated the Secretariat to work on the Electricity Security Action Plan (ESAP), expanding to electricity the energy security mission of the IEA. This paper outlines the key conclusions and policy recommendations to "keep the lights on" while reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing the efficiency.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264218741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear Regulation
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This regulatory guidance booklet describes the characteristics of an effective nuclear safety regulator in terms of roles and responsibilities, principles and attributes. Each of the characteristics discussed in this report is a necessary feature of an effective nuclear safety regulator but no one characteristic is sufficient on its own. It is the combination of these characteristics that leads to the effectiveness of a nuclear regulatory body. The report provides a unique resource to countries with existing, mature regulators and can be used for benchmarking as well as training and developing staff. It will also be useful for new entrant countries in the process of developing and maintaining an effective nuclear safety regulator.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264217270
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Having been hit hard by the global crisis, the Portuguese government has taken action to put its economy back on track, and to correct external and budgetary imbalances. Public finances have strengthened, and the current account deficit has closed on the back of gains in competitiveness and improvements in export performance. Portugal has also been able to reduce income inequality and relative poverty, a major accomplishment during a severe crisis with record levels of unemployment. As Portugal successfully exits the EU-IMF-ECB-supported programme and emerges from recession, it is more important than ever to build on these achievements. At the request of the Portuguese authorities, the OECD has carried out an assessment of the impact of the reforms implemented to date on the economy’s longer-term growth outlook. The analysis is based on OECD indicators of the restrictiveness of Product Market Regulation (PMR) and the strictness of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). It updates the OECD report Portugal: Reforming the State to Promote Growth, published in 2013. According to the OECD’s Going for Growth exercise, Portugal is among the OECD countries with the best recent track record of responsiveness to structural reform recommendations. The reforms undertaken since 2009 to promote competition in product markets and enhance the dynamism of the labour market are expected to raise productivity and potential GDP by at least 3.5% by 2020.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264221574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.59
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the OECD Seminar on Risk Reduction through Prevention, Detection and Control of the Illegal International Trade in Agricultural Pesticides that took place on 19 May, 2010 at OECD, Paris, France, and was chaired by Dr. Wolfgang Zornbach of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. After a series of presentations on governments‟ and other stakeholders‟ approaches and experiences (copies of all presentations are in Annex 4), the Seminar discussed the various issues associated with the illegal international trade of pesticides: risks and consequences of using illegal pesticides, risks linked to the pesticide supply/logistical chain, existing systems in place in countries, difficulties faced by authorities and customs, etc. The Seminar developed a set of recommendations targeted at governments, industry, all stakeholders and OECD.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.65
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document examines the establishment of acceptable limits of microbiological contamination in microbial pest control products.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431 ; Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro ; Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Essai n 431: Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro ; Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The present Test Guideline addresses the human health hazard endpoint skin corrosion, following exposure to a test chemical. Skin corrosion is defined as the production of irreversible tissue damage, manifested as visible necrosis of the skin, according to the definition of the Globally Harmonised System for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. This Test Guideline describes an in vitro procedure allowing the identification of non-corrosive and corrosive substances and mixtures, based on three-dimensional human skin model which reliably reproduces histological, morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of the upper layers of human skin, including a functional stratum corneum. The procedure on reconstituted human epidermis is based on the principle that corrosive chemicals are able to penetrate the stratum corneum by diffusion or erosion, and are cytotoxic to the underlying cell layers. Two tissue replicates are used for each treatment (or exposure time), and for controls. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure time. Cell viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that is quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. Corrosive substances are evidenced by their capacity to reduce cell viability below the defined threshold. Several validated methods are referenced in the Test Guideline and follow the procedure described above. Some of the methods referenced allow sub-categorisation among corrosive chemicals. This Test Guideline also includes a set of Performance Standards (PS) for the assessment of similar and modified TER-based test methods.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.26
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; Social Web ; Welt ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper takes a comparative snapshot of social media use in and by OECD governments. The focus is on government institutions, as opposed to personalities, and how they manage to capture the opportunities of new social media platforms to deliver better public services and to create more open policy processes. The analysis is based on a large amount of empirical data, including a survey of OECD governments on policies and objectives in this area. Major challenges are discussed, notably those related to the uncertainty of institutions on how to best leverage social media beyond “corporate” communications. The paper proposes tools to guide decision makers: a checklist of issues to be considered by government institutions, a set of potential indicators to appraise impacts, and a range of options for more in-depth policy analysis.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.70
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Agrarproduktion ; Anpassung ; Bewässerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates how climate change can affect agricultural production and proposes some adaptation measures that could be undertaken to mitigate the negative effects of climate change while enhancing the positive ones. The paper stresses the importance of planned adaptation measures and highlights possible strategies for reducing risk and improving resilience. To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. It then goes on to analyse the potential impacts of two distinctive sets of adaptation strategies on yields, prices, and food security, namely: i) research and development (to develop new crop varieties that are better suited to changed climate conditions) and ii) changes in irrigation technology. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent; in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth. In particular, what matters most is the gap between low income households and the rest of the population. In contrast, no evidence is found that those with high incomes pulling away from the rest of the population harms growth. The paper also evaluates the “human capital accumulation theory” finding evidence for human capital as a channel through which inequality may affect growth. Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. It follows that policies to reduce income inequalities should not only be pursued to improve social outcomes but also to sustain long-term growth. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education. This implies a focus on families with children and youths – as this is when decisions about human capital accumulation are made -- promoting employment for disadvantaged groups through active labour market policies, childcare supports and in-work benefits.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to water use. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) where econometric techniques are applied. This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The analysis shows that households whose bill depends on actual water use are unambiguously more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviours in terms of water use, including undertaking water-saving behaviours, purchasing water-efficient devices, and taking water efficiency into account when purchasing such equipment. The results also confirm that the effect of social norms, attitudes, and opinions about the environment in general do matter in explaining households’ behaviour and investment decisions. The main policy recommendations that can be derived from this study are: to charge households for water based on their actual water use and to pursue individuals’ sensitisation to environmental issues by promoting water-conservation behaviours through campaigns and advertising, primarily targeting male and young adults.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to food consumption. It presents the results of follow-up econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). It studies expenditure and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for organic food and food labelled as taking animal welfare into account...
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.111
    Keywords: Education ; Poland
    Abstract: This case study explores the strategies, processes and outcomes of an education reform in Poland which was introduced in 2009 and substantively changed the school inspection system. Its analysis looks in particular at the co-operation between the central and the local level throughout the implementation of the programme. In order to address the shortcomings of the prior inspection system, the reform combined internal and external evaluation in school supervision practice and put greater emphasis on collaboration among stakeholders. The results of the analysis show that the reform has had a great impact on the organisation of inspectorates, introducing modern principles such as teamwork and self-evaluation. Also, it affected the attitudes of important actors in the education system regarding the relevance of data to support internal and external school evaluation. The overall goals and aims of the reform gained the support of the various stakeholders. However, the implementation and communication processes were seen as deficient, especially in terms of a lack of capacity to roll out the reform as well as a lack of trust/disbelief that evaluation can be used for improvement, rather than the expected punitive purposes. Nevertheless, the reform achieved first structural steps towards building a culture of self-evaluation, which had thus far not been part of the Polish education system.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.74
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Politikfeldanalyse ; Lernen ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores methodological approaches that can be used to monitor and evaluate climate change adaptation initiatives at the projects and programme levels. It examines approaches that have been used in other areas of development practice to see what lessons have been learned that can inform the development of monitoring and evaluation frameworks targeted at adaptation. The paper focuses on three methodological challenges related to monitoring and evaluation that are particularly relevant for adaptation: i) assessing attribution, ii) establishing baselines and targets, and iii) dealing with long time horizons. The paper also considers the importance of on-going learning in evaluation and the benefit of applying a comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation, building on tested practices from participatory methods and social sciences techniques.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224551
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD territorial reviews
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalpolitik ; Kolumbien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Colombia ; Kolumbien ; Regionalentwicklung
    Abstract: Regional development policy is a priority of Colombia’s government. The country has experienced sustained economic growth over the past decade; yet several territories still lack development opportunities. To promote growth in all regions the government has engaged in a series of reforms. For instance, it started allocating royalty payments generated by hydrocarbon resources to all departments and most municipalities, including those that are not endowed with natural resources. The reform also promotes better multilevel governance and represents a good policy practice for countries seeking to link natural resource development with regional development. To support the current efforts of Colombia’s government, this report illustrates policy recommendations to help national authorities adopting a territorial approach to inclusive economic development. In particular, the OECD recommends to: a) improve the quantity and quality of regional statistics and formulate urban and rural taxonomies that help tailor policies to places; b) involve territorial constituencies in the design of policy interventions and allocate to them more implementation responsibilities within the framework of the National Development Plan; c) promote coordination among subnational bodies to scale up investment in territories to avoid that public investment – and royalty payments – gets dispersed in a myriad of small-scale projects.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264222649
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Principes de bonne pratique de l’OCDE en matière de politique réglementaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Governance of Regulators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: The Governance of Regulators
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Ce rapport vise à construire un cadre général pour les initiatives destinées à poursuivre l’amélioration des performances dans les systèmes réglementaires en relation avec les organismes ou autorités de réglementation nationaux.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264216594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Geographic variations in health care
    RVK:
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Räumliche Verteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Primäre Gesundheitsversorgung ; Räumliche Verteilung
    Abstract: Variations in health care use within a country are complicated. In some cases they may reflect differences in health needs, in patient preferences or in the diffusion of a therapeutic innovation; in others they may not. There is evidence that some of the observed variations are unwarranted, signalling under- or over-provision of health services, or both. This study documents geographic variations for high-cost and high-volume procedures in select OECD countries. It finds that there are wide variations not only across countries, but within them as well. A mix of patient preferences and physician practice styles likely play an important part in this, but what part of the observed variations reflects over-provision, or whether there are unmet needs, remain largely unexplained. This report helps policy makers better understand the issues and challenges around geographic variations in health care provision and considers the policy options.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The following guidelines provide detailed guidance on how to organize a Resilience System Analysis workshop. They support the OECD’s “Guidance for Resilience System Analysis”.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Development practitioners are often ill equipped to analyse the potential of communities to cope with the complex, interconnected and evolving risks they face. As a result, development and humanitarian programmes only partially integrate those resilience aspects. These guidelines propose a step-by-step approach to resilience systems analysis, to help field practitioners prepare for, and facilitate, a successful multi-stakeholder resilience analysis workshop; design a roadmap to boost the resilience of communities and societies; and integrate the results of the analysis into their development and humanitarian programming.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.44
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How is Equity in Resource Allocation Related to Student Performance?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La façon dont les ressources pédagogiques sont affectées compte autant que la quantité des ressources disponibles. Dans les pays et économies très performants, l’affectation des ressources tend à être plus équitable entre les établissements favorisés et les établissements défavorisés sur le plan socio-économique. Parmi les pays et économies où les établissements sont mieux dotés en termes de ressources – selon les chefs d’établissement, l’équité de l’affectation des ressources n’est pas liée à la qualité globale de ces dernières.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Commentaires aux enseignants : Un potentiel inexploité
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Across countries and economies participating in the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), a majority of teachers report receiving feedback on different aspects of their work in their schools. Teacher feedback has a developmental focus, with many teachers reporting that it leads to improvements in their teaching practices, and other aspects of their work. However, not all feedback is seen as meaningful: nearly half of the teachers across TALIS countries report that teacher appraisal and feedback systems in their school are largely undertaken simply to fulfil administrative requirements. Teachers who consider that they receive meaningful feedback on their work also tend to have more confidence in their own abilities and to have higher job satisfaction.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Higher education plays an important role in providing people with skills for innovation, but a number of important questions remain as to what kind of higher education teaching can be conducive to the strengthening of skills for innovation. This report aims to shed light on this issue by reviewing the current evidence on the effectiveness of problem-based learning compared with more traditional approaches in higher education teaching. It explores the extent to which problem-based learning can be an effective way to develop different discipline-specific and transferable skills for innovation. Research, primarily from the field of medicine, shows that problem-based learning appears to be beneficial in fostering certain aspects of skills for innovation. In addition, the report explores the literature on direct teaching behaviours that may help foster student learning in more traditional teaching settings. Despite the promising evidence linking problem-based learning and effective teaching in higher education to certain aspects of skills for innovation, more work is needed in this area. There is strong potential for further research to provide additional important insights into the development of skills for innovation.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/15
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: We assembled a large panel of project-level technical and financial data and country-level economic, institutional, political, and governance variables to assess the determinants of private financing of infrastructure in emerging markets and developing economies. Controlling for economic characteristics, we find that overall private participation of infrastructure financing increases with freedom from corruption, rule of law, quality of regulations, and decreases with court disputes. We provide plausible explanations of deviations from this pattern when data is disaggregated at the sectoral level. We also found that legal systems—types of democracy or dictatorship—do not play a role in whether the private sector invests in infrastructure. Our results do not vary when controlling for income inequality and across quartiles of experience, country wealth, and wealth per capita. The study shows that upstream “enabling” institutions, policies, and regulations and sector economics need to be addressed simultaneously to facilitate private infrastructure investment financing.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’évaluation des projets transformationnels : Le cas du Grand Paris Express
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: This paper starts from the premise that the scope of the appraisal of transport projects should depend upon the presence (or absence) of various forms of market failure. It reviews the purposes and processes of transport appraisal before setting out a typology of market failures. Then it examines what distinguishes marginal, non-marginal and transformational projects in appraisal terms and what special challenges are created by transformational projects. The report then considers the methods available for the appraisal of such projects and the challenges faced.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/02
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The experience of transport systems users, in terms of comfort, reliability, safety and above all convenience, is critical in determining demand for transport services, at least when there is a choice of alternative ways to travel. Convenience is one of the strongest attractions of the private car for passenger transport. For users of public transport, convenience is also clearly important but not always clearly defined and not often measured in designing transport systems or monitoring their operating performance. In many situations, an increase in public transport convenience reduces the unit costs of travel (euros/dollars per hour or cents per minute) and so provides benefits equivalent to an increase in travel speed. This report focuses on convenience and its importance to the user experience. It reviews operational definitions of convenience, evidence for the willingness of users to pay for convenience and the use of indicators to assess and improve the convenience of public transport, with a view to making it more effective and more competitive.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.1
    Keywords: Transport ; Mexico
    Abstract: This report aims to provide a basis for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the current system, in comparison to rail systems elsewhere in the world, and provide an analytical basis for identification of opportunities for further improvement. It also discusses risks in relation to regulatory reform and the policy making process for managing those risks.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper evaluates measurement invariance of complex scales from a social survey using both a continuous approach and a categorical approach to help inform future decisions in choosing the most appropriate methods to perform the validation of complex scales. In particular, continuous and categorical approaches are compared for constructing and validating 11 complex scales across 23 countries participating in the first round of the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). Two invariance testing approaches were compared – 1) continuous multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis; 2) categorical multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Latent variable modelling was employed to account for the complex structure of the relationships between many items in each scale. The performance of the models is reported and illustrated based on the evaluation of the level of measurement invariance. All of the scales established configural and metric levels of invariance from both approaches, and three scales established scalar invariance from the categorical approach, allowing for a meaningful mean score comparison across countries. Limitations of the models compared in this study and future considerations for construction and validation of scaling complex scales are discussed.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.19
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This paper addresses the following questions about immovable property taxation in OECD and partner countries: What is valued? How is it valued? And who values? It draws on published information and data on property tax policy and administration in 172 countries. It focuses on value-based taxes and the features of mass valuation systems. Main system options (such as whether taxes are based on annual rental values or capital values as reflected by sales prices) are described and briefly evaluated. It notes that valuation practices frequently ignore revaluation requirements; it identifies four areas for improving valuation performance based on the experiences of leading systems.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Public Procurement Briefs no.30
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This Public Procurement Brief presents two new EU public procurement Directives (2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU) on procurement by public and utilities sectors. The Directives are part of a recently adopted EU legislative package reforming the EU public procurement rules. The Brief provides an overview of the new regulations, focusing on the following issues: general principles and scope, exclusions, procedures, centralised purchasing activities, technical specifications, transparency obligations, selection of candidates and contract award criteria, subcontracting and modification and termination of contracts. The Brief is just a short introduction – it is not intended to provide an exhaustive analysis of all of the provisions of the Directives.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/25
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The use of public private partnerships (PPPs) for investment in transport infrastructure has a long history, spreading rapidly in Latin America in the 1980s and in the 1990s in the UK. There are many forms of PPP, ranging from the project finance type (e.g. Design, Build, Finance, Maintain, Operate (DBFMO) contracts) to concessions with economic regulation, with the line between partnership and outright privatisation somewhat blurred. PPPs sought to bring efficiency incentives from private sector management into network industries (power transmission, water supply, road and rail infrastructure provision) that bear the hallmarks of natural monopoly and were traditionally managed by the state in many places.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/08
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The ability of ports to ensure efficient cargo transfers is one central dimension of their overall function as transport nodes. Before containerization, such as in the late nineteenth century, large seaports were already competing in their attempt providing fast transit between sea and land, in a context of growing global trades (Marnot, 2012). Such aspects are even more crucial nowadays when the port can be considered as only one element of value-driven supply chains (Robinson, 2002) or as a set of independent terminals operated by global actors (Olivier and Slack, 2006). While port efficiency as a whole may be understood from various perspectives, its influence on trade facilitation (Clark et al., 2004) and regional development (Haddad et al., 2010) has been well underlined. Ways to measure port efficiency and performance are very diverse, but the time factor has been so far largely left aside, especially in international comparative studies of ports. More frequent are case studies of specific aspects such as fast-ship services (De Langen, 1999), broader approaches such as the global synchronization of transport terminals in a context of space/time collapse (Rodrigue, 1999), or operations research about queuing models of vessels in relation to port entrance channels and berth allocation and productivity.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/12
    Keywords: Governance ; Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Abstract: Each year SIGMA produces assessment reports as a contribution to the EC's annual reports on EU candidate countries and potential candidates, as well as to its programming of technical assistance. These reports assess progress made in public administration reform by our beneficiary countries. The report for Bosnia and Herzegovina analyses and takes stock of progress achieved by this country in 2014, with an aim to also provide inputs into its reform agenda. It focuses on strategy and reform and public finance management.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/11
    Keywords: Governance ; Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Abstract: As a continuation of the 2014 SIGMA assessments and as part of a longer-term programme of work, SIGMA has identified country priorities for public administration reform (PAR) for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Priorities cover the overall PAR needs of the country, including areas which were not covered by the 2014 SIGMA assessments. Priorities in areas outside the scope of SIGMA assessments are based on other analytical sources and SIGMA’s practical experience of working with the country. SIGMA proposes priority 2020 targets for the countries, sub
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1143
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Overcoming Skills Shortages in Canada
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Les pénuries de compétences ont progressé dans certains secteurs et régions au cours des dernières années. L’avantage salarial s’accroît dans certaines professions, notamment la santé, l’ingénierie et les métiers spécialisés. Et les taux de postes vacants augmentent également dans les métiers spécialisés, en particulier en Alberta et dans la Saskatchewan. Des réformes ont été mises en oeuvre pour renforcer le processus d’ajustement afin de combler ces pénuries, mais il est possible d’aller plus loin en améliorant l’information sur le marché du travail, en renforçant la réactivité du système d’enseignement et de formation et du système d’immigration face aux attentes du marché du travail, et en réduisant les obstacles à la mobilité interprovinciale de la main-d’oeuvre. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-canada.htm).
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Land management faces a series of daunting challenges in the 21st century. These include contributing to the global mitigation effort and adaptation needed to prevent dangerous climate change, while providing enough food for a population of 9 billion by 2050 as well as shelter and livelihoods for rural populations and various ecosystem services. The existing mitigation reporting and accounting arrangements for the land sector are complex, not applicable to all Parties, and provide limited scope for pursuing more costeffective accounting approaches that would enable developing countries to address conflicting policy objectives such as addressing climate change while increasing agricultural output. This paper has two aims. The first is to lay out possible elements of a long-term vision for the post-2020 reporting and accounting framework for emissions and removals from the land sector, building on existing experience with reporting and accounting as well as previous studies. The second is to identify possible steps that could be taken at COP 20 in 2014, COP 21 in 2015, and in 2016-2020 to put Parties on a pathway towards realising this vision.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/04
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Safe travel for all road users is a prerequisite for ensuring sustainable and inclusive cities. Providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport, because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide (WHO, 2011). At the same time safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes. Risk to pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment. Safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes (Tiwari & Jain, 2012). Safe travel options for women in general and specifically low income women are important for addressing livelihood and poverty issues for a significant proportion of urban population in low income countries like India. In this paper we present data from two Indian cities- Vishakhapattanam( a city in south India with a population of 1.7 million persons) and Delhi the capital city of India having 16.4 million residents to compare the travel patterns of women and men. The household survey in Delhi focused on low income settlements since poverty adds another dimension to gender bias. The survey repeated after ten years shows that the travel patterns remain unchanged. Women travel shorter distances, are dependent on lower cost modes-walking and public transport and perform multi-purpose linked trips. In view of the sustainability requirements, lower mobility of women must be addressed by ensuring safe accessibility to employment opportunities by walking, bicycles and public transport. The paper concludes with possible interventions required to ensure safe and secure travel of women at land use planning level and street design level.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Existe-t-il un lien entre le regroupement et la sélection des élèves et leur motivation à l'égard de l'apprentissage ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: On average across OECD countries, students who are highly motivated to learn mathematics because they believe it will help them later on score better in mathematics – by the equivalent of half a year of schooling – than students who are not highly motivated. Students’ motivation to learn mathematics is lower in education systems that sort and group students into different schools and/or programmes.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe School Improvement Through Strong Leadership
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Selon l’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) de l’OCDE, en moyenne, les chefs d’établissement indiquent se livrer fréquemment à un certain nombre d’activités en rapport avec l’encadrement pédagogique. Ce n’est toutefois pas le cas dans tous les pays et un pourcentage important de chefs d’établissement déclarent que leur formation initiale n’incluait aucune formation à l’encadrement pédagogique. Bien que la formation continue puisse aider à pallier ces manques, de nombreux chefs d’établissement font état de différents obstacles à leur participation à ce type de formation, notamment un manque de soutien et de possibilités, ainsi que des obstacles d’ordre personnel et professionnel.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Valorisation et satisfaction professionnelles : Qu'est-ce qui aide les enseignants ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Less than one in three teachers across countries participating in the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2013 believes that the teaching profession is valued by society. Nevertheless, the great majority of teachers in all surveyed countries are happy with their jobs. Challenging classrooms with large proportions of students with behavioural problems and the perception that appraisals and feedback are done simply as administrative tasks are among factors that tend to lower job satisfaction. Collaboration between teachers and positive teacher-student relationships, on the other hand, are among factors that can boost teacher job satisfaction.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/17
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have the potential to increase efficiency and improve resource allocation. However, contract renegotiations are common and make us question the benefits to PPPs. Under current accounting standards, PPPs allow intertemporal reallocations of infrastructure spending that do not occur under traditional methods of procuring infrastructure and which allow governments to escape the constraints of congressional purview. We review the theoretical results in Engel et al. [2009a] as well as data from Colombia, Chile and Peru, comprising 610 highway PPPs and 540 renegotiations processes to verify these predictions. The data and original analysis comes from Bitran et al. [2013], complemented with additional descriptive statistics. The empirical evidence supports the predictions of the theoretical model.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/04
    Keywords: Governance ; Serbia
    Abstract: Each year SIGMA produces assessment reports as a contribution to the EC's annual reports on EU candidate countries and potential candidates, as well as to its programming of technical assistance. These reports assess progress made in public administration reform by our beneficiary countries. The report for Serbia analyses and takes stock of progress achieved by this country in 2014, with an aim to also provide inputs into its reform agenda. It focuses on legal framework and civil service management and public procurement.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.43
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les élèves défavorisés sont-ils plus susceptibles de redoubler ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: One in eight students across OECD countries has repeated a grade at least once before the age of 15. Many countries reduced the rate of grade repetition between 2003 and 2012. One in five disadvantaged 15-year-olds has repeated a grade. Even among students with similar academic performance, the likelihood of repeating a grade is one-and-a-half times greater for disadvantaged students than for advantaged students.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/01
    Keywords: Transport ; Japan
    Abstract: Promoting public transportation, which includes rail, metro, bus rapid transit, and bus services is one of the most popular urban transportation policies among transportation authorities in many countries. This popularity may reflect the social requirement to pursue a sustainable transportation system by motivating people to use an environmentally friendly transportation mode. In particular, the modal shift from the automobile to public transportation is highlighted in urban transportation planning because many cities have suffered from serious traffic congestion, which has caused economic losses as well as negative impacts on local, regional, and global environments. In order to attract individuals to use public transportation, the improvement of service is critical. This includes increasing service frequency, decreasing travel time, upgrading station facilities, and introducing higher-capacity vehicles.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Une direction solide pour de meilleurs établissements
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: According to the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), principals, on average, report frequently engaging in a number of activities that are consistent with instructional leadership. However, this is not the case in every country and large proportions of them report that their training did not include any instructional leadership training or course. Although continuous professional development could help fill those gaps, many school leaders report a number of obstacles preventing them from taking part in such learning, including a lack of support and opportunities, and personal and professional obstacles.
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  • 51
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Learning Begets Learning: Adult Participation in Lifelong Education
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Au Danemark, en Finlande, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas et en Suède, plus de 60 % des adultes participent à des activités de formation ; ils ne sont en revanche qu’un tiers dans ce cas, voire moins, en Fédération de Russie, en Italie et en République slovaque. Plus le niveau de formation d’un adulte est élevé, plus il est susceptible de participer à des activités de formation : le taux de participation est ainsi d’environ 70 % parmi les adultes diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire, contre seulement 27 % parmi les adultes dont le niveau de formation est inférieur au deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire. Les actifs occupés sont plus susceptibles de participer à des activités de formation pour adultes : dans la moitié des pays à l’étude, la différence de taux de participation entre les actifs occupés et les chômeurs est supérieure à 15 points de pourcentage. La motivation stimule la participation aux activités de formation pour adultes : les pays où un pourcentage important d’adultes expriment le souhait de participer à davantage d’activités de formation sont également ceux où l’on observe les taux les plus élevés de participation.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.107
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper investigated the effects of response styles in cross-cultural contexts. The authors used data on social desirability, extreme and midpoint responding, and the scale scores of 17 constructs related to the teaching profession, which were collected from 76,887 teachers in 18 countries in the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). Main findings are: (1) a 10-item social desirability scale demonstrated partial invariance of a positive and a negative impression management factor; (2) a general response style, representing a continuum ranging from response amplification to moderation, was extracted with social desirability and extreme responding as positive indicators and midpoint responding as a negative indicator; (3) social desirability and the general response style at the country level were negatively correlated with country affluence and educational achievement; (4) social desirability and the general response style were more strongly correlated with constructs of teacher efficacy and job satisfaction than other constructs at both the individual and country level; and (5) correction of response styles had negligible effects on cross-cultural differences in these constructs.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/05
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: As a continuation of the 2014 SIGMA assessments and as part of a longer-term programme of work, SIGMA has identified country priorities for public administration reform (PAR) for Montenegro. Priorities cover the overall PAR needs of the country, including areas which were not covered by the 2014 SIGMA assessments. Priorities in areas outside the scope of SIGMA assessments are based on other analytical sources and SIGMA’s practical experience of working with the country. SIGMA proposes priority 2020 targets for the countries, sub-targets when needed, and sequenced priority activities in 1-2, 3-5 and 5+ year time perspectives.
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  • 54
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1145
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Deconstructing Canada's Housing Markets: Finance, Affordability and Urban Sprawl
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Les prix des logements ont sensiblement augmenté au Canada au cours des dix dernières années, portant la dette des ménages et la construction de logements à des points hauts historiques. Bien que le durcissement de la politique macroprudentielle ait ralenti la croissance des emprunts des ménages ces dernières années, l’évolution à la hausse des prix de l’immobilier d’habitation s’est poursuivie, et l’accessibilité financière du logement demeure un problème majeur dans les centres urbains. Les primo-accédants doivent par conséquent consacrer une part plus importante de leurs revenus à l’achat de leur logement et sont exposés à de futures hausses des taux d’intérêt. La construction excessive de logements en copropriété dans quelques grandes villes semble constituer un facteur de risque, en particulier s’il y avait une correction majeure des prix sur ce segment qui se répercuterait sur d’autres compartiments du marché. Le pays bénéficie d’un système de financement du logement efficace et sain, qui a bien fonctionné tout au long de la crise financière mondiale grâce à un cadre solide de surveillance financière et à la garantie explicite de l’État dont bénéficie le marché hypothécaire. Néanmoins, la position dominante occupée par la Société canadienne d’hypothèques et de logement (SCHL), une société d’État, sur le marché de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire se traduit par la concentration d’un volume de risques important au niveau des finances publiques. Une amélioration des conditions de concurrence sur le marché de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire pourrait contribuer à une diversification de ces risques et à une réduction des éléments de passif éventuel assumés par les contribuables, tandis qu’une limitation de la couverture des pertes sur prêts permettrait d’obtenir un meilleur équilibre entre les intérêts individuels et collectifs. Il est possible que plusieurs villes pâtissent d’une pénurie de logements locatifs, en particulier dans la gamme des biens immobiliers accessibles pour les ménages à faibles revenus. Les politiques d’urbanisme se sont traduites par des zones d’habitation peu denses qui contribuent au niveau relativement élevé des émissions de carbone liées aux transports. Pour remédier à ces externalités, il faut renforcer les signaux-prix en matière d’aménagement foncier, d’utilisation des routes, de congestion et de stationnement, tout en intégrant mieux la planification des transports en commun. Pour empêcher que les ménages à faibles revenus ne soient marginalisés, il faudrait que les politiques d’aménagement favorisent la mixité sociale et incitent davantage le secteur privé à construire des logements abordables. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Canada).
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.18
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Property taxes are generally considered by economists to be good taxes, and many countries are being advised to increase and improve their property taxes. In practice, however, property tax reforms have often proved to be difficult to carry out successfully. This paper discusses why property taxes are particularly challenging to reform and suggests several ways in which efforts to reform this tax may become more successful in the future. After a brief introductory section on the ‘disconnect’ between the economics and the politics of property tax reform, Section 2 summarizes recent experiences in five OECD countries with property tax reform. Against this background, Section 3 sets out the key elements of a good property tax reform and Section 4 discusses several aspects of property tax reform that seem to have derailed or distorted reforms in practice. Unfortunately, some of the solutions countries have adopted to deal with such problems are themselves problematic, either because they do not really solve the problem or because they hamper rather than work towards the establishment of a good property tax. Fortunately, as Section 5 outlines, it is possible to devise strategies for property tax reform that incorporate more acceptable solutions to most problems. As Section 6 concludes, good property tax reform is not easy. But it can definitely be achieved if an appropriately designed reform package is properly introduced and implemented.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: Trends Shaping Education Spotlights no.5
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: ICT has influenced almost all aspects of our lives and has changed the way we communicate, work and socialize. Education plays a key role in ensuring that everyone can reap the benefits of our technology-rich world, as well as help mitigate some of the risks.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264209978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Barbados ; Taxation ; Barbados
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Barbados. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264210226
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Mikronesien ; Taxation ; Micronesia, Federated States of
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 1 Global Forum Peer Review report for the Federated States of Micronesia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Edition: Online-Ressource Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
    Edition: Online-Ausg.:
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.69
    Note: Online-Ausg.: , Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264728967
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; United Arab Emirates
    Abstract: This publication contains the Supplementary Phase 1 Peer Review Report for the United Arab Emirates.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264798458
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; Panama
    Abstract: This publication contains the Supplementary Phase 1 Peer Review Report for Panama.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264964839
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Taxation ; Botswana
    Abstract: This publication contains the Supplementary Phase 1 Peer Review Report for Botswana.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in the Euro Area and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of the Euro Area, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.56
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document incorporates two parts, an MRL Calculator User Guide and an MRL Calculator White Paper which discusses the methodology used in the User Guide.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.67
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document dealing with biological pesticides provides guidance to both industry and regulatory authorities, in the context of applications for the approval of microbial biological control agents (mBCAs), and for the registration of microbial biological control products (mBCPs).
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264085442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.69
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: To keep (Q)SAR applications on a solid scientific foundation, an international effort to articulate principles for (Q)SAR technology and to develop a guidance document for use of (Q)SAR in regulatory applications. This document presents those principles and helpful guides for validating (Q)SAR technology for a variety of applications.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.31
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in petroleum production at oil wells. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to oil production chemicals.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221086
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.23
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the pulp, paper and board industry, in order to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. This ESD covers the use of chemicals in the making of paper and board and the recycling of paper and board. The main processes considered are paper-making and paper recycling
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2014/12
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Stadtentwicklung ; Städtische Flächennutzung ; Wasserversorgung ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Energieversorgung ; Abfallwirtschaft ; Vergleich ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities. This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What Are the Earnings Advantages from Education?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: What Are the Earnings Advantages from Education?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’augmentation du nombre de diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire ne semble pas avoir entraîné de phénomène d’« inflation » susceptible d’éroder la valeur de ce diplôme sur le marché du travail. Toutefois, les diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire bénéficient de l’avantage le plus élevé en termes de revenus du travail relatifs lorsqu’ils vivent dans un pays où les diplômés de ce niveau d’enseignement sont peu nombreux. En moyenne, par comparaison avec les revenus du travail des adultes diplômés du deuxième cycle du secondaire, les adultes diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire gagnent environ 1.6 fois plus, tandis que les adultes dont le niveau de formation est inférieur au deuxième cycle du secondaire gagnent 24 % de moins. L’élévation du niveau de formation et du niveau de compétence en littératie entraîne une augmentation des revenus ; toutefois, cet avantage est plus marqué pour les hommes que pour les femmes, et semble s’accroître avec l’âge. La crise a creusé les écarts de revenus entre les moins instruits et les plus instruits : dans les pays de l’OCDE, la différence moyenne de revenus du travail entre ces deux groupes est passée de 75 points de pourcentage en 2008 à 79 points de pourcentage en 2012. Les diplômes sont plus reconnus que les compétences : l’élévation du niveau de formation a un impact positif plus fort sur les revenus du travail que l’élévation du niveau de compétence en littératie.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Discussions of the importance of public attitudes in shaping policy often lack clear evidence on causal relations between stated attitudes and observed behaviours. The 2011 OECD Survey of over 12,000 households allows analysing households’ environmental attitudes and behaviours in five different domains (electricity, food, transport, waste and water). Using econometric analysis, we investigate the relationship between stated environmental attitudes and indicators of civic engagement, such as voting in local elections, charity membership and membership in environmental organisations...
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Does Homework Perpetuate Inequities in Education?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Does Homework Perpetuate Inequities in Education?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Si après leur journée d’école, la plupart des élèves de 15 ans consacrent une partie de leur temps à faire leurs devoirs, ce temps a néanmoins diminué entre 2003 et 2012. Les élèves issus d’un milieu socio-économique favorisé et ceux qui fréquentent un établissement favorisé sur le plan socio-économique consacrent en général davantage de temps aux devoirs. La quantité de devoirs donnés aux élèves est associée à la performance en mathématiques des élèves et des établissements, mais d’autres facteurs influent davantage sur la performance globale des systèmes d’éducation.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.78
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on demand for renewable energy and energy efficiency. It presents the results of follow-up of econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the 2014 OECD publication “Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey”...
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.76
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Ökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focusses on the determinants of household waste generation, the separation of recyclables and waste prevention behaviours. It presents the econometric results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication « Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition » (2014)...
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264219250
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'élaboration d'un instrument multilatéral pour modifier les conventions fiscales bilatérales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ausarbeitung eines multilateralen Instruments zur Modifikation bilateraler Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Ausarbeitung eines multilateralen Instruments zur Modifikation bilateraler Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: L'élaboration d'un instrument multilatéral pour modifier les conventions fiscales bilatérales
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Developing a multilateral instrument to modify bilateral tax treaties
    Keywords: Doppelbesteuerung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: This report identifies the issues arising from the development of a multilateral instrument that modifies bilateral tax treaties. Without a mechanism for swift implementation, changes to model tax conventions only widen the gap between the content of these models and the content of actual tax treaties. Developing such a mechanism is necessary not only to tackle base erosion and profit shifting, but also to ensure the sustainability of the consensual framework to eliminate double taxation. This is an innovative approach with no exact precedent in the tax world, but precedents for modifying bilateral treaties with a multilateral instrument exist in various other areas of public international law. Drawing on the knowledge of experts in public international law and taxation, the Report concludes that a multilateral instrument is desirable and feasible, and that negotiations for such an instrument should be convened quickly.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Now that pollution is reaching worrisome levels in some countries and at the global level, there is a growing consensus that it needs to be explicitly considered as a by-product of the production process and incorporated in economic decisions. But this is not easy in the absence of markets and observable prices. Shadow prices of pollution, the opportunity cost of abating pollution in the form of reduced output, have to be estimated using specific techniques and serve several purposes. It’s a signal firms have to take into consideration when they decide upon their investment decisions. Shadow prices can also inform policymakers when they set policies. They can be used to assess policy ex ante by comparing the marginal benefits of environment policies with the cost they involve for private firms. These prices can be seen as benchmark for allowance price in emission market-based schemes or can be useful in designing optimal environmental tax schemes. The indicator can also be used ex post and can be considered as a policy indicator of pollution regulation and compliance to these regulations. More generally such prices are used each time there is a need to value pollution...
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 16
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial policy, broadly defined, covers a multitude of policy instruments and approaches. While there has been a recent revival of interest in industrial policy around the world, systematic evidence of efficacy is relatively scarce. This report brings together the work of an OECD expert group that has considered recent evidence from the evaluation of industrial policy. The report focuses on three specific policy areas, namely: support for R&D; capital market interventions (with a focus on risk capital); and public procurement for innovation. The report also examines three areas where packages of industrial policy measures are generally applied: sector approaches including public-private partnerships; policies towards clusters and business networks; and national industrial strategies. In many areas of industrial policy, evaluation faces particular methodological challenges. These challenges are outlined in the report, which concludes by drawing together the main policy lessons from the available evaluation evidence.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: On 15-16 December 2014 the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) came to an important and historic consensus on how to modernise its statistical framework for measuring development finance to developing countries. It paved the way for the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/09
    Keywords: Governance ; North Macedonia
    Abstract: As a continuation of the 2014 SIGMA assessments and as part of a longer-term programme of work, SIGMA has identified country priorities for public administration reform (PAR) for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Priorities cover the overall PAR needs of the country, including areas which were not covered by the 2014 SIGMA assessments. Priorities in areas outside the scope of SIGMA assessments are based on other analytical sources and SIGMA’s practical experience of working with the country. SIGMA proposes priority 2020 targets for the countries, sub-targets when needed, and sequenced priority activities in 1-2, 3-5 and 5+ year time perspectives.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/23
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Assessing railway efficiency is complex for a number of reasons. Railways produce a wide range of outputs including passenger service, freight service and, in some cases, separated infrastructure access services. Railways that differ in scale or in the mix of these services inherently differ in their apparent “efficiency.” Railway data sets, though probably more detailed than in other modes, are fraught with issues of quality, consistency and cost and asset allocation. Assessing “efficiency” necessarily requires both cross-sectional indices to put each railway into proper context and time series data to show changes in performance over time in response to changes in the railway’s economic and policy environment. This paper assembles a wide database of railway data relating to operating scale and various indices of performance over the period of 1970 to 2011. We show, as expected, that railways differ widely in scale and mix of services, which may partly explain differences in ranking by performance indices. We show also that railway performance has changed greatly over time and that, in some cases, changes in performance can at least partly be attributed to reforms in structure, ownership and management incentives.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/06
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: For several decades, textbooks, articles and consultancy reports in supply chain management (SCM) have expounded the virtues of low inventory, just-in-time delivery, single-sourcing, centralization and tightly-coupled processes. Heeding their advice, many companies have effectively implemented this ‘lean’ approach and managed to achieve impressive cost savings and productivity gains. Over the same period, they have globalized their sourcing, production and distribution operations, creating complex webs of interdependency between factories, warehouses, freight terminals and shops around the world. This has enabled them to expand their market areas, off-shore their production to low labour cost countries and diversify their supply base, again all in keeping with what is generally considered to be good business practice.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What Helps Teachers Feel Valued and Satisfied with their Jobs?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l’édition 2013 de l’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS), moins d’un enseignant sur trois estime que sa profession est valorisée dans la société. Néanmoins, dans tous les pays participants, la grande majorité des enseignants sont satisfaits de leur emploi. Pour les enseignants, le travail avec des classes difficiles présentant une proportion importante d’élèves ayant des problèmes de comportement, et le sentiment que l’évaluation de leur travail et les commentaires qui leur en sont faits constituent un exercice purement administratif, comptent parmi les facteurs qui tendent à réduire leur satisfaction professionnelle. D’un autre côté, la collaboration entre enseignants et la bonne qualité des relations enseignant-élèves sont autant d’autres facteurs pouvant renforcer la satisfaction professionnelle des enseignants.
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  • 83
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.25
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Who Are the Doctorate Holders and where Do Their Qualifications Lead Them?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: De nombreux pays ont mis en oeuvre des réformes afin de développer et de soutenir les programmes d’études doctorales et de recherche postdoctorale, soulignant le rôle déterminant des doctorants et titulaires de doctorats en termes de croissance économique, d’innovation et de recherche scientifique. Le nombre de diplômes de recherche de haut niveau délivrés dans les pays de l’OCDE a sensiblement augmenté ces dix dernières années, passant de 158 000 nouveaux doctorats en 2000 à 247 000 en 2012, soit une hausse de 56 %. Un cinquième de ces nouveaux doctorats sont délivrés à des étudiants en mobilité internationale. Malgré l’augmentation de la part des femmes dans les programmes doctoraux ces dix dernières années (tout comme aux autres niveaux d’enseignement), en 2012, elles étaient toujours moins susceptibles que les hommes d’obtenir un diplôme de recherche de haut niveau. En moyenne, les titulaires de diplômes de recherche de haut niveau bénéficient de meilleurs taux d’emploi que les autres diplômés de niveau universitaire (titulaires de licences et masters confondus). Le secteur des entreprises offre aux nouveaux titulaires de doctorats des salaires plus attractifs que l’enseignement supérieur ou le secteur de l’État. Toutefois, les possibilités qui s’offrent à eux varient fortement selon leur domaine d’études.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/05
    Keywords: Transport ; Japan
    Abstract: Tokyo is well known as a rail-oriented city where the huge traffic demand generated from the megacity is well supported by a sophisticated urban rail system. The results of the 2008 Person Trip Survey show that rail’s modal share was 30% as of 2008; the economy of Tokyo is highly dependent on an efficient urban rail network. As shown in Kato (2014), Tokyo’s urban rail market has unique characteristics: private rail companies provide many of the rail services, the rail network was developed under the guidance of the central government, rail users suffered from chronic traffic congestion for many years, and the rail market has recently been significantly influenced by a rapidly aging demographic. In spite of its uniqueness, the experiences of urban rail development in Tokyo could be useful for other OECD member countries.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What Are Tertiary Students Choosing to Study?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les sciences sociales sont le domaine d’études le plus prisé dans les formations tertiaires non professionnelles. Un nouvel inscrit sur trois y choisit une formation en sciences sociales, commerce ou droit. L’égalité entre les sexes est presque acquise dans la plupart des domaines d’études, notamment dans le domaine des sciences sociales et des services ; toutefois, d’importants écarts subsistent entre hommes et femmes dans les domaines de l’informatique et de l’ingénierie (à dominante masculine), et de la santé, de la protection sociale et de l’éducation (à dominante féminine). Dans les pays de l’OCDE, près d’un étudiant en mobilité internationale sur quatre suit une formation dans le domaine du commerce et de l’administration (23 %). Le pourcentage d’étudiants en mobilité internationale est plus faible, en général, dans les domaines débouchant sur les professions de la fonction publique, tels que l’éducation (3 %) ou la santé et la protection sociale (9 %).
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/18
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper analyses the experience, high incidence, lesson learned and reflections on the issue renegotiations in Latin America, based in the evolution of PPP contracts through the last 25 years. The paper also shows how countries via new PPP laws, regulations, norms and specific platforms can reduce the incidence and the incentives to renegotiate contracts. Based in experience in the last two decades, many countries in the region have improved renegotiation practices and regulations/framework through their PPP legislation and associated regulations, such as Peru (2008), Chile (2010), Colombia (2011) or Mexico (2012.) The preliminary findings show advances in the implementation of platforms to address renegotiations and new trends in the renegotiations of contracts particularly in complex projects and where governments are providing financial or credit enhancement, such as sharing risk or co-financing.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How Can Countries Best Produce a Highly-qualified Young Labour Force?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans un contexte économique incertain, les pays doivent faire des choix entre la nécessité d’un programme d’austérité et le besoin d’investir dans la formation d’une main d’oeuvre hautement qualifiée. Le lien que l’on observe entre les dépenses par étudiant et les taux d’obtention d’un diplôme de niveau tertiaire est ténu – à niveaux de dépenses égaux, les pays obtiennent des résultats très différents. Le nombre d’années nécessaires à l’obtention d’un diplôme varie fortement d’un pays de l’OCDE à l’autre mais il apparaît que l’allongement de la durée des études n’est pas forcément une garantie d’obtenir une main d’oeuvre mieux qualifiée. Le risque d’obtenir une population trop qualifiée semble faible : des taux de scolarisation plus élevés n’entraînent pas d’augmentation du taux de chômage des diplômés. Au contraire, l’écart entre les individus les plus éduqués et les moins éduqués en matière de taux d’emploi montre que les pays doivent continuer à former une population de jeunes actifs hautement qualifiés.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.37
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Do Students Have the Drive to Succeed?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Lorsque les élèves pensent que les efforts qu’ils fournissent pour apprendre peuvent faire la différence, ils obtiennent des résultats significativement plus élevés en mathématiques. Le fait que dans la plupart des pays, d’importants pourcentages d’élèves pensent que la réussite scolaire est principalement le fruit d’un travail assidu, plutôt que de capacités intellectuelles héréditaires, laisse penser que l’éducation et son contexte social peuvent jouer un rôle déterminant dans la transmission de valeurs qui encouragent la réussite. L’utilisation par les enseignants de stratégies d’activation cognitive, telles que le fait de donner aux élèves des problèmes qui nécessitent une longue réflexion de leur part ou des problèmes pour lesquels la méthode de résolution n’apparaît pas immédiatement, et d’aider les élèves à apprendre de leurs erreurs, est en corrélation avec l’engagement des élèves. Les élèves auxquels les enseignants fixent des objectifs clairs d’apprentissage et apportent un retour d’information sur leur performance en mathématiques tendent également à faire part d’un niveau plus élevé de persévérance et d’ouverture à l’égard de la résolution de problèmes.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/09
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: Ports are no longer perceived as main drivers of urban economic development. A variety of factors have been identified in the academic literature to contribute to urban economic growth, ranging from human capital, entrepreneurial culture, diversity and infrastructure to planning and governance. Port infrastructure is in many cases not even considered as a potential source of economic development. Whereas efficient ports have contributed to a substantial reduction in transportation costs, and thus stimulated external trade and related economic development, the general perception is that most of the gains of external trade have spread out to other regions than the port area or the port region (e.g. Gripaios and Gripaios, 1995). This is related to de-concentration of logistics activity and “port regionalisation” tendencies (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). In contrast, negative impacts related to ports have unevenly affected port-cities, including socio-economic impacts related to a unskilled workforce needed to sustain a port-industrial complexes that have ceased to be labour-intensive. Economic benefits of ports were less ambiguous in the past, when port-cities dominated trade-oriented emerging capitalist economies, as eloquently described in Braudel (1979).
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Country Assessment Reports no.2014/08
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Each year SIGMA produces assessment reports as a contribution to the EC's annual reports on EU candidate countries and potential candidates, as well as to its programming of technical assistance. These reports assess progress made in public administration reform by our beneficiary countries. The report for Kosovo* analyses and takes stock of progress achieved by this country in 2014, with an aim to also provide inputs into its reform agenda. It focuses on legal framework and civil service management. *This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/11
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of research recently conducted by the authors on ex-post analysis focused on the long-term economic impacts of transportation system investments in the United States (US). For a variety of reasons, the US has had a tradition of making transport investments to address economic development goals and applying ex-post analysis to assess achievement of economic development impacts. These past studies are reviewed, as are some of the deficiencies and suggested improvements in methods for ex-post analysis. The paper also reviews methods to refine ex-post analysis of economic development in the US via the Transportation Impact Project Case Studies (TPICS) system developed as a national database of land and economic development impact studies. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for broader distribution and support for the tools and methods developed in TPICS, and an assessment of the challenges facing wider adoption and application of the ex-post analysis in the US context. Specific adoption and implementation issues and opportunities are addressed in the context of the US Department of Transportation’s TIGER (Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery) discretionary grant program.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.36
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La profession des parents a-t-elle un impact sur la performance des élèves ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Students whose parents work in professional occupations generally outperform other students in mathematics, while students whose parents work in elementary occupations tend to underachieve compared to their peers. The strength of the relationship between parents’ occupations and student performance varies considerably across countries: for example, when it comes to mathematics performance, the children of cleaners in Shanghai-China outperform the children of professionals in the United States, and the children of professionals in Germany outperform the children of professionals in Finland, on average. Finland and Japan achieve high levels of performance by ensuring that the children of parents who work in elementary occupations are given the same education opportunities and the same encouragement as the children of professionals.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.42
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Concurrence entre les établissements d'enseignement : Quand est-elle bénéfique ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In most school systems, over 50% of 15-year-olds students attend schools that compete with another school to attract students from the same residential area. Across countries and economies, performance is unrelated to whether or not schools have to compete for students. When choosing a school for their children, parents look at a range of criteria; for disadvantaged parents, cost-related factors often weigh as much as, if not more than, the factors related to the quality of instruction. School systems with low levels of competition among schools often have high levels of social inclusion, meaning that students from diverse social backgrounds attend the same schools. In contrast, in systems where parents can choose schools, and schools compete for enrolment, schools are often more socially segregated.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1144
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Women's Role in the Swiss Economy
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: En Suisse, les femmes ont désormais un niveau de formation égal à celui des hommes. Néanmoins, des progrès restent à accomplir sur le marché du travail où l’offre de main-d’oeuvre féminine et sa rémunération sont inférieures à celles des hommes. Le taux d’activité des femmes est élevé et ne cesse de croître, ce qui est contrebalancé toutefois par une forte incidence du travail à temps partiel, reflet de préférences individuelles et de facteurs qui restreignent le travail des femmes. L’insuffisance et le coût élevé des solutions de garde d’enfants, conjugués à un taux marginal d’imposition important pour les deuxièmes pourvoyeurs de revenus, dissuadent les femmes de travailler plus. L’écart net (c’est-à-dire inexpliqué) de rémunération de 7 % environ en faveur des hommes, persistant quoique en baisse, ainsi que la non-représentation des femmes parmi les dirigeants et chefs d’entreprise n’incite pas non plus ces dernières à tirer pleinement profit de leur niveau de formation élevé. Il faut donc éliminer ces obstacles en priorité, en augmentant les dépenses publiques consacrées aux structures de garde d’enfants et d’accueil parascolaire à l’échelon des cantons et des communes. Il faudrait aussi étudier la réglementation existante relative aux services de garde d’enfants pour voir s’il est possible d’élargir la gamme des prestations offertes, en termes de rapport qualité-prix. Il convient également de supprimer l’effet pénalisant implicite du mariage sur le plan fiscal, comme cela est actuellement envisagé par le Conseil fédéral. Une plus grande flexibilité dans l’aménagement du temps de travail pourrait également permettre aux femmes de réduire le coût de la conciliation entre travail et vie de famille. Ainsi, offrir aux femmes comme aux hommes la possibilité d’opter plus facilement pour des solutions comme les horaires de travail flexibles, l’annualisation des horaires, le partage de poste, le temps partiel ou le télétravail, et instituer un congé paternité et/ou un congé parental consécutif unique et non transférable pourraient aider les femmes à intégrer le marché du travail et à en sortir plus aisément. Le renforcement de la concurrence sur les marchés de produits devrait contribuer à combler l’écart de rémunération entre hommes et femmes, en remplaçant notamment certaines pratiques discriminatoires par la recherche des meilleurs talents, indépendamment du sexe. Enfin, un code de gouvernement d’entreprise en faveur d’une représentation plus égalitaire des femmes aux postes de direction et la fixation d’objectifs ambitieux pour accroître la proportion de femmes dans les conseils d’administrations, conjugués à l’adoption de la pratique « appliquer ou expliquer », ou encore l’instauration de quotas, devraient contribuer à la disparition du « plafond de verre ». Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Suisse 2013 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Suisse).
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  • 95
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Appraising Transformational Projects: The Case of the Grand Paris Express
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: Une évaluation économique correctement menée peut montrer au décideur publique si un investissement dans un projet est un bon usage de ressources et contribuer à la décision d’approuver, reporter ou rejeter le projet. Les fondements micro-économiques d’équilibre partiel de l’analyse coûts-bénéfices sont cependant mis en question par des projets tels que le Grand Paris Express, un projet qui doit transformer le niveau de développement économique de l’aire qu’il desservira. Un tel projet pose de multiples défis en termes de modélisation, prévisions et évaluation, notamment la décision contrefactuelle de faire autre chose et en ce qui concerne la représentation du système économique à l’intérieur duquel la population, l’emploi et les revenus dépendent de la réalisation ou non du projet. Il faut décrypter les implications concrètes de concepts tels que les bénéfices économiques d’agglomération afin de prévoir les réactions de secteurs dont les réponses à des changements d’accessibilité sont des facteurs déterminants des résultats de l’investissement dans ce projet. L’objet de ce rapport est d’examiner la conduite d’une évaluation dans un contexte qui pose un réel défi. Ce rapport fait partie de la série des Analyses de politiques spécifiques du Forum International des Transports (FIT). Ce sont des études sur des thèmes d’actualité du domaine de la politique des transports menées par le FIT à la requête d’un pays
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L'éducation : Un secteur innovant ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Education has one of the highest shares of innovative jobs for tertiary graduates of all sectors of the economy in Europe, and a higher proportion than in other public sector areas such as health and public administration. Innovation in knowledge or methods is the most common form of innovation, with education outperforming all sectors of the economy on this measure. Within education, higher education is much more innovative than the primary and secondary levels – and is one of the most innovative sectors of the economy in terms of innovation in knowledge or methods.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.45
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les pays dont la performance moyenne est élevée dans l'enquête PISA conservent-ils leur avance une fois leurs élèves devenus adultes ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Countries where 15-year-old students perform at high standards internationally tend to be the same countries where these young adults tend to perform well at the age of 26 to 28. School systems need to ensure that their students perform at a high level by the time they complete compulsory schooling and that these skills are maintained and further developed thereafter.
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  • 98
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trade Facilitation Indicators: The Potential Impact of Trade Facilitation on Developing Countries' Trade
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente les résultats mis en évidence par les indicateurs de l'OCDE destinés à évaluer l'incidence de certaines mesures de facilitation sur les échanges des pays en développement. Seize indicateurs sur la facilitation des échanges (IFE) ont été construits, correspondant aux principaux domaines qui font l’objet de négociations à l'OMC. L’objectif était d'estimer les effets des mesures prises face aux obstacles particuliers créés par les procédures applicables au commerce et au passage des frontières dans un pays donné. Les domaines qui semblent influer le plus sur les volumes et les coûts du commerce, aussi bien à l'importation qu’à l'exportation, sont la disponibilité des renseignements relatifs au commerce, la simplification et l'harmonisation des documents, la rationalisation des procédures et l'utilisation de processus automatisés. L'effet combiné des améliorations apportées dans ces domaines est supérieure à la simple addition des effets de chacune ; il en résulte une réduction de 14.5 % du coût total du commerce pour les pays à faible revenu, de 15.5 % pour les pays à revenu moyen inférieur et de 13.2 % pour les pays à revenu moyen supérieur.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.5
    Keywords: Transport ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report assesses quantitatively the competition, scarcity and connectivity impacts of different airline responses to expanding runway capacity at Gatwick or Heathrow.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/07
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Shifting public and private investment from “brown” to “green” is an essential part of climate change. The post-2020 climate agreement to be agreed at COP 21 in December 2015 has the potential to play a significant role in signalling the importance of such a shift. This paper explores how the 2015 agreement could spur further mobilisation of climate finance by examining the current state of play regarding existing financing environments and mechanisms. These include examining the existing international institutional arrangements under the UNFCCC to see how balanced financing, co-ordination, streamlining and complementarity between institutions could be achieved. The paper also highlights the key role that in-country enabling environments can play in further mobilising public and private climate finance, and discusses how the 2015 agreement could enhance both “pull” and “push” factors for mobilisation. In addition, the paper also discusses how the agreement could facilitate the broad use of a spectrum of financial instruments and the further development of an enhanced system for measurement, reporting and verification of climate finance.
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