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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (392)
  • MFK München
  • Online Resource  (392)
  • 2015-2019  (392)
  • 2005-2009
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  • Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
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  • Online Resource  (392)
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  • 2015-2019  (392)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    France : promoting economic opportunities and well-being in poor neighbourhoods (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1454
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Armut ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Frankreich ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Thanks to a highly developed welfare state, poverty is moderate on average in France, but – as in other countries – highly concentrated in some neighbourhoods. Their residents face many social disadvantages, including high unemployment and inactivity, schools with many struggling children, often run-down housing and urban infrastructure, and a lack of local enterprises, services and amenities. The government focuses a wide array of policies on these areas to promote better schooling outcomes, employment and local economic activity. Urban renewal and public housing policies aim explicitly at promoting social mixing, often presented as an anti-ghetto policy. Evidence suggests that targeted investment in transport and housing infrastructure as well as education and training could go a long way to improving economic opportunities and well-being in poor areas. In contrast, special economic zones with tax breaks to attract business to these areas have a mixed track record at best. Greater social mixing is difficult to engineer, and it is far from clear if this by itself would improve the lives of the poor. There is a need to better link urban, social and judicial policies favouring alternative sentencing and support for offenders to integrate into society to avoid vicious circles of social disadvantage and crime.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/266e91e1-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How to improve Norway's transport-infrastructure investment (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1458
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Öffentliche Investition ; Projektmanagement ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Norwegen ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Norway makes substantial public investment in transport and this has intensified in recent years. There is potentially large economic benefit from such investment, particularly as good transport infrastructure can help Norway’s transition away from oil-related activities. However, realising these gains requires sound processes for selecting and delivering projects. This paper assesses the investment process from initial proposals through evaluation, discussion, selection, approval, implementation, and ex post evaluation. It finds that, although the policy process at each stage is clear, and the planning framework has central oversight, final choices of project are often sub-optimal. The paper identifies a need for stronger top-down influence in the planning process and more influence of economic-efficiency considerations in project selection. It also calls for efforts to broaden ex post assessment of transport investment projects and reduction in project delays.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2a1aa042-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Spain : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 207
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Spanien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Spain either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 30% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 15% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Spain were a lack of work experience, low education and skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health limitations and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that 45% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/6149118d-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Portugal : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 210
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Portugal ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: .In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Portugal either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 29% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 10% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Portugal were low education/skills, a lack of recent work experience, scarce job opportunities and health problems. Financial disincentives and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, although important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that 45% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b0fa55e7-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reducing regional disparities in productivity in the United Kingdom (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1456
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Dezentralisierung ; Großbritannien ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The United Kingdom displays large regional disparities in productivity compared to most other OECD countries, with a large gap between London and most other regions. This holds back aggregate productivity and growth, and contributes to regional differences in living standards. To make the lagging regions more attractive to companies and workers, transport links between and within cities should be improved by increasing infrastructure investment outside London. Another policy priority is to improve the local business environment through more spending on innovation and increased support for investment and skills. Also, local authorities should have more freedom in setting education and training goals and the land-use planning system has to be more responsive to meet housing needs in cities. The role of subnational government is sub-par relative to the OECD average, but more devolution has recently been introduced in several city-regions. Such efforts towards more decentralization need to continue to cover larger parts of the country and involve greater transfers of powers and responsibilities at the local level.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/54293958-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Making growth more inclusive in Thailand (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1469
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Thailand ; Economics ; Thailand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The People pillar of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development focuses on quality of life in all its dimensions, and emphasises the international community’s commitment to ensuring all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity, equality and good health. Thailand’s path from a low-income to an upper-middle-income country over recent decades is widely hailed as a development success story. Poverty has fallen impressively and inequality is on a downwards trend, but more efforts are needed to reduce still widespread informality and persistent, substantial regional inequalities, and to further improve living standards, especially for those who currently work informally. To achieve these objectives, the government needs to: (i) consider tax and regulatory measures to encourage formalisation; (ii) boost the participation rates of informal workers in social protection schemes; (iii) expand adequate social safety nets for poor households and the elderly; (iv) prepare the healthcare system for an ageing and modernising society; and (v) improve the education system, particularly in rural areas. Gaps also remain in ensuring women’s political participation and reducing gender-based violence. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 Initial Assessment report of the Multi-dimensional Country Review of Thailand (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/multi-dimensional-review-thailand.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/263a78df-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SME and entrepreneurship financing : the role of credit guarantee schemes and mutual guarantee societies in supporting finance for small and medium-sized enterprises (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 1
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Credit Guarantees ; SME Finance ; Mutual Guarantee Schemes ; Financial Crisis ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Credit Guarantee Schemes (CGSs) are a widely used policy tool to ease access to finance by SMEs, which, in some countries, ramped up in the aftermath of the 2008-09 financial crisis. The present study aims to improve understanding about the role, impact and sustainability of CGSs, by investigating their characteristics along several dimensions, such as the ownership structure and funding, the legal and regulatory framework, and the operational characteristics of the schemes, including types of services, eligibility criteria, guarantee assignment process and credit risk management. The study explores these dimensions, using detailed examples from OECD and non-OECD countries. It identifies structural and emerging challenges for the financial sustainability and the financial and economic additionality of these schemes, in a rapidly changing economic and regulatory environment. The study investigates in particular the case of Mutual Guarantee Schemes, which are created by borrowers in order to improve their access to finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/35b8fece-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing innovative business investment in Poland (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1480
    Keywords: Investitionsentscheidung ; Innovationsmanagement ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Finanzmarkt ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; Polen ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland’s productivity has grown strongly over the past two decades. However, the public and private capital stock is weak, and investment remains focused on the adoption of existing technologies, which weighs on future productivity gains and innovation. Many micro enterprises have low productivity, and structural bottlenecks reduce start-ups' growth and their chances of survival. The EU and the government are stepping up funding for business research and development, collaboration with the public sector, entrepreneurship and innovation. This is an opportunity to improve the management of public business support, and the large new programmes should be carefully discussed with stakeholders and regularly evaluated to avoid the risks of subsidising low-productivity firms and to strengthen the take up from the most productive small and medium-sized enterprises. The sustainability of this ambitious package of measures will also require significant public revenues and promoting alternative market-based financing instruments will be critical over the medium term. Ongoing improvements in insolvency procedures and efforts to reduce the regulatory burden are set to ease reallocation of resources through the economy. However, the level of state involvement would remain important, and ensuring the independence of the network industry regulators and the Competition Authority and a level playing field between alternative technologies, as well as easing labour mobility would be good moves.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d7605f72-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural policies to boost productivity and inclusion in Costa Rica (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1485
    Keywords: Strukturpolitik ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Costa Rica ; Economics ; Costa Rica ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Owing to past structural reforms, Costa Rica has enjoyed robust GDP growth and productivity levels are gradually converging towards the OECD average. However, large GDP per capita and productivity gaps persist. In addition, not everyone has benefited from this growth. Inequality has increased and labour market conditions are a concern. Costa Rica has a lower share of employed workers in the population than almost all OECD countries, unemployment remains well above its pre-global-financial-crisis level, labour market participation has decreased and the share of informal jobs is high. Recognising these challenges, Costa Rica has accelerated its structural reform momentum recently, with policy reforms underway or planned in several areas that present win-win opportunities to boost both productivity and inclusion. These include efforts to tackle labour market informality, simplify the minimum wage structure, increase competition and reduce regulatory burdens. In addition to further reforms in these priority areas, structural policy improvements are also needed to increase outcomes and reduce inequalities in education and address significant transport infrastructure gaps.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/715509d0-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Costa Rica : restoring fiscal sustainability and setting the basis for a more growthfriendly and inclusive fiscal policy (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1484
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Costa Rica ; Economics ; Costa Rica ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Consecutive years of primary deficits have led to mounting public debt of almost 50% of GDP, one of the fastest increases in Latin America over the last decade. Government attempts to restore fiscal health have been undermined by a gridlocked Congress. While only minor reforms have been enacted to contain spending, efforts to curb tax evasion and increase the efficiency of the tax administration are commendable. However, increases in tax revenue have been unable to match mandated increases in spending. As a consequence, sovereign debt ratings have declined to below investment level, and the negative outlook on Costa Rica’s debt signals increasing financing costs. Against this backdrop, the risk of a fiscal crisis is increasing, particularly as global financial conditions become less favourable and debt structure has shifted towards increased reliance on floating rates and dollar-denominated bonds. Enacting a three year fiscal consolidation programme of one percentage point of GDP each year, will enable debt to stabilise at current levels by 2032. The current draft bill to strengthen public finances – Ley de Fortalecimiento de las Finanzas Públicas – proposes a comprehensive fiscal reform package, with measures on both the revenue and the spending side, as well as a fiscal rule. It needs to be complemented with additional measures to contain revenue earmarking. In addition, reducing excessive fragmentation of the public sector would allow the Ministry of Finance to regain control of the budget. There is also room to reduce expenditure on remuneration of public sector workers, one of the fastest growing expenditure items and a source of income inequality. The proposed fiscal rule should be strengthened, including introducing a multi-year expenditure framework and a fiscal council. Debt management should be modernised by stepping up communication with markets and reducing the number of benchmark securities. Over time, improving social spending efficiency and quality as well as modifying the tax structure away from social security contributions and enlarging the tax base would allow for a much stronger contribution of fiscal policy to growth and equity.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/a0669dc0-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The sustainable management of a productive natural capital (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1490
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Öffentliche Einnahmen ; Optimale Besteuerung ; Ökotourismus ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines an industry whose economic activity uses a natural capital on which its profit also relies. When such a productive natural capital has a limited capacity to recover from its exploitation, a free market tends to over-exploit it, calling for public intervention. The analysis is relevant, among other examples, to the case of nature- based tourism. I study the sustainable management of a productive natural capital: the conditions under which its exploitation generates maximum long-run social benefits; the various ways in which a regulator can implement such an exploitation; the rent that it generates for the industry; the effect of social discounting and operators’ short-termism, etc. Particular attention is given to situations in which the regulator gives more importance to the industry than it does to consumers, as when consumers are foreigners or when the industry generates needed tax revenues. In those contexts, I find that the industry should make more efforts of conservation, rather than less.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/eaf40452-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sovereign defaults : evidence on the importance of government effectiveness (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1494
    Keywords: Governance-Ansatz ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Staatsbankrott ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides robust empirical evidence that government effectiveness is a key determinant of sovereign defaults. Government effectiveness is measured by a broad-based perception index of the Worldwide Governance Indicators database (WGI) disseminated by the World Bank. Public debt and sovereign default data cover both external and internal government debt. In a systematic and demanding robustness check with any possible sub-sample of a large set of control variables, the effect of government effectiveness is almost always robust. In addition, the effects of the five other main indicators of the WGI database on default risk are also investigated, showing that the rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption and voice and accountability are also robustly linked with default risk. Regressions with the mortality of settlers as an instrument indicate a causal effect from government effectiveness to sovereign default.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e6eb6668-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Euro area unemployment insurance at the time of zero nominal interest rates (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1498
    Keywords: Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Niedrigzinspolitik ; Finanzverfassung ; DSGE-Modell ; Eurozone ; Economics ; Euro Area ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The discussion about a fiscal stabilisation capacity as a way of providing more fiscal integration in the euro area has strengthened in the aftermath of the European sovereign debt crisis. Among the instruments that can be used for temporary macroeconomic stabilisation in the presence of both asymmetric and area-wide shocks, a euro area unemployment insurance scheme has attracted increased attention. We build a two-region DSGE model with supply, demand and labour market frictions and introduce in it an area-wide unemployment insurance scheme that is entitled to borrow in financial markets. The model is calibrated to the euro area core and periphery data. For a country-specific negative demand shock hitting the periphery, we find the scheme to reduce the drop in Periphery output by about one fifth and the drop in union output by about a third. The scheme is effective when some households are cut from financial markets, and even more so when the national government also loses market access.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/99b92f5b-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tax policies for inclusive growth : prescription versus practice (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 24 (December 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.24
    Keywords: Steuerreform ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Against a backdrop of the widening income distribution in most countries, OECD governments need to formulate policies that support sustainable and inclusive economic growth. Tax policies play a crucial role in this endeavour. Both tax theory and mounting empirical evidence suggest that many countries could achieve both higher and more broadly shared income growth. Many countries, however, seem hesitant to fundamentally restructure their tax systems to achieve higher and more inclusive growth. This reluctance begs a key question: Why forego tax policy reforms that hold the obvious promise of win-win outcomes of both higher and more inclusive growth? To offer some concrete answers to this question, this paper reports the findings of a synthesis of cross-country empirical work on the ranking (in terms of efficiency and distributional impact) of major tax instruments on the one hand, and, on the other, country-specific tax policy assessments reported in several dozen OECD Economic Surveys since 2008. The paper identifies a wide range of factors, some common to many countries and some country-specific, that prevent governments from adopting tax structures more favourable to inclusive growth. These include political economy forces, legal obstacles, administrative constraints, and intergovernmental fiscal arrangements.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/09ba747a-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How demanding are activation requirements for jobseekers (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 215
    Keywords: Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on activity-related eligibility criteria for unemployment and related benefits in OECD- and EU-countries in 2017, comparing the strictness of “demanding” elements built into unemployment benefits across countries and over time. Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits determine what claimants need to do to successfully claim benefits initially or to continue receiving them. Benefit systems feature specific rules that define the type of job offers that claimants need to accept, requirements for reporting on the outcomes of independent job-search efforts, obligations to participate in active labour market programmes, as well as sanctions for failing to meet these requirements. Such rules aim to strengthen incentives to look for, prepare for, and accept employment. They may also be used as a targeting device to reduce demands on benefit systems, and on associated employment services. While this may serve to limit support to genuine jobseekers, strict requirements can also exclude some intended recipients from financial and re-employment support, e.g., by discouraging them from applying. This paper presents detailed information on policy rules in 2017, summarises them into an overall policy indicator of eligibility strictness, and gauges recent policy trends by documenting changes in the strictness measures. A novelty is the inclusion of lower-tier unemployment or social assistance benefits in the compilation of policy rules. Results document a large number of reforms enacted after the Great Recession and suggest a slight convergence of policy rules across countries even though overall measures of the strictness of activity-related eligibility criteria have remained broadly unchanged during the recent past. In countries with multiple layers of support for the unemployed, availability requirements tend to be more demanding for lower-tier assistance benefits, while sanction rules tend to be more stringent for first-tier programmes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2bdfecca-en
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  • 16
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    To shorten or to lengthen? : public debt management in the low interest rate environment (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1483
    Keywords: Schuldenmanagement ; Zinsstruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: With still large government debt and interest payments in many OECD countries, actively adjusting debt maturity can help to minimise debt servicing costs. Temporarily lengthening the maturity of new debt issuance may lower debt servicing costs in the longer term and reduce rollover risks if interest rates increase gradually over a prolonged period and to a high level. However, if market interest rates increase fast and stay high, shortening debt maturity would be financially more beneficial though at the cost of higher rollover risks. Illustrative scenarios considered in this paper show that adjusting debt maturity may take several years before producing fiscal savings. They are likely to be moderate at best for most G7 countries, ranging from less than 0.1% to ⅓ per cent of GDP per year on average, with the exception of Italy where they could be significantly higher. In countries where debt maturity management has small fiscal effects, lengthening the debt maturity may still be pursued to reduce rollover risks.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/192ef3ad-en
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  • 17
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    An empirical investigation on the drivers of income redistribution across OECD countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1488
    Keywords: 1995 - 2015 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Umverteilung ; Steuerprogression ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an empirical investigation on the drivers of tax and transfer income redistribution to working-age households across the OECD over the last two decades, in a context where it has been declining in the vast majority of countries. The analytical approach is based on a reduced-form model of income redistribution which is estimated through cross-country-time series regressions. The baseline model builds on the political economy literature of income redistribution and includes a set of non-policy drivers such as labour market and socio-demographic conditions as well as measures of globalisation and technological change. The baseline model is augmented with major direct policy drivers of income redistribution covering tax revenue and social spending as well as a selection of tax and transfer policy parameters. Changes in the size of the tax and transfer systems likely to have contributed to the decline in income redistribution include the decline in social spending on cash support for working-age population and the diminishing role of personal income taxes in reducing inequality under the effect of increasing trade openness. Changes in specific tax and transfer policy instruments and parameters likely to have contributed to the decline in income redistribution include a flattening of the tax schedule in the upper-part of the wage distribution, a decline in the generosity and duration of unemployment-related transfers, including cuts to social assistance, and pension and early retirement reforms to encourage longer working life.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5cb47f33-en
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  • 18
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    Public finance structure and inclusive growth (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 25 (December 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Öffentliche Finanzen ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tax and spending reforms offer numerous opportunities to promote inclusive growth. There is potential for so-called win-win reforms that simultaneously boost economic output and enhance income equality. Other changes in the structure of public finances will produce benefits only along a single dimension, while some involve trade-offs between average income gains and adverse distributional effects. Empirical analyses of the experience of OECD countries provide evidence about which tax and spending reforms influence prosperity and income distribution -- and by how much.
    DOI: 10.1787/e99683b5-en
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  • 19
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    Triple disadvantage? : a first overview of the integration on refugee women (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 216
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Frauen ; Soziale Integration ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: 45% of refugees in Europe are women, yet little is known on their integration outcomes and the specific challenges they face. This report summarises prior research on the integration of refugee women, both compared with refugee men and other immigrant women. It also provides new comparative evidence from selected European and non-European OECD countries. Refugee women face a number of particular integration challenges associated with poorer health and lower education and labour market outcomes compared to refugee men, who are already disadvantaged in comparison with other migrant groups. They also show a peak in fertility in the year after arrival. A large fraction has come from countries where gender inequality is high and employment of women tends to be low. However, there is little correlation between indicators such gender differences in participation and employment in the origin and in the host country, suggesting that the integration issues can be addressed by host-country employment and education policy instruments. The report also finds that building basic skills in terms of educational attainment and host-country language training bears a high return in terms of improving labour market outcomes. It also provides intergenerational pay-off for their children. Against this backdrop, structured integration programmes such as the ones in the Scandinavian countries seem to be a worthwhile investment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/3f3a9612-en
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  • 20
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    Tackling child poverty in Canada (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 220
    Keywords: Kinderarmut ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Kanada ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper compares the situation of children in Canada relative to other OECD countries in terms of child poverty and well-being. First, trends in child poverty and living standards since 2007, i.e. one year before the onset of the Great Recession, are described. An overview of children's material deprivation and of key indicators of child well-being is also provided. The paper discusses the observed poverty trends in relation to policies implemented to combat it by federal authorities. Some priorities for action to make the alleviation of child poverty more effective are discussed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en
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  • 21
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    Building a stronger and more integrated Europe (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1491
    Keywords: Europäische Integration ; Wirtschaftsintegration ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Arbeitsmigranten ; EU-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Europe’s economy is finally growing robustly. These positive developments provide an opportunity to renew efforts to meet the long-term challenges facing the European Union (EU). The EU’s record on reducing regional income disparities is mixed and this explains some of citizens’ discontent with the European project. Reforming cohesion policy by focusing spending more on items with long-term growth benefits and clear spillovers across borders, including human capital and infrastructure investment could further support income convergence. Higher co-funding rates and less burdensome administration of the cohesion and structural funds could encourage greater spending effectiveness. Sustained improvements in living standards are held back by weak productivity and investment in many countries. Reviving the single market project, by removing remaining barriers in services, energy, digital and transport can help to spur long-term growth. Deepening the single market and faster adoption of digital technologies will create new jobs but put at risk others, perhaps in lagging regions. The EU can help lagging regions catch up by reforming cohesion policy and facilitating firm creation through the removal of barriers across the single market. It can also support better those who lose out from globalisation and are displaced by technological change by making access to the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund easier and broadening its scope not only to help workers displaced by globalisation or an economic crisis, but also due to other reasons such as automation. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of the European Union. (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-european-union-and-euro-area.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/4ce667b4-en
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  • 22
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    How does finance influence labour market outcomes? : a review of empirical studies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1495
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Kreditgeschäft ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Kapitalstruktur ; Lohnstruktur ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews empirical research on finance and labour markets. Preliminary themes in the literature follow. Finance may interact with labour market institutions to jointly determine labour outcomes. Highly leveraged firms show greater employment volatility during cyclical fluctuations, and leverage strengthens firm bargaining power in labour negotiations. Bank deregulation may have mixed impacts on labour depending upon the state of bank regulations and labour markets. Leveraged buyouts tend to dampen acquired firm job growth as they pursue labour productivity gains. The shareholder value movement may contribute to short-termism among corporate managers, which can divert funds away from firm capital accumulation toward financial markets, crowd out productive investment and fuel unemployment. Declining wage shares in OECD countries may be driven in part by financial globalisation. The financial sector contributes to rising concentration near the top of the income distribution. Finance is linked to increased reallocation of labour, which may either enhance or impede productivity growth. Finally, there is limited evidence that rising interest rate environments and homeowners with mortgage balances that exceed their home’s value may reduce labour mobility rates.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d8651803-en
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  • 23
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    Who are the beneficiaries of the structural funds and the cohesion fund and how does the cohesion policy impact firm-level performance? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1499
    Keywords: 2007 - 2013 ; EU-Regionalpolitik ; Statistische Methode ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; EU-Mitgliedschaft ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper exploits a new database that is unique in its scale and scope containing detailed information on over two million projects carried out by one million firms that benefited from the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund in 25 EU member countries during the multi-annual financial framework 2007-2013. This database is used to get a better understanding of the characteristics of the beneficiaries of European funds and to assess the impact of the European funds on the beneficiaries’ performance in terms of employment growth, growth in fixed assets, and total factor productivity. While the data reveals substantial heterogeneity of beneficiaries and projects across and within countries, in terms of the number of projects, their total values, the average firm size and other aspects, some patterns are identified. The majority of co-funding goes to manufacturing firms as well as public institutions. The Cohesion Fund co-finances larger projects, carried out by larger, more capital-intensive firms that typically conduct large-scale infrastructure projects. In contrast, the European Social Fund co-finances smaller projects related to human capital and initiatives on the labour market. In terms of volume, the European Regional and Development Fund has the largest budget in total and co-finances a large variety of projects. Using propensity score matching techniques, we find mixed effects of structural and cohesion funds on the performance of a sample of manufacturing firms in six European countries. On average, firms that receive financial assistance hire more workers and increase their capital stock more. However, there is little evidence of additional positive total factor productivity effects for the beneficiaries.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/67947b82-en
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  • 24
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    Resource curse in oil exporting countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1511
    Keywords: 1982 - 2012 ; Erdölvorkommen ; Export ; Rohstoffreichtum ; Ölpreis ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Wechselkurs ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the “resource curse” phenomenon, i.e. the negative impact of oil abundance on long-term economic growth, for a set of oil exporting countries. It distinguishes between two potential drivers of resource courses: oil dependence and oil price volatility, and it investigates whether the resource curse depends on a country’s institutional and macroeconomic environment. The empirical analysis relies on a panel of 24 oil exporters between 1982 and 2012 and an error correction model. The paper provides robust evidence in favour of the resource curse hypothesis, and there is no evidence that higher quality institutions could mitigate the curse. Oil price shocks appear to have an asymmetric impact in the short run: the growth effect is positive when oil prices rise, while no statistically significant effect is observed when they fall. There is also indirect evidence that the impact of an oil price shock is partly offset by fiscal policies, particularly in countries with high oil dependence. In the long run, oil price volatility does not appear to have a statistically significant impact on GDP. Finally, exchange rate regimes seem to play a role: countries allowing their currencies to float seem to gain from positive oil price shocks in the short run, but in the long run a fixed exchange rate regime is associated with higher GDP, probably owing to active stabilisation by sovereign wealth funds.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/a5012a3d-en
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  • 25
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    Organised decentralisation of collective bargaining : case studies of Germany, Netherlands, and Denmark (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 217
    Keywords: Dezentralisierung ; Tarifverhandlungen ; Deutschland ; Niederlande ; Dänemark ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Denmark ; Germany ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Fallstudie
    Abstract: This paper investigates different varieties of so called organised decentralisation of collective bargaining in Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. Organised decentralisation occurs within the framework of sector agreements, which explicitly allow determination of terms and conditions at company level, and often set certain (minimum) level standards as well as procedure that have to be respected. German decentralisation is based on its dual-channel system and extensive use of opening clauses, which make workplace derogation from sector-level agreements possible. Dutch decentralisation is based on the dual-channel system and on framework agreements that allow company level bargaining as long as minimum stipulations are observed. Finally, Denmark combines a single-channel system with framework agreements setting minimum levels. Germany stands out as the least organised of the three. Opening and derogation clauses mean that terms and conditions in multi-employer agreements can be undercut. Vertical control over these derogations has suffered from the dual-channel representation in which works councils have a new role. The Netherlands exhibit some, very limited, elements of disorganisation and stable bargaining coverage. Decentralisation has mainly happened through framework agreements setting minimum levels or through the organised transfer of competencies to works councils. The Danish system leaves a lot of scope for local bargaining, the minimum levels are generally observed and bargaining coverage has not suffered. Based on these findings, we draw the conclusion that organised decentralisation requires articulation that preserves a regulatory function of multi-employer agreements. Preservation of multi-employer agreements in turn requires high bargaining coverage.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/f0394ef5-en
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  • 26
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    Fear the walking dead : zombie firms, spillovers and exit barriers (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 13 (June 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Zombie Firms ; Resource Allocation ; Labor Productivity ; Firm Dynamics ; Insolvency Frameworks ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity growth is slowing down among OECD countries, coupled with increased misallocation of resources. A recent strand of literature focuses on the role of non-viable firms (“zombie firms”) to explain these developments. Using a rich firm-level dataset for one of the OECD countries with the largest drop in barriers to firm exit and restructure, we assess the role of zombies on firm dynamics, both in the extensive and intensive margins. We confirm the results on the high prevalence of zombie firms, significantly less productive than their healthy counterparts and thus dragging aggregate productivity down. Moreover, while we find evidence of positive selection within zombies, with the most productive restructuring and the least productive exiting, we also show that the zombies' productivity threshold for exit is much lower than that of nonzombies, allowing them to stay in the market, distorting competition and sinking resources. Zombie prevalence curbs the growth of viable firms, in particular the most productive, harming the intra-sectoral resource reallocation. We show that a reduction in exit and restructuring barriers promotes a more effective exit channel and fosters the restructuring of the most productive. These results highlight the role of public policy in addressing zombies' prevalence, fostering a more efficient resource allocation and enabling productivity growth.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e6c6e51d-en
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  • 27
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    Productivity measurement, R&D assets and mark-ups in OECD countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2018, 6
    Keywords: 1985 - 2016 ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Forschungskosten ; Skalenertrag ; Mark-up Pricing ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key feature of the 2008 revision of the System of National Accounts was the treatment of R&D expenditure as investment. The question arises whether the standard approach towards accounting for growth contribution of assets is justified given the special nature of R&D that provides capital services by affecting the working of other inputs as a whole – akin to technical change and often requires up-front investment with sunk costs. We model R&D inputs with a restricted cost function and compare econometric estimates with those derived under a standard index number approach but find no significant differences. However, we cannot reject the hypothesis of increasing returns to scale. The standard MFP measure is then broken down into a scale effect and a residual productivity effect, each of which explains about half of overall MFP change. The scale effect points to the importance of the demand side and market size for productivity growth. We also compute mark-up rates of prices over marginal cost and find widespread evidence of rising mark-ups for the period 1985-2016.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/fb3c2e6f-en
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  • 28
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    Towards global SEEA Air Emission Accounts : description and evaluation of the OECD methodology to estimate SEEA Air Emission Accounts for CO2, CH4 and N2O in Annex-I countries to the UNFCCC (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2018, 11
    Keywords: Luftverschmutzung ; Island ; Japan ; Kasachstan ; Neuseeland ; Russland ; Ukraine ; USA ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes and evaluates the OECD methodology to estimate Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in line with the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/7d88dfdd-en
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  • 29
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    Income redistribution across OECD countries : main findings and policy implications (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 23 (September 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Verteilungspolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income inequality has increased in most OECD countries over the past two decades. This is both because market incomes (wages, dividends, interest income) have become more unequally distributed, and also because redistribution through taxes and transfers has fallen. New OECD work explores cross-country evidence on trends in income redistribution since the mid-1990s to shed some light on the main drivers of the general decline.
    DOI: 10.1787/3b63e61c-en
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  • 30
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    Ce qui nous rapproche (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What brings us together?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/e0685eda-fr
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  • 31
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    Table ronde de l’Observateur de l’OCDE sur les petites et moyennes entreprises (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Observer Roundtable on small and medium-sized enterprises
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    DOI: 10.1787/fa38660c-fr
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  • 32
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    Lucy Crehan: “Cleverlands: Lessons from top performing education systems” (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/8867d111-en
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  • 33
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    Pourquoi le meilleur moyen de se prémunir des catastrophes naturelles est-il d’en chiffrer le coût ? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The cost of catastrophe: Why putting a price-tag on disaster is our best protection
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/c5202bc2-fr
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  • 34
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    Des PME essentielles pour une croissance plus inclusive (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe SMEs are key for more inclusive growth
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    DOI: 10.1787/85a4e4ff-fr
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  • 35
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    Pour accroître durablement la croissance et le bien-être, l’Afrique doit accélérer son développement par le savoir grâce à des politiques et des investissements scientifiquement étayés (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Observer Roundtable on regional integration in Africa
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/7d59d4d4-fr
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  • 36
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    We must tackle the growing burden of obesity (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/bdbc5673-en
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  • 37
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    Halving road deaths by 2020: A global health priority (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/2723b81e-en
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    Will the inflation genie stay in the bottle? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le génie de l’inflation restera-t-il dans sa lampe ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/3cee311b-en
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  • 39
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    What hope for peace in Mali? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Mali
    DOI: 10.1787/259584d5-en
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  • 40
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    Our patients have changed, our healthcare must now follow (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/b3ac26f2-en
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  • 41
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    The race for excellence in scientific publishing (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La course à l’excellence dans la publication scientifique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/3a7056d4-en
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  • 42
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    Mexico telecom reform: Into the “last mile” (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/f9bb5ee8-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 43
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    Améliorer les conditions de vie dans les quartiers défavorisés en France (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving life in France’s lower-income neighbourhoods
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/ce3b250d-fr
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  • 44
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    Migration: What we think we want (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/38b5096a-en
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  • 45
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    Towards sustained progress in global healthcare (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/94375d54-en
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  • 46
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    Globalisation: Don’t patch it up, shake it up (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/bd237451-en
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  • 47
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    Governing data for better health and healthcare (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/6b33a920-en
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  • 48
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    Ian Goldin: “Renaissance 2.0: Globalisation, disruption and policy” (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/72e83969-en
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  • 49
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    OECD Observer Roundtable: Making our climate objectives work (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/48f2db30-en
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  • 50
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    Bribes don’t pay (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/bf62f5b5-en
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  • 51
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    Citoyens, confiance et administration : trouver la bonne mesure (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe People, trust and government: Getting the measure
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/3c9601f6-fr
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  • 52
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    Sveikiname Lietuvą! (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Sveikiname Lietuvą
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/16a25c82-en
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  • 53
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    La coopération internationale est le plus sûr moyen de construire des politiques meilleures pour une vie meilleure (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe International co-operation is the surest means of building better policies for better lives
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/1ccbc5b7-fr
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  • 54
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    Better policies for SMEs to scale up and go global (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe De meilleures politiques pour dynamiser et mondialiser les PME
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/46baadee-en
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  • 55
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    Patient-centred policies must be centred on healthcare workers too (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/bec37ac0-en
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  • 56
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    Development: Some facts Hans Rosling taught us (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/f114d097-en
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  • 57
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    International co-operation is more important than ever (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/0091933b-en
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  • 58
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    Creative multilateralism: Stronger collaboration for all (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multilatéralisme créatif : une collaboration renforcée, pour tous
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/1cb3bea0-en
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  • 59
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    Small island, big threats (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/8e1cff04-en
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  • 60
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    Eurasia: Investing for the future (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/49ed177e-en
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  • 61
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    Improving life in France’s lower-income neighbourhoods (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Améliorer les conditions de vie dans les quartiers défavorisés en France
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/8fb68f16-en
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  • 62
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    OECD Observer Roundtable on local firms and automation (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/edb193aa-en
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  • 63
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    Globalisation: Time to level the playing field (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/9167dd67-en
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  • 64
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    Collective bargaining through the magnifying glass : a comparison between The Netherlands and Portugal (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 199
    Keywords: Tarifverhandlungen ; Vergleich ; Portugal ; Niederlande ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/06b8e7dd-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 65
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    Improving productivity and job quality of low-skilled workers in the United Kingdom (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1457
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Ungelernte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Soziale Mobilität ; Großbritannien ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: More than a quarter of adults in the United Kingdom have low basic skills, which has a negative impact on career prospects, job quality and productivity growth. Furthermore, unlike most other countries, young adults do not have stronger basic skills than the generation approaching retirement. The lack of skills development starts at young ages and continues in secondary education; despite a modest reduction in recent years, the educational attainment gap between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged students remains high. The low participation in lifelong learning of low-skilled individuals puts them at risk of falling behind in meeting the changing skill demands of the dynamic labour market. Ongoing reforms to the vocational education and training (VET) system and apprenticeship system should have a positive impact on low-skilled productivity, enabling students to gain the necessary basic skills and for workers to find quality jobs. Improving the targeting of active labour market policies, and ensuring that the ongoing increases in the national living wage are delivered in a sustainable way will also play an important role in improving job quality and reducing the high rate of youth neither employed or in education or training. Policy responses to the rise of non-standard work will also be essential in improving the job quality of the low-skilled.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/14dfd584-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 66
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    Saving, investment, capital stock and current account projections in long-term scenarios (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1461
    Keywords: Sparquote ; Kapitalstock ; Investition ; Leistungsbilanz ; Leistungsbilanz ; Szenariotechnik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper describes the framework used in long-term economic scenarios for the projection of the saving rate, investment, capital stock and current account. The saving rate is determined according to an estimated equation which suggests that demographics, captured by the old-age dependency rate and life expectancy, is a major driver, with additional effects from the fiscal balance, labour productivity growth, the net oil trade balance, the availability of credit and the level of social protection. The evolution of the business sector capital stock depends on the economy’s cyclical position, product market regulation, employment protection legislation and the user cost of capital, and may be constrained by current account deficits depending on the degree of capital account openness. Business sector investment is derived from the capital stock projection via the usual stock-flow identity. The public sector capital stock-to-output ratio is assumed to be constant in the baseline scenario, but a public investment shock can be simulated in alternative scenarios. The current account balance is obtained as the difference between national investment and saving, and in turn determines the evolution of the net international investment position. A global interest rate premium helps to bring global saving and investment into balance.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/aa519fc9-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 67
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    Basic income or a single tapering rule? : incentives, inclusiveness and affordability compared for the case of Finland (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1464
    Keywords: Sozialreform ; Grundeinkommen ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Finnland ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The combination of different working-age benefits, childcare costs and income taxation creates complexity, reduces work incentives and holds back employment. This paper compares Finland’s benefit system with two benefit reform scenarios: a uniform benefit for all (“basic income”) and a universal tapering rule (“universal credit”). The scenarios are modelled in the OECD TaxBen model and the TUJA microsimulation model. We find that replacing current benefits with a basic income would improve incentives for many, but with a drastic redistribution of income and likely increasing poverty as a result. Merging working-age benefits with similar aims and coordinating their tapering against earnings would on the other hand consistently improve work incentives and transparency, while preserving or improving social protection.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d8c0fbc4-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 68
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    GVCs and centrality : mapping key hubs, spokes and the periphery (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 12 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: global value chains ; international trade ; centrality ; network analysis ; input-outputtables ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses “centrality” metrics to reflect position with Global Value Chains (GVCs). Central sectors reflect those that are highly connected (both directly and indirectly) and influential within globalproduction networks, whereas peripheral sectors exhibit weak linkages and are less influential. Applying these metrics to OECD ICIO data, reveals there have been profound changes in the structure of GVCs over the period 1995-2011. Whilst some activities remain clustered around the same key hubs as was the case at the start of the period (e.g. motor vehicles), for others there have been dramatic changes in the geography of economic activity (e.g. IT manufacturing), whereas other activities have become more influential for value chains almost universally (e.g. IT services). Several emerging economies and their industries have become more central to global production networks. We find this is particularly true of most peripheral industries of Eastern European countries, with their growing importance coinciding with the timing of their EU accession. Asian value chains have also undergone substantial reorganisation. In particular, the centrality of Japanese industries has fallen from an initial position of being the key hub within Asian value chains and the bulk of this fall does not appear to be due to the decline in size of the Japanese economy over this period. This is in contrast with trends in foreign value added content of exports of these Japanese industries, which increased over the same time period, illustrating that the centrality measure does not seem to simply reflect features captured by existing GVC metrics.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d4a9bd6f-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 69
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    Credit mediation for SMEs (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 3
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Credit Review ; Financial Crisis ; Credit ; Credit Mediation ; SMEs ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the wake of the 2008-09 financial crisis, a number of European OECD countries introduced credit mediation schemes, as a new, often temporary mechanism to help ease access to finance by SMEs. This report investigates the nature of credit mediation and credit review schemes implemented in selected countries (i.e. Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland and Spain) in the aftermath of the financial crisis. The study focuses on regulatory frameworks and operational practices, and examines the reach of these schemes and their effectiveness in easing access to finance for credit-constrained firms, on the basis of monitoring and evaluations conducted at the country level. The report also presents new framework initiatives, such as the Appeals Process in the United Kingdom, intended to improve the transparency and effectiveness of appeals to SME credit rejection.
    DOI: 10.1787/24072c0d-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 70
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    2018 OECD Ministerial Conference on SMEs : key issues paper (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 7
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Productivity ; SMEs ; Government Policy and Regulation ; Entrepreneurship ; Inclusive Growth ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: SMEs are key to strengthening productivity, delivering more inclusive growth and adapting to the major transformations of our time. SMEs that grow have a considerable positive impact on employment creation, innovation, productivity growth and competitiveness. While the population of SMEs is very diverse, innovation and scale-up are at the reach of many SMEs. Digital technologies and global value chains offer new opportunities for SMEs to participate in the global economy, innovate and grow. However, SMEs are lagging behind in the digital transition and are disproportionately affected by market failures, trade barriers, policy inefficiencies and the quality of institutions. A conducive business environment, is essential to incentivise risk-taking and experimentation by entrepreneurs, and foster business growth potential. Access to entrepreneurship competencies, management and workforce skills, technology, innovation, and networks, is also critical to enable SME growth. A cross-cutting approach to SME policy can enhance SME contributions to inclusive growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/90c8823c-en
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 71
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    Automation, skills use and training (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 125 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 202
    Keywords: Automatisierung ; Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study focuses on the risk of automation and its interaction with training and the use of skills at work. Building on the expert assessment carried out by Carl Frey and Michael Osborne in 2013, the paper estimates the risk of automation for individual jobs based on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). The analysis improves on other international estimates of the individual risk of automation by using a more disaggregated occupational classification and identifying the same automation bottlenecks emerging from the experts’ discussion. Hence, it more closely aligns to the initial assessment of the potential automation deriving from the development of Machine Learning. Furthermore, this study investigates the same methodology using national data from Germany and United Kingdom, providing insights into the robustness of the results. The risk of automation is estimated for the 32 OECD countries that have participated in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) so far. Beyond the share of jobs likely to be significantly disrupted by automation of production and services, the accent is put on characteristics of these jobs and the characteristics of the workers who hold them. The risk is also assessed against the use of ICT at work and the role of training in helping workers transit to new career opportunities.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2e2f4eea-en
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  • 72
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    Faces of joblessness in Estonia : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 206
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Estland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Estonia either did not work or only to a limited extent. By 2013, several years after the start of the labour-market recovery, 18% were still without employment during the entire year, and a further 13% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how the empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Estonia were low skill levels, health limitations and limited work experience. Financial disincentives, care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall, although important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that almost one third of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/6d9cd656-en
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  • 73
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    Inequalities in household wealth across OECD countries : evidence from the OECD wealth distribution database (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2018, 1
    Keywords: Vermögensverteilung ; Privater Haushalt ; Datenbank ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes how household wealth is distributed in 28 OECD countries, based on evidence from the second wave of the OECD Wealth Distribution Database. A number of general patterns emerge from these data. First, wealth concentration is twice the level of income inequality: across the 28 OECD countries covered, the wealthiest 10% of households hold, on average, 52% of total household wealth, while the 60% least wealthy households own little over 12%. Second, up to a quarter of all households report negative net worth (i.e. liabilities exceeding the value of their assets) in a number of countries. In addition, some countries feature large shares of households with high levels of debt relative to both their incomes and the assets that they hold; this potentially exposes such households to significant risks in the event of changes in asset prices or falls of their income. Third, more than one in three people are economically vulnerable, as they lack liquid financial assets to maintain a poverty-level living standard for at least three months. Fourth, one in three households has received some gift or bequest in their life, with this share being considerably larger among high income and high wealth households. The paper also describes changes in wealth distribution since the Great Recession among the sub-set of countries for which repeated observations are available in the OECD Wealth Distribution Database. Finally, the paper discusses a number of methodological challenges, notably on how to better account for the top end of the wealth distribution.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/7e1bf673-en
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  • 74
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    Faces of joblessness in Italy : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 208
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Italien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Italy either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 32% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 7% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates the use of these empirical results to inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Italy were limited work experience, low education and skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health limitations and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that more than half of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e5d510c2-en
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  • 75
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    The SME ombudsman : international profile and a policy proposal for Mexico (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 5
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: SME ; ombudsman ; Mexico ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ombudsmen in OECD countries have a tradition which dates back to the 1960s. However, the establishment of SME-dedicated ombudsmen is a more recent trend which has developed along three main models: redress model; clearing house model; and advocacy model. Countries interested in introducing an SME ombudsman are, therefore, faced with an important choice about which model is most relevant to them. For countries which already have in place an effective legal reparation system, a redress-type of SME ombudsman office may result in an institutional overlap with other government offices with similar responsibilities. The advocacy model and the clearing-house model are, on the other hand, particularly relevant to countries where SMEs have not been at the top of the policy agenda and, as a result, business regulations have not been particularly sensitive to the needs of SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/b07afd3d-en
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  • 76
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    Mechanics of replacing benefits systems with a basic income : comparative results from a microsimulation approach (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 201
    Keywords: Soziale Sicherheit ; Grundeinkommen ; Mikrosimulation ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent debates of basic income (BI) proposals shine a useful spotlight on the challenges that traditional forms of income support are increasingly facing, and highlight gaps in social provisions that largely depend on income or employment status. A universal “no questions asked” public transfer would be simple and have the advantage that no-one would be left without support. But an unconditional payment to everyone at meaningful but fiscally realistic levels would likely require tax rises as well as reductions in existing benefits. We develop a comprehensive BI scenario that facilitates an assessment of the resulting fiscal and distributional effects in a comparative context, undertake a microsimulation study to quantify them, and propose a simple decomposition to identify the mechanisms that drive effects in different country contexts. Results illustrate the challenges, but also the strengths, of existing social protection systems. A BI would fix benefit coverage gaps that exist in many countries, but would require very substantial tax rises if it were to be set at a meaningful level. As support would not be targeted on those most in need, it would not be a cost-effective way of directly reducing income poverty.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/ec38a279-en
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  • 77
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    Limits to government debt sustainability in middleincome countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1493
    Keywords: Governance-Ansatz ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Staatsbankrott ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of structural characteristics on debt limits of middle income countries. Two equations relate the probability of default to the interest rate. First, the probability of default is estimated with a logit model. Second, the assumption of non-arbitrage opportunity on the sovereign bond market relates the interest rate, the probability of default and the recovery rate. This model leads to three situations: a single and stable solution at low debt, multiple equilibria with stable and unstable solutions at intermediate debt, and a single solution with dissuasively high risk-premium beyond a debt threshold: this defines the debt limit. It reflects the empirical evidence on default determinants: it increases with perceived government effectiveness, the export to GDP ratio and the expected recovery rate and decreases with the commodity export to GDP ratio, the size of growth shocks, the share of defaults in neighbouring countries, the risk-free rate and investors’ risk aversion. Debt limits are highly sensitive to the expected recovery rate, reflecting the importance of credibility. The multiple equilibria case illustrates the risk of self-fulfilling crises: interest rate shocks can trigger the default below the debt limit.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/deed4df6-en
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  • 78
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    Stabilising the euro area through unemployment benefits re-insurance scheme (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1497
    Keywords: Wirtschaftspolitik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Lohnersatzleistungen ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Rückversicherung ; Rückversicherung ; Eurozone ; 2000 - 2016 ; Economics ; Euro Area ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper examines the possible design and macroeconomic stabilisation properties of a euro area unemployment benefits re-insurance scheme using annual historical data from 2000 to 2016. The scheme we propose is similar in some aspects to the recent proposals, including the IMF’s paper on the central fiscal capacity, while preserving important re-insurance characteristics, such as experience rating and caps on cumulative balances. Counterfactual simulations for individual euro area countries suggest that the scheme, at the cost of average annual contributions of 0.17% of national GDP, could have (i) provided additional macroeconomic stabilisation in the financial crisis of 2009-2013, both at the euro area level and at the level of individual countries hit by the crisis, and (ii) avoided permanent transfers among countries.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/6ab5edd0-en
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  • 79
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    Boosting productivity and preparing for the future of work in Germany (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1502
    Keywords: Automatisierung ; Digitalisierung ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Unternehmensgründung ; Unternehmensgründung ; Selbstständige ; Deutschland ; Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews policies to strengthen Germany’s productivity growth and prepare for changes in labour markets brought about by new technologies. This paper also discusses how social protection and the bargaining framework should be reformed for the future of work. Germany enjoys a relatively high labour productivity level but productivity growth has been modest in recent years. There is room to boost productivity growth by accelerating the diffusion of new technologies throughout the economy. Vigorous entrepreneurship and innovation by small and medium enterprises are key for such technology diffusion while strong broadband and mobile networks widen the scope of data-intensive technologies that can be exploited to increase productivity. Widespread use of new technologies will bring about significant changes in skill demand and work arrangements. As in many countries, Germany saw a decline in the share of middle-skilled jobs in employment. A relatively high share of jobs is expected to be automated or undergo significant changes in task contents as a result of technological change. New technologies are also likely to increase individuals engaging in new forms of work, such as gig work intermediated by digital platforms. Such workers are less covered by public social safety nets such as unemployment insurance than regular employment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/df877b3e-en
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  • 80
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    Boosting investment in Greece (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1506
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Griechenland ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Aggregate investment has declined markedly over the crisis and has yet to recover. Reviving domestic and foreign investment is crucial to supporting the economic recovery, deepen Greece’s integration into global value chains and raising living standards. This will hinge primarily on improving the business environment, by lifting barriers to product market competition and enhancing the quality of regulation. Other key policies involve fully implementing the recent insolvency reforms, building an innovation system, overcoming problems in the banking sector and enhancing the quality of public investment through a long-term strategy. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Greece. (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-greece.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/53961c92-en
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  • 81
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    Enhancing dynamism in SMEs and entrepreneurship in Korea (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1510
    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensgründung ; Digitalisierung ; Innovationssystem ; Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Risikokapital ; Business Angels ; Technologiepark ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Insolvenz ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Making SMEs and start-ups a driver of growth and job creation requires a number of policies to improve the performance of SMEs, whose labour productivity in the manufacturing sector has fallen to less than a third of that in large companies. The large-scale support for SMEs should shift from supporting the survival of firms to raising productivity. Measures to accelerate SMEs' take-up of new technology and increase their participation in international trade would boost productivity and inclusive growth. Given the chronic labour shortages facing SMEs, reforming the education system to reduce labour market mismatch is a priority. Relaxing the regulatory burden and government control would allow innovative SMEs to create new products and services. Entrepreneurship is lagging, reflecting a higher fear of failure and a lack of skills in Korea. Upgrading entrepreneurship education and lowering the personal costs faced by entrepreneurs who fail would be beneficial. A greater role for venture capital, in part by activating the M&A market to allow investors to recuperate their funds, would encourage firm creation. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/ced4b0e9-en
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  • 82
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    Strengthening innovation in Poland (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1479
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Hochschulpolitik ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Polen ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland’s catch up with other OECD country has been largely based on productivity growth resulting from restructuring towards more productive sectors and foreign technology absorption. The economy’s own innovation capacity is relatively weak, with low investment in research and development, no tradition of commercialising research and very limited innovation activity within firms. The government plans a higher education reform to strengthen the quality of research output, science-industry cooperation and international collaboration, which are all weak. Considerable EU funding is available to support innovation. Most of it is conditioned on science-industry co-operation, which is showing initial benefits. A lively start-up scene is gradually emerging, and the government foresees considerable public support for venture capital financing. Yet, investment in higher education and research trails behind economies that have been able to build strong science and high-tech start-up activity. Poland’s many small and medium-sized enterprises have particularly low productivity, partly related to weaknesses in vocational training and adult education, as too many workers have weak basic and digital skills. The government's education reform and digital strategy address some of these issues.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/abf2c877-en
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  • 83
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    Tackling child poverty in Korea (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 219
    Keywords: Kinderarmut ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper compares the situation of children in Korea relative to other OECD countries in terms of child poverty and well-being. First, trends in child poverty and living standards are described. An overview of key internationally available indicators of child well-being is also provided. The paper discusses the observed poverty trends in relation to social protection programs and to policies implemented to support families. Some priorities for action to make the alleviation of child poverty more effective are discussed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e27ce3a7-en
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  • 84
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    Patterns of firm level productivity in Ireland (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 15 (September 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Firm level productivity ; labour productivity ; multifactor productivity ; productivity distribution ; productivity dispersion ; MultiProd ; productivity frontier ; resource allocation ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity is the ultimate driver of sustainable increases in living standards. While Ireland is a high productivity country, it has not been immune from the global productivity slowdown, with the pace of growth on a downward trend throughout the 2000s. Little research has been carried out as to the determinants behind the productivity slowdown in Ireland, and even less so with microdata. To fill the gap, we use a firm-level panel dataset based on production surveys from Ireland’s national statistics office, together with the OECD MultiProd model, in order to identify productivity patterns and trends distributed by percentile, sector, ownership, as well as measures of the efficiency of resource allocation. Our results show a widening of the productivity gap between the most and least productive firms, with the majority of firms experiencing a decline in productivity since the mid-2000s, and also confirm that aggregate results are driven by the impact of foreign dominated sectors, with foreign firms typically larger and more productive. These results are significant in terms of enterprise policy and featured prominently in the OECD’s 2018 Economic Survey of Ireland.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/1a04730d-en
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  • 85
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    The potential macroeconomic and sectoral consequences of Brexit on Ireland (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1508
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Branchenentwicklung ; Brexit ; EU-Mitgliedschaft ; EU-Staaten ; CGE-Modell ; Irland ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of the potential effects on exports, imports, production, factor demand and GDP in Ireland of an exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), focusing on trade and FDI channels. Owing to the high uncertainty regarding the final trade agreement between the negotiating parties, the choice has been made to assume a worst-case outcome where trade relations between the United Kingdom and EU are governed by World Trade Organization (WTO) most favoured nation (MFN) rules. In doing so, it provides something close to an upper bound estimate of the negative economic impact taking into account the potential for some firms to relocate to Ireland. Any final trade agreement that would result in closer relationships between the United Kingdom and the EU could reduce this negative impact. The simulations use two large-scale models: a global macroeconomic model (NiGEM) and a general equilibrium trade model (METRO). These models are used to quantify, both at the macroeconomic and the sectoral level, two key channels through which Ireland would be affected: trade and foreign direct investment. The simulation results highlight that the negative effect on trade could result in Ireland's GDP falling by 1½ per cent in the medium-term and around 2½ per cent in the long-term. The impacts are highly heterogeneous across sectors. Agriculture, food, and some smaller manufacturing sectors experience the largest declines in total gross exports at over 15%. By contrast, financial services exports increase slightly. The modelling suggests that any positive offsetting impact to the trade shock from increased inward FDI to Ireland is likely to be modest.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e930967b-en
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  • 86
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    Productivity spillovers from multinational activity to local firms in Ireland (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 16 (November 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Foreign direct investment ; productivity spillovers ; absorptive capacity ; Environment ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As well as their direct effects on output and employment, the attraction of foreign direct investment is sometimes argued to provide further economic benefits through spillover effects that potentially increase the productivity performance of domestic firms. Empirical evidence on these indirect effects has however tended to be mixed. This paper uses Irish firm-level data on both manufacturing and services firms to re-examine and update evidence on intra-industry and intra-region spillovers and then extends the previous research by examining if spillovers are more likely to occur through supply chain linkages. In addition, we consider the heterogeneity of investors and allow the spillover effects to differ for foreign affiliates owned by EU and non-EU based parent companies. Finally, we examine the role of domestic firms’ absorptive capacity in conditioning the effects of spillovers from multinationals on their productivity. Overall, we find limited evidence or a negative link between the presence of foreign-owned firms and the productivity of domestic firms in the same industry or the same region. Examining forward and backward linkages through supply chains indicates that on average, selling to foreign-owned firms had a positive effect while buying from foreign owned firms had a negative effect on the average productivity of domestic firms. Finally, considering the absorptive capacity of domestic firms and allowing the spillover effects to differ depending on the origin of the parent companies, we find that the positive productivity spillovers come from supply chain linkages between domestic firms investing in R&D and foreign affiliates of multinationals with headquarters based outside the EU.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/58619717-en
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  • 87
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    Cyclical vs structural effects on health care expenditure trends in OECD countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1507
    Keywords: 1996 - 2013 ; Konjunktur ; Strukturwandel ; Gesundheitskosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Health care expenditure per person, after accounting for changes in overall price levels, began to slow in many OECD countries in the early-to-mid 2000s, well before the economic and fiscal crisis. Using available estimates from the OECD’s System of Health Accounts (SHA) database, we explore common trends in health care expenditure since 1996 in a set of 22 OECD countries. We assess the extent to which the trends observed are the results of cyclical economic influences, and the respective contributions of changes in relative prices, health care volumes and coverage to the slowdown in health care expenditure growth. Our analysis suggests that cyclical factors may account for a little less than one half of the estimated slowdown in health care spending since the crisis, suggesting that structural changes have contributed to the trends. Before the crisis the slowdown in health care expenditure growth was accounted for by health care prices growing less than general prices and a reduction in care volumes, whereas the latter accounts for most of the steeper deceleration after the crisis. Although both privately and publically financed health care expenditure grew at a reduced pace during the study period, the sharp post-crisis deceleration happened mostly in the public component. When examined by function, the slowdown in publicly-financed expenditure has been largest in curative and rehabilitative care (particularly after the crisis) and in medical goods (especially pharmaceuticals), whereas the deceleration in the privately financed component is largely in medical goods (including pharmaceuticals). We conclude that structural changes in publicly financed health care have constrained the growth of care volumes (especially) and prices leading to a marked reduction in health care expenditure growth rates, beyond what could be expected based on cyclical economic fluctuations. We examine a range of government policies enacted in a selection of OECD countries that likely contributed to the structural changes observed in our analysis.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/27b11444-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 88
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    Child poverty in the OECD : trends, determinants and policies to tackle it (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 130 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 218
    Keywords: Kinderarmut ; Armutsbekämpfung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main trends in child income poverty since the mid-2000s, and explores to what extent child poverty trends are linked to demographic, policy and/or labour market changes. Trends in poverty and the standard of living of children in low-income families since the onset of the Great Recession are also closely examined: nearly 1 in 7 children is income-poor in the OECD, and child poverty increased in almost two/thirds of OECD countries with the Great Recession. About 1 in 10 children across the OECD live in a family with a standard of living below the 2005 poverty line. Children in low-income families experienced a decline in their standard of living in many countries, with the largest decline among families with the smallest incomes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/c69de229-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 89
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    Measuring the impact of businesses on people's well-being and sustainability : taking stock of existing frameworks and initiatives (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2018, 8
    Keywords: Lebensqualität ; Messung ; Unternehmen ; Nachhaltigkeitsbericht ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Businesses have a significant impact on people’s economic and social conditions, as well as on environmental outcomes. This paper presents an overview of the various kinds of initiatives aimed at measuring or reporting on business’ impact, or certain aspects of it. It shows that despite the proliferation of information and frameworks to measure these impacts, there is currently no common understanding and practice on how to assess the performance of businesses in different social and environmental areas. Building on the OECD’s work on measuring well-being at the national level, the paper aims at better understanding how businesses can impact people’s well-being and sustainability. It contributes to, and complements, other initiatives undertaken by the OECD on responsible business conduct and inclusive growth. This analysis is a first attempt at extending to businesses the approach used by the Organisation to assess and benchmark the well-being performance of countries and sub-national regions, in view of creating a common language and improving the quality, comparability, and coherence of information on the impact of businesses on societal progress and people’s life.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/51837366-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 90
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    Diversity statistics in the OECD : how do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2018, 9
    Keywords: Ethnische Vielfalt ; Indigene Völker ; Mobilität ; Lebensqualität ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity can help render certain minorities statistically visible, and expose potential discrimination and inequalities. This paper systematically reviews diversity data collection practices in OECD countries and selected key partners and identifies three common challenges: the legal treatment of ‘sensitive’ data and concerns around privacy; the use of different data sources for different policy purposes; and issues of comparability over time since identities are dynamic and multiple constructs. When relevant, recommendations and best practices to improve diversity data are put forward. These include: expanding the collection of data on ethnic and racial identities where legal frameworks permit; ensuring the representation of hard-to-reach populations such as indigenous communities; developing national diversity statistical standards to standardise information and allow linking data across sources; raising the timeliness and policy relevance of diversity data by including questions in both regular sample surveys and population censuses; and involving communities in the data collection process.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/89bae654-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 91
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    Sveikiname Lietuvą (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Sveikiname Lietuvą!
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/88feaa48-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 92
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    Better prospects for indigenous students (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/57127a9c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 93
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    Priming up for primary school (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/1f7c2572-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 94
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    Trappes : Visite au cœur de la communauté (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trappes: A visit to the heart of a community
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; France
    DOI: 10.1787/f61a4b3a-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 95
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    La course à l’excellence dans la publication scientifique (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The race for excellence in scientific publishing
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/cdf3960c-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
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    Online Resource
    De meilleures politiques pour dynamiser et mondialiser les PME (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Better policies for SMEs to scale up and go global
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/3531e2fc-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 97
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    Il faut soutenir la révolution scientifique africaine (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe It’s time to foster Africa’s science revolution
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/28fb2345-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 98
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    Online Resource
    Our health systems must put people at the centre (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/eb4efe21-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 99
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    Water and climate: From risk management to investment opportunity (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/dd883cf5-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 100
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    Healthcare systems: Tackling waste to boost resources (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/f5719ebb-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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