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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (731)
  • GRASSI Mus. Leipzig  (4)
  • 2010-2014  (734)
  • 1975-1979  (10)
  • Amtsdruckschrift  (735)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Annual report / Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Information (from 1974-)
    [Ottawa] ; Nachgewiesen 1974 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0384-2479
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1974 -
    Former Title: Annual report of the Government of the Northwest Territories
    Former Title: Rapport annuel du Gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Quest
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Northwest Territories ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Text engl. u. franz
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Bulletin of the GeoSpatial Information Authority of Japan : = Kokudo Chiriin hōkoku (from 1980-)
    Tsukuba : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 24.1980 - 25.1981; 26.[1982]; 27.1982 -
    Details
    Author, Corporation: 国土地理院
    ISSN: 2185-3681 , 2436-7419 , 2436-7419
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 24.1980 - 25.1981; 26.[1982]; 27.1982 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kokudo Chiriin (Tsukuba) Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute
    Former Title: Vorg. Kokudo Chiriin (Tokio) Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute
    Former Title: Daraus hervorgeg. Chikyū jiki kansoku hōkoku Mizusawa Kanosan
    Former Title: Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Japan ; Wirtschaftsgeographie ; Landkarte ; Theorie ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Beteil. Körp. 25.1981: Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safety Agency; bis 46.2000: Ministry of Construction, Japan; 47.2001 - 54.2006: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan , Jg.26 fälschlich als 1981 bez. , Titel engl. u. japan., Text engl.
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Demografijai solonai Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston : = Demografičeskij ežegodnik Respubliki Tadžikistan (from 2008-)
    Dušanbe : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 2006(2008) -
    Details
    Language: Tajik , Russian
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2006(2008) -
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Tadschikistan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Urh. bis 2009: Kumitai Davlatii Omori Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston , In kyrill. Schr.; Text tadschik. u. russ.
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Trends in social cohesion (from 2010-)
    Strasbourg : Council of Europe Publ. ; 21.2010 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 21.2010 -
    Former Title: Hervorg. aus Tendances de la cohésion sociale
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Barūjchatgirii aḩolī va fondi manzili Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston dar soli 2010 : = Perepisʹ naselenija i žiliščnogo fonda Respubliki Tadžikistan 2010 goda (2012-)
    Dušanbe
    Details
    ISBN: 9789994737215
    Language: Tajik , Russian
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. Barūjchatgirii aḩolī va fondi manzili Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston dar soli 2010
    Keywords: 2010 ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Volkszählung ; Tadschikistan ; Tajikistan Census, 2010 ; Tajikistan Statistics Population ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur
    Note: In kyrill. Schr., tadschikisch und russ.
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    Book
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    FAO forestry paper (from 1977-)
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1020-6450 , 1014-2894 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    Additional Information: 13=1960/77; 18=1960/78; 23=1961/80 usw. von Forest products prices Rome : FAO, 1979 0258-6150
    Additional Information: 14=2 von Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests (ZDB) Technical report of FAO Austria Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests Rome : FAO, 1976
    Additional Information: 140=2000; 147=2005; 163=2010 von Global forest resources assessment Rome : FAO, 2001
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO FAO forestry paper
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Forstwirtschaft ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    Weltkulturen Museum
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Environmental performance reviews series (from 1996-)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : United Nations ; 1.1996 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1020-4563 , 2412-107X
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1996 -
    Series Statement: United Nations publication
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Environmental performance reviews series
    Former Title: Environmental performance reviews
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Welt ; Environmental policy ; Environmental policy International cooperation ; Environmental protection ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Zhong guo nong cun tong ji nian jian : = China rural statistical yearbook (from 1986-)
    Bei jing : Zhong guo tong ji chu ban she ; 1985(1986) -
    Details
    Title: 中国农村统计年鉴
    Publisher: 北京 : 中国统计出版社
    Language: Chinese
    Dates of Publication: 1985(1986) -
    Former Title: Rural statistical yearbook of China
    Former Title: Zhongguo-nongcun-tongji-nianjian
    DDC: 630
    Keywords: Ländliche Wirtschaft ; China ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: 1987; 2000 - 2002 ohne Parallelsacht , Urh. 1986: Guo jia tong ji ju nong ye tong ji si, 1987 - 1993?: Guo jia tong ji ju nong cun she hui jing ji tong ji si , Ersch. jährl. , Text chinesisch
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Legislative study (from 1971-)
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1971 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1014-6679
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1971 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO legislative study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Etude législative
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Estudio legislativo
    Former Title: Legislative studies
    Former Title: FAO legislative study
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Einige Nr. nicht ersch
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    FAO forestry paper (from 1977-)
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1020-6450 , 1014-2894 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    Additional Information: 13=1960/77; 18=1960/78; 23=1961/80 usw. von Forest products prices Rome : FAO, 1979 0258-6150
    Additional Information: 14=2 von Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests (ZDB) Technical report of FAO Austria Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests Rome : FAO, 1976
    Additional Information: 140=2000; 147=2005; 163=2010 von Global forest resources assessment Rome : FAO, 2001
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO FAO forestry paper
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Forstwirtschaft ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    Weltkulturen Museum
    BSZ
    GBV
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    South Africa yearbook (from 1974-)
    Pretoria : GCIS | Johannesburg : Perskor Print. | Pretoria : South African Communication Service ; 1.1974 - 12.1986; 13.1987/88 - 15.1989/90; [N.S.] 1=17.1991/92 - 3=19.1993; [3.Ser.] Ed. 1.1994 - 6.1999; 7.2000/01(2000) - 10.2003/04(2003); 12.2004/05(2004) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0302-0681 , 1022-9515 , 0302-0681 , 0302-0681
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1974 - 12.1986; 13.1987/88 - 15.1989/90; [N.S.] 1=17.1991/92 - 3=19.1993; [3.Ser.] Ed. 1.1994 - 6.1999; 7.2000/01(2000) - 10.2003/04(2003); 12.2004/05(2004) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südafrika Suid-Afrika
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südafrika South Africa yearbook
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südafrika South Africa yearbook
    Former Title: Vorg. Südafrika Official yearbook of the Union and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland
    Former Title: South Africa
    Former Title: Official yearbook
    Former Title: Yearbook
    Former Title: Official yearbook of the Republic of South Africa
    DDC: 910
    RVK:
    AE 67906
    RVK:
    QG 710
    RVK:
    RS 74006
    RVK:
    RS 74053
    RVK:
    RS 60053
    Keywords: Südafrika ; Gebietskörperschaft ; Regionalforschung ; Geografie ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Innenpolitik ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Handbuch ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Südafrika
    Note: 1.1974 auch als International ed. bez , Urh. anfangs: South African Department of Information; bis 15.1989/90: Department of Foreign Affairs; bis [3.Ser.] 4.1997: South African Communication Service , Anfangs teils ohne Zählung; 11 in d. Zählung übersprungen , Ersch. 1991/92 - 1993 als engl.-sprachige, gekürzte Ausg.
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Arab human development report (from 2002-)
    New York, NY : United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States ; 1.2002-6 (2016) [?] ; 2022-
    Details
    ISSN: 1992-7622 , 2520-2189 , 2520-2189
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2002-6 (2016) [?] ; 2022-
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Taqrīr at-tanmīya al-insānīya al-ʿarabīya li-l-ʿām ...
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arab human development report ...
    Former Title: The Arab human development report
    RVK:
    QR 810
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Sozialer Indikator ; Lebensqualität ; Humankapital ; Arabische Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Arabien ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Araber ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Araber ; Entwicklung
    Note: Zusatz wechselt , Urh. bis 4.2005: United Nations Development Programme, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development , Teils ohne Zählung; Zählung aus dem Vorwort oder dem Text
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Nigeria official handbook (from 1970-)
    Lagos : Production Dep., Federal Ministry of Information & Culture ; 1.1970 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1970 -
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Nigeria ; Länderbericht ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Handbuch ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Secondary industries (from 1961-)
    Port Moresby | Konedobu ; Nachgewiesen 1961 - 1963; 6.1964 - 8.1966; 9.1966/67 - 12.1969/70: 1970/71 - 1976/77(1979); 1978(1981) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0078-933X , 0078-5377
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1961 - 1963; 6.1964 - 8.1966; 9.1966/67 - 12.1969/70: 1970/71 - 1976/77(1979); 1978(1981) -
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Produktionsstatistik ; Papua-Neuguinea ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Beteil. Körp. bis 1976/77: Papua New Guinea, Bureau of Statistics
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 15
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Ḩisobḩoi millii Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston : maǵmūai omorī = Nacionalʹnye sčeta Respubliki Tadžikistan : statističeskij sbornik (from 2010-)
    Dušanbe : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 2010 -
    Details
    Language: Tajik , Russian
    Dates of Publication: 2010 -
    Former Title: Vorg. Nišondiḩandaḩoi asosii sistemai ḩisobi millj
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Tadschikistan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.; Text tadschik. u. russ.
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 16
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Tendances de la cohésion sociale (from 2002-)
    Strasbourg : Ed. du Conseil de l'Europe ; Nr. 1.2002 -
    Details
    Language: French
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.2002 -
    Former Title: Trends in social Cohesion
    Subsequent Title: Daraus hervorgeg. Trends in social cohesion
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Bis 20.2009 zweisprachige Ausg. mit Titelbl. in beiden Sprachen
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 17
    Book
    Book
    Kyrgyzstan 1999 : pervaja nacionalʹnaja perepisʹ naselenija (2000-)
    Biškek
    Details
    Language: Russian
    Keywords: 1999 ; Kirgisistan ; Volkszählung ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Statistik ; Kirgisien ; Volkszählung ; Geschichte 1999
    Note: In kyrill. Schr., russ.
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    Book
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Azärbaycanın regionları (from 2001-)
    Bakı : "Säda" ; 2001 -
    Details
    Language: Azerbaijani
    Dates of Publication: 2001 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aserbaidschan. Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi Azärbaycanın regionları
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Regionalstatistik ; Aserbaidschan ; Azerbaijan ; Statistics ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Aserbaidschan
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 19
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social policy and development : = Política social y desarrollo = Politique sociale et développement (from 2000-)
    Geneva ; 1.2000 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1020-8208
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.2000 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social policy and development
    Former Title: Política social y desarrollo
    Former Title: Politique sociale et développement
    Former Title: Política social e desenvolvimento
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Reihenfolge zwischen Hauptsacht. u. Parallelsacht. wechselt , Überw. in engl., teils in span., franz. o. portug. Sprache ersch.
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 20
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri : = Statistical yearbook of Azerbaijan (from 1994-)
    Baku ; Nachgewiesen 1994 -
    Details
    Language: Azerbaijani , English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1994 -
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. Aserbaidschan Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Aserbaidschan Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri
    Former Title: Vorg. Narodnoe chozjajstvo Azerbajdžanskoj SSR
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Statistik ; Aserbaidschan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Text aserbaidschan. u. engl.
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 21
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Warenverzeichnis für die Aussenhandelsstatistik (from 1952-)
    Köln : Reguvis Fachmedien GmbH | Stuttgart : Kohlhammer | Stuttgart : Metzler-Poeschel | Wiesbaden : Statistisches Bundesamt ; 1951(1952) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0072-4106
    Language: German
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1951(1952) -
    Series Statement: Bis 1962: Der Aussenhandel der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Series Statement: 1963 - 1989: Systematische Verzeichnisse / Statistisches Bundesamt
    Series Statement: 1990 - 1992[?]: Gütersystematik / Statistisches Bundesamt
    Series Statement: Teils: DeStatis
    Series Statement: wissen, nutzen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Warenverzeichnis für die Außenhandelsstatistik
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Warenverzeichnis für die Außenhandelsstatistik
    Former Title: Vorg. Statistisches Warenverzeichnis für den Außenhandel
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    PP 7131
    RVK:
    PP 8600
    RVK:
    RB 10738
    RVK:
    QM 200
    RVK:
    PN 762
    Keywords: Außenhandelsstatistik ; Produktklassifikation ; Deutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Warenverzeichnis für die Außenhandelsstatistik ; Außenhandel ; Warenverzeichnis ; Außenhandel ; Warenverzeichnis
    Note: 1951 ersch. als Losebl.-Ausg , Ungezählte Beil.: Erg.-Bd , Anfangs unregelmäßig, später jährl.
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    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 22
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Statistisches Jahrbuch Thüringen (from 1991-)
    Erfurt : TLS ; 1991; Ausg. 1.1993 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-0619
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1991; Ausg. 1.1993 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thüringen Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thüringen Statistisches Jahrbuch Thüringen
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch für Thüringen
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Thüringen ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Thüringen ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Thüringen ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Beteil. Körp. 1991: Statistisches Landesamt Thüringen i.G , Ersch. jährlich.
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  • 23
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Zhong guo tong ji nian jian : = China statistical yearbook (from 1982-)
    Bei jing : Zhong guo tong ji chu ban she ; 1981(1982) - 1996; 16.1997 -
    Details
    Title: 中国统计年鉴
    Author, Corporation: 中国
    Publisher: 北京 : 中国统计出版社
    ISSN: 0255-6766
    Language: Chinese , English
    Dates of Publication: 1981(1982) - 1996; 16.1997 -
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe China Statistical yearbook of China
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China Zhong guo tong ji nian jian
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China. Guo jia tong ji ju Zhong guo tong ji nian jian
    Former Title: Engl. Ausg. u. darin aufgeg. China China statistical yearbook
    Former Title: Chung-kuo t'ung-chi nien-chien
    Former Title: Statistical yearbook of China
    Former Title: Zhongguo-tongji-nianjian
    RVK:
    PO 8024
    Keywords: Statistik ; China ; Gesellschaft ; Binnenwirtschaft ; Volksrepublik China Gesellschaft ; Binnenwirtschaft ; China ; Graue Literatur ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; China ; China ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Jahrbuch ; China
    Note: Anfangs ohne Parallelsacht , Erscheint jährlich , Herausgeber bis 36 (2017): Zhong hua ren min gong he guo guo jia tong ji ju bian , Text chines. u. engl. ab 1994
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unternehmen Region (2004-)
    Bonn : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 2004 -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Unternehmen Region
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Regionalpolitik ; Ostdeutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 02.09.2022
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2324886-5
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    Online Resource
    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 25
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Statistisches Jahrbuch / Berlin (from 1991-2020)
    Berlin : Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH | Berlin : Kulturbuch-Verl. | Berlin : Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg | Berlin : edition q im be.bra verlag GmbH ; 1991-2020
    Details
    ISSN: 2747-4585
    Language: German
    Pages: 22 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1991-2020
    Additional Information: Supplement Berlin. Statistisches Landesamt Veröffentlichungen des Statistischen Landesamtes Berlin
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berlin Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berlin Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Berlin Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vereinigung von Berlin (West) Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vereinigung von Berlin (Ost) Statistisches Jahrbuch Berlin (Ost)
    DDC: 310
    RVK:
    QG 240
    RVK:
    QA 10000
    Keywords: Statistik ; Berlin ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Berlin ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Berlin ; Berlin ; Geschichte 1990-
    Note: Beteil. Körp. bis 2006: Statistisches Landesamt Berlin
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  • 26
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Statistisches Jahrbuch / Brandenburg (from 1992-2020)
    Berlin : Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH | Potsdam : Landesbetrieb für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik | Potsdam : Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik | Berlin : Kulturbuch-Verl. | Potsdam : Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg | Berlin : edition q im be.bra verlag ; [1.]1991(1992) - 14.2004; [15.]2005; 16.2006 - 17.2007 ; 2008-2020
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 22 cm
    Dates of Publication: [1.]1991(1992) - 14.2004; [15.]2005; 16.2006 - 17.2007 ; 2008-2020
    Series Statement: Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brandenburg Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brandenburg Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vorg. Demografisches Jahrbuch
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Brandenburg ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Brandenburg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Brandenburg ; Statistik
    Note: Fortgesetzt als Online-Ausgabe , Beteil. Körp. bis 11.2001: Landesbetrieb für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik, Potsdam; 12.2002 - 16.2006: Land Brandenburg, Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik; Urh.-Bez. anfangs: Land Brandenburg , Ersch. jährl.
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  • 27
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Statistisches Jahrbuch / Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (from 1992-2020)
    Schwerin : Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Schwerin : Statistisches Landesamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1.1991(1992); [2.]1992(1993) - [4.]1994(1995); 5.1995 - 14.2004; 2005-2020
    Details
    ISSN: 0949-3379
    Language: German
    Pages: 21 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1991(1992); [2.]1992(1993) - [4.]1994(1995); 5.1995 - 14.2004; 2005-2020
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vorg. u. CD-ROM-Ausg. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch ... für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Statistik
    Note: Fortgesetzt als Online-Ausgabe , Hrsg. anfangs: Statistisches Landesamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Ersch. jährl.
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  • 28
    Microfilm
    Microfilm
    Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen (1873-2019)
    Kamenz : Statist. Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen | Dresden : Heinrich ; [1.]1873 - [32.]1904(1903); 33.1905 - 51.1935/38(1939)[?]; 1990 - 1991; [N.F.] 1.1992-28. Jahrgang (2019) ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    In:  Kalender und statistisches Jahrbuch für das Königreich Sachsen nebst Marktverzeichnissen für Sachsen und die Nachbarstaaten
    Details
    ISSN: 0948-0900 , 2195-4127 , 2195-4127
    Language: German
    Edition: Dresden Sächs. Landesbibliothek - Staats- u. Universitätsbibliothek, Landesstelle für Bestandserhaltung 2000-2000 Mikrofilm-Ausg.: Dresden : Sächs. Landesbibliothek - Staats- u. Universitätsbibliothek, Landesstelle für Bestandserhaltung, 2000
    Dates of Publication: [1.]1873 - [32.]1904(1903); 33.1905 - 51.1935/38(1939)[?]; 1990 - 1991; [N.F.] 1.1992-28. Jahrgang (2019) ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sachsen Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sachsen Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Sachsen Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Land Sachsen
    Former Title: Als Vorg. gilt Jahrbuch für Statistik und Staatswirthschaft des Königreichs Sachsen
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch und alphabetisches Ortsverzeichnis für das Königreich Sachsen
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Königreich Sachsen
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Land Sachsen
    Titel der Quelle: Kalender und statistisches Jahrbuch für das Königreich Sachsen nebst Marktverzeichnissen für Sachsen und die Nachbarstaaten
    Publ. der Quelle: Dresden : Heinrich, 1873
    DDC: 310
    RVK:
    NR 6390
    Keywords: Statistik ; Sachsen ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Sachsen ; Statistik ; Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen ; Statistik ; Sachsen ; Deutschland
    Note: Urh. anfangs: Statistisches Bureau des Königl. Sächs. Ministeriums des Innern , Ersch. jährl. , Mikrofilm-Ausg.: Dresden : Sächs. Landesbibliothek - Staats- u. Universitätsbibliothek, Landesstelle für Bestandserhaltung, 2000
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  • 29
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Saka̓rtv̓elos statistikuri celicdeuli : statistikuri publikac'ia = Statistical yearbook of Georgia : statistical publication (from 1999-2017)
    Tb̓ilisi ; 1999-2017
    Details
    Language: Georgian , English
    Dates of Publication: 1999-2017
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Georgien Statistical yearbook of Georgia
    Subsequent Title: Fortgesetzt durch Statistikuri celicdeuli
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Statistik ; Georgien ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Georgien ; Statistik ; Georgien
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis 2003: Saka̓rtv̓elos Statistikis Saxelmcipo̓ Departamenti; 2004 - 2009: Saka̓rtv̓elos Ekonomikuri Ganvita̓rebis Saministro, Statistikis Departamenti , Teils fortgesetzt als Online-Ausgabe , In georg. Schr., teilw. in engl. Sprache
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  • 30
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt; Teil 2: Kreisübersichten (from 1994-2016)
    Halle, S. : Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt ; [4.]1994 - [9.]1999; 10.2000 - 16.2006; [17.]2007; 18.2008 - 19.2009; [20.]2010; 21.2011; 2012-2016
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 21 cm
    Dates of Publication: [4.]1994 - [9.]1999; 10.2000 - 16.2006; [17.]2007; 18.2008 - 19.2009; [20.]2010; 21.2011; 2012-2016
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt .... Teil 2, Kreisübersichten
    Former Title: Vorg Sachsen-Anhalt Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt
    Subsequent Title: Vereinigt, um ... zu bilden Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Bevölkerungsstand ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Berufsbildende Schule ; Statistik
    Note: Ersch. jährl.
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  • 31
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    OECD factbook : economic, environmental and social statistics (from 2005-2016)
    Paris : OECD ; 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-3879 , 1814-7364 , 1814-7364
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Series Statement: OECD publishing
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Die OECD in Zahlen und Fakten
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    QG 010
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: OECD ; Statistische Grunddaten ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Umweltstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaft ; Umwelt ; Bevölkerung ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten
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  • 32
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt; Teil 1: Landesergebnisse sowie Übersicht Deutschland nach Ländern (from 1994-2016)
    Halle, S. : Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt ; [4.]1994 - [9.]1999; 10.2000 - 16.2006; [17.]2007; 18.2008 - 19.2009; [20.]2010; 21.2011; 2012-2016
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 21 cm
    Dates of Publication: [4.]1994 - [9.]1999; 10.2000 - 16.2006; [17.]2007; 18.2008 - 19.2009; [20.]2010; 21.2011; 2012-2016
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt .... Teil 1, Landesergebnisse sowie Übersicht Deutschland nach Ländern
    Former Title: Vorg Sachsen-Anhalt Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt
    Former Title: Landesergebnisse sowie Übersicht Bundesgebiet und Bundesländer
    Subsequent Title: Vereinigt, um ... zu bilden Statistisches Jahrbuch Sachsen-Anhalt
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Bevölkerungsstand ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Berufsbildende Schule ; Statistik
    Note: Ersch. jährl.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Good governance and national well-being : what are the linkages? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance 25
    Keywords: 2005 - 2012 ; Good Governance ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Welt ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper was prepared by John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, Shawn Grover and Shun Wang in collaboration with Mario Marcel, Martin Forst and Tatyana Teplova. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to review existing studies of the links between good governance and subjective well-being. The second is to bring together the largest available sets of nationallevel measures of the quality of governance, and to assess the extent to which they contribute to explaining the levels and changes in life evaluations in 157 countries over the years 2005-2012, using data from the Gallup World Poll already analysed in some detail in the World Happiness Report 2013. The third objective is to use subjective well-being research to suggest ways in which governance can be changed so as to improve lives in all countries, as measured by peoples’ own evaluations. The paper starts with a summary of the evidence and policy implications. There follow the four main sections of the paper, a statistical appendix containing a broad range of data and results, and an extensive annotated bibliography of empirical literature linking good governance and subjective well-being.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f651hvj-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration as an adjustment mechanism in the crisis? : a comparison of Europe and the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 155
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Eurozone ; Europa ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The question of whether migration can be an equilibrating force in the labour market is an important criterion for an optimal currency area. It is of particular interest currently in the context of high and rising levels of labour market disparities, in particular within the Eurozone where there is no exchange-rate mechanism available to play this role. We shed some new light on this question by comparing pre- and post-crisis migration movements at the regional level in both Europe and the United States, and their association with asymmetric labour market shocks. We find that recent migration flows have reacted quite significantly to the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 and to changes in labour market conditions, particularly in Europe. Indeed, in contrast to the pre-crisis situation and the findings of previous empirical studies, there is tentative evidence that the migration response to the crisis has been considerable in Europe, in contrast to the United States where the crisis and subsequent sluggish recovery were not accompanied by greater interregional labour mobility in reaction to labour market shocks. Our estimates suggest that, if all measured population changes in Europe were due to migration for employment purposes – i.e. an upper-bound estimate – up to about a quarter of the asymmetric labour market shock would be absorbed by migration within a year. However, in the Eurozone the reaction mainly stems from migration of third-country nationals. Even within the group of Eurozone nationals, a significant part of the free mobility stems from immigrants from third countries who have taken on the nationality of their Eurozone host country.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb8p51gvhl-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness : evaluation, indicators and indices (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries working papers 67
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.67
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Indexberechnung ; Klassifikation ; Agrarökonomik ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The key contribution of this report lies in developing a typology to structure the components of the enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness, and in constructing an illustrative Agricultural Growth Enabling Index (AGEI) to summarise a wide array of available information in a coherent manner. The construction of the preliminary AGEI is based on four blocks with 40% of the weight on agriculture/rural factors and 20% each on broader economy-wide governance, capital availability and market operation. The AGEI can be used to provide across-country comparisons or single-country evaluations using the index itself or its components. It allows the decomposition within each main block to show the relative strength and weaknesses of each country across various sub-indices. It has been applied here to a selected set of twenty emerging and developing countries. The preliminary results demonstrate that the AGEI brings together information relevant to the enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness, and which is largely consistent with more in-depth studies of the selected countries. While constrained in some respects, the AGEI appears to be the first index completed with this objective. Further expansion and refinement of the included set of indicators to better reflect key determinants of agriculture’s enabling environment would help provide an important input into better policy decisions.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz48305h4vd-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can increasing inequality be a steady state? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: 1984 - 2032 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gleichgewichtstheorie ; Vergleich ; USA ; Kanada ; Australien ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The prudential regulation of financial institutions : why regulatory responses to the crisis might not prove sufficient (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1108
    Keywords: Bankenregulierung ; Finanzkrise ; Soziale Kosten ; Globalisierung ; G20-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: It is now six years since a devastating financial and economic crisis rocked the global economy. Supported strongly by the G20 process, international regulators led by the Financial Stability Board have been working hard ever since to develop new regulatory standards designed to prevent a recurrence of these events. These international standards are intended to provide guidance for the drawing up of national legislation and regulation, and have already had a pervasive influence around the world. This paper surveys recent international developments concerning the prudential regulation of financial institutions: banks, the shadow banking system and insurance companies. It concludes that, while substantial progress has been made, the global economy nevertheless remains vulnerable to possible future financial instability. This possibility reflects three sets of concerns. First, measures taken to manage the crisis to date have actually made the prevention of future crises more difficult. Second, the continuing active debate over virtually every aspect of the new regulatory guidelines indicates that the analytical foundations of what is being proposed remain highly contestable. Third, implementation of the new proposals could suffer from different practices across regions. Looking forward, the financial sector will undoubtedly continue to innovate in response to competitive pressures and in an attempt to circumvent whatever regulations do come into effect. If we view the financial sector as a complex adaptive system, continuous innovation would only be expected. This perspective also provides a number of insights as to how regulators should respond in turn. Not least, it suggests that attempts to reduce complexity would not be misguided and that complex behavior need not necessarily be accompanied by still more complex regulation. Removing impediments to more effective self-discipline and market discipline in the financial sector would also seem recommended.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6zgzzw8s4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New evidence on the determinants of industrial specialisation (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1112
    Keywords: Faktorproportionentheorem ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Industrieproduktion ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Welt ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial specialization has important implications for economic performance; therefore, understanding its determinants is of key policy relevance. This paper quantifies the relationship between factor endowments, policies and institutions and patterns of industrial specialisation in production using a new cross-country dataset compiled by WIOD that includes 37 OECD and non-OECD countries and 26 sectors. An advantage of this database –as compared with those used by previous studies- is that makes it possible to look at industrial specialization in terms of value added instead of gross exports, covering both services and manufactures in a panel of advanced and developing economies. The empirical methodology is based on the idea that industries vary in the conditions that they need for production, and countries differ in their ability to provide for these industry-specific requirements. We find that not only cross-country differences in factor endowments, such as capital and labour, but also differences in investment in R&D and policies or institutions, such as financial development, tariffs and taxes, and product and labour market regulation, can explain cross-country differences in industrial structure.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m893txq2-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Would a growth slowdown in emerging markets spill over to high-income countries? : a quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1110
    Keywords: 2010 - 2012 ; Außenhandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Spillover-Effekt ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) is set to durably slow from the rates observed over 2010-12 as cyclical effects fade, potential growth declines and external financing conditions tighten. Large negative current account balances make some EMEs vulnerable to sudden reversals in capital flows while exceptionally rapid credit expansions, as those observed in Brazil, China, Poland and Turkey over the past years, may have raised financial risk. This paper assesses recent developments and vulnerabilities in EMEs and uses macroeconometric model simulations to provide quantitative estimates of spillovers to highincome countries. The results suggest that for each slowdown of 2 percentage points in EMEs, highincome countries’ growth could be around ⅔ percentage points lower on average, with around ½ percentage point accounted for by trade. Experience with past EME crises suggests that this could be exacerbated by effects from exchange rates and by financial market turbulence. OECD countries which would be hit hardest include Belgium, Japan and the Netherlands, reflecting mainly strong trade linkages with EMEs.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89p82d8-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Making the labour market work better in Poland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1124
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Rentenpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Bildung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Polen ; Employment ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poor labour-market outcomes remain one of Poland’s major structural weaknesses, impeding firms’ competitiveness and the nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace. Despite long working hours, labour utilisation is only average due to structurally low employment rates, particularly at both ends of the age spectrum, with some marked regional differences. The female employment rate is especially low, in part due to poorly designed family and pension policies. Insufficient product-market competition and obstacles to internal mobility induce significant resource misallocation. Employment protection is not particularly stringent, but the labour market is nonetheless heavily segmented. This is likely to weigh on economic performance by limiting investment in human capital and making some specific groups bear a large share of adjustment costs. Public employment services suffer from a lack of resources and function inefficiently. Local labour offices have limited incentives to adopt best practices; the government plans to start benchmarking them. There is ample scope to tighten jobseeker obligations and reform social and tax policies to make work pay. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwf4wd41-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An update of the OECD International Trade Equations (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1129
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Außenhandelselastizität ; Prognoseverfahren ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; Argentinien ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of recent research to re-estimate and re-specify the international trade volume and price equations that are used in the OECD Economics Department to analyse and project international trade developments. The set of countries covered by the estimations has been significantly enlarged, with estimates of the factors affecting export performance, import penetration and trade prices presented for 41 countries, including countries that have recently joined the OECD (Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia) and major emerging countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Reflecting the heterogeneity of countries included in the estimations, procedures for grouping them have been modified to allow for country specifics as much as possible. Structural breaks over the estimation period – which now typically covers the mid-1980s to 2012 and includes the global trade collapse of 2009 – are dealt with by the flexible modelling of deterministic trends, including the allowance for several rather than single trend reversals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxbkrxmv-en
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  • 42
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    Overcoming vulnerabilities of health care systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en
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  • 43
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    Economic policies and microeconomic stability : a literature review and some empirics (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1115
    Keywords: 1980 - 2013 ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Volatilität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The decline in macroeconomic volatility from the 1980s to the onset of the Great Recession did not, in general, translate into more microeconomic stability. While microeconomic volatility can reflect growth-generating processes, such as creative destruction and re-allocation of resources, consumption growth volatility weighs on households’ welfare. This study reviews the existing literature on the link between economic policies and economic stability at the firm and household level. Based on firm-level and household-level data for a wide range of OECD countries, it also provides preliminary results on sources and patterns of microeconomic volatility.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mn2443-en
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  • 44
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    Making the most of skills in Denmark (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1119
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Qualifikation ; Berufsbildung ; Lohnbildung ; Hochschule ; Einwanderung ; Behinderte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Dänemark ; Education ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Surveys suggest that Denmark ranks close to or slightly above the OECD average in terms of student and adult skills, even though Denmark spends more than many OECD countries on education, labour market policies and adult learning. Sluggish productivity growth over the past two decades raises the question of how to develop better skills and use them more efficiently to achieve stronger and more inclusive growth. Improving the performance of compulsory and tertiary education would help all students acquire the right skills. Ensuring adults upgrade their skills is another key challenge, which involves strengthening the adult learning system. Reforms of taxation and of the wage setting system in the public sector would promote a better allocation of skills economy-wide. Finally, to activate skills more broadly, reforms to raise labour market participation should continue and the efficiency of active labour market policies will have to be increased further. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt4crff8-en
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  • 45
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    Enhancing competition and the business environment in Hungary (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1123
    Keywords: Steuer ; Produktivität ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; Institutioneller Wandel ; Ungarn ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the growth potential of the Hungarian economy has declined substantially. Trend productivity has ceased to increase, and investment has fallen to historically low levels. To an important extent, the explanation lies in a business environment characterised by high administrative burdens, regulatory volatility, barriers to growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurship, and limited competition in major non-tradable sectors, problems which have sometimes become worse in recent years. Under these conditions, many SMEs find it hard to leave semi-informality and grow. Large multinational firms operating in manufacturing often have supplier networks weakly anchored in Hungary, while those in the non-tradable sectors sometimes face little competitive pressure; in both cases, positive spillovers to the domestic economy remain limited. Steps should be taken both at the economy-wide level and in specific sectors to increase investment and restore productivity growth. Such measures must include fostering greater regulatory stability, inter alia by reducing the flow of new regulation and improving its quality, not least in taxation. Investor confidence would benefit from promoting trust and transparency in public institutions. Apart from vigorous competition enforcement across the economy, it is essential to remove sector-specific obstacles to competition, such as barriers to entry of different types, lock-in effects and distortive regulated prices, in retail, professional services, energy, and telecommunications. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-hungary.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwfr0nzq-en
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  • 46
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    Consequences of climate change damages for economic growth : a dynamic quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1135
    Keywords: 2060 ; Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; CGE-Modell ; Szenariotechnik ; Welt ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD’s dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxb8kmf3-en
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  • 47
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    Transparency of export restrictions : a checklist promoting good practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 164
    Keywords: Exportbeschränkung ; Rohstoff ; Politische Kommunikation ; Good Governance ; WTO-Recht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The incidence of export taxes, prohibitions and other measures that raise export prices, limit export quantities or place conditions on exporting is on the rise. Transparency can help mitigate the negative effects of export restrictions by enabling affected stakeholders to better understand and anticipate policy change and adjust their activities. This paper develops a checklist of good practice in transparency which can serve as a tool for self-evaluation by governments and for promoting better and more consistent transparency practices in this area. The items of the checklist are drawn from norms and practices found in WTO and regional trade agreements and good governance guidelines. Additionally, feedback was sought through a small business survey. The list provides guidance with respect to such questions as what, when and how information about export restrictions governments ought to make public. It assembles relevant principles for keeping stakeholders and the general public informed at different stages of developing and implementing export restrictions and identifies information content for an effective information policy. Transparency moreover depends on the ease with which information can be obtained and on the extent to which stakeholders have an opportunity to make their views known when a measure is still on the drawing board.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417hqk38q-en
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  • 48
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    Modelling Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.70
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Agrarproduktion ; Anpassung ; Bewässerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates how climate change can affect agricultural production and proposes some adaptation measures that could be undertaken to mitigate the negative effects of climate change while enhancing the positive ones. The paper stresses the importance of planned adaptation measures and highlights possible strategies for reducing risk and improving resilience. To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. It then goes on to analyse the potential impacts of two distinctive sets of adaptation strategies on yields, prices, and food security, namely: i) research and development (to develop new crop varieties that are better suited to changed climate conditions) and ii) changes in irrigation technology. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en
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  • 49
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    Managerial capital and business R&D as enablers of productivity convergence (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1137
    Keywords: Management ; Produktivität ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Forschung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the role of managerial capital and business research and development (R&D) in fostering multifactor productivity (MFP) convergence in a panel of 42 countries. The OECD long-term growth model is augmented to show that, in addition to trade openness, an economy’s speed of convergence to its long-run steady state level of MFP is an increasing function of the quality of its managerial capital and the size of its domestic R&D sector. The economic importance of these two enabling factors are examined in the context of a scenario, whereby MFP growth at the technological frontier is ½ percentage point higher (than in the baseline projection) per annum until 2060. This exercise shows that some countries benefit significantly more from higher frontier growth than could be expected based on their trade openness alone. In turn, evidence on the policy determinants of managerial capital and business R&D is reviewed, which highlights the importance of structural reforms and carefully-designed innovation policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx3d441knr-en
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  • 50
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    The demand for skills 1995 - 2008 : a global supply chain perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1141
    Keywords: 1995-2008 ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Außenhandel ; Lieferkette ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Welt ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We propose a new method to analyse the changing skills structure of employment in countries based on the input-output structure of the world economy. Demand for jobs, characterized by skill type and industry of employment, is driven by changes in technology, trade and consumption. Using structural decomposition analysis, we study the relative importance of these drivers for the period 1995-2008. In doing so, we derive a new measure of technological change in vertically integrated production chains and show that it has been skill-biased. We find that skill-biased technological change has played the most important role in the different employment growth rates of high-skilled, medium-skilled and low-skilled labour in advanced countries. For emerging countries, the patterns of employment growth are very heterogeneous.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123g0f5lp-en
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  • 51
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    Overcoming skills shortages in Canada (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1143
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Binnenwanderung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Kanada ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills shortages have developed in certain fields and regions in recent years. Earnings premiums for people in some professions, notably health, engineering and skilled trades have increased. And vacancy rates have risen for skilled trades, with the increase being particularly large in Alberta and Saskatchewan. While reforms have been implemented to strengthen adjustment so as to overcome these shortages, there is still room to go further by improving labour market information, increasing responsiveness of the education and training system to labour market demand, making the immigration system more reactive to current labour market conditions and reducing regulatory barriers to inter-provincial labour mobility. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123fgkxjl-en
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  • 52
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    Health, work and working conditions : a review of the European economic literature (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1148
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Beschäftigungssicherung ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economists have traditionally been very cautious when studying the interaction between employment and health because of the two-way causal relationship between these two variables: health status influences the probability of being employed and, at the same time, working affects the health status. Because these two variables are determined simultaneously, researchers control endogeneity bias (e.g., reverse causality, omitted variables) when conducting empirical analysis. With these caveats in mind, the literature finds that a favourable work environment and high job security lead to better health conditions. Being employed with appropriate working conditions plays a protective role on physical health and psychiatric disorders. By contrast, non-employment and retirement are generally worse for mental health than employment, and overemployment has a negative effect on health. These findings stress the importance of employment and of adequate working conditions for the health of workers. In this context, it is a concern that a significant proportion of European workers (29%) would like to work fewer hours because unwanted long hours are likely to signal a poor level of job satisfaction and inadequate working conditions, with detrimental effects on health. Thus, in Europe, labour-market policy has increasingly paid attention to job sustainability and job satisfaction. The literature clearly invites employers to take better account of the worker preferences when setting the number of hours worked. Overall, a specific “flexicurity” (combination of high employment protection, job satisfaction and active labour-market policies) is likely to have a positive effect on health. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb71xhmr-en
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  • 53
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    US long term interest rates and capital flows to emerging economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1155
    Keywords: Zins ; Börsenkurs ; Wechselkurssystem ; Kapitalimport ; USA ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following Chairman Ben Bernanke’s comments before Congress that the FOMC may ‘take a step down in the pace of asset purchases if economic improvement appears to be sustained’, US 10-year interest rates picked up sharply and gross capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs) reversed. These events raised concerns that further increases in US interest rates could trigger sharp changes of capital flows that would be followed by financial crises in EMEs. To assess this possibility, this paper studies the association between US long term interest rates and cycles of capital flows to EMEs. It finds that, indeed, cycles in capital flows to EMEs are linked to global conditions, including global risk aversion and long term interest rates in the United States. In particular, higher US long term interest rates are associated with lower levels of gross capital flows to EMEs, and to a higher probability of observing sharp reversals in those flows. Episodes of net capital inflows, on the other hand, are mostly associated with domestic macroeconomic conditions. In particular, economies with relatively low levels of gross outflows, with a high ratio of short-term debt to international reserves or with weak domestic fundamentals are more vulnerable to the risk of a classic sudden stop à la Calvo. This Working Paper relates to the OECD Economic Survey of the United States 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-unitedstates. htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh67l733-en
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  • 54
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    Fostering a creative economy to drive Korean growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1152
    Keywords: Übernahme ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Crowdfunding ; Konglomerat ; Business Angels ; Forschung ; KMU ; Regulierung ; Entrepreneurship ; Bankgarantie ; Technologiepolitik ; Immaterielle Werte ; Risikokapital ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A creative economy requires innovation-friendly conditions. Korea’s innovation system should be improved by upgrading universities and expanding their role in business R&D, while increasing international collaboration in R&D from its current low level. The returns from Korea’s large investment in innovation should be enhanced by improving framework conditions – easing product market regulations, promoting international competition and enhancing labour market flexibility – to encourage the adoption of new technology. Venture businesses and start-ups should play a key role in commercialising innovation. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-and-acquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs. The growth of small firms also depends on resolving labour market mismatches and taking full advantage of the opportunities afforded by the Internet. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh8xkrf6-en
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  • 55
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    Addressing high household debt in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1164
    Keywords: 2012 ; Private Verschuldung ; Umschuldung ; Südkorea ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rising household debt has become a major policy concern in Korea. By the end of 2012, it had risen to 164% of disposable income, well above the OECD average of 133%. In addition to the economic impact and the risk to the financial sector, it raises social cohesion issues, as households with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. It is essential to induce the soft-landing of household debt through a two-track approach: i) offering credit to households with low income and credit ratings and restructuring their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending; and ii) containing the risk caused by high household debt by strengthening prudential measures for financial institutions and improving mortgage lending by reducing the share of floating-rate and “bullet repayment” loans. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx0558mfbv-en
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  • 56
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    The internet economy : regulatory challenges and practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1171
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Regulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Verbraucherschutz ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Internet has become an integral part of the everyday life of households, firms and governments. Its proper functioning over the long run is therefore crucial for economic growth and people’s wellbeing more generally. The success of the Internet depends on its openness and the confidence of users. Designing policies that protect society while allowing for Internet’s great economic potential to be fulfilled, is a difficult task. This paper investigates this challenge and takes stock of existing regulations in OECD and selected non-OECD countries in specific areas related to the digital economy. It finds that despite the regulatory difficulties, the Internet is far from being a “regulation-free” space as there are various industry standards, co-regulatory agreements between industry and the government, and in some cases also state regulation. Most of them aim at protecting personal data and consumers more generally. In many cases generally applicable laws and regulations exist that address privacy, security and consumer protection issues both in the traditional and the digital economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm7x2qmr-en
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  • 57
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    Better harnessing talent and knowledge to boost sustainable medium-term growth in Spain (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1172
    Keywords: Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Tarifverhandlungen ; Bildungspolitik ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Produktivität ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Familienpolitik ; Wassermangel ; Klimawandel ; Ökosteuer ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Structural transformation towards a more knowledge-based economy will strengthen Spain’s medium-term growth prospects. To deal with long standing impediments to higher growth the government has a substantial structural reform programme touching on education, the labour market and the business environment. Areas of particular weakness to be tackled include the high number of poorly qualified long-term unemployed, skills mismatches and a high school drop-out rate, and insufficient innovation. Spain has done well in reducing the carbon emissions intensity of GDP growth but will need to do more to meet future targets and manage its scarce water resources. The resolution of acute banking and fiscal problems, and the cyclical upswing, provide a more solid platform for sustained growth. Raising trend growth will boost job creation, which is the most effective antidote to the strong rise in poverty and inequality that accompanied the sharp deterioration in the labour market during the crisis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm4fwdjg-en
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  • 58
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    Exports and employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 166
    Keywords: 1995 - 2009 ; Export ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenskooperation ; China ; Japan ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Indonesia ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of exports on employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea. It draws on input-output data for the period from 1995 to 2009 to estimate the effects on each industry's employment (i.e. direct effects) and on other industries' employment through intra-industry linkages (i.e. indirect effects). There are four major findings. First, at the aggregate level, the implied employment from exports increased in China, Japan and Korea. Second, at the industry level, exports and the shares of implied employment from exports increased in machinery-related industries such as Machinery (NEC), Electrical and Optical Equipment, and Transport Equipment in China, Indonesia and Korea. Third, although more than 80% of exports in the four study countries are from manufacturing industries, the employment effects are not limited to manufacturing industries. A significant number of workers in non-manufacturing industries depend upon manufacturing exports through vertical inter-industry linkages. Non-manufacturing industries account for between 40% and 60% of the implied employment from exports. Finally, in 2009, the share of implied employment from Chinese final demand exceeded that from the US final demand in both Japan and Korea. An implication of the overall results is that even in cases where an industry is not particularly directly export-oriented, the industry may still be subject to potential effects – positive or negative – of changes in export demand.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzqqw84vmp-en
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  • 59
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    Deep provisions in regional trade agreements : how multilateral-friendly? ; an overview of OECD findings (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 168
    Keywords: Handelsabkommen ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelspräferenzen ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past decade, an increasing number of economies have resorted to regional trade agreements (RTAs) as a means to further the market-opening and rule-making agenda. In this context, this paper addresses the question as to whether and how selected elements of RTAs could be used as ‘stepping stones’ for multilateralisation in the future. The report synthesizes the OECD work on RTAs by examining regional provisions that deepen (WTO-plus) and expand (WTO-beyond) multilateral commitments across a broad range of policy areas. It finds that WTO-plus measures are becoming more widespread and similar over time, suggesting that there may be growing receptivity and preparedness to endorse higher levels of commitments. The report distils a set of attributes that may be able to render WTO-plus provisions more amenable to multilateralisation, either through a bottom-up (RTA-driven) or top-down (WTO-driven) approach. It considers the degree of convergence, homogeneity, discrimination, enforceability and economic impact of selected measures in RTAs, with a view to moving towards a shared understanding of multilateral-friendly practices that can be promoted in regional negotiations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvgfn4bjf0-en
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  • 60
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : computer and related services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 169
    Keywords: IT-Management ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for computer services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for computer services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.08 and 0.34, with a sample average of 0.18. Explicit barriers to trade in computer services are rare, but the sector is subject to a number of economy-wide restrictions facing all sectors. Among these, restrictions on movement of people (mode 4 in GATS terminology) make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by regulatory transparency issues. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4np1pjzt-en
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  • 61
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : financial services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 175
    Keywords: Finanzdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for financial services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for commercial banking and insurance services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores in commercial banking range between 0.06 and 0.55, with a sample average of 0.19. The scores in insurance services range between 0.05 and 0.63, with a sample average of 0.20. The results are mainly driven by restrictions on market entry, where significant impediments remain in the form of foreign equity limits, restrictions on legal form, discriminatory licensing criteria and restrictions on cross-border transactions. Barriers to competition, including regulation of products and prices and preferential treatment granted to state-owned financial institutions, also make a substantive contribution to the index values. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nhssd30-en
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  • 62
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : transport and courier services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 176
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for transport and courier services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for transport and courier services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that these services are subject to very different regulatory frameworks and, in some cases, to a relatively elevated degree of regulation. Indices for air transport covering measures affecting commercial establishment and accompanying movement of natural persons are on average quite high (0.43), with little variation across countries. A preliminary assessment of restrictiveness in cross-border trade in the sector shows that, while some progress in easing restrictions has been achieved through open skies agreements, significant limitations remain in place. The maritime transport sector is moderately open with an average STRI of 0.25. Foreign equity restrictions are still quite common in the sector and contribute significantly to the index. Most other sector-specific restrictions are found in the cabotage market and in ports. In road freight transport, the results confirm that the domestic road freight transport regime has been significantly liberalised over the years, and currently commercial establishment in the sector is largely affected by horizontal measures. The overall level of restrictiveness is relatively low with an average of 0.16, but exhibits pretty large variation. With respect to rail freight, the STRI also supports the view that considerable reforms have been undertaken in the sector in the past decades. The average level of restrictiveness is moderate at 0.22, although two countries maintain a statutory state-owned monopoly, which implies that the sector is completely closed to foreign suppliers. Finally, for courier services the results show that the overall level of restrictiveness is moderate with a sample average of 0.26. There is, however, large variation in STRI indices among countries. The elevated levels of restrictiveness are found in countries where foreign equity restrictions or statutory monopolies exist.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nd187r6-en
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  • 63
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    Mental health and work : achieving well-integrated policies and service delivery (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 161
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsleistung ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mental ill-health can lead to poor work performance, high sickness absence and reduced labour market participation, resulting in considerable costs for society. Improving labour market participation of people with mental health problems requires well-integrated policies and services across the education, employment, health and social sectors. This paper provides examples of policy initiatives from 10 OECD countries for integrated services. Outcomes and strengths and weaknesses of the policy initiatives are presented, resulting in the following main conclusions for future integrated mental health and work policies and services: More rigorous implementation and evaluation of integrated policies is necessary to improve labour market outcomes. Implementation cannot be left to the discretion of stakeholders only; Better financial incentives and clearer obligations and guidelines need to be provided to stakeholders and professionals to participate in integrated service delivery; Each sector has a responsibility to assure integrated services in line with client needs, in turn requiring much better knowledge about the needs of clients with a mental illness; More integrated provision of services within each sector – e.g. through employment advice brought into the mental health system and psychological expertise brought into employment services – appears to be the easiest and most cost-effective approach.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxsvvn6pq6g-en
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  • 64
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    Evaluation of industrial policy : methodological issues and policy lessons (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 16
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial policy, broadly defined, covers a multitude of policy instruments and approaches. While there has been a recent revival of interest in industrial policy around the world, systematic evidence of efficacy is relatively scarce. This report brings together the work of an OECD expert group that has considered recent evidence from the evaluation of industrial policy. The report focuses on three specific policy areas, namely: support for R&D; capital market interventions (with a focus on risk capital); and public procurement for innovation. The report also examines three areas where packages of industrial policy measures are generally applied: sector approaches including public-private partnerships; policies towards clusters and business networks; and national industrial strategies. In many areas of industrial policy, evaluation faces particular methodological challenges. These challenges are outlined in the report, which concludes by drawing together the main policy lessons from the available evaluation evidence.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz181jh0j5k-en
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  • 65
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    Biobased chemicals and bioplastics : finding the right policy balance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 17
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As OECD countries emerge from the global financial crisis, several countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, an economy in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. Such plans typically involve building a bio-based production industry in which fuels, energy and materials such as chemicals and plastics, almost always generated from fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, are incrementally replaced by equivalent or novel products generated from renewable resources. The realisation of this vision will require sustainably harnessing the vast biomass resource. The highest policy priorities at present are on several levels: allowing bio-based materials to compete for biomass on price with bioelectricity and biofuels; rectifying the highly distorting fossil fuel subsidies, heading off future competition for crude oil demand; and correcting for any excessive regulatory impacts. If governments wish to realise a successful bioeconomy in the future, the case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics warrants serious attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfjx0djf-en
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  • 66
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    Export restrictions on raw materials : experience with alternative policies in Botswana (2014)
    [s.l.] : OECD iLibrary | Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 163
    Keywords: Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Schmuck ; Diamantensektor ; Staatsfonds ; Exportbeschränkung ; Zollunion ; Steuereinnahmen ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Botsuana ; Trade ; Botswana ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Steuereinnahmen ; Staatsfonds ; Zollunion ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Diamantenindustrie ; Diamantenbergbau ; Schmuck
    Abstract: Demand for non-renewable natural resources is forecast to rise steadily over the coming decades. Underlying trends of long-term rising demand and falling supply of mineral resources will inevitably increase pressure on prices and intensify competition for scarce resources. This can create a substantial opportunity for development for minerals-rich countries. However, as suggested by the “resource curse” debate, broad-based economic development based on the extractive industries is far from assured. History suggests that not all countries, in particular many of those outside the OECD area, have benefitted economy-wide from their mineral resources: good governance and good policies are essential to benefit from their huge potential growth. Some countries have successfully regulated their mining sectors without resorting to highly distortive policies such as export restrictions. One such country is Botswana. This paper examines some of the policies in place in Botswana that have contributed to the governance and management of its substantial minerals sector. Lessons are drawn for minerals-rich countries keen to manage their raw materials sectors for increased economy-wide growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6v86kz32-en
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  • 67
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    Environmental policies and risk finance in the green sector : cross-country evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6wn918j37-en
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  • 68
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    Short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth in the BRIICS : a small-scale bridge model approach (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1109
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Prognoseverfahren ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; G7-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper extends the OECD Economics Department’s suite of short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth, which currently cover only the G7 countries, to the BRIICS countries. Reflecting the relative scarcity of high-quality macroeconomic time series, the paper adopts a small-scale bridge model approach. The results suggest that in terms of short-term forecast accuracy for the first and second quarter following the most recent GDP release these models outperform simple autoregressive or constant growth benchmarks. The small-scale indicator models would have allowed the identification of the growth slowdown during the global crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent rebound several months ahead of official GDP releases. Overall, forecast accuracy appears to be similar to that of the existing indicator model suite for the G7 countries, especially once the higher GDP growth volatility in most BRIICS is accounted for.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5t6b77rg4-en
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  • 69
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    How to improve taxes and transfers in Israel (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1113
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Ökosteuer ; Sozialstaat ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Subvention ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Israel ; Taxation ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1t07vs0-en
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  • 70
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    Spillover effects from exiting highly expansionary monetary policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1116
    Keywords: Geldpolitik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Finanzmarkt ; Finanzkrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The prospective normalisation of monetary policies in the main OECD areas will be challenging given that current policy rates are likely to be significantly below neutral levels and that central bank balance sheets will be above the pre-crisis levels by a wide margin. Monetary policy normalisation is likely to start in the United States before other main OECD areas, with potential global spillovers, as was already experienced in mid-2013 when the mere discussion of tapering unsettled global financial markets. A gradual increase in interest rates, in the context of strong growth and rising equity values, would contribute to a balanced US recovery and have a benign impact on the rest of the world. However, a rapid rise in bond yields would risk generating instability in the US shadow banking sector, and the financial system more generally, even if banks seem increasingly resilient to such a shock. Although model simulations suggest that a large and protracted government bond yield shock would not have large trade spillovers in the absence of crisis events in the United States or abroad, an induced increase in bond yields in other countries, together with an induced large decline in equity prices, would have a sizeable effect on the OECD and largest emerging market economies. The latter countries are particularly vulnerable to such spillovers given their generally less liquid financial markets and, in some cases, weak fundamentals related to the banking system and external financing. In the United States, the authorities should aim at managing smoothly the exit and at strengthening the resilience of shadow banking institutions so that the risk of liquidity-induced fire sales is reduced. This should be accompanied in other countries by measures to increase the resilience to interest rate shocks, and when the shock occurs, allowing exchange rates to adjust flexibly and implementing offsetting fiscal measures if scope is available.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mb6dzp-en
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  • 71
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    The economic consequences of ageing : the case of Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1120
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finland’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This will put pressure on public finances, while shrinking labour resources. Nonetheless, solutions exist to alleviate those pressures. Adjusting the pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and increase older workers’ employment, provided it is accompanied by the removal of the pathways to early retirement. In order to allow people to work longer, labour market flexibility should be enhanced and lifelong training promoted further. Active labour market policies should be strengthened so as to increase the labour force participation of youth, childbearing age women and the long-term unemployed. Finally, ageing should not only be seen as a burden as it can also create opportunities for innovation and new markets and industries. Information and communications technologies, where Finland has a strong knowledge base, can help the elderly stay as autonomous as possible, which would contain long-term care costs and improve well-being. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt1dtnlt-en
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  • 72
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    Macroprudential policy tools in Norway : strengthening financial system resilience (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2mm2vbhjk-en
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  • 73
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    What explains the volume and composition of trade? : industrial evidence from a panel of countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1128
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Faktorproportionentheorem ; Empirische Methode ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the importance of different determinants of trade at the industry level using a sample of 54 OECD and non-OECD economies. The empirical methodology extends the approach of previous empirical studies to explicitly quantify the impact that trading partners’ factor endowments and policies have on bilateral trade, and to analyse the effect of tariffs on the volume and composition of trade. We find that distance, common language, common border and regional trade agreements are important determinants of overall trade, and that factor endowments, policies and institutions, of both the exporter and its trading partners, are main determinants of what and where a country exports. By contrast, we find that trade policies based on tariffs on imported goods not only generate negative spillovers to trading partners by reducing their exports, but they are also likely to reduce exports of countries that impose the tariffs, in particular in industries that rely more on intermediate goods.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2hz3tm6vj-en
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  • 74
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    Comparing the robustness of PAYG pension schemes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158w3ghmx-en
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  • 75
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    An evaluation of international surveys of children (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 146
    Keywords: Kinder ; Sozialer Indikator ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report evaluates sources of international child well-being data to assess their suitability for supplementing national and transnational data sources to inform policy. The review of the leading surveys of children (and surveys of households with children) summarises the information available from these sources and, as importantly, identifies the gaps in measuring child well-being outcomes not covered by data from these sources. The report then undertakes an in-depth evaluation of possible systematic bias in the underlying survey population to provide confidence in the reliability of outcomes measured from these international surveys. Based on the overall evaluation, the report concludes with recommendations for the use and improvement of international surveys for monitoring child well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjrqvntf-en
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  • 76
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    Trends in top incomes and their taxation in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 159
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The shares of top income recipients in total pre-tax income have increased in OECD countries in the past three decades, particularly in most of the English-speaking countries but also in some Nordic (from low levels) and Southern European countries. Today, the richest one percent receives between 7% of all pre-tax income in Denmark and the Netherlands up to almost 20% in the United States. This increase is the result of the top 1% capturing a disproportionate share of overall income growth over the past thirty years: around 20 – 25% in Australia and the United Kingdom, up to 37% in Canada and even 47% in the United States. At the same time, tax reforms in almost all OECD countries reduced top personal income tax rates as well as rates of other taxes affecting the highest income earners. Indeed, while top tax rates were equal to or above 70% in half of the countries in the mid-1970s, this rate has been halved in many countries by 2013.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43jhlz87f-en
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  • 77
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    Small and medium-sized enterprises in global markets : a differential approach for services? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 165
    Keywords: 1985 - 2010 ; Industrie ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; KMU ; Globalisierung ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study empirically investigates key restrictions to the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing and across different types of services. The study explores the extent to which binding constraints faced by SMEs producing goods may differ from small firms operating in services sectors and takes stock of how existing policy initiatives address some of these differences. Our results suggest that while firm size clearly influences the trade performance of SMEs in manufacturing, it is an ambiguous predictor of export performance in the case of small-sized services firms. The findings show that firm size influences the choice of export channel and that small firms rely more on indirect and agglomeration networks. Finally, the results point to a strong degree of firm-level heterogeneity across services activities and enterprise size. It would seem that incorporating sectoral and size heterogeneity into existing policies might be desirable to address key constraints for SMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz17jtfkmzt-en
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  • 78
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    Skills at work : how skills and their use matter in the labour market (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 158
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungsabschluss ; Qualifikation ; Anforderungsprofil ; Lohnstruktur ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Human capital is key for economic growth. Not only is it linked to aggregate economic performance but also to each individual’s labour market outcomes. However, a skilled population is not enough to achieve high and inclusive growth, as skills need to be put into productive use at work. Thanks to the availability of measures of both the proficiency and the use of numerous types of skills, the Survey of Adult Skills offers a unique opportunity to advance knowledge in this area and this paper presents and discusses evidence on both these dimensions with a particular focus on their implications for labour market policy. This paper explores the role played in the labour market by skill proficiency in the areas of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. It also shows how skills use, not only proficiency, affects a number of key labour market phenomena, such as the gender wage gap. Finally, the paper combines information on skill proficiency, educational attainment, skill use and qualification requirements to construct indicators of qualification and skills mismatch and to explore their causes and consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en
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  • 79
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    International migration : the relationship with economic and policy factors in the home and destination country (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1140
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; Migrationspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unfavourable demographic trends in many OECD countries threaten the sustainability of potential labour resources, GDP growth and fiscal positions. One factor that is expected to mitigate these trends is continued inflows of migrant workers from low income economies. However, a rapid catch-up in productivity and wages in these traditional source countries vis-à-vis the OECD may weaken economic incentives for migration and imply a transition away from current migration patterns. This paper uses data of the high-skilled and low-skilled migrant stock between 92 origin and 44 destination countries to highlight the relationship between economic factors and migration. The paper also attempts to uncover links with policy and demographic factors prevailing in the origin and destination countries. The analysis suggests that higher skill-specific wages in the destination country are associated with more migration. This relationship appears to be particularly strong for migrants from middle-income countries, supporting theories of an inverted-U relationship between origin country economic development and the propensity to migrate. Policy differences between the destination and origin also appear important, for example in terms of regulations on businesses and labour markets, along with the relative quality of institutions. In some instances, the effects on high-skilled and low-skilled migrants differ markedly. Combining the estimated coefficients from the model with the skill-specific wage profile from the OECD long-term growth projections highlights the potential for weaker future migrant flows to OECD countries than implied by past trends and embedded in official projections.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123h8nd7l-en
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  • 80
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    Deconstructing Canada's housing markets : finance, affordability urban sprawl (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1145
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt ; Hypothek ; Verbriefung ; Landnutzung ; Subprime-Krise ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Private Verschuldung ; Vermögensteuer ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienpreis ; Kanada ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: House prices have increased significantly in Canada over the past decade, driving household debt and residential construction activity to historical highs. Although macro-prudential tightening has slowed the pace of household borrowing in the last few years, house prices have continued to trend higher, and affordability remains a major challenge in urban centres. First-time home buyers must therefore spend more of their incomes to purchase a house and are vulnerable to future interest rate hikes. Overbuilding in the condominium sectors of some cities appears to be a source of risk, especially if a major price correction in these segments spills over into other markets. The country benefits from a sound and effective housing finance system, which performed well throughout the global financial crisis thanks to strong regulatory oversight and explicit government backing of the mortgage market. Nonetheless, the dominance of the crown corporation CMHC in the mortgage insurance market concentrates a significant amount of risk in public finances. Improving competitive conditions in the mortgage insurance market could help diversify these risks and reduce taxpayer contingent liabilities, while introducing coverage limits on loan losses would better align private and social interests. There may be a shortage of rental housing in several cities, especially in the range that low-income households can afford. Urban planning policies have resulted in low-density residential development which contributes to relatively high transport-related carbon emissions. Addressing these externalities requires stronger pricing signals for land development, road use, congestion and parking, combined with better integration of public transit planning. To prevent the marginalisation of low-income households, planning policies should support social mix and increase incentives for private-sector development of affordable housing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbg20h34-en
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  • 81
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    Workplace stress in the United States : issues and policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Keywords: Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5t4532-en
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  • 82
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    Economic uncertainties and their impact on activity in Greece compared with Ireland and Portugal (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1151
    Keywords: 2008 - 2013 ; Risiko ; Privater Konsum ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Simulation ; Vergleich ; VAR-Modell ; Griechenland ; Portugal ; Irland ; Economics ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Uncertainty faced by households and firms affects economic activity. The rise in uncertainty since the beginning of the sovereign debt crisis in Greece could be one factor that has contributed to the steep and long-lasting recession. This paper presents a brief empirical analysis quantifying this phenomenon and compares it with developments in Ireland and Portugal. Overall, this analysis shows that the uncertainty impact on growth has been relatively small in Greece between 2008 and 2013, although stronger than in Ireland or Portugal. This quantification appears to be robust to various specification changes of the vector auto regressive models developed for this exercise. This working paper relates to the 2013 Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/greece)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5h7ff2-en
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  • 83
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    Reducing income inequality and poverty and promoting social mobility in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1153
    Keywords: Altersarmut ; Soziale Mobilität ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Altersvorsorge ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To strengthen social cohesion, a top government priority, it is essential to address the labour market roots of inequality by breaking down dualism to reduce the share of non-regular workers and to boost the employment ratio toward the government’s 70% target. Education reforms are also important to enhance social mobility. Social welfare programmes should be improved to make them more effective, especially among the elderly, where the relative poverty rate is 49%. In addition, reforms are needed now to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme, company pensions and individual savings. High household debt also has adverse implications for equity, as well as for growth, as individuals with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. Policies to offer credit to such households and restructure their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending, are essential. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh6l5p7l-en
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  • 84
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    An exploration of the determinants of the subjective well-being of Americans during the Great Recession (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1158
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Lebensqualität ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Bildung ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses data from the American Life Panel to understand the determinants of well-being in the United States during the Great Recession. It investigates how various dimensions of subjective wellbeing reflected in the OECD Better Life Framework impact subjective well-being. The results show that income is an important determinant of subjective well-being. The unemployed and the disabled are significantly less satisfied with their lives than the working population, while the retired and the homemakers are more satisfied. The paper expands the existing evidence by showing that homeowners, registered voters and those with access to health insurance have higher levels of subjective well-being. Time spent walking or exercising is positively correlated with happiness, while working more than 50 hours per week or spending time on health-related activities is negatively correlated with subjective well-being, and higher levels of anxiety. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-united-states.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzc9p57lq3-en
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  • 85
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    Promoting the financing of SMEs and start-ups in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1162
    Keywords: KMU ; Kreativsektor ; Unternehmensgründung ; Risikokapital ; Crowdfunding ; Business Angels ; Börsengang ; Entrepreneurship ; Übernahme ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Korean government has made fostering a “creative economy” a top priority. The goal is to shift Korea's economic paradigm to one based on innovation in which new start-ups and venture businesses play a key role. However, the venture capital market is still at an early stage of development. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-andacquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. The productivity gap between large firms and SMEs, which benefit from a wide range of public support, is widening. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx054bdlvh-en
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  • 86
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    Reducing the high rate of poverty among the elderly in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1163
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Altersarmut ; Altersvorsorge ; Grundbedürfnisse ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: One-half of Korea's population aged 65 and over lives in relative poverty, nearly four times higher than the OECD average of 13%. Elderly poverty is thus an urgent social problem. The immediate priority is to target the Basic Old-Age Pension on the lowest-income elderly to ensure that they escape from absolute poverty. The Basic Livelihood Security Programme should be used to top up the income of poor elderly by further relaxing eligibility requirements. In addition, reforms are needed to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme (NPS), company pensions and individual savings. Making the NPS more effective in reducing elderly poverty requires expanding its coverage, focusing on improved compliance among non-regular and self-employed workers, lengthening average contribution periods and maintaining the NPS replacement at around 50%, keeping it close to the OECD average. The increase in the contribution rate should begin as soon as possible, as delays would only make the necessary increase larger. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx054fv20v-en
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  • 87
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    The effect of the global financial crisis on OECD potential output (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1166
    Keywords: 2007 - 2011 ; Finanzkrise ; Produktionspotenzial ; Schätzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates potential output losses from the global financial crisis by comparing recent OECD published projections with a counter-factual assuming a continuation of pre-crisis productivity trends and a trend employment rate which is sensitive to demographic trends. Among the 19 OECD countries which experienced a banking crisis over the period 2007-11, the median loss in potential output in 2014 is estimated to be 3¾ per cent, compared to 2¾ per cent among all OECD countries. The crisis hit does, however, vary widely across countries, being more than 10% for several smaller European, mainly euro area, countries. The largest adverse effects come from lower trend productivity, which is a combination of both lower total factor productivity and lower capital per worker. Despite large increases in structural unemployment in some countries, the contribution of lower potential employment to the crisis hit is limited because the adverse effect on labour force participation is generally much less than might have been expected on the basis of previous severe downturns. This may partly reflect pension reforms and a tightening up of early retirement pathways. Pre-crisis conditions relating to over-heating and financial excesses, including high inflation, high investment, large current account deficits, low real interest rates, high total economy indebtedness and more rapid growth in capital-per-worker are all correlated with larger post-crisis potential output losses. This suggests that underlying the potential output losses was a substantial misallocation of resources, especially of capital, in the pre-crisis boom period. On the other hand, more competition-friendly product market regulation is associated with smaller crisis-related losses of potential output, suggesting it facilitates a reallocation of resources across firms and sectors in the aftermath of an adverse shock and so helps to mitigate its consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwtl8h75bw-en
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  • 88
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    Determinants of households' investment in energy efficiency and renewables : evidence from the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1165
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Diskrete Entscheidung ; Energieeinsparung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Innovationsakzeptanz ; Haushaltsstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many studies on household energy efficiency investments suggest that a wide range of seemingly profitable investments are not taken up. This paper provides novel evidence on the main factors behind consumer choices using the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of binary logit regression models. Empirical results suggest that households’ propensity to invest in clean energy technologies depends mainly on home ownership, income, social context and households’ information. Indeed, home owners and high-income households are more likely to invest than renters and low-income households. On the other hand, social context, such as membership in an environmental non-governmental organisation, and households’ knowledge about their energy spending and use may play a relevant role in technology adoption.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwtlchggzn-en
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  • 89
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    Secular stagnation : evidence and implications for economic policy (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1169
    Keywords: Stagnation ; Zins ; Produktionspotenzial ; Geldpolitik ; Inflation ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether OECD countries are facing secular stagnation. Secular stagnation is defined as a situation when policy interest rates bounded at zero fail to stimulate demand sufficiently, due to low or negative neutral real interest rates and low inflation, and when ensuing prolonged and subdued growth undermines potential growth via labour hysteresis and discouraged investment. Obtaining firm evidence is complicated by considerable uncertainties surrounding estimates of economic slack and its impact on inflation, crisis-related hit to potential output and neutral interest rates. However, signs of secular stagnation are most evident in the euro area, particularly in the vulnerable members, in contrast to the United States and the United Kingdom, where evidence is less firm. Japan is arguably in the advanced stage of secular stagnation that started almost two decades ago. In countries with symptoms of secular stagnation, more monetary and fiscal stimulus should be accompanied by structural reforms to boost potential growth and neutral rates. Evidence on hysteresis effects strengthens the case for accommodative policies. In general, the large uncertainty about the size and persistence of hysteresis and risks associated with certain measures pose policy dilemmas and call for a comprehensive policy response.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvgg6q27vd-en
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  • 90
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    Moving towards a more dynamic business sector in Spain (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1173
    Keywords: Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Marktanteil ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Risikokapital ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Insolvenz ; Spanien ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy efforts to revitalise entrepreneurship and investment in Spain are key to generating growth and new jobs. The government has a substantial reform program to make it easier to do business in Spain, which should in some cases be deepened. Boosting economic growth requires a new generation of high-growth companies and that resources flow towards the most productive firms. For this to happen, barriers to business growth have to be reduced by streamlining regulations and licencing procedures, internationalisation needs to be fostered, and competition strengthened. In addition, the negative impact of the crisis on companies, notably the high level of indebtedness and difficulties to obtain financing faced by some firms has to be relieved. This would be facilitated by more efficient insolvency procedures and further development of non-bank financing.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm2k7fnw-en
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  • 91
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    Uncovering trade secrets : an empirical assessment of economic implications of protection for undisclosed data (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (161 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 167
    Keywords: Geschäftsgeheimnis ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the protection of trade secrets for a sample of 37 countries, provides historical data for the period since 1985, and considers the relationship of the stringency of the protection of trade secrets to relevant economic performance indicators. The paper finds that there has been a notable increase in the stringency of trade secrets protection in a broad sample of countries during the period from 1985 to 2010. The paper also finds a positive association between the stringency of trade secrets protection and key indicators of innovation and international economic flows. Further details of the methodology and additional country data can be found in the background paper provided in phase I of the OECD trade secrets project [OECD Trade Policy Paper No. 162].
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzl5w3j3s6-en
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  • 92
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : legal and accounting services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 171
    Keywords: Rechnungswesen ; Rechtsberatung ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for the regulated professions of legal and accounting services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for legal and accounting services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that legal and accounting services are subject to a relatively high level of regulation. Restrictiveness for legal services ranges from 0.11 to 0.73, with an average of 0.31. Accounting and auditing services show an average of 0.3 and STRI values ranging from 0.13 to 1. The results provide useful policy insights, particularly in order to identify priorities for reform at the national and international levels. Notably, in the case of legal and accounting services, easing a few prominent restrictions could result in a significantly more liberal and competitive market environment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nkg9g24-en
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  • 93
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : telecommunication services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 172
    Keywords: Telekommunikationssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for telecommunications. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for telecommunications and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.61, with a sample average of 0.22. Barriers to competition, reflecting inadequate regulation of incumbents with significant market power, and state ownership in some countries make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by restrictions on foreign entry. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nk5j7xp-en
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  • 94
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : audio-visual services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 174
    Keywords: Kommunikationsmedien ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for motion pictures, television and broadcasting and sound recording. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for audio-visual services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.72 for motion pictures, 0.07 to 0.78 for television and broadcasting, and between 0.05 and 0.37 for sound recording. The sample averages are 0.18 for motion pictures, 0.28 for television and broadcasting and 0.16 for sound recording. Limitations on foreign entry, including foreign equity limits contribute to about two thirds of the index values in television and broadcasting. In motion pictures screen quotas contribute to the indices in many of the countries with scores above average. Sound recording, i.e. music, is the most open of the three audio-visual services sectors where limitations on movement of people account for more than 40% of the index value. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nj4fc22-en
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  • 95
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    Can pro-growth policies lift all boats? : an analysis based on household disposable income (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1180
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wachstumspolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on GDP per capita and household income distribution. Pro-growth reforms can be distinguished according to whether they are found to generate an increase or a reduction in household disposable income inequality. Those that contribute to reduce inequality include the reduction in regulatory barriers to competition, trade and FDI, as well as the stepping-up in job search assistance and training programmes. Conversely, a tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed is found to lift mean household income but to lower income among poorer households, thus raising inequality. Several other reforms have no significant impact on income distribution.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrh8dh5wg7-en
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  • 96
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    Adjusting productivity for pollution in selected Asian economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 01
    Series Statement: Cities and regions
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Multifactor productivity (MFP) is increasingly used in economic policy, not least to compute potential output. Most measures are based on a standard production function combining labour and capital, but do not incorporate the negative by-products of the production process such as air pollution that could have deleterious effect on health and productivity in the medium to long term (see for instance OECD (2014)). The failure to account for the costs of environmental damages and the benefits associated with emission reduction impart a bias to standard measures of MFP. Ignoring these dimensions can give a misleading idea of growth prospects over the medium to long term...
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvd5rq5lzv-en
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  • 97
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    Workshop on integrating omics and policy for healthy ageing : synthesis report (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 12
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The increase in the human life span is a testament to the economic, social and medical progress made over the course of the last century. However, an ageing population brings some new challenges both to healthcare systems and to medicine in terms of the increased manifestation of specific diseases primarily seen in the elderly. Biomedical innovation, and in particular research into “omics technologies”, offers the promise of new means of detection, prevention and treatment of age-related disabilities and diseases. But the development of these new technologies will not be without challenges, in particular with respect to the difficulty of translating technological advances into innovation in the clinical setting. This report provides a synthesis of a March 2013 workshop organised by the OECD and the Human Genome Organisation (HGO) which focused on latest advances in omics technologies for healthy ageing and the policies and practices needed to facilitate their responsible development and integration in medical research, innovation and health policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb0z52dc5c-en
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  • 98
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    The dynamics of employment growth : new evidence from 18 countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 14
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Motivated by the ongoing interest of policy makers in the sources of job creation, this paper presents results from a new OECD project on the dynamics of employment (DynEmp) based on an innovative methodology using firm-level data (i.e. national business registers or similar sources). It demonstrates that among small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), young firms play a central role in creating jobs, whereas old SMEs tend to destroy jobs. This pattern holds robustly across 17 OECD countries and Brazil, extending recent evidence found in the United States. The paper also shows that young firms are always net job creators throughout the business cycle, even during the financial crisis. During the crisis, entry and post-entry growth by young firms were affected most heavily, although downsizing by old firms was responsible for most job losses. The results also highlight large cross-country differences in the growth potential of young firms, pointing to the role played by national policies in enabling successful firms to create jobs.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417hj6hg6-en
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  • 99
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    Dividing the pie in Brazil : income distribution, social policies and the new middle class (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en
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  • 100
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    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
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