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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (313)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (313)
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  • MFK München
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  • Online-Ressource  (313)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 21, no. 3, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 3, p. 1-18
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: There have been calls to increase the autonomy of higher education institutions in Europe for a number of years. They have been counterbalanced by demands for increasing accountability and a European quality assurance system. In London in 2007, the European ministers of education decided to implement a European register of accredited quality agencies, and defined standards for registration. Being part of the register requires “substantial compliance with all standards” instead of “full-compliance”. This might take into consideration the context of the national higher education system, the role of the agency in the quality assurance system, and even the national culture and traditions, allowing for different interpretations, some imprecision, and diverse degrees of flexibility and compliance. Indications from the United States suggest an emerging desire at the federal level to play a more visible role in regulating higher education through intervention in the accreditation system to ensure increased institutional accountability. This may have a parallel in the European situation. While in the United States the attempts at increased federal control have so far apparently failed, in Europe quality systems linked to higher education institutions were replaced with “independent” accrediting agencies. We analyse these changes and offer a possible interpretation for the differences on the two sides of the Atlantic. Accréditation supranationale, confiance et autonomie des établissements : Contrastes du développement de l’accréditation entre l’Europe et les États-Unis À l’échelon européen, certains soulignent depuis plusieurs années la nécessité de conférer une autonomie accrue aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur, alors même que d’autres exigent que ces derniers rendent davantage de comptes concernant leurs activités et leurs performances. À Londres en 2007, les ministres européens de l’éducation ont décidé la mise en place d’un registre européen où figureront les agences accréditées et où seront définies les normes auxquelles ces agences devront se plier pour être autorisées à y figurer. Les conditions à respecter pour pouvoir être inscrit au registre européen sont ainsi passées d’une « conformité totale à l’ensemble des normes » à une « large conformité ». L’interprétation de ces normes pourrait s’effectuer en tenant compte des spécificités propres à chaque système d’enseignement supérieur national, au rôle de chaque agence au sein du système d’assurance qualité, voire de la culture et des traditions nationales, laissant la voie ouverte à des divergences d’interprétation, à une certaine marge d’imprécision et à divers degrés de flexibilité et de conformité. Des indications provenant des États-Unis suggèrent l’émergence d’un souhait, au niveau fédéral, de jouer un rôle plus visible dans la régulation de l’enseignement supérieur, via l’intervention du système d’accréditation pour assurer un développement de la responsabilité institutionnelle. Cette tendance incite naturellement à établir un parallèle avec la situation observée en Europe. Tandis qu’aux États-Unis, les tentatives visant à renforcer le contrôle par les autorités fédérales semblent avoir échoué, en Europe, les systèmes de qualité liés aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur ont été remplacés par des agences d’accréditation « indépendantes ». Dans ce rapport, les auteurs proposent une analyse de ces changements et suggèrent une interprétation possible des différences existant des deux côtés de l’Atlantique.
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 1-18
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Higher education in the United States has received much scrutiny in the recent past from the federal and state governments, the press and the general public. In response to this scrutiny, a number of blue ribbon panels have been formed to examine how effectively higher education is serving American society. In this article, I analyse the proceedings and impact of the most recent prominent panel, the Secretary of Education’s Commission on the Future of Higher Education, commonly known as the Spellings Commission. I also briefly examine how the new administration of President Barack Obama is likely to affect colleges and universities in light of the global economic crisis. Le contexte de la réforme de l’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis Ces dernières années, le gouvernement fédéral, les États, la presse et l’opinion publique ont placé l’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis au centre d’une attention toute particulière. En conséquence de cela, de nombreux groupes d’experts se sont formés pour étudier dans quelle mesure le système d’enseignement supérieur sert efficacement la société américaine. Cet article examinera les procédures et l’impact de la commission du ministre de l’Éducation sur le futur de l’enseignement supérieur, plus généralement dénommée la commission Spellings, qui constitue le plus important groupe d’experts récemment constitué. Nous étudierons ensuite brièvement dans quelle mesure la nouvelle administration du Président Barack Obama est susceptible d’affecter les universités dans un contexte marqué par la crise économique mondiale.
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 125-140
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 16 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 125-140
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belarus ; France ; Germany ; Hungary ; Indonesia ; Italy ; Montenegro ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Allemagne Amendement à la Loi de 1986 relative aux mesures préventives destinées à protéger la population contre les dangers des rayonnements ionisants (2008) Règlement relatif au transport international ferroviaire des marchandises dangereuses (2008) Loi relative aux Protocoles de 2004 portant modification de la Convention de Paris et de la Convention complémentaire de Bruxelles ; Amendement à la Loi sur l’énergie atomique (2008) République Du Bélarus Loi relative à l’utilisation de l’énergie nucléaire (2008) États-Unis Stratégie de délivrance d’autorisation pour les centrales nucléaires de nouvelle génération (2008) Santé publique et normes environnementales de protection contre les rayonnements pour le site de Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008) Ajustement de l’inflation sur la loi Price-Anderson (2008) France Guide de sûreté relative au stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs en formation géologique profonde (2008) Décret relatif aux procédures applicables au traitement des combustibles usés et des déchets radioactifs provenant de l’étranger (2008) Hongrie Stratégie cadre de la Politique énergétique 2007-2020 (2008) Indonésie Règlement sur la délivrance d’autorisations des usages de sources de rayonnements ionisants et de matières nucléaires (2008) Italie Mise en oeuvre de la loi relative aux dispositions urgentes pour le développement économique etc. (2008) Montenegro Loi sur l’environnement (2008) Cadre législatif et réglementaire au Monténégro Roumanie Décision relative à la structure de l’Agence nucléaire (2008) Décision relative à la sélection des investisseurs pour les unités 3 et 4 de la centrale nucléaire de Cernavoda (2008) Version consolidée de la Loi de Protection Civile (2008)Stratégie nationale de prévention des situations d’urgence (2008) Stratégie nationale pour le partage de l’information et la communication en cas de situation d’urgence (2008) Fédération De Russie Décret relatif à un transfert de responsabilités au Ministre des Ressources naturelles et de l’Écologie (2008) République Slovaque Transposition de la Directive du Conseil 2006/117/Euratom (2008) Royaume-Uni Nouveau Ministère de l’Énergie et du Changement Climatique (2008) Ukraine Décret instituant l’entreprise d’État « Combustible Nucléaire » (2008) Amendement à la loi sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2008)
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 117-124
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 8 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 117-124
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Canada ; Germany ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Allemagne Jugement de la Cour Administrative Fédérale relatif aux supposées « Biblis-obligations » (2008) Canada La Cour du Banc de la Reine du Nouveau-Brunswick refuse la divulgation en vertu de la loi sur le droit à l’information de la province d’une étude de faisabilité sur l’énergie nucléaire (2008) États-Unis Jugement de la Cour fédérale relatif à l’interprétation du « Standard Contract » du Département de l’Énergie américain (2008) Décision sommaire de la Cour d’Appel des États-Unis sur les demandes de révision des règlements de la Commission de la réglementation nucléaire (2008)
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 109-127
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 19 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 109-127
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Brazil ; France ; Ireland ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Moldova, Republic of ; Romania ; Serbia ; Slovenia ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Le premier amendement modifie le financement des activités de l’Agence fédérale de contrôle nucléaire (AFCN) dans la mesure où une partie des frais de fonctionnement est transformée en ressource d’origine fiscale. En plus de ces ressources fiscales, des frais de fonctionnement et des amendes administratives, le financement peut s’opérer par le biais de donations, de legs et d’autres modes de financement.
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 99-115
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 99-115
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Brazil ; France ; Ireland ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Moldova, Republic of ; Romania ; Serbia ; Slovenia ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States
    Kurzfassung: One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102237
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: Turkey’s continuing economic expansion depends on the diversification of its transport modes and especially on the development of efficient multimodal services. Its role as a hub for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and as a facilitator of global exchange will be enhanced with a strategy and measures to support a range of intermodal logistic and transport services. This work analyses the current situation and sets forth some of the actions and policies needed to stimulate the development of a truly multimodal transport system.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports ; Vers une accessibilité pour tous
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport; Design with Everyone in Mind
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Pour la partie de plus en plus nombreuse de la population qui est atteinte de déficiences cognitives ou d’un problème de santé mentale, l’utilisation des transports publics peut être vécue comme un défi. La publication analyse ce domaine négligé en proposant des solutions allant de la formation des personnels de services à l'utilisation d'une meilleure signalétique, à des changements dans la présentation des horaires ainsi qu'à une présence accrue de personnel pour aider les voyageurs à prendre confiance.
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056015
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Serie: West African Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les enjeux régionaux des migrations ouest-africaines ; Perspectives africaines et européennes
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Trémolières, Marie Regional challenges of West African migration
    DDC: 325/.266
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Community of West African States ; Internationale Migration ; Westafrika ; Internationale Migration ; Zuwanderer ; Repatriierung ; Migrationspolitik ; Freizügigkeit ; Internationale Organisation ; Politik ; Fallstudie ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Westafrika ; Europa ; Maghreb ; Mauretanien ; Senegal ; Westafrika ; Flüchtling
    Kurzfassung: This publication presents contributions by international experts on various aspects of West African migration. It provides a contrasting perspective to current debates which essentially focus on security issues. This rather non-institutional approach promotes a constant dialogue based on analyses of the actual situation: the authors encourage "win-win" mobility for all parties involved (Europe, North Africa and West Africa), whether it be a host, transit or departure country.
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264075290
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als United States
    DDC: 331.34
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; USA ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Kurzfassung: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on the United States contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789282102329
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.144
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international ; Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international : Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Security is critical to transport systems as they are often appealing targets for terrorist attacks. The significant costs of potential damage make effective security policies a key concern for transport decision makers. This Round Table examines the contribution economic analysis can make to improving security in aviation and maritime shipping by identifying methods for quantifying the benefits of security measures and assessing their effectiveness, and examining techniques to allocate resources targeting the highest risks.
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.669
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The global financial crisis that emerged in mid 2007 has caused considerable economic disruptions in the United States and elsewhere, and exposed major flaws in the global financial system. After examining the origins of the crisis, this paper recommends specific policy responses to resolve the immediate problems and discusses how to make the US financial system more resilient and stable in the future.
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: CELE Échanges, Centre pour des environnements pédagogiques efficaces no.2009/04
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. San Diego's Capital Planning Process
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Dans le cadre de son mécanisme de planification de l’équipement, le San Diego Unified School District (Californie, États-Unis) a établi une analyse systématique de la qualité fonctionnelle dans chacun de ses établissements scolaires. La qualité fonctionnelle représente un critère déterminant dans la planification des équipements éducatifs ainsi qu’un complément nécessaire à l’évaluation de l’état du bâtiment.
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.665
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: In spite of improvements, on various measures of health outcomes the United States appears to rank relatively poorly among OECD countries. Health expenditures, in contrast, are significantly higher than in any other OECD country. While there are factors beyond the health-care system itself that contribute to this gap in performance, there is also likely to be scope to improve the health of Americans while reducing, or at least not increasing spending. This paper focuses on two factors that contribute to this discrepancy between health outcomes and health expenditures in the United States: inequitable access to medical services and subsidized private insurance policies; and inefficiencies in public health insurance. It then suggests two sets of reforms likely to improve the US health-care system. The first is a package of reforms to achieve close to universal health insurance coverage. The second set of reforms relates to payment methods and coverage decisions within the Medicare programme to realign incentives and increase the extent of economic evaluation of different medical procedures.
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: CELE Exchange, Centre for Effective Learning Environments no.2009/04
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Procédures de planification de l'équipement à San Diego
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Capital planning for schools should include both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. And while building condition remains an important and necessary factor in short- and long-range facility planning, by itself it is not sufficient to reveal the full range of building performance issues or to guide decision making and strategies for prudent capital investments. Functionality – sometimes referred to as “serviceability” or “fitness of purpose” – has to do with how school buildings and sites support users’ activities. Its reference points are the owner’s operating requirements that represent the purposes and objectives for which the facility was originally designed and built, plus the many new functional requirements that have inevitably arisen over time (driven by such factors as enrolment growth or decline, grade reconfiguration, trends in curriculum, technology or educational philosophy, and community uses). In terms of functionality, a school can have positive attributes – it can be safe and secure, healthy and comfortable, cost-effective and environmentally sustainable, even uplifting and inspirational – or negative ones – it can be overcrowded or underutilised, dilapidated or obsolete, inefficient and expensive, or even dangerous. There is a welcome and growing body of literature on links between the functional quality of educational buildings and the academic performance of the students who occupy them. This research is also consistent with new attention to the environmental aspects of schools, which are significant in terms of embodied pedagogy, the health and comfort of educators and learners, and, indeed, the long-term prospects for life on the planet.
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  • 19
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2009-1
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/01
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: En cinquante années, la conteneurisation est devenue l’épine dorsale de la mondialisation. Ce processus peut s’expliquer par une interaction vertueuse entre trois grands types de facteurs : des facteurs techniques, économiques et organisationnels. En effet, la conteneurisation n’est à l’origine qu’une simple innovation technique. Mais le conteneur, outil intermodal, ouvre la voie à de nouveaux schémas organisationnels de transport qui s’inscrivent dans la durée. Ces facteurs organisationnels mettent en cause les acteurs du transport qui ont dû redéfinir les frontières de leur métier respectif, afin de mettre en oeuvre des chaînes de transport porte à porte fiables et globales par leur étendue géographique. Ces possibilités ouvertes par la conteneurisation seraient restées lettre morte, si elles n’avaient pas correspondu à de profonds bouleversements des facteurs économiques depuis les années 1970. La très forte croissance du commerce international des produits manufacturés, systématiquement supérieures à celle de l’ensemble du commerce international, elle-même supérieure à celle du PIB, caractérise une accentuation de la division internationale du travail qui n’était possible que sous-tendue par un puissant système de transport.
    Anmerkung: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Frémont, Antoine: Empirical Evidence for Integration and Disintegration of Maritime Shipping, Port and Logistics Activities , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 20
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.677
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This paper constructs a broad measure of financial conditions for the United States, Japan, the Euro Area and the United Kingdom, by extending monetary condition indices which are traditionally used to gauge the impact of monetary policy on the economy. In addition to changes in the exchange rate and short and long interest rates, the change in credit availability, corporate bond spreads and household wealth are taken into account to gauge the evolution of financial conditions. Since the onset of the financial crisis, financial conditions have tightened by an unprecedented degree in the four countries/regions and this is evaluated to exert a major drag on activity.
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  • 21
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.675
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this paper is to assess the ability of social spending to smooth output shocks and to provide stabilization. The results show that overall social spending is able to smooth about 16 percent of a shock to GDP. Among its subcategories, social spending devoted to Old Age and Unemployment are those that contribute more to provide smoothing. Moreover, the stabilization effects of social spending are significantly larger in those countries where the size of social spending is higher. The empirical results are economically and statistically significant and robust.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789282102343
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Serie: Tables rondes FIT no.144
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport; Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport: Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: La sûreté est un élément fondamental des systèmes de transport : ces derniers sont souvent pris pour cible dans les attaques terroristes. Les coûts significatifs des dommages potentiels font des politiques de sûreté une préoccupation majeure pour les autorités responsables des transports. Cette Table Ronde examine le rôle que peut jouer l’analyse économique pour renforcer la sécurité des transports aérien et maritime en quantifiant les avantages associés et en appréciant leur efficacité et la valeur des techniques qui visent à orienter les ressources vers l’atténuation des risques les plus importants.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789282101988
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Politik
    Kurzfassung: Chaque année, environ 1.2 million de personnes dans le monde sont tuées sur les routes et 50 millions sont blessées. Mais les accidents ne sont pas une fatalité. Beaucoup peut être fait pour réduire les immenses souffrances qu’ils entraînent ainsi que leurs conséquences économiques. Ce rapport fait le point sur les évolutions et les initiatives récentes pour atteindre des objectifs de sécurité routière de plus en plus ambitieux. Il constitue un examen majeur au niveau international de l’approche pour un « système sûr », qui a déjà été adoptée par quelques pays.
    Anmerkung: Literaturangaben , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Towards zero : ambitious road safety targets and the safe system approach
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102299
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Serie: Tables rondes FIT no.143
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Port Competition and Hinterland Connections
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Hafenwirtschaft ; Hinterland
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication de la série Tables Rondes examine les défis stratégiques et réglementaires que pose l’évolution rapide de l’environnement portuaire. L’innovation technologique et organisationnelle, ainsi qu’une très forte expansion des échanges, ont en effet radicalement transformé le secteur portuaire au cours des dernières décennies. Bien que les ports desservent aujourd’hui des arrière-pays qui s’étendent profondément à l’intérieur des continents, la concurrence interportuaire ne cesse de s’intensifier, affaiblissant le pouvoir de négociation des ports dans la chaîne logistique. L’accroissement du débit portuaire se heurte à une résistance de plus en plus forte des collectivités locales en raison de la pollution et de la congestion qu’il entraîne. La réglementation locale est justifiée, mais sa mise en œuvre est compliquée par la répartition du pouvoir de négociation entre les parties prenantes. Des autorités d’un niveau plus élevé seraient en mesure de formuler des politiques plus efficaces.
    Anmerkung: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Port competition and hinterland connections
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076525
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (198 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Reprise économique, innovation et croissance durable ; Le rôle crucial des régions
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Regions matter
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Regionales Wachstum ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Statistik ; Europa ; Regionalentwicklung ; USA ; Korea ; Japan ; Mexiko ; Geschichte 1995-2005
    Kurzfassung: Why do some regions grow faster than others, and in ways that do not always conform to economic theory? This is a central issue in today’s economic climate, when policy makers are looking for ways to stimulate new and sustainable growth. OECD work suggests that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to regional growth policy. Rather, regions grow in very varied ways and the simple concentration of resources in a place is not sufficient for long-term growth. This report draws on OECD analysis of regional data (including where growth happens, country-by-country), policy reviews and case studies. It argues that it is how investments are made, regional assets used and synergies exploited that can make the difference. Public investment should prioritise longer-term impacts on productivity growth and combine measures in an integrated way. This suggests an important role for regional policies in shaping growth and economic recovery policies, but also challenges policy makers to implement policy reforms.
    Anmerkung: Franz. Ausg.u.d.T.: Reprise économique, innovation et croissance durable
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789282102480
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Serie: Tables rondes FIT no.145
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Verkehrsmittel ; Wettbewerb ; Luftverkehr ; Wettbewerb ; Hochgeschwindigkeitszug
    Kurzfassung: Comment réglementer les aéroports de façon à limiter leur pouvoir de marché ? Ce rapport part du principe que la question préalable à se poser est de savoir s’il est indiqué de réglementer. La réglementation étant imparfaite et coûteuse, les pouvoirs publics devraient chaque fois que c’est possible établir les conditions propices au développement de la concurrence entre aéroports en lieu et place d’une réglementation détaillée. Lorsque la réglementation économique se justifie, par exemple pour des aéroports très encombrés, le rapport examine les différentes approches réglementaires possibles pour déterminer celle qui est, en définitive, la plus adaptée. Il évalue aussi les stratégies de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En intégrant l’aviation aux systèmes ouverts d’échange de droits d’émission, on pourrait réduire efficacement les émissions, mais on ne saurait en attendre des réductions importantes des émissions de CO2 dans le transport aérien proprement dit. Enfin, le rapport recense les conditions économiques dans lesquelles le train à grande vitesse peut devenir un substitut concurrentiel de l’avion. Cependant il conclut que le rail offre seulement des possibilités limitées en matière de réduction des ; émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur la partie correspondante du marché des transports.
    Anmerkung: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Competitive interaction between airports, airlines and high-speed rail
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 111-117
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 7 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Jurisprudence
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 111-117
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Canada ; Germany ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Canada Brunswick News Inc. v Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of the Province of New Brunswick denying release of nuclear power feasibility study (2008) Germany Judgement of the Federal Administration Court on the so-called “Biblis-obligations” (2008) United States Judgement of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on the interpretation of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Contract (2008) Summary Order of the U.S. Court of Appeals on petitions for revision of Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations (2008)
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1-13
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 13 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1-13
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This article describes the history of performance management in the United States government, including the Budget and Performance Integration initiative (BPI), the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART), and the dedicated Internet site www.ExpectMore.gov.
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-35
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 27 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Licensing New Reactors in the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-35
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: On assiste depuis quelques années, partout dans le monde, à un regain d’intérêt pour le nucléaire comme composante du bouquet énergétique. Une combinaison complexe de facteurs est à l’origine de cette possible « renaissance du nucléaire » : sauvegarde de l’environnement grâce à l’absence d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre, amélioration de la fiabilité de l’exploitation des centrales, coût avantageux du combustible et de l’exploitation, mesures d’incitation des pouvoirs publics, pour ne citer que ces facteurs. Pour la première fois depuis une génération, les compagnies d’électricité envisagent sérieusement la construction de nouvelles centrales nucléaires de type commercial aux États-Unis.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 101-220
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 139 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 101-220
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant le Canada et le Royaume-Uni pour l’examen de l’aide des États-Unis qui a eu lieu le 7 décembre 2006. Le Comité a salué la sensible augmentation de l’aide publique au développement consentie par les États-Unis, laquelle a atteint le niveau record de 27.6 milliards USD en 2005. Il a aussi félicité les États-Unis d’avoir fait de la coopération pour le développement un des trois piliers de leur politique étrangère. Les principales recommandations concernent la nécessité de reconnaître expressément l’importance fondamentale de la lutte contre la pauvreté, d’adopter une position plus claire sur le rôle de la cohérence des politiques au service du développement, de poursuivre la délimitation des champs de compétences respectifs des instances militaires et des institutions oeuvrant dans le domaine du développement, et de prêter une plus grande attention aux objectifs d’efficacité de l’aide énoncés dans la Déclaration de Paris ainsi que l’utilité que pourrait revêtir l’élaboration conjointe par le Département d’État et l’USAID d’un plan stratégique global destiné à guider l’action humanitaire.
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 95-200
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 125 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : États-Unis
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 95-200
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from the United Kingdom and Canada for the Peer Review meeting held on 07 December May 2006. The review applauded the major increase in American official development assistance, which reached a record high of USD 27.6 billion in 2005. The Committee commended the United States for raising development to the status of one of three pillars of national foreign policy. Key recommendations included the need to explicitly recognise the key importance of poverty reduction, encouragement for a more explicit approach to the role of policy coherence for development, the need to persist in clarifying the lines of operational responsibility between military and development institutions, support for greater US attention to the Paris Declaration aid effectiveness agenda and encouragement for the joint Department of State and USAID development of an overarching strategic plan to guide humanitarian work.
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 119-134
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 16 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 119-134
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belarus ; France ; Germany ; Hungary ; Indonesia ; Italy ; Montenegro ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Belarus Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008) France Safety guideline on final disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (2008) Decree concerning the procedures applicable to foreign spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste reprocessing (2008) Germany Amendment to the 1986 Act on Preventive Protection of the Public Against Radiation (2008) Order on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (2008) Act on the 2004 Protocols to Amend the Paris Convention and the Brussels Supplementary Convention; Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (2008) Hungary Energy Policy 2007-2020 Framework Strategy (2008) Indonesia Regulation on licensing of uses of ionizing radiation sources and nuclear materials (2008) Italy Implementing law on urgent provisions for economic development etc. (2008) Montenegro Law on the Environment (2008) Romania Decision on the organisational structure of the Nuclear Agency (2008) Decision on the selection of the investors of Units 3 and 4 of Cernavoda NPP (2008)Consolidated version the Civil Protection Law (2008) National strategy for preventing emergency situations (2008) National strategy for information sharing and communication in the event of an emergency (2008) Russian Federation Decree transferring responsibilities to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (2008) Slovak Republic Transposition of Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom (2008) Ukraine Decree creating the state enterprise “Nuclear Fuel” (2008) Amendment to the law on radioactive waste management (2008) United Kingdom New Ministry for Energy and Climate Change (2008) United States Next generation nuclear plant licensing strategy (2008) Public health and environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008) Inflation adjustment to the Price-Anderson Act (2008)
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 7-29
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Procédure américaine d'autorisation de nouveaux réacteurs : Bilan et perspectives
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 7-29
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Aresurgence of interest in new nuclear power generation as part of the energy mix has emerged around the world in the past few years. The reasons for this potential “nuclear renaissance” stem from a complex set of considerations, including the environmental benefits of no “greenhouse” gas emissions, the enhanced reliability of nuclear operations, advantageous fuel and operating costs and government incentives, among others. For the first time in a generation, electric generating companies are giving serious consideration to building new commercial nuclear power plants in the United States.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9780833044525 , 0833048627 , 9781282451056 , 1282451057 , 9780833048622 , 0833044524
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 257 pages)
    Ausgabe: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Serie: Occasional paper 223
    Paralleltitel: Print version Kent, Glenn A., 1915- Thinking about America's defense
    Schlagwort(e): United States Biography Officers ; United States ; Generals Biography ; Strategic forces ; National security ; Military planning ; Generals ; Strategic forces ; National security ; Military planning ; TECHNOLOGY ; Military Science ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; International Security ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; General ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Military Science ; Armed Forces ; Officers ; Generals ; Military planning ; Military policy ; Military readiness ; Decision making ; National security ; Strategic forces ; Military Science - General ; Military & Naval Science ; Law, Politics & Government ; United States ; United States ; Biographies ; United States Military policy ; United States Defenses ; Decision making ; United States ; United States ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: "Lieutenant General Glenn A. Kent was a uniquely acute analyst and developer of American defense policy in the second half of the twentieth century. His 33-year career in the Air Force was followed by more than 20 years as one of the leading analysts at RAND. This volume is not a memoir in the normal sense but rather a summary of the dozens of national security issues in which Glenn was personally engaged over the course of his career. These issues included creating the single integrated operational plan (SIOP), leading DoD's official assessment of strategic defenses in the 1960s, developing and analyzing strategic nuclear arms control agreements, helping to bring new weapon systems to life, and many others. Each vignette describes the analytical frameworks and, where appropriate, the mathematical formulas and charts that Glenn developed and applied to gain insights into the issue at hand. The author also relates his roles in much of the bureaucratic pulling and hauling that occurred as issues were addressed within the government."--Publisher's website
    Kurzfassung: "Lieutenant General Glenn A. Kent was a uniquely acute analyst and developer of American defense policy in the second half of the twentieth century. His 33-year career in the Air Force was followed by more than 20 years as one of the leading analysts at RAND. This volume is not a memoir in the normal sense but rather a summary of the dozens of national security issues in which Glenn was personally engaged over the course of his career. These issues included creating the single integrated operational plan (SIOP), leading DoD's official assessment of strategic defenses in the 1960s, developing and analyzing strategic nuclear arms control agreements, helping to bring new weapon systems to life, and many others. Each vignette describes the analytical frameworks and, where appropriate, the mathematical formulas and charts that Glenn developed and applied to gain insights into the issue at hand. The author also relates his roles in much of the bureaucratic pulling and hauling that occurred as issues were addressed within the government."--Publisher's website
    Anmerkung: "Prepared for the United States Air Force , "Project Air Force , Includes bibliographical references , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-20 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-20
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged: The Case of Kentucky
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-20
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-20
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: En 1997, le Commonwealth du Kentucky, qui enregistrait alors l’un des revenus par habitant et l’un des niveaux d’instruction les plus bas des États-Unis, a initié une série de réformes ambitieuses de son système d’enseignement supérieur, en vue de rattraper le niveau moyen d’instruction américain d’ici 2020. Au moment de leur adoption, ces réformes ont souvent été citées en exemple par les États qui, comme le Kentucky, souhaitaient renforcer la contribution de l’enseignement supérieur à la qualité de vie et à l’économie futures de leur population. Dix ans plus tard, le Groupe de travail sur l’enseignement supérieur de la Chambre de commerce du Kentucky a chargé un comité d’évaluation indépendant de déterminer l’étendue des progrès réalisés sur la voie de cet objectif, et d’identifier les mesures et défis à venir. Les réformes de l’enseignement supérieur mises en œuvre dans le Kentucky ont été conçues comme un ensemble complexe et interdépendant de fins et de moyens visant à transformer les conditions et la qualité de vie de la population du Commonwealth. De façon générale, l’idée était de développer un système d’enseignement supérieur parfaitement intégré, reconnu à l’échelon national, mais surtout à même de générer une main-d’œuvre compétitive au niveau national et de promouvoir la croissance économique, de façon à créer des emplois pour cette main-d’œuvre. Ces réformes n’avaient donc pas pour objet central de développer les établissements d’enseignement supérieur in fine, mais d’accroître la capacité des établissements à contribuer à la prospérité économique et à la qualité de vie futures de l’État. En cela, ces réformes reflètent une grande partie des thèmes évoqués dans le récent rapport de l’OCDE intitulé Enseignement supérieur et régions : concurrence mondiale, engagement local.
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-13 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Universités, innovation et développement régional : l'expérience américaine
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-13
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-13
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Globalisation is profoundly changing economic development, forcing development officials to adopt a regional approach founded on what a particular region does best or its competitive advantage. Globalisation has also placed a new premium on innovation as the critical fuel to economic success – for firms, regions and countries. Universities lie at the nexus of these two powerful trends: they are rooted in regions, and they are perhaps the most important engines of innovation. Drawing on recent experience in the United States, this paper explores this nexus by addressing three critical questions: (1) Why is regional competitiveness the new paradigm for regional development? (2) What must regions do to compete? (3) What can be done to connect university innovation with regional development? The paper concludes that new mechanisms are needed to connect university innovation with regional development. Public policy can encourage these mechanisms by addressing twin needs in the newly forming “market” for regional innovation: encouraging universities to make innovation available in ways that regions can easily tap, and helping regions understand which innovations are most critical to their economic future.
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-16
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Universities, Innovation and Regional Development: A View from the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-16
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: La mondialisation induit une mutation profonde du développement économique, qui conduit les organismes chargés de promouvoir le développement à adopter une approche régionale fondée sur le savoir-faire propre de chaque région, en d’autres termes sur son avantage concurrentiel. La mondialisation accroît par ailleurs l’accent mis sur l’innovation, qui est désormais le principal moteur de la croissance économique – tant pour les entreprises que pour les régions et les pays. Or, les universités se situent à l’intersection de ces deux tendances profondes : ancrées à l’échelon régional, elles sont sans doute également le principal moteur de l’innovation. S’appuyant sur l’expérience récente de certains États américains, le présent rapport analyse ce point de convergence en tentant de répondre à trois questions essentielles : (1) En quoi la compétitivité régionale est-elle le nouveau cadre du développement régional ? (2) Comment améliorer la compétitivité des régions ? (3) Comment lier les efforts d’innovation menés dans les universités au développement régional ? La conclusion du rapport est la suivante : il est urgent de mettre en œuvre de nouveaux mécanismes pour assurer cette corrélation entre innovation universitaire et développement régional. Les politiques publiques peuvent promouvoir ces mécanismes en répondant aux besoins « jumeaux » qui sous-tendent le marché émergent de l’innovation régionale : les responsables politiques devraient ainsi encourager les universités à proposer l’innovation sous des formes facilement exploitables par les régions, tout en aidant ces dernières à déterminer quelles sont les innovations les plus indispensables à leur prospérité économique future.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-16
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Concurrence mondiale, engagement local : l'exemple du Kentucky
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-16
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The Commonwealth of Kentucky, a state with among the lowest levels of per capita income and education attainment in the United States, embarked on an ambitious set of higher education reforms in 1997 aimed at elevating the state to the national average of educational attainment by 2020. At the time of their enactment, the Kentucky reforms were widely cited as models for other states on how to achieve a stronger link between postsecondary education and the future quality of life and economy of the population. Ten years later, the Kentucky Chamber of Commerce Task Force on Postsecondary Education commissioned an independent review to determine the state’s progress toward achieving that goal and to identify the tasks and challenges that remain. The Kentucky postsecondary reforms were a complex and interrelated set of means and ends designed to transform the Commonwealth’s standard of living and quality of life. In broad terms, its intent was to develop a seamless, nationally recognised postsecondary education system that would both create a nationally competitive workforce and support the development of an economy that could employ that workforce. The focus of the reforms was not on higher education institutions, per se, but on increasing the capacity of institutions to contribute to the future of the state’s economy and quality of life. In this respect, the reforms reflect many of the themes of the recent OECD report Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789282101964
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (242 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route ; Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route : Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    DDC: 629.28304
    Schlagwort(e): Traffic safety ; Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Umsetzung
    Kurzfassung: Each year around 1.2 million people are killed and 50 million are injured on roads around the world. But crashes are largely preventable and much can be done to reduce the burden of pain they cause and their economic impact. This report takes stock of recent developments and initiatives to meet increasingly ambitious road safety targets, and constitutes a major international review of progress in developing Safe System approaches, now adopted in a small number of countries.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789282101278
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (123 p.)
    Serie: Tables Rondes CEMT no.132
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Productivity
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Cette Table Ronde fait partie d’une série de manifestations scientifiques organisées pour réfléchir aux instruments qui permettent d’améliorer la planification des transports. En abordant les effets macroéconomiques des politiques d’infrastructures de transport, elle visait à dresser un inventaire des outils analytiques et empiriques qui servent à déterminer le volume global des dépenses publiques à engager dans l’investissement en infrastructures de transport. Les documents de référence ont été fournis par MM. David Canning (Université de Harvard), Charles Hulten (Université du Maryland) et Andreas Kopp (Centre conjoint OCDE-CEMT de recherche sur le transports).
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789282101773
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (505 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. 17th International ITF/OECD Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy; Benefiting from Globalisation; Transport Sector Contribution and Policy Challenges
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Les entreprises et les personnes peuvent d’autant plus profiter de la mondialisation que les réseaux de transport sont efficaces et rentables. Un secteur des transports compétitif, réactif et bien organisé facilite les échanges. Mais pour créer les conditions qui rendent ceci possible, il faut relever un certain nombre de défis politiques. C’est ainsi que les transports pourront pleinement contribuer à la mondialisation. Tel était précisément la thématique principale du 17ème Symposium FIT/OCDE.
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264046269
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Serie: Nuclear Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Stockage définitif des déchets de haute activité ; Calendrier de mise en œuvre
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Canada ; Czech Republic ; European Union ; France ; Germany ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Sweden ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This study identifies key factors influencing the timing of high-level waste (HLW) disposal and examines how social acceptability, technical soundness, environmental responsibility and economic feasibility impact on national strategies for HLW management and disposal. Based on case study analyses, it also presents the strategic approaches adopted in a number of national policies to address public concerns and civil society requirements regarding long-term stewardship of high-level radioactive waste. The findings and conclusions of the study confirm the importance of informing all stakeholders and involving them in the decision-making process in order to implement HLW disposal strategies successfully.
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101209
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (186 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Des chaussées à longue durée de vie pour routes à forte circulation
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Long-life surfaces could substantially cut the costs of road works, including the delays they cause, especially on congested routes with heavy traffic. These surfaces use new materials that cost more than conventional asphalt and require special handling. This report presents the results of collaborative research to evaluate the technical and economic potential of the most promising long-life surfaces (epoxy asphalt and high performance cementitious materials) and assist governments in weighing up the risks and advantages of introducing them on busy roads
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789282101865
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Serie: Tables rondes FIT no.140
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Wider Economic Benefits of Transport; Macro-, Meso- and Micro-Economic Transport Planning and Investment Tools
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: L’analyse coûts-avantages classique des projets d’investissement dans les infrastructures de transport consiste à mettre en balance les coûts des projets avec les avantages que l’on peut en escompter pour l’usager. Cette démarche a été remise en question au motif qu’elle ne tient pas compte des effets économiques plus larges de ces projets. À l’occasion de cette Table Ronde, d’éminents universitaires et professionnels ont échangé leurs vues sur la question et ont examiné diverses méthodes possibles pour évaluer les effets plus larges – négatifs comme positifs. Ils sont ainsi parvenus à la conclusion que pour les projets de petite envergure, il est préférable de privilégier l’obtention de résultats dans les délais voulus, même s’il faut pour cela renoncer à une analyse plus poussée des effets plus larges des projets. En revanche, s’agissant de projets ou de programmes d’investissement de plus grande ampleur, une analyse spécifique de leurs effets plus larges se justifie davantage. L’élaboration de procédures d’évaluation uniformes doit être un domaine de recherche prioritaire.
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264046580
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Serie: Développement de l'énergie nucléaire
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Timing of High-level Waste Disposal
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Canada ; Czech Republic ; European Union ; France ; Germany ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Sweden ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Cette étude met en évidence les facteurs clés affectant le calendrier du stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs de haute activité. Elle analyse comment l'acceptation sociale, la robustesse technique, la prise en compte des aspects environnementaux et la faisabilité économique influencent les stratégies nationales concernant la gestion et le stockage définitif de tels déchets. À la lumière d’études de cas, elle présente aussi les approches stratégiques adoptées par différents pays pour répondre aux préoccupations du public et aux attentes de la société civile en matière de gestion à long terme des déchets radioactifs de haute activité. Les enseignements et conclusions de l'étude confirment l'importance d'informer toutes les parties prenantes et de les faire participer au processus de décision si l'on veut réussir la mise en œuvre des politiques de stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs.
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101629
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Long-Life Surfaces for Busy Roads
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Les revêtements à longue durée de vie peuvent diminuer les coûts d’entretien des réseaux routiers de manière significative, et ceci en y incluant les pertes de temps causées par ces travaux pour les usagers, notamment sur les routes encombrées à fort trafic. Ces revêtements ont recours à de nouveaux matériaux qui sont plus coûteux que l’asphalte et qui requièrent des traitements spécifiques. Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une recherche collective destinée à évaluer le potentiel technique et économique des revêtements à longue durée de vie les plus prometteurs et propose à l’intention des gouvernements une façon de peser les risques et avantages liés à l’introduction de tels revêtements sur les routes à fort trafic.
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  • 47
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Ausgabe: Révisé 9-12-08
    Serie: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2008-21
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/21
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Certains domaines associés aux thèmes discutés ici échappent à mes compétences, comme par exemple l’évaluation des risques et des défauts de sûreté dans les transports. Ce qui m’a convaincu de l’importance de ce sujet, ce sont quelques conclusions très générales, je dirais volontiers quelques impressions que m’inspire depuis quelques années l’évolution très remarquable de nos pouvoirs d’analyse sur les processus de prise de décision en matière de risque. Le mot insécurité visera souvent ici la gestion des risques liés à des actes de malveillance intentionnelle... Les coûts de la sécurité prise en ce sens constituent aujourd’hui une composante de tout budget transport. Outre les coûts de prévention et de surveillance, les coûts de prévision, il faut aussi envisager désormais le coût des dommages potentiels liés à de tels actes. Les événements du 11 septembre 2001, qui ont accéléré cette évolution, doivent suffire à nous convaincre que les conséquences de tels dommages sont désormais commensurables avec les coûts des guerres.
    Anmerkung: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: De Palma, André: Rational behaviour, risk aversion : high stakes for society , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/01
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: In developed countries, transport generates approximately 25 to 30 per cent of emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas (GHG) and these emissions are increasing sharply. There are two explanations for the increase in emissions from transport: the first is dependency on the internal combustion engine for transport with no wide-scale economically viable alternative available in the medium term; the second is the sharp increase in vehicle-kilometres travelled, which seems to be an inherent feature of economic development. One might well ask, given announcements that oil reserves will run out rapidly, whether we should not simply wait until reserves dry up to obtain a reduction in transport-related emissions. This said, rising oil prices are gradually making it more viable to exploit unconventional reserves, leaving aside innovations in technology which are reportedly opening up prospects for new fossil fuels (including fuels derived from coal, which is in plentiful supply world-wide). Hence, there is every reason to believe that the use of fossil fuels could continue on a large scale in the future. Foresight studies show that if our aim is to achieve ambitious GHG emission control targets for transport within the next few decades, the policies we implement will have to be more determined: among other things, they should aim at reducing total consumption that is to say vehicle kilometres travelled, not just unitary vehicle consumption (cf. ENERDATA and LEPII, 2005 for France, for instance). Among the measures identified, carbon taxes and vehicle taxes are the most cost-effective (OECD, 2007; Parry et al., 2007). However, the “fuel tax protests” of September 2000 in several European countries show that public opinion is very resistant to fuel tax increases (Lyons and Chatterjee, 2002). This resistance can also be explained by concerns about fairness, since many households depend on the car for day-to-day living and for getting to work. As well as this, fuel tax increases would require the international harmonization of fuel taxation in different countries, which seeing what has happened in the European Union appears to be extremely difficult.
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/10
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The seaport-hinterland interaction plays an increasingly important role in shaping supply chain solutions of shippers and logistics service providers. Scarcity concerns combined with concerns over the reliability of transport solutions have led seaports and hinterland corridors to take up a more active role in supply chains. This contribution looks at port developments and logistics dynamics in Europe and proposes some steps towards a further integration between seaports and the hinterland. The key point put forward in this paper is that the competitive battle among ports will increasingly be fought ashore. Hinterland connections are thus a key area for competition and coordination among actors. The paper approaches port-hinterland dynamics from the perspective of the various market players involved, including port authorities, shipping lines, terminal operators, transport operators (rail, barge, road and short sea) and logistics service providers. The paper will address the impact of horizontal and vertical relations in supply chains on the structure of these chains and on the relationships between seaports and the intermodal hinterland. Who takes or should take the lead in the further integration of ports and inland ports and what actions have been taken so far by the market players in this respect, will be examined. The incentives for market players to vertically or horizontally integrate will be analyzed against the backdrop of the nature of the market in which the various players operate.
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2008/04
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les bibliothèques universitaires aux États-Unis : un modèle adapté aux besoins d'aujourd'hui
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: In 2007, the author examined existing academic libraries in the United States to determine best practices for the design, implementation and service of learning commons facilities. A primary objective of this study was to discover how to create a higher education learning environment that sustains scholarship, encourages collaboration and empowers student learning. This article explains how to plan for a modern learning commons and presents the various components that comprise the space.
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/15
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; United Kingdom
    Kurzfassung: The paper provides an overview of UK airports from the perspective of a business enterprise. Its object is to show, through the medium of the UK industry, that effective competition between airports is possible and that a competitive industry can be financially viable. In the UK case viability is achieved at all levels of output, thus refuting the suggestion that high fixed costs are a significant barrier to positive returns, particularly for airports of limited output. This viable industry operates for the most part in the private sector of the economy and it has evolved without the imposition of a strategic plan. It is competition that has driven the dynamics of the industry, an industry that in its symbiotic relationship with the airline industry has been an economic success story helping to produce strong economic growth in the service sector of the UK economy.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264072022
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.6
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; United States
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: United States
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; United States
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  • 53
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/05
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The transport sector’s demand for oil is less price sensitive than any other part of the economy. This is partly because demand for transport services is relatively insensitive to price and partly because substitutes for oil in road transport are currently far from cost-effective. Evidence from the USA suggests that as incomes rise, transport sector oil demand becomes even less price sensitive. This implies that oil consumption is set to become increasingly concentrated in the transport sector. It also implies that relatively limited fluctuations in demand can have increasingly significant effects on oil prices.
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044258
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (135 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The Marshall Plan
    DDC: 338.91/7304
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): 1947-2007 ; Wirtschaftlicher Wiederaufbau ; Europa ; Economics ; Marshall-Plan
    Kurzfassung: This book examines the historical, diplomatic, economic, and strategic aspects of the European Recovery Program (ERP) - popularly known as the Marshall Plan - which brought Europe out of the chaos, hunger, poverty, desperation, and ashes of World War II. In it, authors from a variety of countries who are scholars, policy makers, and business leaders, address applications of the Marshall Plan’s lessons learned to the 21st century for capacity building, human and sustainable development, and the role of public, private partnerships in emerging market economies and democratic societies. "There are not many of us left who served through the Marshall Plan from its beginning, and fewer still who served time in the Hotel Talleyrand in Paris, the site of the anniversary celebration, in June 2007, of Secretary George C. Marshall’s 1947 commencement address launching the European Recovery Program. There are, though, scholars who can address those times and evaluate them so that the experience can live on. "The dedication of the Hotel de Talleyrand as a memorial to that unique enterprise provided the opportunity; and the analyses and evaluations in this splendid volume, The Marshall Plan: Lessons Learned for the 21st Century, reflect the excitement, as well as the accomplishments, of an economic enterprise that produced the infrastructure of NATO and the European Union. Long live the spirit of Marshall’s vision!" -Thomas C. Schelling, Marshall Plan alumnus, Washington, Copenhagen, Paris, Washington, ’48-‘53, Nobel Prize in Economics 2005 "A historical event is and remains crucial when it interacts with others in such a way as to contribute to a deep and positive change in the course of history. In this sense, the Marshall Plan made an outstanding and lasting contribution. It was instrumental to overcoming the temptation of isolationism in the US, to reviving our badly needed economic recovery and gave a decisive input to coordinating our national efforts, thus paving the way to our future European integration." When I think of the world as it would have been without the Marshall Plan, I am encouraged to conclude that even in our challenging times, another, better world is possible. This collection of well written contributions and analyses, The Marshall Plan: Lessons Learned for the 21st Century , further strengthens my convictions. -Giuliano Amato, Former Prime Minister, ItalyFormer Vice President, European Constitutional Assembly
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/08
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the interaction between hinterland access conditions and port competition. Competition between ports is treated as competition between alternate intermodal transportation chains, while the hinterland access conditions are represented by both the corridor facilities and the inland roads. We find that when ports compete in quantities, an increase in corridor capacity will increase own port’s output, reduce the rival port’s output, and increase own port’s profit. On the other hand, an increase in inland road capacity may or may not increase own port’s output and profit, owing to various offsetting effects. Essentially, while more road capacity reduces local delays and moderates the negative impact of own output expansion, it induces greater local commuter traffic and may moderate the reduction by local commuter traffic in response to a rise in cargo traffic, both of which reduces own output and profit. Similarly, inland road pricing may or may not increase own port’s output and profit. Finally, case examples for selected ports and regions are discussed.
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2008/04
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. US Academic Libraries: Today's Learning Commons Model
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: En 2007, l’auteur a étudié un certain nombre de bibliothèques universitaires existant aux États-Unis, afin de mettre en évidence les bonnes pratiques suivies dans le domaine de la conception et du fonctionnement des centres de ressources documentaires et pédagogiques, ainsi que des services qu’ils offrent. L’un des premiers objectifs de cette étude était de déterminer la façon de créer, dans l’enseignement supérieur, un cadre qui favorise l’enrichissement des connaissances, encourage la collaboration et permette aux étudiants d’acquérir une autonomie dans la construction de leur savoir. Cet article explique les modalités de conception d’un centre de ressources documentaires et pédagogiques moderne, dont il décrit les différentes caractéristiques.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264031340
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (586 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2); Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2): Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation
    Kurzfassung: Les réseaux d’infrastructure jouent un rôle vital dans le développement économique et social. La demande d’infrastructures est appelée à sensiblement augmenter dans les décennies à venir, sous l’impulsion de facteurs majeurs de changement comme la croissance économique mondiale, le progrès technologique, le changement climatique, l’urbanisation et l’aggravation de la congestion. Les défis à relever sont multiples. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, de nombreux éléments de réseaux d’infrastructure connaissent un vieillissement rapide, les budgets publics sont de plus en plus serrés et le financement de l’infrastructure devient de plus en plus complexe. Cette publication évalue la viabilité future des modèles économiques actuels dans cinq secteurs infrastructurels : électricité, eau, transport ferroviaire de marchandises, transports collectifs urbains et transport routier. Elle propose des recommandations pratiques visant à renforcer les capacités afin de répondre aux besoins futurs d’infrastructures, notamment des mesures qui pourraient être prises par les gouvernements tant collectivement qu’individuellement pour mettre en place des cadres institutionnels, politiques et réglementaires plus favorables.
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.628
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; European Union ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines shifts in labour productivity growth in the United States and in Europe between 1970 and 2007 based on econometric tests of structural breaks. Additionally, it makes use of time-series-based projected labour productivity growth up to 2009 in order to detect any recent break according to a central scenario as well as high and low scenarios, both derived from a 95% confidence interval. The identification of structural breaks in US labour productivity growth is far from obvious. A statistically significant break date is found in the late 1990s only if the upper scenario materialises in the future, which means that despite a clear pick-up in productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s, the size of the hump is not still large enough compared with past variation to make this change a statistically significant break. However, a significant breakpoint is detected in the mid-1990s for the difference in labour productivity growth between the United States and the EU15 based on observed data, which seems to be due to both the initial catch-up of Europe and the halt of the convergence process in the mid-1990s. Finally, European ICT-intensive countries are shown to have structurally performed better in terms of productivity growth than non-ICT-intensive countries.
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/02
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper will trace the development of modern regulation of emissions, both local and global, from motor vehicles. To illuminate the principal themes of this story the focus will be on the experiences of the United States and Europe. Among those themes, three stand out, questions that sooner or later must be considered in the development of any environmental policy. First, the theme of federalism. In every country, governments are constituted at various levels of aggregation, from local to national. Which level of government is the most suitable for attacking a given public problem. If different levels of government can fairly claim to have a role in addressing the problem, how will the various responsibilities be assigned and coordinated? In order to develop an effective and efficient public policy, the governments must have both the right incentives and the capacity to do so. Finding the right level of government to address an environmental problem is a tradeoff between two competing considerations. The government’s jurisdiction must be large enough to “internalize the externalities,” as an economist would say. That is, if either the environmental evil or the policy remedy has effects that extend beyond its borders, then the policy-maker’s incentives will very likely be inappropriate. For example, policies to control emissions of stationary-source air pollutants may not be stringent enough if most of the effects of pollution are experienced in neighboring jurisdictions. At the same time, the level of government must be appropriate to the problem. Smaller, more local units of government are more likely to know the preferences of their citizens, yet less likely to have the expertise and experience to deal effectively with particular problems. The second pervasive theme here is the choice of policy instrument: the specific mechanisms used to achieve the environmental objective. It is common to pose two polar types: direct regulation and economic incentives (EI). Rather than commands or requirements, EI instruments provide penalties or rewards to encourage behavior that will improve environmental quality. Another way of putting the difference is this: With direct regulation, there is a bright line that determines whether behavior will be tolerated. With EI, the relationship between performance and consequences is continuous and gradual. There is no bright line, just steadily increasing rewards for better performance.
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  • 60
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/09
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Transport sector policies already contribute to moderating greenhouse gas emissions from road vehicles and are increasingly designed to contribute to overall societal targets to mitigate climate change. The Round Table investigated the effectiveness and costs of various mitigation options. The question of how to decide on the distribution of abatement efforts across sectors of the economy was also discussed. Within the broad topic of addressing greenhouse gas emissions from transport, the Round Table focused on emissions of CO2 from road transport and in particular from light-duty passenger vehicles. Policies that reduce fuel consumption below non-intervention levels are in place in most countries, many adopted for reasons other than reducing CO2 emissions. In the US, both fuel taxes and fuel economy regulations have been in force for some decades. European governments have adopted high fuel taxes but are now considering introducing fuel economy regulations. A first core question for the Round Table was whether such a combination of instruments is justified. A second question was whether current policies, and the level of taxes and standards, are in line with societal climate change mitigation goals and, more generally, how such goals ought to be defined.
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  • 61
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/06
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper summarizes and organizes presentations and discussions of the Round Table on Macro-, meso and micro infrastructure planning and assessment tools, that took place at Boston University, on 25 and 26 October 2007. The goal of the meeting was to investigate how recent research on direct and wider economic impacts of investment in transport infrastructure can be used to improve the practice of transport projects appraisal. While the potential importance of “wider benefits” is clear, it is less obvious that attempts to quantify them should be part of all projects appraisals. Timely availibilty of results of simpler approaches might approve the quality of decision-making just as much. And when wider impacts are part of appraisal, their quantification should follow consistent procedures. Policy-oriented research should focus on these procedures, not on producing general results, as the latter are thought to be irrelevant to policy, to the extent they exist.
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  • 62
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/12
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Rapid growth in international trade over the last two decades has generated both benefits and costs. Costs have become increasingly visible in metropolitan areas -- growing congestion, air pollution – and local communities are demanding solutions. Congestion and air pollution associated with increased international trade have become so severe in the Los Angeles region that port-related trade is facing increased regulation by both state and local agencies. Historically US ports have been remarkably autonomous. Their role as economic development engines is wellrecognized by local leaders. Thus recent regulatory efforts represent a significant change in public policy. This report begins with an overview of trends in port-related trade and its impacts on US metropolitan areas, and discusses changing public perceptions of port-related trade as impacts have increased. Using Southern California as a case study, the report examines responses by the ports, terminal operators, and allied industries to a changed regulatory regime. Two examples are discussed in detail: 1) a state regulation requiring appointments or extended hours at terminal gates, and 2) the OFFPeak extended gate hours program. We use a political economy framework to explain outcomes. I describe the main economic actors and their competitive positions, and we explain the key aspects of the US regulatory system affecting these actors. Those with significant market power within the international trade supply chain were successful in staving off several regulatory attempts to force changes in operating practices. When regulations were imposed, they were able to structure responses to protect their economic interests. Results suggest that “dominant actors” – ports, terminal operators, steamship lines, and their major clients – will continue to be a strong influence in efforts to solve trade-related environmental problems.
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/07
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper summarizes and organizes presentations in the Round Table's presentations and discussions, draws conclusions when possible, and points out where opinions differ. It is divided in three main sections. First, the presentations and discussions provided an overview of the advances, promises, and pitfalls of current research on the economic impacts of investments in transport infrastructure. a first recurring theme was that advances in the analysis of "wider impacts" were acknowledged, but their transferability across projects was questioned, so there are "no simple rules" for generalizing results. Moreover, routine analysis is difficult because of shortcomings both in data availability and in the analytical framework. This theme is developed in some detail in section two. A second recurring issue was the major differences in the approach to transport project appraisal between countries. The impact of economic appraisal on policy decisions varies greatly from one region to another and this has consequences for the way wider economic impacts might be taken into account.
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  • 64
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/13
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This short outlook is designed to test the potential for key policy instruments for mitigating emissions from road transport, and particularly from light duty vehicles, the largest source of CO2 emissions from transport (see Figure 1 and Table 1). It also examines uncertainties in the baseline scenario for the development of CO2 emissions from the sector. In contrast to the OECD’s Economic Outlook and the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, the Transport Outlook is produced making use of external modeling tools. The work uses the most transparent and robust model developed to date for the sector, the MoMo modeli constructed and maintained by the International Energy Agency and initially developed for the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. We are grateful to the MoMo-team for their willingness to share this product. The present document is only a first step towards the development of a full-fledged Transport Outlook. It is limited in scope, with its focus on road transport and on emissions of CO2. Despite the limitations, this mini-Outlook provides elements of a useful framework for discussions on the policy challenges presented by the risk of costly consequences from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. As will become clear, permanent reductions of CO2-emissions from transport are difficult to achieve because of strong underlying global growth in transport demand. At the same time, our scenarios suggest that emissions could be stabilized even with strong growth of demand, given immediate and continued efforts to reduce the sector’s carbon intensity. If stabilization is the goal, then finding cost-effective ways of achieving it becomes the critical issue.
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  • 65
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264030749
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The United States is the largest economy and energy user in the world. Significant developments have taken place in its energy policy since the last IEA review in 2002. Most important is the Energy Policy Act 2005 – a comprehensive energy legislation which has set new directions, including opening the way for a nuclear renaissance. Two closely connected challenges shape all debates on the nation’s energy policy path: how to increase security by reducing the dependence on imported supplies; and how to address growing emissions of greenhouse gases. This review takes an in-depth look at these issues and provides recommendations on how the United States can do more to answer the challenges of both improving its security of energy supply and lowering its emissions intensity, demonstrating the significant improvements that can already be realised through existing technologies.
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  • 66
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 9 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/04
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Oil is the main component of transport fuel. As for now, however, crude oil price (FOB-Free on board) accounts for less than a fifth of transport costs. Operating costs, wages and taxes cause the remaining four fifths. Nevertheless, oil scarcity may raise fuel costs to such a level that transport companies and citizen may suffer significant adverse impacts. A multiplication by 8 of the price of oil (compared to 2007) would double road transport cost. Yet, the rise would be global, which would enable operators to shift the cost to their clients without suffering changes in competition. Still, small operators that would not be in a position to optimize truck loads and routes would be threatened. Major oil price rise would mainly affect two aspects of mobility: aviation and private motoring. Air companies have added a special oil charge to ticket cost while changes in private motoring, which uses approximately as much fuel as air per passenger – kilometre, may lead to a situation where only the wealthiest citizens may keep driving.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264072015
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.6
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; États-Unis
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : États-Unis
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; United States
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  • 68
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/14
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: 1.INTRODUCTION; 1.1. Growth of regional airports; 1.2. Implications for policy makers; 1.3. Objective of this paper; 2. DEFINITIONS OF ACCESSIBILITY 3. ACCESS MODE CHOICE 3.1. Observed access mode shares 3.2. Factors influencing access mode choice behaviour 3.3. Modelling access mode choice behaviour 4. AIRPORT CHOICE 4.1. Factors influencing airport choice behaviour 4.2. Modelling airport choice behaviour 5. CASE STUDY: THE EFFECTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW RAIL MODES 5.1. Introduction 5.2. London Heathrow – Heathrow Express 5.3. London Gatwick – Gatwick Express 5.4. Oslo Gardermoen – Flytoget 5.5. Stockholm Arlanda – Arlanda Express 5.6. Conclusions 6. CASE STUDY: TICKET TAX IN THE NETHERLANDS 6.1. Introduction 6.2. AEOLUS model 6.3. Simulation of a ticket tax 6.4. Effects by segment 6.5. Final implementation 6.6. Conclusion 7. CONCLUSIONS 8. REFERENCES
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  • 69
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/03
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Among economists and policy makers more general, the fuel efficiency standard for cars and the fuel tax have been the subject of extensive debate. The major benefits of stricter fuel efficiency standards and higher fuel taxes are the reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions and the reduced oil dependence. The major costs are the increased production cost, the reduced comfort and the negative impact on mileage related externalities (congestion, accidents) due to the rebound effect. In this contribution we use a wider framework than Harrington (2008), Plotkin (2008) and Raux (2008) to discuss the CO2 1 emission reduction in transport. In section 2 we analyze, for the EU, the effects on welfare and CO2 emissions of pricing all transport activities according to their full social costs. In section 3, we go beyond the transport sector and compare the options to reduce emissions in the transport sector with the possibilities and costs to reduce emissions in other sectors of the economy. In section 4 we take a world view and analyze the impact of two types of international climate negotiations on the emission reduction strategy in the transport sector.
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  • 70
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/11
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: n this paper, it is argued that port authorities can actively contribute to better hinterland access. Different types of involvement of the port authority are discussed, as well as reasons for such involvement. The analysis is explorative and aims to provide a basis for further discussion. The analysis applies to landlord port authorities (PAs) with public goals. Landlord port authorities have become more autonomous and take the initiative for expansion and redevelopment of port infrastructure. The activities of PAs can be classified in four broad categories: traffic management, customer management, area management and stakeholder management. PAs traditionally act as landlords but increasingly operate ‘beyond the landlord’ model. The main argument for a more active involvement of the PA is the fact that coordination in clusters as well as transport chains does not always emerge spontaneously, for various reasons. More coordination can lead to more efficient supply chains and more competitive ports. Consequently, PAs have incentives to invest to improve coordination in port clusters and supply chains.
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  • 71
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101803
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.138
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Biocarburants ; Lier les politiques de soutien aux bilans énergétiques et environnementaux
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: Biofuels received USD 15 billion in subsidies in OECD Member countries in 2007, but did they deliver benefits in terms of climate change or oil security? Present policies make no link between support for biofuels and their environmental performance, and biofuels do not all perform equally well. In fact, much of the current ethanol and biodiesel production may result in higher overall emissions of greenhouse gases than using conventional transport fuels - gasoline and diesel. The papers published in this report examine the economics of biofuels and assess the potential of conventional biofuel production in OECD countries, Brazilian ethanol exports and some second generation biofuels to supply world markets with transport fuels. This Round Table analyses the critical issues for governments in determining support for biofuels, particularly the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life-cycle of these fuels and the wider environmental impacts of farming biomass. It also reviews recent progress in developing certification systems for biofuels – an essential tool for tying support to achievement in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, although certification cannot be expected to prevent rainforest destruction for the development of biofuel crop plantations. The report concludes with a short list of recommendations for policy reform if support for biofuels is to contribute effectively to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
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  • 72
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102527
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.139
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pétrole et transports ; La fin des carburants à prix abordable ?
    DDC: 333.8/23213
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: Oil consumption is increasingly concentrated in transport and relatively limited fluctuations in transport demand can have increasingly significant effects on oil prices. This Round Table assesses the policy instruments available to address oil security and climate change and examines their interaction with measures to manage congestion and mitigate local air pollution. A number of incompatibilities and trade-offs are identified underlining the importance of integrated policy making. The report includes an examination of the factors that drive oil prices in the short and long term and a discussion of the outlook for oil supply.
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  • 73
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-20
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 20 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Redefining Competition Constructively: The Challenges of Privatisation, Competition and Market-based State Policy in the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-20
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Aux États-Unis, les relations entre le gouvernement des États et les colleges et universités publics sont en train d’être redéfinies à partir des notions nouvelles d’autonomie et de transparence et de politiques de financement fortement régies par le marché (souvent taxées de « privatisation »), qui en constituent la clef de voûte. Des situations et des stratégies institutionnelles encore impensables naguère se rencontrent de plus en plus fréquemment. Par exemple, quelques écoles de commerce et facultés de droit faisant partie intégrante d’établissements publics sont engagées sur la voie de la privatisation et prennent de ce fait leurs distances avec l’État et avec leur université d’origine. Si l’enseignement supérieur américain a toujours été concurrentiel et soumis aux forces du marché, les nouvelles politiques publiques néo-libérales, qui avantageront clairement certains types d’établissements par rapport à d’autres, intensifient encore cette concurrence, dont les effets se font diversement sentir au niveau des établissements et du secteur. Les activités entrepreneuriales ou commerciales apportent peut-être à un établissement les ressources supplémentaires dont il a besoin pour remplir sa fonction d’établissement public. Néanmoins, quand tous les établissements poursuivent les mêmes stratégies de concurrence, aucun n’y trouve plus son avantage. Les établissements tournent à un régime supérieur pour conserver la même place. L’effet cumulatif de la concurrence peut aussi aller à l’encontre de la réalisation d’importants objectifs sociaux, tels que l’abordabilité et l’accessibilité des établissements. Dans cet article, nous examinons les problèmes que pose l’environnement concurrentiel actuel aux responsables des établissements d’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis. Nous reconnaissons que la concurrence ne faiblira pas et nous suggérons qu’en rivalisant autrement, en visant d’autres objectifs et en poursuivant d’autres buts, l’enseignement supérieur américain pourrait mieux remplir ses objectifs sociaux que sont l’élargissement de l’accès, la réduction des coûts et l’amélioration de la qualité.
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  • 74
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Redéfinir la concurrence de manière constructive : Les enjeux de la privatisation, de la concurrence et d'une politique publique fondée sur le marché aux États-Unis
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: In the United States, the relationship between state governments and public colleges and universities is being redefined with new notions of autonomy and accountability, and with funding policies that are highly market-driven (often referred to as “privatisation”) as the centrepieces. Situations and institutional strategies unthinkable only a few years ago are becoming increasingly commonplace. For instance, a few business and law schools at public institutions are moving toward privatisation, distancing themselves from both the states and their parent universities. While American higher education has traditionally been competitive and market driven, emerging state market-based policies, which will clearly benefit some types of institutions over others, are further intensifying the competition with a variety of effects at the institutional and sector levels. Entrepreneurial or commercial activities may provide the additional resources individual institutions need to fulfil their public purpose. However, when all institutions pursue the same set of competitive strategies, no one gains an advantage. Institutions run harder to stay in place. The cumulative effect of competition may also work against important social objectives such as affordability and access. This paper explores the challenges that the current competitive environment creates for institutional leaders in the United States. It acknowledges that the competitive environment will not abate and suggests that by competing in different ways, over different objectives, with different purposes, US higher education might better meet its social objectives of increased access, lower cost and enhanced quality.
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  • 75
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-37
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'esprit d'entreprise des États et des universités aux États-Unis axées sur la recherche : La politique et les nouvelles initiatives des États
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The convergence of United States federal science and economic policy that began in earnest under the Reagan administration formed the First Stage in an emerging post-Cold War drive toward technological innovation. A frenzy of new state-based initiatives now forms the Second Stage, further promoting universities as decisive tools for economic competitiveness. This paper outlines the characteristics of this Second Stage. Among the author’s conclusions are the following: high tech (HT) economic activity is already relatively widespread among the various states; leading HT states rely heavily on their university sectors and a highly educated workforce, yet are increasingly importing talent and neglecting investment in the education and skills of their native population; the long-term commitment of states to financially support the frenzy of HT initiatives is unclear; and state initiatives are rationalised by lawmakers as filling a need not currently met by the private sector or universities and, in part, by a sense of competition between states, with only a minor concern with global competition, thus far. As this paper explores, the politics of HT, including the focus on university-industry collaboration and neo-conservative religious/moral controversies over stem cell research, are a significant factor for understanding how and why most states are pursuing the Second Stage.
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  • 76
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1-68
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1-68
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics ; Mexico ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this paper is to identify and analyse policy frameworks that are important for facilitating adaptation to climate change impacts in coastal zones. The paper is based on a case study analysis of the Gulf of Mexico and examines two countries, the US and Mexico. It considers two climate change effects specific to coastal areas: sea level rise and storms.
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  • 77
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-44
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 45 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Entrepreneurial State and Research Universities in the United States: Policy and New State-based Initiatives
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-44
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: La convergence aux États-Unis de la politique fédérale en matière économique et scientifique, qui s’est vraiment mise en œuvre sous l’administration Reagan, a constitué la première étape d’un processus nouveau pour la période de l’après-guerre froide, celui de l’innovation technologique. Aujourd’hui, la seconde étape se compose d’une pléthore d’initiatives nouvelles soutenues par les États, où les universités sont de plus en plus perçues comme des outils indispensables à la compétitivité économique. Le présent document donne une vue d’ensemble de cette seconde étape. Les conclusions de l’auteur sont diverses : la place des hautes technologies dans l’économie est déjà relativement importante dans les différents États ; les États occupant une place dominante dans le domaine des hautes technologies dépendent pour beaucoup de leurs universités et d’une main-d’œuvre ayant suivi un enseignement supérieur, mais ont de plus en plus tendance à importer des compétences et à négliger les investissements dans l’enseignement et la formation de leur population autochtone ; il est difficile de déterminer si les États vont s’engager sur le long terme à soutenir financièrement le développement frénétique des initiatives touchant aux hautes technologies ; enfin, les initiatives prises au niveau des États sont justifiées par les législateurs comme satisfaisant un besoin qui n’est actuellement rempli ni par le secteur privé, ni par les universités, ainsi que, en partie, comme une réponse à la notion de concurrence entre les États, mais très peu jusqu’alors comme une volonté d’être compétitifs au niveau mondial. Comme le montre le présent document, la politique relative aux hautes technologies – y compris l’accent qui est mis sur la collaboration entre universités et industrie ou les controverses néo conservatrices d’ordre moral/religieux qui entourent la recherche sur les cellules souches – est un élément important pour comprendre pourquoi et comment la plupart des États s’engagent dans cette seconde étape.
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 37-39 | volume:2006 | year:2006 | number:2 | pages:37-39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Jurisprudence
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 37-39
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:37-39
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; European Union ; France ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This article describes developments in nuclear case law in Frence, Sweden, UK, US and EU in 2006.
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Bulletin de droit nucléaire Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 39-42 | volume:2006 | year:2006 | number:2 | pages:39-42
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Bulletin de droit nucléaire
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 39-42
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:39-42
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; European Union ; France ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Cet article décrire les développements jurisprudentials nucléaires aux États-Unis, à la France, au Royaume-Uni, à la Suède et à l'Union européenne en 2006.
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282123805
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (294 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cutting Transport CO2 Emissions; What Progress?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cutting Transport CO2 Emissions: What Progress?
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Reduktion
    Kurzfassung: En dépit des efforts importants déployés par certains pays, les émissions de CO2 liées aux transports n’ont cessé de croître au cours de la dernière décennie. Ce rapport passe en revue les progrès accomplis par les pays de l’OCDE et de la CEMT en matière de réduction des émissions de CO2 imputables au secteur des transports. Il inclut des données détaillés par pays sur les mesures de lutte contres ces émissions pour les années 1990-2003.
    Anmerkung: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Cutting transport CO 2 emissions : what progress?
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (83 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux taxis
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Taxis are an essential mode of transport for disabled and older people. The combination of the personal service they offer, their wide availability and door-to-door operations enable them to respond particularly well to the travel needs of people with disabilities. Although several countries have made progress in improving the accessibility of taxi services, much remains to be done. This joint ECMT/IRU study examines factors relating to the design and manufacture of taxi vehicles and considers practical measures to increase the production and use of accessible taxis.
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101452
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (257 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Competitive Tendering of Rail Services
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: L’adjudication par appels d’offres est un moyen d’ouvrir le marché des transports ferroviaires à la concurrence tout en conservant un réseau intégré de services. Cette pratique a été utilisée pour les transports ferroviaires de marchandises dans certains pays. Mais elle est surtout intéressante pour les réseaux de transport de passagers lorsque des services subventionnés rendent difficile, voire impossible, l’instauration d’une concurrence entre des trains assurant les mêmes trajets. Ce rapport passe en revue les expériences d’adjudication par appels d’offres des services ferroviaires mises en œuvre à ce jour de par le monde. Il cherche à tirer des enseignements susceptibles d’améliorer la conception des concessions et de la réglementation, à partir d’exemples de réussite ou de cas moins probants. Les travaux reposent sur des examens approfondis - menés par d’éminents experts - des expériences de concessions de transports ferroviaires de voyageurs au Royaume-Uni, en Australie, en Allemagne, en Suède et aux Pays-Bas. Ils s’appuient également sur des exemples de concessions de fret ferroviaire en Amérique latine.
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103807
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (308 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Speed Management
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Gestión de velocidad
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: La vitesse excessive est aujourd'hui responsable d'environ un tiers du nombre - inacceptable - de tués sur les routes. Réduire les vitesses moyennes de seulement 5% permettrait de sauver environ 20% des tués sur les routes. Ce rapport, préparé par un Groupe de travail du Centre conjoint OCDE/CEMT de Recherche sur les Transports, examine ces enjeux importants et identifie les améliorations nécessaires pour s’attaquer au problème de la vitesse, que ce soit au niveau des politiques ou de l’exploitation des infrastructures. Il esquisse un cadre pour parvenir au meilleur résultat en termes de sécurité routière tout en préservant l'environnement et en contribuant à une mobilité durable.
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101636
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (230 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'adjudication par appels d'offres des services ferroviaires
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Eisenbahn ; Personenbeförderung ; Wettbewerb ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Eisenbahnverkehr ; Öffentliche Ausschreibung
    Kurzfassung: Competitive tendering provides a way to introduce competition to railways whilst preserving an integrated network of services. It has been used for freight railways in some countries but is particularly attractive for passenger networks when subsidised services make competition between trains serving the same routes difficult or impossible to organise. This report examines experience to date from around the world in competitively tendering rail services. It seeks to draw lessons for effective design of concessions and regulation from both the successful and less successful cases examined. The work is based on detailed examinations by leading experts of the experience of passenger rail concessions in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands. It also draws on examples of freight rail concessions in Latin America.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264024090
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Competitive Cities; A New Entrepreneurial Paradigm in Spatial Development
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; France ; Japan ; Spain ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: La mondialisation de l’économie et l’intensification de la concurrence intervilles qui s’ensuivit ont profondément changé la gouvernance des régions urbaines. Ceci est particulièrement clair dans le domaine de l’aménagement du territoire. Ce changement est souvent décrit comme l’évolution d’un mode de gouvernance managériale, dont le principal souci est de mettre concrètement les services publics à la disposition des citoyens, à celui de l’entrepreneurialisme. L’entrepreneurialisme se caractérise surtout par la prise de risque, l’innovation, par l’importance qu’il attache au secteur privé, ainsi que par des approches stratégiques favorisant la croissance économique. Cette étude fait le tour des problèmes que l’entrepreneurialisme urbain devra surmonter pour maintenir et renforcer sa légitimité en ce XXIe siècle. En effet, les responsables de la politique de la ville devront répondre à un éventail de plus en plus large de préoccupations sociales, environnementales et culturelles, en même temps qu’économiques.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789282101094
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.135
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tarification des infrastructures de transport et dimensionnement de la capacité ; L'autofinancement de l'entretien et de la construction des routes
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Much of the current policy debate has considered infrastructure charges as a form of “fiscal” instrument for managing transport demand. The Round Table analysed the opportunities for setting infrastructure service prices so that they also provide guidance for the supply of services. It discussed the possibilities of increasing the finances available for transport infrastructure investment and maintenance by introducing a quasi-market for transport infrastructure services. The general public impression is that charges are a just another tax increase in disguise. Infrastructure charging that uses a mix of “fees for service” and capacity expansion criteria is expected to correct this impression, and thus to improve the political acceptability of infrastructure pricing.
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  • 87
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/17
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Statistical trends of oil intensity from individual countries and groups of countries show that an average increase of GDP of 3% per annum equates to a projected demand for liquids of 101 Million barrels per day (Mbpd) by the year 2030. This analysis shows that this demand cannot be fulfilled by production from current reserves and expected new discoveries. Two models to assess peaks in production of oil are considered: the depletion model (DM), and the giant field model (GFM). The DM model shows Peak Oil (the maximum rate of production) date in the year 2011 with 90 Mbpd. Adding GFM we develop a “Worst Case” scenario of a plateau in production for the next 5 to 7 years at a rate of 84 Mbpd. A more optimistic case in the “Giant High Case” scenario is a peak in 2012 at 94 Mbpd. A less steep increase demand can move the peak to 2018. Both models show an oil production rate of the order of 50 to 60 Mbpd by 2030. The demand for oil from countries that are importers is forecast to increase from current import levels of 50 Mbpd to 80 Mbpd. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway, today’s largest oil exporters, will experience a decline in their export volumes of the order of 4 to 6 Mbpd by 2030 because of (what?). The projected shortfall cannot be offset by exports from other regions. In a business-as-usual case, the shortage of fossil fuel liquids for transportation will be substantial by the year 2030. The necessary decisions for the economic transformation required to mitigate this decline in available oil supply should already have been made and efforts to deploy solutions under way. We have climbed high on the “Oil Ladder” and yet we must descend one way or another. It may be too late for a gentle descent, but there may still be time to build a thick crash mat to cushion the fall.
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  • 88
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/09
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The debate on whether there are wider economic benefits from transport infrastructure investments continues to cause debate and controversy. This debate occurs both between analysts seeking to find a robust method for identifying and measuring the size of such benefits and between policy makers seeking to justify or refute the need for a particular investment. It is timely to review progress on arriving at a consensus view of the contribution of infrastructure to the wider economy which is consistent with best practice in appraisal. This paper will review progress and try to bring out some common themes for discussion. The main aim of this paper is to bring together the various alternative methodological approaches to this problem which differs not just in the detail of the analysis, but more significantly in the scale at which the analysis is undertaken. It is argued that it is of particular importance to understand the way in which changes in the provision of transport affect microeconomic decisions, including those within firms and households, and to understand the operation of markets as well as to model the resultant flows and their macroeconomic consequences.
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/19
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Our demand analysis is complemented by ‘bottom-up’ sectoral analysis, which focus on changes in end-user demand – for example, the impact of the switch from gasoline to diesel vehicles in Europe, the effects of the rapid expansion of petrochemical capacity in Asia and the Middle East, or the growing use of natural gas and coal for power generation in Europe. Although this approach provides a valuable comparison with the main ‘top-down’ assessment, its results must be interpreted with caution. For example, will there be sufficient feedstock supply (predominantly naphtha) to sustain China’s petrochemical expansion plans? Will this expansion result in a regional petrochemical surplus, leading to the closure of less efficient plants? Global demand is predominantly driven by two primary forces, price and income. If the assumptions underlying those variables are wrong, then the output of the model will be affected. Similarly, the robustness of the historical data underpinning the model is important. Finally, substitution issues can work in many ways, leading to additional modelling complications. Prices When constructing our medium-term forecasting model, a price assumption was one of the harder concepts to incorporate. The dynamics of the oil market have changed considerably over the past five years and we are unaware of any formal price model that predicted a rise in the oil price from $25 to $90/bbl over the past four years. The seemingly robust relationship between oil stocks in the OECD and prices appeared to break down, Additional inputs such as refining capacity, spare upstream capacity, investment flows, natural gas prices and the term structure changes between spot and forward prices have all had an impact.
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.585
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The average educational attainment of US students is weak by international comparison. For example, mean results of PISA test scores are below the OECD average. This is despite substantial resources devoted to the schooling system. One partial explanation for this is that academic standards, curriculum and examinations are not sufficiently challenging in most US states. In 2001, Congress enacted the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) to raise achievement levels, especially of certain groups that perform badly. The Act requires states to establish clear content standards as to what students should know, to regularly assess performance and to set thresholds for adequate yearly progress; it also requires schools where students are failing to meet such thresholds to improve or close, while enhancing options for parents of children in such schools to place their children elsewhere. The law appears to be well conceived, addressing key problems in a sensible manner. Preliminary indications are consistent with it raising school performance and closing achievement gaps. The NCLB legislation should therefore be reauthorised. Moreover, the NCLB framework of standards, assessment and accountability should be extended through upper secondary education. That said, there are a number of areas in which improvements could be made. Though the federal government cannot set standards, it could strengthen incentives for more states to make their standards more challenging. As well, the federal government should help states and districts to better test student achievement and assess progress.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264027152
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Decoupling the Environmental Impacts of Transport from Economic Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: Les transports continuent d’avoir des effets néfastes sur l’environnement, la santé et l’économie. L’impact négatif des transports sur l’environnement est-il une conséquence inéluctable de la croissance économique ? L’ouvrage montre qu’il est possible de découpler l’impact des transports sur l’environnement et la croissance économique en utilisant de façon efficiente les taxes, droits et redevances ainsi que d’autres instruments économiques. Ces approches économiques peuvent compléter les mesures réglementaires pour favoriser un report sur des modes de transport plus respectueux de l’environnement, comme par exemple un report du transport routier sur différents types de transport ferroviaire. L’amélioration de la logistique du transport de marchandises et la dématérialisation de l’économie sont d’autres éléments qui peuvent aider à découpler l’impact des transports et la croissance économique. Ces diverses approches doivent être mises en œuvre en tenant tout particulièrement compte des situations et des spécificités propres à chaque pays. En effet, des instruments bien adaptés à un pays peuvent ne pas convenir à d’autres.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789282101520
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.136
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estimation et évaluation des coûts de transport
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Cost data for the construction and operation of facilities are essential for the evaluation of infrastructure services supplied by private or public providers. This roundtable examines what data is needed for evaluation; which methods best measure the efficiency of service provision and benchmark providers; how regulatory regimes impact costs; and how regulators can counter the asymmetry of information as well as the incentive for data providers to selectively serve business rather than user interests.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264031326
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (506 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) ; Électricité, eau et transports ; quelles politiques ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) : Électricité, eau et transports : quelles politiques ?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Infrastructure to 2030 ; Vol. 2: Mapping policy for electricity, water and transport
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastrukturpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; OECD ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Telekommunikationswirtschaft ; Prognose 2030
    Kurzfassung: Infrastructure systems play a vital role in economic and social development. Demand for infrastructure is set to continue to expand significantly in the decades ahead, driven by major factors of change such as global economic growth, technological progress, climate change, urbanisation and growing congestion. However, challenges abound: many parts of infrastructure systems in OECD countries are ageing rapidly, public finances are becoming increasingly tight and infrastructure financing is becoming more complex. This book assesses the future viability of current "business models" in five infrastructure sectors: electricity, water, rail freight, urban mass transit and road transport. It proposes policy recommendations that aim to enhance capacity to meet future infrastructure needs, including measures that could be taken by governments both collectively and individually to create more favourable institutional, policy and regulatory frameworks.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789282101650
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.137
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport, formes urbaines et croissance économique
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: Containing sprawl is a major preoccupation of many urban planners, who view sprawl as responsible for driving up environmental costs and congestion. Nevertheless, many economists see benefits to sprawl, allowing households access to larger and cheaper properties. This Round Table examines the costs and benefits of sprawl, shedding light on the linkages between urban form and economic growth, and explored the tradeoffs involved in trying to contain sprawl. Discussions were based on papers prepared by Elizabeth Deakin (UC Berkeley), Matthew Kahn (Tufts University), Gilles Duranton (University of Toronto) and David Banister (University College London).
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  • 95
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/18
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is coursed by an increasing use of fossil fuels; natural gas, oil and coal. This has so far resulted in an increase of the global surface temperature of the order of one degree. In year 2000 IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, released 40 emission scenarios that can be seen as images of the future, or alternative futures. They are neither predictions nor forecasts and actual reserves have not been a limited factor, just the fossil fuel resource base. This paper is based on realistic reserve assessments, and CO2 emissions from resources that cannot be transformed into reserves are not allowed. First we can conclude that CO2 emission from burning oil and gas are lower then what al the IPCC scenarios predict, and emission from coal is much lowers then the majority of the scenarios. IPCC emission scenarios for the time period 2020 to 2100 should in the future not be used for climate change predictions. It’s time to use realistic scenarios. Climate change is current with more change to come, and furthermore, climate change is an enormous problem facing the planet. However, the world’s greatest problem is that too many people must share too little energy. In the current political debate we presumably need to replace the word “environment” with “energy”, but thankfully the policies required to tackle the energy problem will greatly benefit the environment.
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  • 96
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/05
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: The increase in the oil price and the worsening of climate change are fostering biofuels programs around the world. Brazil has a long tradition in biofuels. The country is a large-scale producer of ethanol since the 1970s. In 2006, ethanol was responsible for 17% of all vehicle fuel supply in the Brazil. Brazil’s ethanol production from sugarcane is also recognized by its economic performance. In 2005, Brazilian government has launched a biodiesel program. The aim of this report is to make a critical review of Brazilian ethanol and biodiesel programs. It provides lessons about the potential competitiveness of biofuels vis a vis traditional fuels. The document also presents the potential social and environmental impacts of the biofuels in Brazil. The analysis made in this report has been based on an extensive literature review on the subject of biofuels in Brazil. Interviews with experts have also been made in order to clarify some particular issues. The report is divided in two parts: the first is focused on ethanol program and the second to the biodiesel. The first part of the report is divided into the following sections: i) economic performance; ii) the environmental performance; iii) the social performance; iv)energy security performance; v) Brazil as a world-class ethanol exporter. The second part of the report is divided into the following sections: i) economic performance; ii) the environmental performance; iii) Brazil as a world-class biodiesel exporter.
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/13
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper begins by motivating the need for including “wider economic effects” when conducting transport infrastructure appraisal, followed by a discussion of various techniques to do so. The major focus is on studies from the cost function perspective that incorporate spillover benefits from public infrastructure capital, with a presentation of applications on highways, airports, and ports infrastructure stocks. The substantial differences between approaches focusing on “narrow” and “wider” impacts is evaluated, along with discussion of how application of the tools of spatial econometrics has facilitated estimation of models that capture wider economic benefits.
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/08
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Economic contributions of investments of transport infrastructure are typically assessed from a microeconomic perspective, which tries to identify the link between specific transport infrastructure improvements and the productivity of specific production units. The traditional economic tool of the microeconomic perspective is cost benefit analysis (CBA), an ex ante tool which tries to capture the benefits of time and cost savings --- as well as further gains from logistical improvements and facilities consolidation made possible by transport improvements --- and the associated costs including external costs. The objective of this Round Table sponsored by OECD / ECMT and Boston University is to identify and move towards methods which incorporate the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure, not typically captured in the CBA estimates of benefits and costs. The aim of this brief paper is to offer an overview of such wider economic benefits ensuing from transport infrastructure investments.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/01
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Under the European Union’s Voluntary Agreement with car manufacturers, average light vehicle CO2 emissions in 2004 were 12.4% below 1995 levels but appeared unlikely to achieve the 25% reduction needed to reach the 140 g/km target for “per vehicle” CO2 emissions for 2008. The EU is now considering a regulatory approach to further reduce average vehicle emissions, in the form of CO2 emission or fuel economy standards. Such standards have been used by a number of countries, including the United States (although U.S. standards have been little-altered since their 1975 promulgation), Japan, China, and several others, and those that have been in existence for some time – e.g., those in the United States and Japan –have been successful in achieving their targeted levels of new vehicle fuel economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine various aspects of fuel economy and carbon standards for light vehicles, including their rationale, methods of establishing stringency, regulatory structure, and timing, with the hope of assisting the decision process for new standards. Because the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards adopted by the U.S. in 1975 are the longest-standing and most studied of the various standards now in existence, much of the focus of this paper will be on the U.S. standards.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/15
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: It is a truism that future prices of energy for transportation will be determined by the forces of supply and demand. For transport fuels, these forces have entered a crucial phase that is likely to persist for several decades. Oil production from conventional resources outside of the OPEC countries will peak within a few years. Unconventional fossil resources that can be exploited at current prices, resources whose early development is already well underway, pose an even greater threat to the global climate. To bring these resources to the market at a rate to match the growth in demand for mobility fuels in the developed and developing economies will require massive, risky investments. Serious risks are posed by the environmental acceptability of these fuels and also by the fact that a sudden downturn in world oil prices would turn them into stranded assets. It is also a truism that no one can accurately predict the price of oil. Today, oil costs $70 per barrel. Ten years ago, it cost less than $20 per barrel. Twenty seven years ago oil prices peaked at $90 per barrel. Thirty-seven years ago oil cost only $10 per barrel and its price had been relatively stable for almost fifty years. Those who carefully craft future oil price scenarios know that they are not predicting but rather attempting to define alternative paths of central tendency. Even the best official oil price projections look nothing like the past thirty-five years of history. It is important to understand why this is so. Since 1972, world oil prices have been strongly and unpredictably influenced by the actions of the OPEC cartel. It is very likely that they will be for the next thirty years, as well.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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