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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (282)
  • DNB
  • Regensburg UB
  • Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • English  (282)
  • 2020-2024  (282)
  • 1975-1979
  • 2022  (282)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (282)
  • Basel, Switzerland : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
  • Paris : OECD Publishing.
  • Sebastopol, CA : O'Reilly Media
  • Wiesbaden : Springer VS
  • Macroeconomics and Economic Growth  (282)
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (282)
  • DNB
  • Regensburg UB
  • Ethn. Museum Berlin
Material
Language
  • English  (282)
Years
  • 2020-2024  (282)
  • 1975-1979
Year
Publisher
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (282)
  • Basel, Switzerland : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
  • Paris : OECD Publishing.
  • Sebastopol, CA : O'Reilly Media
  • Wiesbaden : Springer VS
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) report 2022 presents an annual review of evidence from IEG evaluations and validation work on the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group. This year's RAP will focus on the country level. The Bank Group's outcome orientation agenda emphasizes high-level outcomes, and, by focusing on the country level, the 2022 RAP aligns with that agenda. This focus also responds to the interest of members of the Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors for reporting on country level performance. In this context, the RAP will conduct an in-depth analysis of country level evidence contained in IEG's Country Program Evaluations (CPEs) and Completion and Learning Report Reviews (CLR Reviews) through two types of analyses. First, overall country program performance will be assessed by tracking country program ratings over time. Second, the country program will be used as the entry point to examine the extent to which the Bank Group's support (i.e., project portfolio and Advisory Services and Analytics) contributed to the achievement of the objectives of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) and the intended development outcome. Furthermore, the extent to which there was a line of sight between the development outcome and high-level outcomes will also be examined
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: From the Coronavirus (COVID) pandemic to the war in Ukraine, the world and Georgia are experiencing more uncertainty and accelerating disruption. As a small open economy looking to integrate with the global economy, Georgia must carefully navigate these trends by being prepared for the risks and on the lookout for emerging opportunities. A more capable, competitive and connected Georgia will be better placed to navigate these trends. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) aims to inform the policies that could offset these headwinds. To sustain productivity growth, Georgia needs to facilitate its structural transformation and the corresponding spatial adjustment (Chapters 1 and 2). Furthermore, growth will increasingly need to come from improvements in total factor productivity (TFP) in Georgia's firms (Chapter 3) and advancement in their ability to exploit opportunities in external markets (Chapter 4). Finally, more active and better-skilled labor (Chapter 5) can help offset existing demographic trends and augment productivity. Progress in these areas, supported by higher savings, will make Georgia's economy more competitive, connected, and capable, help sustain robust GDP growth over the long-term and turn Georgia's aspirations into reality
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bastos, Paolo Economic Integration, Industrial Structure, and Catch-Up Growth: Firm-Level Evidence from Poland
    Keywords: Catch-Up Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Stabilization ; Economics and Institutions ; EU Integration ; First Performance ; Foreign Direct Investment ; General Manufacturing ; Industrial Structure ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Polish Manufacturing ; Productivity Gains
    Abstract: This paper examines if and how deeper economic integration with high-income nations impacts industrial performance. It exploits Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004 as a source of variation in the degree of market integration with Germany. Using data on Polish manufacturing firms over 1995-2013, the paper finds that EU accession was followed by significant within-firm growth in output and productivity, notably in industries in which Germany was more specialized at the moment of accession. Increased flows of German investment to these sectors played an important role in shaping these effects
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cirera, Xavier Technology and Resilience
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Common Carriers Industry ; Digital Technology ; Effects Of Technology ; Food and Beverage Industry ; General Manufacturing ; Industry ; Innovation and Entrepreneurship ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nationally Representative Survey ; Supply Chain Management System ; Technology Index ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of technology sophistication pre-COVID-19 on the performance of firms during the early stages of the pandemic. It exploits a unique data set covering firms from Brazil, Senegal, and Vietnam, using a treatment effect mediation framework to decompose the results into direct and indirect effects. Increasing pre-pandemic technology sophistication by one standard deviation is associated with 3.8 percentage points higher sales. Both effects are positive, but the direct effect is about five times larger than the indirect effect. The total effect on sales is markedly nonlinear with significantly smaller estimates of the reduction in sales for firms with more sophisticated pre-pandemic technology. The results are robust to different measures of digital responses and matching estimators
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Insurance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The South African financial system has weathered the shock of COVID-19 but faces growing risks emanating from a weak macroeconomic outlook. The pandemic crisis hit South Africa hard, with nonresident capital outflows accelerating and the domestic and global slowdown precipitating a6.4 percent GDP contraction in 2020. A brief period of liquidity stress was managed with new central bank facilities and a lowering of liquidity requirements; and banks proved resilient thanks to sound capital and liquidity buffers. Asset management and pension assets saw falling valuations, but redemption pressures quickly dissipated as markets stabilized. The intensification of the sovereign financial system nexus emerging from the crisis poses risks going forward, and a resurgence of the pandemic could deteriorate asset quality. Banks are resilient in the FSAP's baseline; however, amedium-term adverse stress scenario would cause a significant decline in capital although most banks would remain sufficiently capitalized. Under stress, banks could face some liquidity gaps, particularly at very short maturities, highlighting the importance of continued close monitoring. The impact of COVID-19 on insurers has thus far been contained, but prudential rules should be strengthened to ensure the measure of capital is sufficiently robust
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fang, Sheng Firm Resources, Strategies, and Survival and Growth during COVID-19: Evidence from Two-Wave Global Surveys
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Channel Stability ; Coronavirus ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Covid Control Policies ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Follow-Up Enterprise Survey ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Firm Performance ; Firms Survival and Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Organizational Resources ; Pandemic ; Private Sector Development ; Strategic Change ; World Bank Enterprise Survey
    Abstract: This study examines how firms have made strategic choices and performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the organizational resources and strategic change literature, it uses World Bank Enterprise Surveys and the COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys to examine how different endowments in organizational resources affected firm performance as measured by their survival status and sales growth, and how these resources interact with and affect strategic responses in the supply of inputs, response to changing demand, liquidity management, and innovation. The results indicate that larger firms, firms with foreign or state ownership, and subsidiary companies performed better during the pandemic by more effectively stabilizing supply, managing liquidity, and fostering new product development. Chief executive officers with longer tenure improved survival rates. Firms in richer countries have coped with the pandemic better and stringent government COVID-19 control policies have tended to hurt firms' performance
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The global economy is undergoing a rapid digital transformation that is changing many conventional notions about our behavior and preferences. This includes the way in which we, as consumers, as businesses, or in interactions with government, seek out goods and services and pay for them or how we receive money from others or transfer it to family or friends. As the payments industry undergoes radical changes due to digital transformation, users, providers of payment services, and regulators are adapting to the new dynamics at varying paces. This note discusses the most significant innovations in payments and their key impacts and implications on users, banks and other payment service providers, regulators, and the overall structure of the payments market. The note places special emphasis on how emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) can reap the benefits of payment innovations in terms of costs, convenience, accessibility, and inclusion for individuals and firms, and allow them to leapfrog development of their payments markets and effectively support economic activity
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Carbon Taxes ; Energy ; Energy Markets ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In the post-pandemic world, EU member states will need to embrace two simultaneous challenges. These will include recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic and embracing the ambitions of the European Green Deal, which maps out broad policies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and reducing emissions by 55 percent by 2030. Compared to the emissions reduction achieved during 1990-2018 by the EU27 countries, the 2018-30 target is 50 percent more ambitious and is to be achieved in a third of the time. Meanwhile, the emissions reduction planned during 2030-50 will be even steeper. The transition in some EU countries will be particularly challenging, given their high energy intensity, significant dependence on fossil fuels for power generation and an increasing and environmentally unfriendly transport fleet. In addition, households will need to be supported in the transition, to avoid a substantial share of the population being adversely affected
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Public-Private Partnerships
    Abstract: The time for action to build a better future and green recovery has never been stronger as we navigate the uncertainty of a world attempting to manage its way out of a triple crisis: debt sustainability, climate change, and pandemic. The fiscal constraints of governments across the globe open the door to new opportunities and challenges to crowd in private sector solutions, innovation, and finance to create new solutions and pathways to meet Paris Agreement goals on climate change. Participation of the private sector in climate-smart investments and infrastructure is critical and public-private partnerships (PPPs) are among the key solutions. PPPs are critical because the public sector alone will not be able to fill in the infrastructure gap without mobilizing private sector expertise, innovative thinking, investment capacity, and finance. PPPs can be a challenge though, because climate change creates uncertainty and it is hard to play with uncertain moving pieces within the framework of PPPs, which require a certain degree of predictability to attract investment and finance. This toolkit aims to address this precise challenge by embedding a climate lens and approach into upstream PPP advisory work and structuring. If structured correctly, PPPs can increase climate resilience offering innovative solutions to address both mitigation and adaptation challenges. PPPs are able to provide well-informed and well-balanced risk allocation between partners offering long-term visibility and stability for the duration of a contract (often 25 or 30 years, sometimes even more), compensating climate change uncertainty through contractual predictability
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Development Patterns and Poverty ; Economic Forecasting ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains 203 country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for developing countries. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strand, Jon Prospects for Markets for Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes under the Paris Agreement
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Climate Finance ; Emmision Reduction ; Environment ; Forward Contracting ; Global Warming ; Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome (ITMO) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nationally Determined Contributions ; Options Contracts ; Paris Agreement ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement provides for parties to use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes in implementing their Nationally Determined Contributions. This paper analyzes forward trading of these outcomes in the presence of two forms of uncertainty: (1) uncertainty about the fulfillment of Nationally Determined Contribution targets, and (2) uncertainty about the existence and functioning of the forward, options, and future spot markets markets for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. When parties can sell and buy internationally transferred mitigation outcomes forward, access to call options for late purchases leads to correspondingly larger forward sales, or less current mitigation. Access to put options for late internationally transferred mitigation outcome sales does not affect forward trading outcomes but increases late sales for net sellers. Access to options markets is welfare enhancing for all parties, and call options help parties stay in compliance with their Nationally Determined Contributions at the Paris Agreement end point, 2030. The existence of internationally transferred mitigation outcome markets may be in peril, however, as banking beyond 2030 is not allowed. The availability and functioning of internationally transferred mitigation outcome markets can be enabled or improved by increased climate finance provided by donors. With no options markets, host countries will still sell internationally transferred mitigation outcomes forward, albeit less so, and rely on access to more expensive "backstop" mitigation for ex-post compliance with their Nationally Determined Contributions. Closed-form solutions are derived for trading and its welfare impacts in all the option contract alternatives, given that parties' uncertainties about fulfilling their commitments are uniformly distributed. The welfare impact of the availability of put and call option contracts is then strongly increasing in uncertainty, and in ex-post and forward outcome prices
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Donald, Aletheia Two Heads are Better than One: Agricultural Production and Investment in Cote D'Ivoire
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Investment ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Opportunities For Women ; Couples in Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; Efficiency of Farm Production ; Family Hierarchy ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Innovation Lab ; Gendered Task Division ; Intra-Household Allocation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rubber Production ; Rubber Production Efficiency
    Abstract: Low levels of agricultural productivity and investment hinder economic growth in developing countries. This paper presents results from a field experiment in Cote d'Ivoire, which randomized wives' participation in an agricultural extension training for rubber, a male-dominated export crop that takes six years to start producing latex but requires upfront care. The training included a planning portion, consisting of filling out an action plan for rubber farming over the next two years, and a skills portion. In the without-wife group, households witnessed a 26.4 percent drop in the value of the crop harvested and a 18.4 percent drop in productivity, with labor going to planting rubber seedlings. In the group with wife participation, households had higher levels of investment (planting 20 percent more rubber seedlings) and were able to maintain pre-program levels of agricultural production on older trees and other crops. These households increased their labor hours and agricultural input use, resulting in no drop in overall production or productivity. This outcome did not come through increased skills or incentives. Rather, underlying these results are increases in planned agricultural management by wives, increased retention of the action plan, and a reduction in gendered task division. The results show how including women in economic planning can improve the efficiency of household farm production and promote higher levels of investment
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Environment ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: Nepal is endowed with a wealth of natural resources including snow-capped mountains, abundant rivers, sub-tropical forests, significant biodiversity and wildlife, and pristine, diverse landscapes. A part of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, the country is recognized for its high endemicity and intact forest habitats. Over 45 percent of tourists to Nepal visit these protected areas, which play a significant role in driving tourism, and contribute to the country's economy. Visitors, however, predominantly visit only four parks, and thus, there is much potential for protected areas in Nepal to further contribute to development goals while maintaining the country's rich biodiversity asset base. This combination of protected areas and rich biodiversity is equally a major tourism asset in an industry which attracts eight billion visitors a year to protected areas. The potential of Nepal's protected area network, and its contribution to the country's economic development is yet to be fully realized. This situation mirrors that of many countries in which governments value protected areas in conservation strategies but overlook them in economic development plans. This oversight is of great concern, as countries, globally, struggle to contain unprecedented biodiversity losses while trying to address development setbacks inflicted by COVID-19. This study therefore sets out to strengthen the economic case for the government of Nepal to promote sustainable and inclusive tourism in its protected areas by estimating the direct and indirect benefits to local economies from protected area tourism
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Debt Management ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Insecurity ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Just as the economies of the Western Balkans were looking to growth recovery beyond the pandemic, a new set of challenges confronted the region. The economies of the Western Balkans saw a strong growth rebound in 2021 with a broad-based bounce back in economic activity. Financial stability remains sound due to support measures, but vigilance will be needed given exceptional uncertainty. There was especially strong growth in trade in 2021 as the region benefited from a recovery in global demand, but the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is expected to disrupt this trend. The economies of the Western Balkans now face an unusually uncertain outlook. An expanded conflict or prolonged war between Russia and Ukraine can trigger further disruptions to global trade and to energy and food prices. Refinancing risks can arise if external financial market conditions continue to tighten. Debt sustainability may become a concern if limited fiscal space is eroded by policy responses to higher energy and food prices. Risks of political polarization also remain
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Blankespoor, Brian Estimating Local Agricultural GDP across the World
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Crop Value ; Fishery Production ; Forestry Production ; Gross Domestic Product ; Hunting ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock Production ; Local Agriculture ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Hazards ; Night Time Lights ; Spatial Allocation Model ; Statistics
    Abstract: Economic statistics are frequently produced at an administrative level such as the sub-national division. However, these measures may not adequately capture the local variation in the economic activities that is useful for analyzing local economic development patterns and the exposure to natural disasters. Agriculture GDP is a critical indicator for measurement of the primary sector, on which 60 percent of the world's population depends for their livelihoods. Through a data fusion method based on cross-entropy optimization, this paper disaggregates national and subnational administrative statistics of Agricultural GDP into a global gridded dataset at approximately 10 * 10 kilometers using satellite-derived indicators of the components that make up agricultural GDP, namely crop, livestock, fishery, hunting and timber production. The paper examines the exposure of areas with at least one extreme drought during 2000 to 2009 to agricultural GDP, where nearly 1.2 billion people live. The findings show an estimated USD 432 billion of agricultural GDP circa 2010
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This report is divided into two main parts. Part One examines Romania's Instruments for Entrepreneurship and contains analysis conducted by the World Bank team. It culminates with recommendations to improve the functionality of the Romania's policy instruments. Part Two presents Policy Recommendation Notes for consideration as operational elements accompanying Romania's National Startup Ecosystem Strategy. These could easily serve policymakers preparing Romania's future science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy mix for the upcoming EU financing perspective. Most of the policy recommendations presented in this report overlap with the Top 12 Interventions identified by the Romania entrepreneurial ecosystem, revealing significant alignment between the analytical findings and the demand for policy by key ecosystem stakeholders. Please see Annex A. Top 12 Interventions Identified by the Romanian Entrepreneurial Ecosystem for an overview of the Top 12 Interventions. At the request of the North-East Regional Development Agency (NE RDA), two additional Policy Recommendations are included within, 'Scale up through exports' and 'Implementing Startup Visas'. The team recommends additional analysis to inform a 'Transform Public Procurement' recommendation that improves domestic market access for startups. This report is complemented by the separate report "Starting Up Romania: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Diagnostic" which provides a comprehensive assessment of entrepreneurship and startup performance in Romania. See link below
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ten, Gi Khan How Well Can Real-Time Indicators Track the Economic Impacts of a Crisis like COVID-19?
    Keywords: Aggregated Data Analysis ; Annual GDP Variation Data ; Big Data ; Corporate Data and Reporting ; COVID-19 Real-Time Data ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Cost of Covid ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Indicators From Big Data ; GDP Impact Estimation ; Google Mobility Data ; Google Search Term Analysis ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Air Quality Improvement ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence on the extent to which a set of real-time indicators tracked changes in gross domestic product across 142 countries in 2020. The real-time indicators include Google mobility, Google search trends, food price information, nitrogen dioxide, and nighttime lights. Google mobility and staple food prices both declined sharply in March and April, followed by a rapid recovery that returned to baseline levels by July and August. Mobility and staple food prices fell less in low-income countries. Nitrogen dioxide levels show a similar pattern, with a steep fall and rapid recovery in high-income and upper-middle-income countries but not in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. In April and May, Google search terms reflecting economic distress and religiosity spiked in some regions but not others. Data on nighttime lights show no clear drop in March outside East Asia. Linear models selected using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator explain about a third of the variation in annual gross domestic product growth rates across 72 countries. In a smaller subset of higher income countries, real-time indicators explain about 40 percent of the variation in quarterly gross domestic product growth. Overall, mobility and food price data, as well as pollution data in more developed countries, appeared to be best at capturing the widespread economic disruption experienced during the summer of 2020. The results indicate that these real-time indicators can track a substantial percentage of both annual and quarterly changes in gross domestic product
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ambel, Alemayehu A A Gendered Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Ethiopia: Evidence from Individual-Level Data
    Keywords: Commitment To Equity Methodology ; Direct Tax ; Education Transfer ; Fiscal Incidence Analysis ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender Equality ; Gendered Effect of Taxes ; Health Services Transfer ; Indirect Tax ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protection Transfer ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Welfare Impact
    Abstract: Using the Commitment to Equity methodology, this study investigates differences in the welfare impact of taxes and government spending on men and women in Ethiopia. It analyzes the incidence, progressivity, and pro-poorness of various taxes and transfers and their effects on income mobility, poverty, and inequality using individual-level data from the 2018/19 Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey. The results show that the fiscal system as a whole is progressive, equalizing, and poverty-reducing. It moved about one in five individuals from one income group to another, and more women than men transitioned to a higher income group, making them relatively better off. However, some of its elements have differential effects on gender equality. Direct and indirect taxes have differential inequality-reducing and poverty-increasing effects for men and women. The inequality-reducing effects are stronger for men, whereas the poverty-increasing effects of some of them, including informal taxes and value-added taxes, are higher for women. On the transfer side, direct social protection transfers and indirect transfers, mainly spending on primary education and health services, promote gender equality better than other types of government spending
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The five countries of Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger (the G5) in the Sahel region of Africa are among the least developed countries in the world. The now regular and growing climate shocks are causing large losses in outputs, reducing human capital accumulation, and leading to potentially devastating ecological and economic tipping points in the region. This World Bank country climate development report (CCDR) has examined the most critical actions and policy changes needed to accelerate the region's economic recovery, sustainable and inclusive development, and adaptation to the impacts of climate change. This report has three main messages. First, the opportunities for a resilient and lower-carbon development of the G5 countries are significant. They can reverse environmental degradation and maximize the benefits of climate action for the poor. Second, rapid, resilient, and inclusive growth is both the best form of adaptation to climate change and the best strategy for meeting development goals in an effective, sustainable, and productive manner. Third, the costs of inaction are far greater than the costs of action. Early and targeted action on policies and programs presented in this report can move the G5 Sahel countries towards a greener, more resilient, prosperous, and inclusive future
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Insecurity ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the Development Committee at 2022 Spring Meetings on April 22, 2022. The war in Ukraine is an added challenge to catastrophic droughts, the surge in food prices, and disruptions of food supply chains. An estimated 100 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa are expected to face food insecurity in the coming months. In Ethiopia, South Sudan and Madagascar, there were no rains for the past three years. In the Horn of Africa alone, twenty-five million people are facing famine. The Sahel faces drought, environmental degradation, displacement, poor trade integration, and the deteriorating security situation are key factors. Cameroon, the Gambia, Sudan, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa were major importers of agri-food products originating from Russia. Djibouti, Egypt, and Tunisia have already been experiencing high food price inflation over the past year owing to the region's dependence on cereal imports
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Economic Diversification ; Energy ; Energy and Economic Development ; Energy Resources Development ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: This report discusses the remarks delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the World Government Summit 2022. He discusses: Middle East and North Africa (MENA) will soon be the epicenter of the upcoming climate action discussions, with Egypt hosting COP27 and UAE COP28. From a global perspective, more access to clean energy will be critical for development. 760 million people, many of whom live in the poorest countries, remain without access to electricity. Regional cooperation on energy can bring GCC financing and expertise to the rest of the MENA region. With the current situation in commodity markets, the fiscal bill for fuel subsidies will crowd out many other activities if left unreformed
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Energy ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Bond Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: These opening remarks were made by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the State of the Global Economy Event Organized by Brookings Institution on July 13, 2022. Mr. Malpass said the world is facing multiple crises, including the sharpest slowdown in GDP growth in 80 years, the risk of a frozen crisis in Ukraine due to Russia's invasion, and a massive worsening in global inequality as advanced economies absorb the limited supplies of global capital and energy. Global growth is not expected to rebound in 2023, given energy supply constraints; the long overdue normalization of interest rates and bond yields in the advanced economies; and the misallocation of investments that has pushed much of the world's savings into bonds, mostly bonds issued by governments and overcapitalized borrowers. The global economy is also facing significant downside risks. These include intensifying geopolitical tensions, the fragility in many countries, the potential for an extended period of stagflation, the widespread financial stress that's caused by the higher borrowing costs, and food insecurity
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Debt ; Environment ; Inflation ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the 2022 Ibrahim Governance Forum on May 25, 2022. He spoke about the world is facing a dangerous period of overlapping crises of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, debt, and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He explanied that Africa is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of the overlapping crises. He spoke about climate interventions and projects offer large global public good benefits, but many require substantial external funding as well as a comprehensive policy framework. He emphasized the importance of strong governance and sound institutions to confronting climate challenges in Africa, the area which is at the core of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation's work. He highlighted that the Ibrahim Index of African governance is vital in understanding the overall trajectory of governance in Africa and informing decision-making processes, including in response to climate change. He said that building a more climate-resilient Africa does not mean slowing down development or the progress toward achieving SDG7. He concluded by saying that various steps will be essential in Africa's transition from subsistence farming to productive economic activity in agriculture, services, industry, and public sectors
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cust, James The Dog that Didn't Bark: The Missed Opportunity of Africa's Resource Boom
    Keywords: Commodities ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resource Curse
    Abstract: The commodity price boom from 2004-2014 was a huge economic opportunity for African countries abundant in oil, gas and minerals. During this period their government revenues from resources grew by an average of 1.1 billion USD per year, and economic growth in those same resource-rich countries surged. GDP growth in resource-rich countries accelerated from 4.6% to 5.4% as countries entered a decade long period of sustained high commodity prices. Nonetheless, the paper traces a significant missed opportunity for resource-rich countries in Africa, with little to show for it in the post-boom period, which saw growth collapse far below pre-boom levels, to 2.7% per annum. This paper considers the record of performance during the boom (2004-2014) and subsequent bust from 2015 onwards. The paper describes four main outcomes of the boom: 1) measures of resource dependency rose in Sub-Saharan Africa during the boom, 2) the growth record was strong during the boom but collapsed once commodity prices fell, 3) poverty and inequality rose during the boom despite strong GDP growth, 4) resource-rich countries failed to diversify both their exports and their asset base, leaving them poorly prepared for the end of the boom and a period of lower commodity prices and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusions are stark. During this golden decade of sustained high commodity prices and booming revenues, there was limited re-investment of those revenues into building sustainable assets for the future. In other words, countries consumed the boom, rather than successfully transformed their economies. The conclusion is that many resource-rich countries in the region squandered their "once in a generation" opportunity for economic transformation, offering policy lessons that may prove valuable as we enter a new period of elevated commodity prices
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the Sina Finance 2022 ESG Global Leaders' Summit on June 28, 2022. He mentioned that in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, countries are shifting their energy policy priorities in ways that may slow down the energy transition and affect global climate goals and the achievement of electricity access. He said that the increased price of natural gas is already causing increased use of coal, diesel, and heavy fuel oil in the developing world. He insisted that it will be important to identify, fund and implement the most impactful projects in terms of GHG emissions and resilience in adapting to major climate vulnerabilities. .He said that to help focus efforts in developing countries, the World Bank Group has launched a new core diagnostic called Country Climate and Development Reports, or CCDRs. He described that constant innovation will be needed as the private sector applies significant funding to global public goods. He highlighted that the World Bank promotes global transparency on climate metrics, targets, and outputs so that we can create opportunities, tackle challenges, and help countries maximize positive outcomes in their climate transition. He mentioned that China's role as a major global creditor gives it additional responsibility to support the global shift toward investments with high ESG standards. He concluded by saying that a commitment to high standards of transparency and environmental and social risk management, similar to the standards that the World Bank Group and other MDBs follow, would help recipient countries achieve sustainable development while also significantly lowering risks for Chinese investors themselves
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Economic Stabilization ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Moroccan economy staged a strong recovery in 2021. However, Morocco is once again suffering the impact of a string of adverse shocks. The beginning of the agricultural season has been unusually dry, and a poor cereal crop is to be expected for 2022. This coincides with a slowing of the global economy and rising international commodity prices, adverse trends that severely intensified following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ongoing shocks are affecting fiscal and external balances. Albeit somewhat more moderately than in other countries, Morocco is beginning to face intense inflationary pressures. Recent droughts serve as a stark reminder of the exposure of the Moroccan economy to rainfall shocks. Infrastructure development is a necessary but not sufficient condition to cope with water scarcity. Historically, Morocco has relied on massive water storage and irrigation investments to cope with highly variable rainfall patterns. Such investments are more necessary than ever, but international experience suggests that to cope with water scarcity, "engineering solutions" need to be coupled by effective water demand management policies
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Technology Innovation
    Abstract: The second Economic Update for Cabo Verde focuses on the importance of returning to fiscal sustainability in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and on the potential role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in strengthening the foundations for a sustainable and inclusive economic recovery. The first chapter discusses the current macroeconomic situation, outlook, and risks the country faces over the medium term. The second chapter provides an overview of key challenges to transform Cabo Verde into a Digital Hub. The report offers a set of actionable policy priorities for a swift return to fiscal and debt sustainability and around the national digital transformation agenda, which include enhancing the ownership of the innovation agenda, strengthening digital foundations, investing in human capital, and mobilizing Diaspora resources to create a private ICT sector
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Capacity Building ; Economic Assistance ; Employment Opportunities ; Infrastructure Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory Reform ; Transport
    Abstract: Air transport plays an important role in fostering development, particularly in facilitating economic integration, generating trade, promoting tourism, and creating employment opportunities. It facilitates integration into the global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional, and international scale. However, in many countries, air transport equipment and infrastructure, regulat ory frameworks, and safety and security oversight systems are inefficient or inadequate. In view of these challenges and to assist clients in establishing a safe, secure, cost-efficient, accessible and reliable air transport network, the Bank is mandated to undertake the following major activities: (i) Operational work through projects and technical assistance; (ii) Economic sector work, research, and knowledge dissemination on air transport related issues; (iii) External relations and collaboration with partner organizations and (iv) External relations and collaboration with partner organizations. This report focuses on Air transport portfolio and project highlights for the year 2021
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Public Finance Review (PFR) analyzes Lebanon's public finances over a long horizon, to understand the roots of the fiscal profligacy and its eventual insolvency. To do so, the PFR links three critical elements in three Sections. Section I: Fiscal Policy in the Second Republic; Section II: Macro-Financial Restructuring; Section III: Public Service Non-Delivery. A fourth critical element is geopolitics, which is beyond the scope of the PFR. Taken together, these form critical determinants of the outcomes for any future socio-political-economic re-configuration
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Forests and terrestrial ecosystems play a primary environmental role in climate-change mitigation and adaptation. In many developing countries, forests provide ecosystem services and support the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people, mainly the poorest and most vulnerable in rural areas. The sustainable management of natural resources can reduce poverty and enhance shared prosperity at the local level. As countries develop Natural Resource Management (NRM) and forest management, it is crucial to ensure that these processes include women in productive, income-generating activities. Men and women access, use, and manage forests differently, as seen in the gendered nature of activities such as gathering forest products, hunting, wood harvesting, and mineral collection. Furthermore, there are persistent gender gaps in access to services, inputs (including credit and financing), markets, value-addition activities, land tenure, representation, and agency. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the World Bank (WB) have outlined a program aimed at promoting gender equality in REDD+ and foresty strategies and implementation. The FCPF is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples (IPs) focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, activities commonly referred to as REDD+. This document aims to help task teams and practitioners identify and diagnose factors contributing to gender gaps in sustainable forest projects in FCPF countries by providing nine people-centered research tools based in the behavioral sciences. Such gaps can be rooted in gender norms, roles, and beliefs, attentional limitations, and procedural hassles, among others
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beyer, Robert C.M Good Enough for Outstanding Growth: The Experience of Bangladesh in Comparative Perspective
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Foreign Trade Promotion and Regulation ; Institutional Reform ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Stable Institutions ; Trade Openess ; Trade Policy ; International Economics and Trade
    Abstract: This paper investigates the outstanding economic growth experience of Bangladesh. It shows that the country's improvements in structural correlates of growth from 1990 to 2004 are in the global top 5 percent for any 15-year period since 1970. They were driven by infrastructure enhancements, more openness to trade, and increasing foreign direct investment. Additionally, this period coincided with significant financial reforms after the banking crisis of the late 1980s and increased political stability. A further increase in growth after 2005 was not correlated with new growth impulses from structural improvements. Instead, the benefits from previous achievements and a stable macroeconomic and institutional environment were "good enough" to prevent the mean reversion of growth that comparable fast-growing economies usually experience
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The objective of this Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Market assessment diagnostic report is to examine and assess the NPL market in Pakistan, and identify bottlenecks and practical areas that could be addressed in the short and medium term to make the NPL market in Pakistan more investor friendly. The report analyzes and sizes the NPL market in Pakistan and identifies key financial trends, NPL concentrations, major participants, sectors, and segments. It presents the current state of Pakistan's NPL market, identifying the legal, prudential, taxation, and other regulatory and practical impediments for financial institutions and potential NPL investors to create and operate a viable secondary market for NPLs. The report also assesses the feasibility of potential secondary market transaction models for NPLs within the context of the current laws and regulations in Pakistan
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Water
    Abstract: Diamonds have been at the center of Botswana's growth miracle for decade - but the urgency to diversify is stronger than ever. Although Botswana's economy has undergone transformation over the past decades, the shift has been largely into non-tradable services, with limited gains in employment, income equality, and export diversification. In addition, Botswana's high vulnerability to climate change, which affects all major sectors of the economy, underscores the need to strengthen Botswana's response to climate factors as a basis for renewed, sustainable growth. A positive growth outlook and steps taken as part of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis response should give the government new impetus to accelerate reforms. Success in diversifying the economy will depend on the decisive implementation of structural measures to increase private sector participation in nonmineral exports and transformative sectors. The dominant role that the government of Botswana still plays in large parts of the economy, particularly through its footprint as a shareholder in companies in the corporate sector, is a critical constraint that inhibits the entry and success of private sector participants. Gaps in infrastructure, access to finance, and skills are additional key constraints to employment and productivity growth. A coordinated approach to financing entrepreneurship and policies to increase uptake of digital finance can help close the gap. Trade barriers are another key cross-cutting constraint for the private sector, and a greener path for the economy can be unlocked by facilitating improved trade in environmental goods and services (EGS). Three key recommendations for the energy sector are as follows. The first recommendation is the fast tracking of instruments to facilitate investment in energy infrastructure development, including independent power producer (IPP) licensing, and procurement guidelines and processes. The second recommendation is the enhancement of the institutional capacity and governance model of the Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA). The third recommendation is the development of credit-enhancement and risk-mitigation strategies and supporting instruments to attract and mobilize private sector investment
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Okunogbe, Oyebola Increasing Tax Collection in African Countries: The Role of Information Technology
    Keywords: Compliance Monitoring ; E-Government ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Finance ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Technology ; Tax Administration ; Tax Collection ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Law ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Technology
    Abstract: Many African countries struggle to collect an adequate amount of tax revenue to support needed investments in public services. This paper examines how African countries may take advantage of recent advances in technology to improve tax administration. It provides an overview of the potential and challenges of different tax categories in Africa: consumption taxes, real estate taxes, trade taxes, and income taxes. It then describes the ways in which technology solutions may be deployed to address these challenges by helping to identify the tax base, monitor compliance, and facilitate compliance. Lastly, it provides insights from interviews with senior tax administrators across the continent on their practical experiences in adopting technology for taxation
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Education ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The annual report looks back at the past fiscal year and explores how IEG's reports increasingly inform policy and decision making
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This report focuses on promoting low-carbon rice production systems in Vietnam. There are many sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the agricultural sector in Vietnam, including along value chains and within the whole agri-food context. However, because rice production is so important to the country and to emission reductions in agriculture, this report focuses on known actions that can be rapidly upscaled, along with other complementary actions to reduce GHG emissions from rice production systems. The report covers emission reduction pathways in rice. This report assesses agronomic and other options that offer technically and economically feasible pathways to promote low-carbon rice. Some options have been piloted in Vietnam and require significant upscaling at the farm-level. This report considers challenges and practical actions and policy reforms to address these challenges for Vietnam's low-carbon transition (LCT) in rice
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Forecasting ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the East Asia and Pacific region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Etang, Alvin Impact of High Inflation on Household Livelihoods in Urban South Sudan
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Effective Welfare Efforts ; Equity and Development ; Household Surveys ; Hyperinflation ; Inflation ; Inflation and Girls Education ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Urban Livelihoods ; Urban Poverty
    Abstract: Using panel data, this paper analyzes the impact of high inflation on household livelihoods in urban South Sudan. Based on a difference-in-difference approach, inflation is found to have a strong negative impact on urban poverty between 2015 and 2017, mainly driven by the increase of non-food prices. Food price inflation had a negative and statistically significant impact on girls' primary and secondary school attendance, while proximity to school is very important for girls' school attendance. Increases in food prices led to a decline in labor force participation, increasing unemployment among urban residents. Inflation is exacerbating food insecurity and hunger, particularly for the poorest households who are more vulnerable to hunger. Inflation has also negatively affected households' perceptions of welfare. These changes in welfare are mostly explained by the period of near hyper-inflation in 2017. Addressing high inflation must be at the center of efforts to reduce poverty and hunger to improve the welfare of the people of South Sudan
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Competition ; Economic Forecasting ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Recession ; Science and Technology Development ; Science of Climate Change
    Abstract: These remarks, as prepared, were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the Eighth Ministerial Meeting of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action, during the Annual Meetings on October 12, 2022. The remarks focus on major challenge of climate change and the global outlook. The World Bank Group (WBG) can help in many ways, and is working closely with the IMF and with other multilateral development banks (MDBs). We are implementing our Climate Change Action Plan with clear, intense, and focused measures to help our client countries fully integrate climate and development. They require diagnostics, impactful projects, WBG resources, and large-scale financing. A principal goal of the action plan is to build financing mechanisms to help the global community support global public goods, such as climate action in developing countries
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Foreign AID ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for Tanzania assesses the World Bank Group's effectiveness and relevance in its work to help Tanzania address its key development challenges. The CPE will encompass two Bank Group strategy periods covering fiscal years (FY)12-16 and FY18-22. The evaluation aims to inform the next Bank Group Country Partnership Framework for Tanzania
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport ; Ghg Emissions ; Green Transition ; Pricing Policy ; Rail ; Taxing Measures ; Decarbonization
    Abstract: Railways support green development. Governments in developing countries seek to provide transport infrastructure and services to enable inclusive economic development. Transport decarbonization is critical for mitigating climate change through near-term actions and long-term transitions. Railways have an important role in reducing transport emissions, while also supporting economic development and increased mobility. Structured around the avoid-shift-improve framework, this report provides a systematic review of potential contributions that railways can make to development and climate goals
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Recovery ; Economic Stabilization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The world economy was on track for a strong, albeit uneven, recovery from COVID-19. However, the war in the Ukraine and supply-chain disruptions exacerbated by shutdowns in China due to the zero-COVID policy are dealing a serious blow to global recovery. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), however, is expected to perform strongly this year. Booming hydrocarbon prices have eased pressure on fiscal balances and public sector debt and has increased current account surpluses in the GCC. Despite efforts by GCC countries, diversification is still below potential. There is progress in the non-oil economy but limited success in non-oil exports. Structural reforms must be continued to help nurture a competitive private sector. There is however an excellent and timely opportunity to diversify further the economy using a green growth strategy. The extra windfall from higher oil prices to the GCC can be used to start new high-growth, green industries that would help the economies of the region grow by an extra 3-6 percent as detailed in the Focus section of this update. The special focus section also emphasizes that there is no inherent long run trade-off between emissions reductions, economic growth, and poverty alleviation. Moving away from fossil fuels towards a greener future should not be seen as a threat but as a tremendous opportunity as the costs of renewable energy have fallen dramatically in recent years. The region already has three record-breaking, low-cost auctions for solar energy supply in Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. The region also has the potential to be a lead producer of green and blue hydrogen. With the right regulations, policies, and investments to support the transition, GCC countries can emerge with stronger, more sustainable economies that generate rewarding jobs for their youth while simultaneously protecting the planet. Finally, this report highlights potential pathways for GCC countries to benefit from and play a leading role in the global transition to a low-carbon economy
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina's growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina's potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina's context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country's growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iraq country climate and development report
    Keywords: Umweltschaden ; Klimaänderung ; Auswirkung ; Wirtschaft ; Energiewirtschaft ; Kohlendioxid ; Emissionsverringerung ; Wasserreserve ; Landwirtschaft ; Klimaschutz ; Anpassung ; Strategie ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Resilienz ; Finanzierung ; Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Irak ; Green Growth ; Low-carbon ; Energy Transition
    Abstract: The Iraq Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) is a core WBG analytical product. The report focuses on specific analytical components that are critical to addressing Iraq's most pressing development needs and climate challenges simultaneously. The Iraq CCDR advocates for energy transition as a lever to address Iraq's deep energy sector's inefficiencies and cope with the vulnerabilities of the water-agriculture-poverty nexus. The Iraq CCDR presents a set of prioritized and sequenced policy recommendations, which aim to accelerate Iraq's green, resilient and inclusive development
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Financial Sector ; Floods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience
    Abstract: Climate change poses a serious threat to Morocco's economic growth and human potential but with the right investments and policies in place, a more sustainable future is possible. A new World Bank diagnostic tool, The Country Climate and Development Report explores the linkages between climate and development and identifies priority actions to build resilience and reduce carbon emissions, while supporting economic growth and reducing poverty. The Morocco climate report identifies three priority areas - tackling water scarcity and droughts; enhancing resilience to floods; and decarbonizing the economy. The report also looks at the cross-cutting issues of financing, governance, and equity. The underlying message in the report is that if Morocco invests in climate action now and takes the appropriate policy measures, the benefits will be immense. Ambitious climate actions will help to revitalize rural areas, create new jobs and position the Kingdom as a green industrial hub, while also helping Morocco to reach its broader development goals. The report identifies key pathways to decarbonize the economy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and massively deploying solar and wind power. The report estimates that total investment needed to put Morocco firmly on a resilient and low carbon pathway by the 2050s would be around USD 78 billion in present dollar value. The good news is that these investments could be gradual and that with the appropriate policies in place, the private sector could shoulder much of the cost
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Energy ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) are new core diagnostic reports that integrate climate change and development considerations. The CCDR for Kazakhstan identifies ways that Kazakhstan can achieve its development objectives while fostering the transition to a more green, resilient, and inclusive development pathway. It sets out policy reforms and investments needed to build resilience to climate change impacts and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while creating a more diversified, competitive and sustainable economy
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electricity ; Environment ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report aims to support Malawi's efforts to achieve its development goals within a changing climate by quantifying the impacts of climate change on the economy and highlighting key policies and interventions that are needed to strengthen climate resilience. The analysis includes climate modeling across multiple scenarios to account for the inherent uncertainty in climate projections; and sector-by-sector analysis and assessment of economywide impacts to identify the biggest impacts. It examines Malawi's current policy landscape and identifies needed reforms; considers how Malawi can best protect its most vulnerable households; and considers how the country can finance its ambitious development and climate agenda, including the key role of the private sector. The analysis shows that climate change will impose large costs on the economy and on already vulnerable households. If Malawi stays on its current low-growth development trajectory, climate change could reduce GDP by 3-9 percent in 2030, 6-20 percent in 2040, and 8-16 percent by 2050). The analysis also clearly demonstrates that development, as set out in Malawi's Vision 2063, provides a strong basis for strengthening resilience to climate impacts. If Malawi was to accelerate implementation of policies and programs envisioned in the Vision 2063 the development trajectory would shift to a higher growth path and climate change impacts would be significantly reduced. But the Vision 2063 development path will not be enough and building greater resilience to climate change will require doing different things and doing things differently. With additional adaptation measures, the analysis shows that not only is the impact of climate change on GDP much smaller, GDP is higher with climate change and adaptation when compared to the counterfactual with no climate impacts; losses range from -1 to 3 percent in 2030 and 2040, and 1 to 4 percent in 2050
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Forecasting ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: East Asia and Pacific Macro Poverty Outlook, Annual Meetings 2022 contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the East Asia and Pacific region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Forecasting ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa Macro Poverty Outlook, Annual Meetings 2022 contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro An Exploration of Climate-Related Financial Risks for Credit Guarantee Schemes in Europe
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Credit Guarantee ; Energy Price Shock ; Environment ; Financial Stability ; Fossil Fuel Subsidies ; Fossil Fuel Transition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Physical Risk ; Public Sector Development ; Transition Risk
    Abstract: This paper assesses the vulnerability of credit guarantee schemes to the physical and transition risks related to climate change. Based on unique sectoral and spatial data from 29 European credit guarantee schemes linked to a range of vulnerability metrics, the paper identifies guarantees-at-risk, builds a transition risk score to rank sectors at risk, and conducts a stylized stress test to assess potential financial losses that credit guarantee schemes could incur under adverse climate-related scenarios. The results show that about one-third of credit guarantee schemes' guarantee portfolios is toward sectors that have high exposure to a disorderly energy transition. European credit guarantee schemes are also exposed to a broad range of climate-related physical risks, especially wildfires, coastal floods, and river floods, with 24-31 percent of outstanding guarantees toward sectors that have elevated exposure to climate change and weather variability. Finally, for transition and physical risk scenarios, the annual expected loss on the guarantee portfolio could increase by EUR 181 million and EUR 128 million, respectively. The results suggest that credit guarantee schemes could start integrating climate-related financial risks into their risk management frameworks
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als de la Torre, Augusto Latin America's Growth: Looking through the Demand Glass
    Keywords: Commodities ; Commodity Dependence ; Consumption ; Convergence ; Export Diversification ; Growth ; Import Substituting Industrialization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resource Curse ; Natural Resource Wealth ; Paradox of Plenty ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper revisits the historical roots of Latin America's disappointing growth using a novel macro and trade-based growth decomposition and a simple model of industrialization in a commodities-exporting country with a large informal sector. The approach suggests the need to better qualify two opposite narratives: that the post-1982 ("neoliberal") reforms have failed, and it is time to look back to the import substitution industrialization era for policy inspiration; and that the post-1982 reforms went in the right direction but must be completed to unleash significant productivity gains. Both can be misleading because they downplay the role of demand. The apparent "miracle" of import substitution industrialization does not provide a realistic point of comparison because it reflected an unsustainable, demand-induced boost in productivity. And the gains expected from Washington Consensus-style reforms alone can be overstated because they are derived from overly restrictive assumptions on demand. By allowing demand to play a more central role, the paper finds a close and revealing relationship between the growth patterns followed by Latin American countries, the quality of their macroeconomic policies, the nature of their trade, and the segmentation of their labor markets. Going forward, the policy agenda calls for an outwardly oriented growth strategy, supported by a more proactive role for the state that promotes not only efficiency in supply, but also the appeal to demand
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These are the remarks delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the 2022 Annual Meetings Plenary on October 14, 2022. He spoke about the following: (i) update on the Bank Group's financial results and a few of the immense challenges during COVID-19;(ii) emergency financing for Ukraine; (iii) capital Increases of IBRD and IFC; (iv) the IDA20 replenishment; (v) the Bank has established a new Financial Intermediary Fund (FIF) for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (PPR); (vi) Global Alliance for Food Security with the German G7 Presidency; (vii) SCALE, a new umbrella trust fund for the Bank's results-based climate activities; (viii) publishing Bank's Country Climate and Development reports, or CCDRs; and (ix) continue to work toward broad-based growth that reduces poverty and lifts all countries and all people
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This evaluation assesses the quality of the World Bank's early response to the COVID-19 crisis and the initial steps toward recovery, focusing on the health and social response. It concentrates on the relief stage and support to restructure systems in the first 15 months of the pandemic (February 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021) in 106 countries. A parallel Independent Evaluation Group evaluation looks at the World Bank Group support to address the economic implications of the pandemic. To assess the quality of the response, the evaluation is guided by a theory of action that synthesizes evidence in three dimensions: relevance of support to the needs of countries; implementation, learning, and adjustment; and operational policy and partnerships to support smooth responses in countries. As the response is ongoing, the evaluation does not assess effectiveness but considers early results and pathways that are expected to lead to outcomes. The findings from the evaluation inform four recommendations for ensuring stronger future preparedness: (i) Use the World Bank's crisis recovery efforts to strengthen the resilience of essential health and education. (ii) Apply a gender equality lens to health and social crisis response actions across sectors. (iii) Help countries strengthen regional cooperation and crisis response capacities for public health preparedness. (iv) Build on the COVID-19 experience to strengthen the World Bank's internal crisis preparedness so that it has the tools and procedures ready to respond in future emergencies
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Corruption ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The speed, reach, and magnitude of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic sent a shockwave around the globe that tested the capacity of Public Finance Management (PFM) systems to support governments' responses to crises. Fiscal transparency was not a foremost priority for decisionmakers during the crisis as they sought to put in place emergency measures with imperfect information and under rapidly changing conditions. This report, which complements existing public budgeting assessments that apply internationally recognized PFM frameworks on a regular basis, presents a comparative analysis focused upon experiences with and lessons about fiscal transparency in three countries in the Western Balkans - Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), North Macedonia and Serbia. It includes examples of good practices that were deployed in various countries within the region and beyond during their response to Covid-19. In doing so, it aims to distil lessons and provide recommendations about what could be done better in preparation for and during future emergency events
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The economy continues to contract, albeit at a somewhat slower pace. Public finances improved in 2021, but only because spending collapsed faster than revenue generation. Testament to the continued atrophy of Lebanon's economy, the Lebanese Pound continues to depreciate sharply. The sharp deterioration in the currency continues to drive surging inflation, in triple digits since July 2020, impacting the poor and vulnerable the most. An unprecedented institutional vacuum will likely further delay any agreement on crisis resolution and much needed reforms; this includes prior actions as part of the April 2022 International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff-level agreement (SLA). Divergent views among key stakeholders on how to distribute the financial losses remains the main bottleneck for reaching an agreement on a comprehensive reform agenda. Lebanon needs to urgently adopt a domestic, equitable, and comprehensive solution that is predicated on: (i) addressing upfront the balance sheet impairments, (ii) restoring liquidity, and (iii) adhering to sound global practices of bail-in solutions based on a hierarchy of creditors (starting with banks' shareholders) that protects small depositors
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; ICT Economics ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Investment
    Abstract: Djibouti's economic activity has slowed since the beginning of 2022, after the rebound observed in 2021. Fiscal pressure has increased as a result of measures to mitigate the impact of the war in Ukraine, worsening drought, and a sharp increase in debt service in 2022. Rising international energy and food prices generated high year-on-year inflation. The external current account' deteriorated further in 2022. The banking sector has remained generally stable and sound, despite the many shocks facing the Djibouti economy. Djibouti's economy is expected to recover gradually over the medium term. There are several risks to Djibouti's mediumterm prospects: (i) a further deterioration in the fiscal situation resulting from a continued accumulation of public debt, a continued decline in revenues, and increased tax exemptions; (ii) potential shocks in the global transport and logistics value chains (particularly important for the activities of port-related public enterprises); (iii) the continuation or possible intensification of the Ethiopian crisis; and (iv) climatic shocks, including drought and floods. To strengthen its resilience to the multiple exogenous shocks it faces, Djibouti is implementing a strategy to diversify its port activities in order to capture more value added in international trade. This strategy includes the development of a ship repair yard, a new oil terminal and a new business district at the old portrait In addition, to address the impact of climate change, Djibouti is developing a national strategy for the promotion of a green economy whose activities will help generate additional income for the population through the development of ecotourism activities in addition to their beneficial impact on climate change. In this context, the development of networks and the use of digital technology offer Djibouti significant potential for creating economic and social opportunities
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM) and its extensions are a suite of models and spreadsheet-based toolkits for analyzing future growth paths in developing countries, based on the Solow-Swan growth model. This volume, The Long-Term Growth Model: Fundamentals, Extensions, and Applications, is a collection of ten chapters that summarize the development of the LTGM over the last decade, and how it has been applied in practice. The volume starts with a description of the Standard LTGM, the simplest and easiest-to-use component of the LTGM suite. It then outlines several extensions to the basic model in important areas such as the implications of growth for poverty (built into the Standard LTGM), the effects of public capital, the determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) growth, and how growth drivers differ in natural resource rich economies. The final part of the book covers six case studies which apply the LTGM in a diverse range of countries: Malaysia, South Korea, Bangladesh, Syria, Egypt, and Sri Lanka. Although growth performances, constraints, and opportunities vary across country contexts, the LTGM framework outlined in this volume, analyzing future growth in terms of TFP, human capital, physical capital, and labor, is universally relevant. The chapters in the volume typically find that popular investment-led growth strategies are unsustainable in the long-run (including those growth strategies relying solely on high rates of public investment). This is mostly due to a declining marginal productivity of capital, though financing high investment rates without high savings rates is also a practical concern. Instead, they find that the most important driver of sustainable rapid long-run growth is productivity (TFP) growth
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reed, Tristan Cartels, Antitrust Enforcement, and Industry Performance: Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Abuse of Dominance ; Access To Markets ; Antitrust ; Antitrust Enforcement ; Cartel ; Collusion ; Competition Law ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Federal Competition Commission ; Federal Economic Competition Commission ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Monopolistic Practices ; Per Se Illegal ; Rule of Reason
    Abstract: Forty percent of economic activities in Mexico weighed by sales have been investigated for illegal monopolistic practices since the Federal Competition Commission was established in 1993. By exploiting some unique features of the Mexican investigative system, and using a synthetic control approach, this paper examines the causal impact of antitrust sanctions on industry performance and aggregate outcomes. Sanctions cause sales and wages to increase and profit margins to fall in the sanctioned sectors, thus benefiting consumers and workers. Overall, antitrust enforcement contributes roughly half a percent of per capita gross domestic product growth. Outcomes of investigations that are closed without sanction fail to reject the hypothesis that some harmful conduct is not sanctioned because investigators lack resources to prove it conclusively. An implication is that the Commission could generate greater benefits with additional investigative resources
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Development Update ; Economic Activity ; Economic Growth ; Global Benchmark Indicators ; Governance ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Stunted Economic Growth
    Abstract: Nigeria's economic performance has weakened since the previous Nigeria Development Update (NDU) was published in June 2022 under the title of "The Continuing Urgency of Business Unusual". The global economic environment has weakened. Economic activity in most major economies has slowed in 2022 amid high inflation and central banks shifting toward contractionary monetary policies. External financing conditions, particularly for governments and private borrowers in frontier markets such as Nigeria, have tightened, as the US dollar has appreciated sharply against most other currencies to historically strong levels, and global benchmark interest rates have risen. Moving into 2023, growth in most regions is expected to weaken further, and uncertainty regarding the outlook remains elevated, partly because of key unknowns such as future developments related to the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy
    Abstract: The scale and scope of Lebanon's deliberate depression are leading to the disintegration of key pillars of Lebanon's post-civil war political economy. Monetary and financial turmoil along with surging inflation continue to drive crisis conditions. Public finances improved in 2021 as spending collapsed faster than revenue. Lebanon urgently needs to adopt and implement a credible, comprehensive, equitable reform plan if it is to avoid a complete destruction of its social and economic networks and immediately stop irreversible loss of human capital
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Divide ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy continues to be severely tested by the ongoing impacts of the military coup and the surge in COVID-19 cases in 2021. While some real-time indicators have improved in recent months, they remain consistent with a much lower level of economic activity than prior to the February coup. Reported COVID-19 cases have fallen to low levels (and few reported cases of the Omicron variant as of early January 2022), while real time indicators of mobility, manufacturing activity, and exports are showing signs of recovering. On the other hand, indicators of conflict suggest that the security environment has deteriorated in many parts of Myanmar, including in states and regions which have historically been relatively peaceful. This has affected businesses' operations, logistics, confidence, and appetite to invest. After the sharp decline in incomes and employment observed across the economy, available indicators suggest domestic demand remains very weak. At the same time, supply-side constraints persist and some have worsened in recent months. Access to kyat liquidity, credit, and foreign currency remains severely constrained. A sharp exchange rate depreciation in September 2021 has raised import prices across the economy, including of fuel and other critical inputs to production, increasing transport costs. Electricity outages are a growing concern and internet disruptions continue to reduce the reliability of firms' and households' connectivity and ability to access information and connect with markets (see Part III: Digital Disruptions and Economic Impacts)
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agricultural Subsidies ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The report finds that repurposing a portion of government spending on agriculture each year to develop and disseminate more emission-efficient technologies for crops and livestock could reduce overall emissions from agriculture by more than 40 percent. Meanwhile, millions of hectares of land could be restored to natural habitats. The economic payoffs to this type of repurposing would be large. Redirecting about USD 70 billion a year, equivalent to one percent of global agricultural output, would yield a net benefit of over USD 2 trillion in 20 years
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alder, Simon The Impact of Ethiopia's Road Investment Program on Economic Development and Land Use: Evidence from Satellite Data
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Cropland Reduction ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impact of Roads ; Economic Impact Satellite Data ; Infrastructure Planning ; Land Use Planning ; Local Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Road Sector Development Program ; Road Use Satellite Data ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This paper studies the impacts of the large-scale Road Sector Development Program in Ethiopia between 1997 and 2016 on local economic activity and land cover (urbanization and cropland). It exploits spatial and temporal variation in road upgrades across Ethiopia, together with high-resolution panel data derived from satellite imagery. The findings show that road upgrades contributed to increases in local economic activity, as proxied by nighttime lights and urban land area. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the results across baseline levels of economic activity. Specifically, gains from road upgrades are concentrated in areas with moderate-to-high initial levels of economic activity. By contrast, there was little, or even negative, growth in areas with low levels of initial economic activity. Finally, the findings show that road upgrades contributed to a reduction in cropland in areas with medium-to-high baseline nighttime lights. The results suggest that Ethiopia's ambitious road infrastructure development program overall increased local economic activity and urbanization, but that it also had important distributional implications that need to be taken into account when planning such infrastructure programs
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Constantinescu, Cristina Globally Engaged Firms in the COVID-19 Crisis
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Disruption ; Coronavirus ; Covid Impact On Exporters ; COVID-19 ; Export ; Global Value Chains ; Globally Engaged Firms ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact On Firms ; Recovery ; Supply Chain Disruption ; Trade ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the initial impact and recovery of globally engaged firms from the COVID-19 crisis. It uses rich survey data of nearly 65,000 firm-year observations in 45 countries spanning three waves of data collection. The findings are organized in a series of stylized facts, which suggest that although the pandemic had an immediate adverse impact on most firms, the globally engaged ones are recovering faster, possibly due to their higher capabilities. Among globally engaged firms, those directly involved with international markets show better recovery than the ones that were indirectly involved. These results mask wide variation by firm traits, sectoral attributes, and country characteristics. At the core of the recovery of globally engaged firms is their heightened response to the crisis by finding novel ways to adapt supply chains even in the presence of lockdowns and uncertainty. These firms swiftly digitalized, introduced new products and changed their markets and sources of inputs. Over and above their capabilities, global engagement cushions firms against shocks. Policymakers could therefore facilitate global linkages by providing information on potential markets and products, by making production flexible in terms of facilitating remote work, reducing the rigidity of contracts; and incentivizing financial institutions to issue instruments that reduce uncertainty risk
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hasanbasri, Ardina Individual Wealth Inequality: Measurement and Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Asset Ownership ; Economic Gender Differences ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Opportunity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Wealth ; Income Inequality ; Individual Income In Developing Countries ; Individual Wealth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Wealth Inequality Study
    Abstract: The accumulation of personal wealth, stemming from ownership and control of assets, plays a critical role in advancing women's and men's economic opportunities. Yet, it is an understudied dimension of inequality across the developing world. To study individual-level wealth inequality and gender differences in wealth, this paper leverages unique data from nationally representative, multi-topic household surveys that were conducted in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Tanzania and that interviewed men and women in private regarding their personal ownership and valuation of physical and financial assets. The analysis documents substantial gender inequalities in asset ownership and wealth, overall and for specific asset classes. Individual-level wealth inequality measures are substantially higher vis-a-vis comparators based on per capita household consumption expenditures and per capita household wealth, and intrahousehold wealth inequality has a substantial role in explaining overall wealth inequality. While land is a key contributor to wealth inequality across countries, there is cross-country heterogeneity in the relative contributions of asset classes. Self-reporting on asset ownership and valuation, the internationally-recommended best practice, is also shown to lead to higher inequality estimates compared to the business-as-usual survey practice of interviewing a single, most-knowledgeable household member to identify intrahousehold asset owners and values. The discussion expands on the implications of the findings for future surveys and methodological research
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Xu, Yuanwei Gender Differences in Household Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Kenya
    Keywords: Analysis Of Poverty ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender Difference ; Gender Inequality ; Household Consumption Expenditure ; Household Head Age ; Inequality ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty and Equity ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Understanding how different households cope with COVID-19 among a vulnerable population is important for the policy design aiming at relieving hunger and poverty in a low income setting. This paper uses original household data from five waves of a phone survey conducted between May 2020 and June 2021 in Kenya (sample size 31,715) and investigates the gender differences in household coping strategies during the COVID-19 shock. It finds that female-headed households are less likely to cope by selling assets or taking loans, compared with male-headed households. Instead, femaleheaded households rely more on social networks to cope. No difference in coping by reducing meals is observed across these two types of households. This paper documents that the reasons behind the gender difference include that female-headed households are poorer, and they are more likely to rely on friends and family to cope with shocks even prior to the COVID-19 shock. The findings suggest that widowed and divorced women are in high need of relief programs, and governments should provide easily accessible loans to avoid negative impacts in the long term from households selling assets
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Loayza, Norman V Assessing the Effects of Natural Resources on Long-Term Growth: An Extension of the World Bank Long Term Growth Model
    Keywords: Commodity Price Fluctuation ; Composition of Government Expenditure ; Development Research Group ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Energy Demand ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Force Participation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil Reserve ; Oil Sector ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper extends the World Bank's Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM) with the addition of a natural resource sector to analyze how long-run growth evolves in resource-rich countries and the growth impacts of price shocks and resource discoveries. In the LTGM-Natural Resource Extension (LTGM-NR), commodity price shocks affect long-term economic growth through physical investment rates. As a large share of resource income typically accrues to the government, the size of the boost to investment in a price boom depends on the government's fiscal rule. Fiscal rules that prioritize public investment, like a Hartwick Rule, generally lead to the largest increases in long-term growth. However, structural surplus rules, which save commodity revenues, can also boost growth if they free up savings for private investment. The response of growth to discoveries of natural resources is similar to the response to price shocks, although discoveries also produce a direct effect on real GDP, in addition to an indirect effect through investment. The LTGM-NR also captures the effect of other (non-resource) growth fundamentals in resource-rich economies, and it is better suited to general growth analysis in these countries than the standard LTGM. However, the LTGM-NR is a supply-side model, and so does not capture the short-run effects of price and discovery shocks that operate through aggregate demand
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hallegatte, Stephane Macroeconomic Consequences of Natural Disasters: A Modeling Proposal and Application to Floods and Earthquakes in Turkey
    Keywords: Damage To Infrastructure ; Environment ; Impact Of Climate ; Inflation ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity Of Capital ; Monetary Policy ; Natural Disaster ; Trade and Investment
    Abstract: Turkey is vulnerable to natural disasters that can generate substantial damages to public and private sector infrastructure capital. Earthquakes and floods are the most frequent hazards today, and flood risks are expected to increase with climate change. To ensure stability and growth and minimize the welfare impact of these disasters, these shocks need to be managed and accounted for in macro-fiscal and monetary policy. To support this process, the World Bank Macrostructural Model is adapted to assess the macroeconomic effects of natural (geophysical or climate-related) disasters. The macroeconomic model is extended on several fronts: (1) a distinction is made between infrastructure and non-infrastructure capital, with complementary or substitutability between the two categories; (2) the production function is adjusted to account for short-term complementarity across capital assets; (3) the reconstruction process is modeled in a way that accounts for post-disaster constraints, with distinct processes for the reconstruction of public and private assets. The results show that destroyed infrastructure capital makes the remaining non-infrastructure capital less productive, which means that disasters reduce the total stock of capital, but also its productivity. The welfare impact of a disaster-proxied by the discounted consumption loss-is found to increase non-linearly with direct asset losses. Macroeconomic responses reduce the welfare impact of minor disasters but magnify it when direct asset losses exceed the economy's absorption capacity. The welfare impact also depends on the pre-existing economic situation, the ability of the economy to reallocate resources toward reconstruction, and the response of the monetary policy. Appropriate macro-fiscal and monetary policies offer cost-effective opportunities to mitigate the welfare impact of major disasters
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, Arnold Patrick Current Benefits of Wildfire Smoke for Yields in the US Midwest May Dissipate by 2050
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Cloud Formation ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Exposure To Smoke ; Global Land Carbon Sink ; Impact Of Climate Change ; Impact On Yield ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Meteorological Variables ; Pollution Management and Control ; Science of Climate Change ; Severe Drought
    Abstract: Wildfires throughout western North America produce smoke plumes that can stretch across the agricultural regions of the American Midwest. Climate change is likely to increase the number and size of these fires and subsequent smoke plumes. These smoke plumes change direct, diffuse, and total sunlight during the crop growing season and consequently influence yields of both corn and soybeans. The analysis in this paper uses a twelve-year panel of county-level yields from all counties east of the 100th meridian combined with measures of exposure to smoke plumes of low and high density during the growing season. It shows that low-density plumes enhance yields, likely by increasing in the fraction of diffuse light, while high-density plumes decrease yields. Because there are more low-density plumes today, the net effect is a slight increase in yields on average. As climate change makes wildfires larger and more frequent, the overall impact of smoke on yields is expected to be substantially more negative
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Modeling ; Inequality ; Inflation ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Turkey's economic performance has been a tale of two economies, overall high growth, matched by a deterioration in macro-financial conditions. Good progress in vaccination rollouts allowed Turkey to reopen gradually in 2021 despite a continued rise in Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases. Real economic activity remained strong, driven by strong broad-based export growth and domestic demand. Exports of goods reached record high levels in 2021 supported by buoyant external demand, improved price competitiveness and demand shifts to Turkey due to rising shipping costs. Turkey's GDP grew by 22 percent year-on-year in 2021Q2-the second highest among G-20 countries-and 7.4 percent in 2021Q3. Strong goods and services export performance helped current account deficit to narrow significantly. Robust economic activity led to strong revenue growth and supported fiscal balances. The labor market saw a good recovery in 2021 and employment levels surpassed pre-pandemic levels, supported by buoyant economic activity. The regional inequalities of the COVID-19 shock manifested in larger impacts for women from Eastern regions, widening pre-existing gender gaps. The authorities began to cut interest rates in September, by 500 basis points by the end of 2021, despite rising inflation and inflation expectations. This has exacerbated macro-financial conditions and impacted investor confidence - causing financial market turbulence, large deprecation of the Lira, higher inflation, and increased dollarization. The Lira has been the most depreciating currency among emerging market economies this year. The large depreciation of the Lira coupled with rising international prices caused inflation to increase to its highest rate since the August 2018 shock
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Crisis ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Framework ; Global Value Chains ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Turkey saw phenomenal growth in the 2000s as economic reforms ushered in FDI, GVCs expanded, and productivity increased. The early 2000s saw Turkey exit from major economic crisis with a strengthened fiscal framework, a strengthened, inflation-targeting mandate for the Central Bank, the establishment of an independent bank regulator, and importantly, a recently agreed Customs Union agreement with the EU. From 2001 to 2017, incomes per capita in Turkey doubled in real terms and tripled in current dollar terms. Turkey transformed from a lower-middle-income country (LMIC) at the start of the 2000s to very nearly reaching high-income status by 2014. This drove a rapid fall in poverty from above 30 percent to just 9 percent1. Very few other countries matched Turkey's growth over this period, and almost all of them were new EU member states
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inflation ; Job Creation ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Peacebuilding ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: South Sudan faced significant headwinds in FY2020/21, with the pandemic, floods, and violence flareups affecting economic activities. Consequently, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 5.4 percent in FY2020/21. Oil production declined by 5.9 percent as floods affected production and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed new investments to replace exhausted wells. In the agriculture sector, flooding precipitated estimated losses of 38, 000 tons of cereals (4.3% of 2020 production) and 800, 000 livestock according to FAO estimates. The overall cereal deficit was projected to reach 465, 610 metric tons in 2021, equivalent to about 35 percent of the overall food requirement for the year, sustaining high levels of food insecurity. Living conditions continue to be impacted by violence, displacement, and inadequate access to basic services. With improving macroeconomic conditions supported by an ongoing macro-fiscal reform program, a modest growth rebound of 1.2 percent is projected in FY2021/22. Nevertheless, poverty levels are expected to remain exceptionally high. As the economy recovers from multiple shocks, a focus on policy options to stimulate the creation of a sufficient number of quality jobs to absorb a young and expanding labor force should take center stage. Economies that create jobs, particularly for the youth, are generally more stable and can elevate public confidence in the Government's capacity to deliver. In South Sudan, an effective jobs support program would invest in immediate livelihood support, the recovery of modest business activities, and the revival of markets
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kovac, Dejan Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict and Long-Run Education and Income Inequality: Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Conflict ; Education ; Education Inequality ; Educational Outcome Of Displaced Persons ; Equity and Development ; Forced Displacement ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Refugee Inclusion ; Refugees ; Social Integration
    Abstract: This paper investigates the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Croatia, the two former Yugoslav states most heavily impacted by the conflicts of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, refugees, and those who did not move two decades after the conflicts. For BiH, the analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n = 6, 021) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. For Croatia, outcomes are measured using an anonymized education registry that captured outcomes for over half a million individuals over time. This allows an assessment of convergence between different categories of migrants. In both countries, individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance. External migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for individuals who were forced to move. In Croatia, those who moved during the conflict have worse educational outcomes, but there is a steady convergence between refugees and non-migrants. This research suggests that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islam, Asif M The Gender Labor Productivity Gap across Informal Firms
    Keywords: Capitalization Gender Gap ; Crime ; Education Inequality ; Formalization Of Economy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Social Protections ; Informal Economy ; Informal Firm Productivity Measure ; Labor Disparity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity Factors ; Productivity Gender Gap ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Women-Owned Firms
    Abstract: This study uncovers a gender labor productivity gap among informal firms in 14 developing economies. The results show that labor productivity is approximately 15.2 percent (or 0.165 log point) lower among women-owned than men-owned informal firms. Decomposition techniques reveal several factors that contribute to lower labor productivity of women-owned informal firms relative to men-owned informal firms. These include lower education, lower experience, lower capitalization, and less protection from crime among women owners than men owners of informal firms. However, the smaller size of the women-owned firms and their greater return from producing or selling under contract and from security payments narrows the productivity gap. The results provide several specific and general policy recommendations for improving the labor productivity of women-owned informal firms and closing the gap with male-owned informal firms. For one, a substantial amount of the productivity gap can be closed by providing more resources to women such as education, managerial experience, and physical capital. The study also provides some preliminary results on another important policy objective 'the costs and benefits of formalization as perceived by women-owned versus men-owned informal firms
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iman, Sen Women's Labor Force Participation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Study of Social and Psychological Barriers
    Keywords: Barriers To Employment ; Discrimination Against Women ; Employment Equity ; Female Job Seekers ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Employment ; Role Of Women In Kurdistan ; Traditional Roles ; Womens Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: Women's labor force participation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is very low, at 14 percent. This paper investigates a number of social and psychological barriers to participation, using recent methods in the measurement of social norms and cultural beliefs and primary data collected from all three governorates. Furthermore, since greater growth in employment generation is expected in the private sector, the paper explores women and men's perceptions toward working in the private sector in detail. The findings show that while 70 percent of women and men support women's participation in the private sector, several challenges remain in both information about the sector, as well as perceived risks and discrimination. More broadly, the findings show that traditional gender role expectations may still impede women's labor force participation. Perceptions of common societal practices and beliefs of other members from the same household are all correlated with women's work. The paper explores additional mental barriers using a smaller sample of younger and more educated female job seekers, who are registered with a jobs agency, and finds that both perseverance in the job search process and trust and engagement with formal institutions are additional behavioral barriers
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fukase, Emiko Exploring the Sources of the Agricultural Productivity Gender Gap: Evidence from Sri Lanka
    Keywords: Access To Resources ; Agricultural Productivity By Gender ; Agricultural Productivity Factors ; Agriculture ; Crop Mix ; Equitable Access To Resources ; Equity and Development ; Food Security ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Promotion ; Gender Equity ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Norms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Men's Productivity ; Social Norms ; Unequal Division Of Labor ; Women's Productivity
    Abstract: Previous literature found overwhelming evidence of an agricultural gender gap in favor of male farmers. The case of Sri Lanka is unique as agricultural productivity, measured by yield per unit of land, is 25.4 percent higher among female farmers than male farmers. Using the nationally representative 2016 Sri Lanka Household Income and Expenditure Survey and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, the paper explores the sources of this unconditional female productivity advantage. The analysis finds that the smaller plot size cultivated by women is the leading source of female productivity advantage, reflecting the inverse relationship between cultivated area and productivity. However, this productivity advantage does not translate into women's higher crop earnings. Another important source is the gendered pattern of crop mix as women tend to cultivate more high-value, export-oriented crops, while men are more likely to grow paddy with low productivity. Once controlling for plot size and crop mix, a conditional male productivity advantage emerges, reflecting men's greater access to agricultural resources and potentially an unequal pattern of division of labor associated with social and gender norms. Policies to promote equitable access to resources and address other constraints to women's productivity in agriculture continue to be important in promoting gender equality
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Denny, ElaineK Extortion and Civic Engagement among Guatemalan Deportees
    Keywords: Affects Of Victimization ; Civic Engagement ; Deportees ; Economic Insecurity ; Extortion ; Governance ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobilizing Effects Of Economic Hardship ; Motivation To Civic Action ; Political Economy ; Political Participation
    Abstract: How does extortion experienced during the migration journey affect the civic engagement of deported migrants returned to their home country? More broadly, how does extortion affect political participation? Little is known about either the political behavior of returnees or about how coercive economic shocks experienced during migration affect subsequent levels of political participation. More broadly, existing literature on how victimization affects political participation is inconclusive, particularly when combined with existing work on economic insecurity. Studying deported migrants and the quasi-random experience of extortion helps address the endogeneity that often confounds these analyses. This approach isolates the impact of extortion on political action from potentially confounding factors related to local security or corruption. Using a novel dataset concerning Guatemalan migrants returned to Guatemala by the U.S. government, this paper finds that extortion has a direct, positive relationship with multiple forms of civic action, and that, at least in this context, the mobilizing effects of economic hardship outweigh the potentially demobilizing effects of fear of crime
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Income ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Policy
    Abstract: Fiscal Incidence Analysis (FIA) is the study of how fiscal policies benefit (or burden, in the case of taxes) people and households at different parts of the income distribution. The objective of this note is to highlight lessons learned in capacity building and skill transfer for FIA, including Commitment to Equity (CEQ) assessment. The goal is to uncover effective strategies for transferring the skills and capacities to government officials and other fiscal experts in countries around the world to enable them to carry out this type of analysis themselves. The note is based on interviews with experts, both within and outside of the World Bank who have been conducting FIA assessments and building and using microsimulation tools, often in close collaboration with officials from the government. The rest of this note: (i) describes the common engagement models and capacity building approaches that have been taken; (ii) assesses the extent to which these have been successful and distils lessons learned from some of these efforts, and (iii) identifies a few concrete ways in which similar efforts in the future could be made more effective
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Governance ; Local Government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Brazil's pension system takes up an oversized proportion of its social protection spending. It comprises of Regime Geral de Previdencia Social (RGPS), covering private sector workers, and over two thousand Regimes Proprios de Previdencia Social (RPPS), insuring public civil servants at federal and subnational levels. While the total membership of RPPS only stands at about 10 percent of RGPS coverage, its spending amounts to almost half of RGPS pension outlays. This paper attempts to present an integrated view of RPPS pension schemes, their influence on subnational budgets, and their interaction with human resource policies. After a brief introduction, Chapter 3 starts by documenting the history of civil service and its associated pension schemes, looking for explanations on how subnational RPPS became so big, dispersed, and difficult to reform. The fiscal consequences of subnational civil service pension scheme expansion and maturation, including RPPS role in the fiscal challenges and policies of the last few years, are discussed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 attempts to expose important interlinkages between pension and human resource policies and argues for the need of integrated policy approach. Chapter 6 describes the history of previous RPPS reform attempts, while Chapter 7 focuses on the effects of federal pension reform of 2019 on subnational civil servant pension schemes. The paper ends with lessons and policy recommendations for the future
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dinarte-Diaz, Lelys Neither by Land Nor by Sea: The Rise of Electronic Remittances during COVID-19
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Bank Account Surge in Mexico ; Covid Impact on Remittances ; COVID-19 ; E-Business ; Electronic Remittance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Informal Remittance Channels ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact on Remittances ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Despite concerns that the COVID-19 economic collapse would torpedo international remittances, formal remittances to several developing countries ballooned early in the pandemic. This increase might, however, have reflected a shift from informal channels to formal ones rather than a change in actual flows. This paper employs Mexican data to explore this and finds that remittance channels did change. The rise in formal inflows was larger among municipalities that were previously more reliant on informal channels (for example, near a border crossing). Households there also experienced a disproportionate increase in bank accounts opened after lockdown measures. The paper also rules out hypotheses related to the US Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and. Economic Security Act and altruism
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Subsidies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Food Subsidies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note provides an update of social protection responses to the food, fuel, fertilizer, and other price shocks sparked or accelerated by the Ukraine war. The vast majority of measures were introduced in early 2022 (February-April), although some specific interventions to mitigate prices were included in late 2021. This initiative complements other two ongoing thematic trackers of country-level action on how social protection is being leveraged in crisis situations - one on Covid-19 responses (16 versions) and another one focused on displacement as a result of the Ukraine war (3 versions). Data is preliminary and meant to elicit comments, additions, integration, and revisions to be incorporated in next living paper versions. Specifically, the note tracks four broad measures, namely social assistance, social insurance, labor markets, and subsidies. The latter includes five subcategories, id est, fuel, food, fertilizers and agriculture inputs, and fees subsidies. Data and analysis are preliminary, and more information on specific measures will be provided as data becomes available
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Data and Reporting ; Equity ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: The world spent USD 11 trillion on public procurement in 2018, amounting to 12 percent of global GDP (Bosio and others 2022). Given these substantial volumes, public procurement can contribute to several objectives: savings, integrity, economic growth, inclusiveness, and sustainability. Procurement Data Analytics (PDA) can contribute to the achievement of these objectives. It refers to the use of data to generate actionable insights and evidence to monitor outcomes, inform the policy dialogue, guide reform efforts, and assess the impact of reforms and strategies in public procurement. Despite a growing academic literature and impact evaluations on public procurement, the existing body of evidence is still scarce and limited to a few countries. This impedes drawing generalizable lessons on optimal policies and strategies to achieve the multi-layered objectives of the public procurement function, therefore highlighting the need for a larger adoption of data analytics tools in this area. With the increasing adoption of electronic government procurement (eGP) systems and the corresponding digitization of transaction records, public procurement has enormous untapped potential for the application of data analytics tools. This paper highlights the successful approaches and good practices of previous PDA work and provide useful resources to World Bank teams with country engagements relating to public procurement. Possibly interesting to a broader audience, an analytical framework is also discussed to guide the application of data analytics tools in public procurement, data sources, the open government agenda, and data standards
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Windpower
    Abstract: This roadmap provides strategic analysis of the offshore wind development potential in the Philippines, considering the opportunities and challenges under different, hypothetical growth scenarios. The goal is to provide evidence to support the Government of the Philippines in establishing policy, regulations, processes, and infrastructure to enable successful growth of this new industry. The roadmap was initiated by the World Bank country team in the Philippines under the umbrella of the World Bank Group's (WBG's) Offshore Wind Development Program-which aims to accelerate offshore wind development in emerging markets-and was funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nguyen, Trang V The Distributional Impact of Serbia's Taxes and Social Spending
    Keywords: Adverse Impact Mitigation ; Distributional Impact ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Spending ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxes ; Transfers
    Abstract: In the context of economic recovery and structural reforms to boost Serbia's living standards, understanding the impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty is key to inform policy choices. This paper's key research question is to analyze the redistributive effect of fiscal policy on income distribution and poverty in Serbia. It advances on the previous literature by comprehensively assessing the individual and combined effects of taxes and social spending on both inequality and poverty in Serbia, using the Commitment to Equity Assessment approach. The findings suggest that Serbia's fiscal system is redistributive, reducing the Gini coefficient of income once taxes, transfers, and in-kind benefits in education and health are taken into account. However, the inequality-reducing impact of the fiscal system in Serbia is somewhat smaller than what is observed in other countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, where similar analysis has been applied. Moreover, and like in some other countries in Europe and Central Asia, the fiscal system increases poverty. Direct social transfers in Serbia are pro-poor and inequality reducing, but their impacts are not large enough to fully offset those of taxation since spending on these programs is small. This analysis of fiscal incidence in Serbia provides a useful basis for assessing the impacts of potential changes in taxes or benefits, which can inform options to mitigate short-term adverse impacts and build support for reforms
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Keywords: E-Government ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Governance ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Science and Technology Development ; Technology Innovation
    Abstract: Domestic resource mobilization has become a core priority of the sustainable development agenda for tax and customs administrations. Information systems can play a critical role in revenue mobilization, which may create the much-needed fiscal space for maneuver and allow for more spending on all the things that drive potential growth over the medium term. New technologies can also increase the effectiveness of the internal operations of tax and customs administrations, and can reduce costs, as they improve their capacity to collect revenue with smarter use of the information they collect. Of particular interest is machine learning, which can be used to solve difficult problems that arise from the inability of revenue administrations to process massive amounts of data efficiently. Technology by itself can only provide tools. To achieve meaningful and impactful goals, a comprehensive strategy must be defined, covering the regulatory, institutional, and operational aspects. This paper analyzes such aspects and provides a roadmap for policymakers and tax officials on how to incorporate and manage disruptive technologies into the process of building the tax and customs administrations of tomorrow
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Buffeted by COVID-19 and Tropical Cyclone Seroja, the non-oil economy grew by 1.5 percent in 2021. A record-high budget with expenditure of nearly 90 percent of GDP bolstered government consumption. A series of fiscal and quasi-fiscal stimulus measures supported employment and incomes, thereby allowing households to maintain their consumption. On the demand side, gross capital formation shrunk while net exports expanded. The oil economy grew by 8.3 percent, bringing the total economic growth to 4.4 percent.1 The government lifted the pandemic-related state of emergency at the end of November 2021, but challenges remain. Following a relatively brisk start, the vaccination campaign has moved sluggishly in recentmonths. Nevertheless, the authorities have initiated vaccination of children and adolescents between 12 and 18 years old, while booster shots have been made available. There has been a concerning surge of Dengue Fever with 5,000 reported cases (and 54 fatalities) to date since January 2022-a more than seven-fold increase from the same period a year ago. All restrictions for inbound international vaccinated travelers to Timor-Leste havebeen rescinded. By the end of May 2022, the partly vaccinated and fully vaccinated figures in Timor-Leste stood at 85.4 percent and 73.4 percent, respectively
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Governance ; Gross Domestic Product ; Irrigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Iraq's economy is gradually emerging from the deep recession caused by the pandemic and the plunge in oil prices in 2020. Higher oil revenues pushed Iraq's overall fiscal and external balances into a surplus in 2021. The turnaround in oil markets has significantly improved Iraq's economic outlook in the medium term. Iraq's fiscal and socio-economic fragilities underscore the urgency of wide-ranging structural reforms by the new government. Iraq's existing food security challenges have intensified with the recent surge in global commodity prices. To plug the food supply gap, Iraq has become increasing reliant on imports for more than half of its food consumption, which has increased the country's exposure to global food price and supply shocks. Subsidies and direct transfers, including recently new measures announced by Government of Iraq (GoI), partly mitigate the impact of rising global prices in the short term. However, achieving food security calls for coordinated efforts to improve domestic production including through raising the efficiency of irrigation water, reducing and rehabilitating soil degradation, improving land management, and implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation measures including the adoption of climate-smart agriculture
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Business Environment ; Business Regulation ; Business Start-Up ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Corporate Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In the past, the business registration system in China was complicated and market access was highly restricted and regulated. The business registration process focused too much on administrative approvals for market entry and not enough on oversight of firm activities. Firms are not allowed to start operations before being registered and receiving a business license and the business license is the only document indicating a firm's legal identity. Before the 2014 business reform initiative, firms were also legally required to obtain various registration certificates in addition to a business license. People's Republic of China (PRC or China) has been making a great effort to simplify its business registration process, enhance its efficiency, and reduce its cost. China has reduced both the amount of time and the number of procedures required to start a business by more than two thirds within the past decade.In 2014, China launched a country-wide multi-year National Business System Reform Initiative to ease market access, making it easier to start a business by streamlining administrative procedures, while strengthening post-registration supervision by setting up the corporate social credit system. China has made remarkable progress to reform its business registration system over the past decade, cutting the number of procedures to register a business by more than two-thirds, and shortening time to register from 34 days in 2014 to 9 days in 2020
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Insecurity ; Education Reform ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Development prospects in Madagascar continue to be hampered by the country's low growth potential and exposure to frequent, deep, and persistent crises. Following a recession in 2020 that was about three times deeper than in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, an economic recovery started in Madagascar in 2021 but was interrupted in 2022 by a sequence of domestic and international shocks. In addition to these new headwinds, the growth potential of the economy has been negatively impacted during the crisis by a retrenchment in private investment, deteriorating human capital and weakening governance. In this context, growth projections were downgraded to 2.6 percent in 2022 and to an average of 4.4 percent in 2023-2024, with the poverty rate now expected to remain close to 80 percent by 2024. This can only happen if the government kickstarts far-reaching reforms supporting private investment and job creation, better access to basic services and infrastructure, and greater resilience to shocks. Several policy priorities are highlighted as particularly urgent in this Economic Update. This report also highlights the importance of boosting public school performance following the continued deterioration in learning outcomes and advocates for a set of reforms reinforcing teachers' selection and evaluation, salary and school grant management, redress mechanism and local community engagement
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Covid-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Haiti's economic and social development continues to be hindered by political instability, corruption, and fragility. This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) Update draws on existing and new analysis, publications, and extensive consultations and ongoing dialogue with public and private sector stakeholders in Haiti. Throughout the discussions, there was broad consensus on the diagnosis of challenges, in particular the country's weak governance, as well as the priorities ahead. The document is structured as follows: Chapter 1 examines trends in poverty and shared prosperity in Haiti; Chapter 2 analyzes growth trends and challenges; Chapter 3 identifies risks to the sustainability of development; and the final chapter takes stock of these elements and identifies priorities ahead, building on those identified in the 2015 SCD
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector
    Abstract: The Azerbaijan Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) Update 2022 identifies the most critical challenges facing the government in the effort to achieve the country's national goals and the twin goals of eradicating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. It also identifies policy priorities to address these challenges within a changing economic and geopolitical environment. The SCD is a comprehensive evidence-based analysis founded on the latest data and analyses available. The document benefited from comments and feedback provided by stakeholders in Azerbaijan, including national authorities, the private sector, and civil society. By reflecting voices on the ground, the SCD is intended to support the implementation of the country's development agenda as outlined in "Azerbaijan 2030: National Priorities for Socio-Economic Development" (Azerbaijan 2030) (President of the Republic of Azerbaijan 2021). The analysis is built on the findings of the first generation Azerbaijan SCD, which was published in 2015, and also updates the analysis to account for recent developments since 2015. The SCD likewise plays a crucial role in providing an analytical basis for the Country Partnership Framework (CPF), a document that will guide the World Bank's engagement and partnership with the government of Azerbaijan over the next four to six years
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Capital Flows ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the 2022 Nordic Baltic Governors Meeting on June 9, 2022. He spoke about the following: war in Ukraine; the World Bank Group is responding, with increased financial support to FCV countries, and with more staff on the ground. Addressing the challenges of fragility, conflict and violence requires strengthened international cooperation and deeper collaboration with governments, with partners such as the UN, with civil society, and the affected populations themselves, and climate action
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Climate Change Impacts ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These opening remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Spring Meetings Press Conference on April 20, 2022. He said that we are facing COVID-19, inflation, and the war in Ukraine. He spoke about the World Bank Group has been acting fast in the face of the crises: first the Coronavirus (COVID-19) surge financing in over the last two years, which was one of the fastest and largest in our history; and now putting money into Ukraine and have moved quickly both to commitments and disbursements, including nearly 1.5 billion dollars that he announced in Poland last week. He mentioned that the World Bank Group is also working actively on climate, through its Climate Change Action Plan and the formation of Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), which will identify the high priority items country by country, in their efforts to mitigate and to adapt to climate change. He was intrigued to see and welcomed India's moves the day before and that day to begin to sell from its stockpiles. He said that one of the solutions for the world is to recognize that markets are forward looking. He mentioned that the central banks can use tools that add to supply and that allow capital allocation to be improved. He concluded by saying that as interest rates rise, the debt pressures are mounting on developing countries, and we need to move urgently towards solutions
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Chad remains among the least developed countries in the world, and its GDP per capita has contracted since 2015. Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (in constant 2010 US dollars) was US
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sustainability ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has had widespread negative effects in developing countries around the world, generating an unprecedented shock. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was a particularly affected region, recording a significant contraction in regional GDP and international trade in 2020. This report focuses on the impact of Covid-19 and recovery in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. These three Central American countries (CA3), albeit unique in their history and characteristics, share many similarities in their economic context and challenges for achieving sustained growth. The region includes one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, with low economic growth rates relative to other Latin American countries
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Economics ; Environment ; Legal Framework ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Over the last few decades, Uzbekistan's remarkable economic growth has been largely fueled by resource extraction and the mining and manufacturing sectors of the economy. Yet, this progress has come at a high price. The country's economy is now the fifth most intensive in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world and the most intensive in Europe and Central Asia due to a fossil-fuel heavy energy mix, an energy-intensive industrial sector, and low energy efficiency across the sectors. Like the rest of Central Asia, Uzbekistan is also highly vulnerable to climate change. Recently, many regions in Uzbekistan, including Tashkent, experienced an unprecedented sand and dust storm, the worst in 150 years of recorded history. Green transition is also important for the people of Uzbekistan, who are the most vulnerable to climate change. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has added yet another shock to the compounding impacts of many challenges that vulnerable populations already face, with the potential to create devastating health, social, economic, and environmental crises that can leave a deep and long-lasting mark. Today, Uzbekistan recognizes a unique opportunity to overcome limits to growth under its current development pattern and to strengthen its economic competitiveness in a global marketplace that has become more climate and environmentally aware. Pursuing a green transition with widespread benefits requires a whole-of-society approach that considers a broad range of stakeholders. To that end, the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan (MEDPR), The World Bank, and the Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia (CAREC) jointly held a series of public policy dialogues on green growth and climate change. The World Bank Group remains committed to continuing to be a trusted partner of the government Uzbekistan. Summaries of the eleven policy dialogue roundtables presented in this compendium should inspire many other countries in Europe and Central Asia to follow Uzbekistan's lead on this agenda
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mental Health ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Women
    Abstract: In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the effects of the pandemic on labor market outcomes continue to be pronounced, especially for women. Continued pronounced impacts on women's employment are partly driven by a slow recovery of sectors that predominantly employ women. Many new jobs created during the pandemic are informal. Among the new entrants into the labor force, women were more likely than men to land in informality. Policy priorities include gender neutral reforms to the organization of the labor market, plus social safety nets and policies that aim to address gender gaps. The latter include affordable and quality childcare, gender sensitive social assistance, improvements in women's access to finance, and efforts to address persistent norms driving unequal gender roles
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty
    Abstract: Driven by a rebound in tourism, Maldives' economy recovered sharply in 2021, and poverty is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 hit international travel and tourism severely and, thus, caused a 33.5 percent contraction in Maldives' GDP. However,following a successful nationwide government vaccination campaign, tourism has begun to recover strongly in the second half of 2021, with arrivalsreaching 1.3 million in 2021 or about 78 percent of prepandemic levels. As a result, GDP growth is estimated to have bounced back by 31 percent in 2021. All sectors, except for construction which remains sluggish, showed a significant rebound, particularly in the second quarter of 2021 due to the low base effect. The poverty rate, which rose sharply to 11 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, is estimated to have fallen to 4 percent in 2021. External imbalances improved along with the economic recovery and rebound in tourism. While vulnerabilities remain, the fiscal and debtposition has likely improved in 2021 due to strong revenue growth. Although the economy is expected to grow strongly in the medium-term, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war could impact Maldives' tourism recovery and growth in the near term. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war will depend on the period of interruption and whether tourists from other countries can compensate for the loss
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo Recovering Income Distribution in the Presence of Interval-Censored Data
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Heteroskedastic Interval Regression ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Income Distribution ; Interval-Censored Data ; Labor Income Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monte Carlo Simulation ; Poverty and Inequality Estimation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Salary Data ; Wages ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: This paper proposes a method to analyze interval-censored data, using multiple imputation based on a heteroskedastic interval regression approach. The proposed model aims to obtain a synthetic data set that can be used for standard analysis, including standard linear regression, quantile regression, or poverty and inequality estimation. The paper presents two applications to show the performance of the method. First, it runs a Monte Carlo simulation to show the method's performance under the assumption of multiplicative heteroskedasticity, with and without conditional normality. Second, it uses the proposed methodology to analyze labor income data in Grenada for 2013-20, where the salary data are interval-censored according to the salary intervals prespecified in the survey questionnaire. The results obtained are consistent across both exercises
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; ICT Applications ; ICT Economics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Digitalization represents a key driver for long-term economic growth. While the use of digital technology has accelerated during the pandemic, the Philippines has not fully leveraged its expected benefits. There has been progress in expanding digital connectivity, but challenges remain. The explosive digitalization during the pandemic requires policies to keep up with the pace of development of the digital economy
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