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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (2.309)
  • Dordrecht : Springer
  • Environment  (2.309)
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  • 101
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.212
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report quantifies the environmental, health and economic consequences of policy action on air pollution in Arctic Council countries, with a focus on sectoral differences. The report takes a modelling approach and compares a baseline scenario that reflects current legislation, with a policy scenario in which the best available techniques to reduce emissions are deployed in all emitting sectors. The report highlights that benefits from air quality improvements can be obtained when considering emission reductions throughout the economy, and not just in the sectors that are targeted more often, such as industry and transport. The results presented in the report also highlight the need for country-specific policy strategies that take into account the current levels of policy stringency, the sectoral contributions to air pollution, and the need for sectoral investment in new technologies, which also vary by country.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 102
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.144
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: The automotive sector is important across OECD countries in terms of value-added and R&D, but is also heavily affected by the green and the digital transformations. This paper offers a novel and holistic view of the automotive sector and its surrounding ecosystem based on a combination of Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, patent data, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions, cross-country micro-distributed data and firm-level balance sheet data. It identifies the boundaries of this industrial ecosystem including connected sectors (e.g. upstream and downstream) as well as knowledge and technology providers (e.g. universities or the digital industry). The paper documents emerging trends at the geographical and technological levels and provides a comprehensive assessment of the ecosystem’s changing microstructure, with a growing role of young and digital-intensive companies. Finally, it provides recommendations for effective public policies to support the automotive ecosystem, with a focus on innovation, competition and the growth of young firms.
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  • 103
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264490543 , 9789264670457 , 9789264636156
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Portugal 2023 (version abrégée)
    Schlagwort(e): Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Portugal ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: Portugal managed to decouple several environmental pressures from economic growth over 2013-19. It played a leading role in the approval of the European Climate Law and adopted the Portuguese Framework Climate Law in 2021. This needs to be swiftly implemented to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, improve climate resilience and protect ecosystems. Portugal has stepped up adaptation efforts but needs to do more to address multiple threats, including coastal erosion, floods, droughts and forest fires. The country is lagging behind in waste management. Meanwhile, the increase in freshwater abstractions in water-scarce southern regions is a concern. This is the fourth Environmental Performance Review of Portugal. It provides an evidence-based assessment of the country's progress towards its environmental goals over the past decade. The 26 recommendations aim to help Portugal improve its environmental performance, giving special focus to carbon neutrality.
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  • 104
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264416604 , 9789264698574 , 9789264909229
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Water
    Schlagwort(e): EU-Wasserpolitik ; EU-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: The EU Water Framework and Floods Directives have not only set the level of ambition for water resources management in Europe, but have also provided a model for other regions in the world. Effective implementation of the Directives requires that due consideration be given to their economic pillar, designed to support a cost-effective approach in member states and communities. Recent reviews indicate that there is considerable room to improve the integration of water economics within the framework of water resources management. This report captures the lessons learned from five thematic workshops co-convened by the OECD and the European Commission. It provides an overview of the challenges faced by EU member countries and opportunities to strengthen the economic approach of water resources management in Europe. Covering cost recovery, polluter pays principle, water scarcity, planning and financing, the lessons are relevant for regions and countries across the globe.
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  • 105
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.211
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: This report takes stock of scientific findings to date regarding the distributional effects of policies discouraging car use in urban areas. These policies include cordon tolls, distance-based charges, fuel taxes, parking measures and public transport subsidies. The report describes the mechanisms responsible for the distributional effects of these policies and offers insights regarding how such policies can be designed to minimise adverse equity outcomes. It also provides recommendations regarding the design and procedural modifications that standard instruments require in order to be more acceptable to the public and to governments. Finally, it identifies a number of issues that warrant further research in the pursuit of greater equity in the outcomes of urban road transport policies.
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  • 106
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.220
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the potential role and contribution of carbon pricing in transforming emission pathways towards net zero GHG emissions. It reviews carbon pricing’s impacts, overall and in the electricity sector in selected jurisdictions to date. The paper also analyses the current and potential application of emissions pricing (e.g. emissions trading schemes or carbon taxes) in food systems. The analysis finds that carbon pricing could contribute to net zero pathways alongside other policies, yet price levels and coverage to date have been too low to reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement’s goals. Carbon pricing’s contribution to net zero pathways could be further strengthened, including by incentivising demand-side shifts, sequencing policies and enhancing international carbon pricing collaboration. Applying emissions pricing in food systems faces significant short-term technical, methodological, and political barriers and could have just transition implications but reducing emissions from food systems could also lead to many co-benefits.
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  • 107
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.194
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Regulations are an important part of the policy toolkit governments can use to address climate and environmental objectives in agriculture. This report reviews existing literature on the characteristics and assessment of environmental regulations in agriculture. It finds that direct evidence on the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of agri-environmental regulations is generally limited and situation-specific. However, a taxonomy that classifies and organises information on regulations can give a sense of their number, the environmental domains covered, and the scope and depth of their application. This is potentially useful with respect to measuring progress on international commitments for action on climate change mitigation and other analysis.
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  • 108
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264510807 , 9789264805835 , 9789264701915
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Development Pathways
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Entwicklung ; Azoren ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: Located in the mid-Atlantic, the archipelagos of the Azores is an autonomous region of Portugal and an European Union Outermost Region. Once central to global trade routes, the Azores are aspiring to regain a prominent international role by leveraging their unique geographical, natural and historical attributes. To that end, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight identifies priority actions in several areas, including scientific research and collaborations, the ocean economy, agro-food and renewable-energy value chains. It shows the importance for EU Outermost Regions, as well as for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), of building resilient international ties. It benefited from an extensive peer review process involving public and private stakeholders from Brazil, Iceland and the United States.
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  • 109
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Insights on Well-being, Inclusion and Equal Opportunity no.7
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: This Policy Insights presents the main findings from the report Measuring Progress towards Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Japan, which provides robust metrics to monitor inclusive growth and help assess the distributional impacts of policies in line with the government’s vision for a “New Form of Capitalism”. Underpinned by rigorous statistical analysis at a sufficiently disaggregated level, this work helps to better understand some of the main drivers of well-being and economic success in Japan.
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  • 110
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264322356 , 9789264699427 , 9789264654907
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (213 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Klimapolitik ; Klimaneutralität ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Litauen ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Lithuania
    Kurzfassung: This report presents policy reform options to support Lithuania in meeting its climate neutrality target. It takes stock of Lithuania’s current and planned climate policies and assesses their potential for meeting the country’s climate ambitions. The report details the results of modelling carried out to assess the effectiveness of different policy scenarios, an analysis of carbon pricing and the role of innovation, an assessment of financial needs in the transition to net zero, and an analysis of the distributional implications of carbon pricing. Bringing together these findings the report offers recommendations for policy reform, highlighting the importance of setting price signals complemented by innovation support, as well as the potential of revenue recycling options in alleviating distributional concerns.
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789264486232 , 9789264439627 , 9789264354524
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (230 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Alors que les plastiques sont des matériaux extrêmement utiles, la production de plastiques et la production de déchets continuent d'augmenter avec une aggravation des impacts environnementaux, malgré les réponses des politiques internationales, nationales et locales, ainsi que les engagements du secteur de l'industrie. Le besoin urgent de rendre le cycle de vie des plastiques plus circulaire appelle à une expansion des politiques nationales et à une meilleure coopération internationale pour atténuer les impacts environnementaux du plastique. Le premier de deux rapports, ces Perspectives visent à informer et à soutenir les efforts politiques pour lutter contre les rejets de plastique. Le rapport quantifie les niveaux actuels de production, d’utilisation, de génération de déchets et les principaux impacts environnementaux tout au long du cycle de vie des plastiques et identifie les opportunités de réduction des externalités négatives. Il étudie également comment l'utilisation de plastique et la génération de déchets de plastiques ont été affectés par la pandémie de COVID-19 dans les différentes secteurs et régions. Les Perspectives identifient quatre leviers essentiels pour infléchir la courbe des matières plastiques : un soutien plus important aux marchés des plastiques recyclés, stimuler l’innovation technologique, une action publique nationale plus ambitieuse, et une meilleure coopération internationale.
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  • 112
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.209
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: The economic consequences for firms investing in green innovation, and therefore their incentives to innovate, are not well understood. This paper empirically assesses the economic returns on innovation in cleaner vehicles. The analysis uses data on passenger car market shares and patents for car manufacturers operating in eight countries for the period 2005-2021. The results show that, when vehicle fuel prices increase, firms having previously successfully filed patents related to both electric and hybrid vehicles and fuel efficiency experience an increase in their market share. This increase takes place between 7 and 8 years after the patent stock is accumulated for patents related to electric and hybrid vehicles and between 8 and 15 years for patents related to fuel efficiency. The analysis also finds that in contexts where fuel price salience is high, price increases generate larger and earlier competitiveness returns for firms having previously invested in cleaner technologies.
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  • 113
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.60
    Schlagwort(e): Ökotourismus ; Tourismuspolitik ; Verhalten ; Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Kurzfassung: This working paper explores the use of behavioural science for promoting environmentally sustainable tourism. It looks at how to use behavioural science to encourage sustainable behaviour, targeting both the consumers and suppliers of tourism activities and services. It concludes with recommendations for planning and implementing a tourism recovery strategy that prioritises both economic and environmental sustainability.
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  • 114
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264878785 , 9789264918658 , 9789264946125
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Portugal 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: Le Portugal a réussi à découpler plusieurs pressions environnementales de la croissance économique entre 2013 et 2019. Il a joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'approbation de la loi européenne sur le climat et a adopté la Loi-cadre portugaise sur le climat en 2021. Celle-ci doit être rapidement mise en œuvre pour atteindre la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050, améliorer la résilience aux effets du changement climatique et protéger les écosystèmes. Le Portugal a intensifié ses efforts d'adaptation, mais doit en faire davantage pour faire face aux multiples menaces, notamment l'érosion côtière, les inondations, les sécheresses et les feux de forêt. Le pays est à la traîne en matière de gestion des déchets. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation des prélèvements d'eau douce dans les régions du sud, où l'eau est rare, est préoccupante. Il s'agit du quatrième examen des performances environnementales du Portugal. Il fournit une évaluation, fondée sur des faits, des progrès du pays vers ses objectifs environnementaux au cours de la dernière décennie. Les 26 recommandations visent à aider le Portugal à améliorer ses performances environnementales, en accordant une attention particulière à la neutralité carbone. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
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  • 115
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.35
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Risiko ; Slowakei ; Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Kurzfassung: Climate change presents a major social, economic and political challenge for the Slovak Republic. The majority of municipal administrations are unaware of the potential climate risks they face today and in the coming years. Identifying risks posed by climate change and its inevitable impacts is an essential part of developing adaptation policies. While national adaptation policies have historically been formulated in an ad hoc manner, an evidence-based approach that relies on data is increasingly informing policy decisions. This paper provides an overview of the country’s adaptation policy context and presents a methodology – and the results of its application – for measuring climate change risks with respect to heat, drought and extreme precipitation. The results aim to inform future budget allocation decisions for climate change adaptation.
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  • 116
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.36
    Schlagwort(e): Artenvielfalt ; Artenschutz ; Finanzrisiko ; Zentralbank ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Although measurements of biodiversity-related financial risks are in their infancy, several metrics and indicators are available to assess their impacts and dependencies in the financial system, and approaches are emerging to translate biodiversity risks into financial risks. This mapping paper provides a comprehensive catalogue and literature review of existing and emerging definitions, key metrics and indicators, measurement approaches, tools and practices for central banks, financial supervisors, and financial market participants to measure biodiversity-related financial risks.
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  • 117
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.193
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Governments in many countries are pursuing higher environmental goals for agriculture. However, in an interconnected world, the unilateral adoption of environmental policies for agriculture can reduce the producers’ competitiveness and induce pollution leakage. This report analyses these challenges and discusses policy solutions, focusing on two examples: climate change mitigation policies and policies limiting the environmental impacts of pesticides. The extent of competitiveness and leakage effects is found to depend on market conditions, differences in pollution intensity, and the type of environmental policy adopted. Two policy routes are identified to improve agriculture’s environmental performance while maintaining the benefits of global markets. The first route relies on “direct” environmental policies, such as market-based instruments or regulations, which are rapidly effective in limiting environmental impacts but may require additional complementary policies to limit their potential competitiveness and leakage impacts. The second route involves alternative policies acting on agricultural supply, demand, or through private sector engagement, which limit competitiveness and leakage impacts but may require time to be environmentally effective.
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  • 118
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (92 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.269
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Trade ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Außenhandel ; Produktion ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Kritischer Rohstoff ; Exportbeschränkung
    Kurzfassung: The challenge of achieving net zero CO2 emissions will require a significant scaling up of production and international trade of several raw materials which are critical for transforming the global economy from one dominated by fossil fuels to one led by renewable energy technologies. This report provides a first joint assessment of data on production, international trade, and export restrictions on such critical raw materials from the OECD’s Inventory of Export Restrictions on Industrial Raw Materials covering the period 2009-2020. It presents data on production and trade concentrations, sheds early light on the impact of export restrictions, and discusses possible directions of further work in this area. The evidence presented suggests that export restrictions may be playing a non-trivial role in international markets for critical raw materials, affecting availability and prices of these materials. OECD countries have been increasingly exposed to the use of export restrictions for critical raw materials.
    Anmerkung: Volltext: PDF
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9789264852204 , 9789264841307 , 9789264757783
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Green Finance and Investment
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltpolitik ; Anleihe ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Finanzmarkt ; Usbekistan ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Uzbekistan
    Kurzfassung: The scale of Uzbekistan’s green transition requires a marked increase in private financing to fill the existing spending gap. The outsized role of the state in Uzbekistan’s economy and its underdeveloped domestic capital market act as significant constraints and call for a diversification of sources to finance the green transition. Since 2021, Uzbekistan has made green bonds a central part of its strategy to fill the financing gap and mobilise new sources of capital for its domestic green infrastructure projects. This publication explores the current market and institutional set-up in Uzbekistan, the reforms that have led to recent issuances of both sovereign and corporate thematic bonds, and the remaining barriers to further uptake of the instrument. The report also provides policy recommendations related to the market's institutional set up, Uzbekistan's regulatory framework for debt capital markets and emerging opportunities for further green bond use aimed at key stakeholders, including policy makers and market participants.
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  • 120
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264788640 , 9789264901537 , 9789264702042
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Series on Carbon Pricing and Energy Taxation
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Taux effectifs sur le carbone 2023 (version abrégée) : Tarification des émissions de gaz à effet de serre au moyen de taxes et d’échanges de quotas d’émission
    Schlagwort(e): Emissionshandel ; Ökosteuer ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation
    Kurzfassung: Successfully transitioning to net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires effective mitigation policy packages, which include carbon pricing measures: a cost-effective policy instrument that not only reduces emissions but also generates revenue to support the transition. This fourth edition of Effective Carbon Rates provides an overview of the carbon pricing landscape, examining fuel excise taxes, carbon taxes, and emissions trading systems (ETSs) through 2021, with updates on developments until 2023. The policy mechanisms examined directly impact the cost of emitting GHGs, influencing shifts in production, consumption, and investment towards low- or zero-carbon options. The analysis covers 72 countries which together account for approximately 80% of global GHG emissions. The report focuses on developments in ETSs and transport fuel taxes amidst the energy crisis and provides comprehensive and comparable data on the current status of GHG emissions pricing that can assist policymakers in identifying priorities and refining carbon mitigation strategies.
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  • 121
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.37
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Financial markets need clear information and credible metrics to inform climate-related investment and financing decisions. This report explores key challenges and opportunities related to the transparency, specificity and integrity of metrics to support the monitoring of financial institutions’ net-zero commitments. It provides an assessment of metrics put forward in five voluntary frameworks, identifies the type of information and metrics proposed, their common themes and gaps, as well as limitations in underlying methodological guidance that may hinder financial institutions’ ability to report and disclose metrics. The report highlights a need both for continued efforts to develop robust metrics and incentivise improved data disclosure, as well as for international co-operation to reduce fragmentation and provide further transparency on the scope of metrics and underlying methodologies.
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  • 122
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.40
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: Climate change and other environmental threats require urgent government action. This policy paper discusses how governments can use better regulation instruments (good regulatory practices, risk-based and agile approaches, regulatory delivery, international regulatory cooperation, economic regulators, and behavioural insights) to design, implement and evaluate efficient and effective regulations for the environment. It explores the challenges governments face and presents good practices for environmental and other regulations, to ensure that all policy instruments coherently pursue environmental goals. Finally, the paper suggests how regulatory policy systems can meet present and future environmental challenges. It argues that to fully exploit the potential of better regulation for the environment, governments should implement measures that ensure an inclusive, cooperative, outcome-based and global approach to regulating.
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  • 123
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.226
    Schlagwort(e): Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Industry decarbonisation is a cornerstone to reach net-zero emissions by this mid-century. The diversity of industrial activities, processes and products, the complexity of global industrial value chains, and the international competition make industry decarbonisation a challenging objective. Annual investments in low-carbon technologies for industry decarbonisation need to increase by a factor of three to five by 2030 compared to current levels to align industrial emissions with net-zero pathways. This paper analyses available financing solutions to scale up investments at pace, especially in emerging and developing economies where industrial production is growing rapidly whilst available finance is limited. It highlights de-risking and financial instruments and models that can help accelerate investments and draws lessons from twelve financing industry decarbonisation case studies which demonstrate how private capital can be mobilised.
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  • 124
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.38
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Given the direct impacts of climate change are felt first and foremost at the local level, many have called for climate adaptation to be a local responsibility. Indeed, local authorities have a major influence on climate change adaptation - such as through their land use and permitting decisions. Yet, their actions are strongly determined by the national fiscal, regulatory and policy contexts in which they are embedded in. This policy paper provides an overview and a discussion of the roles and responsibilities for climate adaptation across levels of government. It argues that co-operation across levels of government is needed to strengthen adaptation at the local level. This policy paper was prepared as part of the OECD Territorial Approach to Climate Action and Resilience programme, which supports subnational authorities in their efforts to accelerate the net zero transition and build systemic resilience.
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  • 125
    ISBN: 9789264669918 , 9789264863576 , 9789264648012
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Effective Carbon Rates 2023: Pricing Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Taxes and Emissions Trading
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Taxation
    Kurzfassung: Une transition réussie vers zéro émission nette de gaz à effet de serre (GES) nécessite des politiques d'atténuation efficaces, incluant des mesures de tarification du carbone : un instrument au bon rapport coût/efficacité qui non seulement réduit les émissions, mais génère également des revenus pour soutenir la transition. Cette quatrième édition des Taux effectifs sur le carbone offre une vue d'ensemble des systèmes de tarification du carbone en présentant les droits d’accise sur les combustibles et les carburants, les taxes sur le carbone et les systèmes d'échange de quotas d'émission (SEQE) jusqu'en 2021, tout en incluant certains développements jusqu'en 2023. Les mesures présentées ont un impact direct sur le coût des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, orientant ainsi les décisions de production, de consommation et d'investissement vers des options à faible teneur en carbone ou à teneur nulle en carbone. L'analyse porte sur 72 pays qui, ensemble, représentent environ 80 % des émissions mondiales de GES. Le rapport met l'accent sur l'évolution des systèmes d'échange de quotas d'émission et des taxes sur les carburants dans le contexte de la crise énergétique et fournit des données complètes et comparables sur l'état actuel de la tarification des émissions de GES, ce qui peut aider les décideurs politiques à identifier des priorités et à affiner leurs stratégies d'atténuation des émissions de carbone.
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  • 126
    ISBN: 9789264780460 , 9789264759169 , 9789264720954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2013-2021 : Tendances agrégées et opportunités pour accroître le financement de l'adaptation et la mobilisation de fonds privés
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: This report presents aggregate trends of annual climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries for the period 2013-2021. It includes breakdowns by climate theme, sector, financial instrument and recipient country grouping for the period 2016-2021. The report also provides key recommendations for international providers to increase financing towards adaptation and more effectively mobilise private finance for climate action, which are both important policy priorities and current bottlenecks. The recommendations in this report draw from two OECD publications on scaling up private climate finance and adaptation finance.
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  • 127
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264669468 , 9789264535619 , 9789264937840
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Israel 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Israel
    Kurzfassung: La rapide croissance économique et démographique que connaît Israël et son fort degré d’urbanisation continuent d’exercer des pressions significatives sur l’environnement. Le pays a relevé ses ambitions en matière de climat ces dernières années, mais n’est pas parti pour atteindre ses objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. De nouvelles mesures s’imposent pour mieux protéger la biodiversité, combattre la pollution de l’eau et s’adapter aux effets du changement climatique. Israël a pris une série de mesures importantes au service de ses ambitions de réduction à zéro des déchets et de circularité de l’économie. Il doit toutefois redoubler d’efforts pour améliorer la gestion des déchets et mettre l’économie dans son ensemble sur la voie de la circularité. L’examen formule 24 recommandations qui visent à aider Israël à améliorer ses performances environnementales, et accorde une attention particulière à la gestion des déchets et à l’économie circulaire. Avec ce deuxième Examen environnemental d’Israël, l’OCDE propose une évaluation indépendante, fondée sur des données factuelles, des performances environnementales du pays au cours de la dernière décennie. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
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  • 128
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264710641 , 9789264836105 , 9789264320307
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (133 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The bioeconomy brings opportunities for economic growth while tackling climate change. Fossil carbon resources can be replaced by bio-based carbon resources, especially biomass. To allow these solutions to be scaled up without threats to biodiversity and the environment, it is necessary to develop the bioeconomy as a circular economy. With this carbon management approach, other sources of carbon complement biomass: industrial waste, including gases such as CO and CO2, as well as physically and chemically recycled carbon. In the future, direct air capture (DAC) may become competitive and form part of the solution. These approaches can be considered ‘circular’ because they close material loops and keep carbon recycling in the economy rather than emitting carbon to the atmosphere. This report reviews a number of hybrid technologies that can be deployed to ‘defossilise’ economic sectors and sets out policy options to bring these technologies to commercial scale.
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  • 129
    ISBN: 9789264714250 , 9789264901896 , 9789264897014
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Green Finance and Investment
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: This report analyses current trends of adaptation finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries. It explores potential action areas for international providers to scale up funding for climate change adaptation, including by unlocking the potential of the private sector. The analysis is anchored in the context of the USD 100 billion climate finance goal, initially set for 2020 and extended to 2025, while also providing insights to the broader and longer-term objective of supporting developing countries’ ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.
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  • 130
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264979178 , 9789264661448 , 9789264880733
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: L'Allemagne a continué à améliorer ses performances environnementales au cours de la dernière décennie. Elle s'est fixée des objectifs climatiques ambitieux visant à atteindre la neutralité climatique d'ici 2045 et à parvenir à des émissions négatives après 2050. Toutefois, l'Allemagne devra accélérer encore son action climatique, en particulier dans les secteurs du bâtiment et des transports. La triple crise de l'énergie, du climat et de la biodiversité appelle des solutions intégrées et systémiques. En réponse à la crise énergétique, l’Allemagne a pris une série de mesures d’une ampleur historique. Celles-ci devraient accélérer massivement sa transition vers l'énergie verte au cours des années à venir. L’Allemagne renforce également son engagement en faveur de l’adaptation au changement climatique à tous les niveaux de gouvernement, et a lancé un programme ambitieux visant à encourager les investissements dans des solutions fondées sur la nature. Il s’agit du quatrième Examen environnemental de l’Allemagne. Il propose 28 recommandations pour aider l’Allemagne à améliorer ses performances environnementales. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais et en allemand sur le site Internet de l’OCDE.
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  • 131
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264763180 , 9789264537125 , 9789264572904
    Sprache: Russisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (107 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Insights on the Business Climate in Kazakhstan
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Kazakhstan
    Kurzfassung: Глобальная ориентированность на более экологически устойчивые экономические модели, обеспечивающие снижение уровня выбросов углекислого газа, повысила значимость долгосрочной программы диверсификации экономики Казахстана. Выполнение лишь части этой программы указывает на наличие ряда сложностей, влияющих на условия для инвестирования, внедрения инноваций и развития предпринимательства. Настоящий отчет, основанный на результатах небольшого целевого опроса иностранных компаний, работающих на территории Казахстана, дает новое представление о восприятии частным сектором текущих реформ и тем самым привлекает внимание к некоторым из наиболее актуальных проблем, стоящих перед органами, отвечающими за разработку и реализацию мер экономической политики, и бизнесом.
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  • 132
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (155 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways no.33
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Lung fibrosis is a dysregulated or exaggerated tissue repair process resulting in the thickening or scarring of lung tissue. It involves the presence of sustained or repeated exposure to a stressor and intricate dynamics between several inflammatory and immune response cells, and the microenvironment of the alveolar-capillary region consisting of both immune and non-immune cells, and the lung interstitium. This AOP is applicable to a broad group of stressors of diverse properties e.g. metal dusts, pharmacological products, fibres, microorganisms, chemicals, including novel technology-enabled stressors such as nanomaterials. This AOP is referred to as AOP 173 in the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki (AOP-Wiki).
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  • 133
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2023/03
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) was established at COP26 to urgently enhance mitigation ambition and implementation in this critical decade. This paper explores how the MWP could build on and amplify relevant existing efforts, within and outside the UNFCCC, to trigger the rapid scale up of mitigation efforts required to keep the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement within reach. As a multilateral platform backed by the legitimacy and convening power of the UNFCCC, the MWP could help to raise awareness of available tools and solutions, build momentum behind relevant ongoing mitigation-related initiatives without being prescriptive, and deliver more effective, targeted mitigation efforts across all fronts in the near-term. This paper also outlines potential options for the annual decision on the MWP which provides an important opportunity to maintain attention on the need to urgently scale up mitigation efforts and encourages learning-by-doing. The annual MWP decision could be structured around different mutually supportive elements including lessons learned from the MWP’s first year, follow-up from MWP activities and related mitigation commitments at previous COPs, synergies with other UNFCCC processes, and how to complement the global stocktake.
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  • 134
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.227
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: Green hydrogen, produced from water and renewable power through the electrolysis process, can play a crucial role in the low-carbon transition to achieve the net-zero emission targets. Currently, the production cost of green hydrogen is not competitive when compared to hydrogen produced from natural gas. High capital costs are a major factor constraining its cost-competitiveness. This working paper utilises financial market data to address the knowledge gap concerning the range of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for green hydrogen projects. It also conducts a survey among investors and financiers to identify key risk factors contributing to the high WACC. The key risks that have been identified include offtaker risks, lack of credible offtakers, price uncertainty of green hydrogen, and the absence of hydrogen trading markets. These risks are closely connected to the available risk mitigation strategies and tools. The paper summarises key risk mitigation strategies identified through case studies of lighthouse green hydrogen projects that have either reached or are nearly point of reaching financial investment decisions.
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  • 135
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Energy ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; Belarus ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has had profound effects on the maritime sector. It directly disrupted maritime activities in the Black and Azov seas, causing the suspension of Ukrainian port operations and agricultural exports. Although an export corridor temporarily resumed activities, the termination of the agreement in July 2023 continues to affect Ukrainian shipping. International sanctions against Russia and Belarus have notably targeted shipowners and shipbuilders, restricting Russian ships' access to OECD ports. These sanctions have also halted orders for Russian ship owners in OECD countries, reducing new orders and vessel completions in Russian shipyards. While global seaborne trade and ship demand remain relatively unaffected, the war has prompted longer-term impacts such as altered trading routes, changes in energy demand and costs, potential implications for maritime decarbonisation, and an increase in "dark fleet" vessels.
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  • 136
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.231
    Schlagwort(e): Taxation ; Environment ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: The paper analyses the current system of environmental taxation and environmental expenditure in Ukraine, identifies issues in the way environmental tax policy is currently designed and implemented and highlights main areas where environmental taxation and expenditure could be improved. It uses data on environmental tax revenue and budgets from expenditure reports of the State Treasury Service of Ukraine over the period 2010 - 2020. Where available, preliminary data for 2021 were also included. The paper aims to support the government of Ukraine in reforming environmental taxation and public funding for environmental protection. Ukraine’s Post-War Recovery and Reconstruction Plan outlines ambitious plans for reform, including in the environmental domain. It envisions restructuring the current environmental tax system, expanding it to energy and transport and harmonising it with that of the European Union. It also foresees an analytical study systematising current taxes and payments in line with Eurostat classification standards. This paper can support these efforts.
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  • 137
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Malgré les engagements visant à intensifier et à accélérer l’action climatique, le coût budgétaire du soutien public aux combustibles fossiles a presque doublé en 2022 pour atteindre plus de 1 400 milliards de dollars, alors que les gouvernements des pays de l’OCDE et des pays partenaires ont lancé des initiatives substantielles pour atténuer les coûts énergétiques élevés pour les ménages et les entreprises, causés en partie par la guerre d'agression de la Russie contre l'Ukraine. Cette tendance croissante constitue une menace réelle pour nos objectifs collectifs de zéro émission nette et met en évidence les défis que représentent le respect des engagements de zéro émission nette face aux perturbations géopolitiques et économiques. À l’avenir, il sera essentiel de réformer les mesures de soutien afin de mieux cibler ceux qui en ont le plus besoin. Le soutien aux combustibles fossiles devrait aussi être progressivement supprimé dès que possible. Cela contribuera à libérer des ressources indispensables à la transition vers zéro émission nette et à accélérer l’innovation pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique.
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  • 138
    ISBN: 9789264422209 , 9789264406827 , 9789264489998
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (112 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Green Finance and Investment
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: This report explores evidence-based action areas to increase and accelerate the mobilisation of private finance for climate action in developing countries, and the role of international public finance providers in doing so. It draws on best-available data to provide disaggregated analysis of the sectoral, geographic and other features of private finance mobilised by public climate finance and presents key economy-wide, sector-specific, and institutional challenges to private finance mobilisation. The analysis is anchored in the context of the USD 100 billion climate finance goal, initially set for 2020 and extended to 2025, while also providing insights related to mobilising private finance for climate action in developing countries more broadly.
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  • 139
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264744134 , 9789264933354 , 9789264647800
    Sprache: Russisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Insights on the Business Climate in Uzbekistan
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Uzbekistan
    Kurzfassung: Устранение преград на пути развития частного сектора является долгосрочной целью правительства Узбекистана, а начавшаяся в 2017 году масштабная программа реформ предусматривала более активное содействие росту конкурентоспособности и производительности компаний частного сектора. Чтобы справиться с вызовами и воспользоваться возможностями «зеленого» и цифрового переходов, которые обеспечивают новый импульс для ускорения этих реформ, Узбекистану необходим более динамичный и инновационный частный сектор. Настоящий отчет, основанный на результатах небольшого целевого опроса иностранных компаний, работающих на территории Узбекистана, дает новое представление об их восприятии текущих реформ и тем самым привлекает внимание к некоторым из наиболее актуальных проблем, стоящих перед органами, отвечающими за разработку и реализацию мер экономической политики, и бизнесом.
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  • 140
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.39
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; Hungary
    Kurzfassung: Nature-based solutions (NbS) aim to maintain, enhance and restore ecosystems to address a variety of social, economic and environmental challenges, including climate change and biodiversity loss. This paper applies the OECD’s framework to provide recommendations for how to encourage the use of NbS by Hungarian municipalities. It illustrates some of the key challenges in the local implementation of NbS in Hungary and provides international examples of how they are tackled in diverse contexts. It also discusses the role of reforms about the enabling environment to mobilise further public and private investment in climate adaptation.
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  • 141
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.279
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Plastic products present several environmental, health, social and economic challenges that span from the extraction of raw materials to primary and final plastics production, to their distribution and use, and to the collection and sorting of plastic waste. International trade, which has facilitated the development of plastics supply chains, also comes with a range of challenges, such as a surge in demand for plastics ― notably in packaging ― difficulties to monitor plastics embedded in other products, and an increased risk of plastic waste leaking in countries that have less rigorous environmental regulations. Yet trade can also serve as a vehicle to access foreign pollution control technologies or to foster economies of scale for circular economy practices. Indeed, the implementation of circular economy solutions through trade policies is crucial in addressing plastic pollution. Such policies could include reduced tariffs on environmentally-friendly alternatives to plastic products; trade facilitation measures for reverse supply chains; or technical regulations, standards, labelling schemes, and conformity assessment procedures that promote product designs which will minimise pollution throughout the entire plastic lifecycle.
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  • 142
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.163
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Science and Technology ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: In the context of the green transition, universities have much to offer in joint green innovation projects with business, government and citizens. As hubs of diverse expertise, universities are uniquely placed to build interdisciplinary teams and bridge gaps between society and industry. Their regional ties also enable them to engage with the local ecosystem. This paper draws from ten international case studies of university partnerships with industry and society in green mobility, green energy and green products, services and processes. The comparative evidence gathered from interviews with representatives from these initiatives examines universities’ practices for green co-creation. Additionally, the paper outlines policy recommendations crucial to supporting these initiatives, essential for the global success of sustainable development efforts.
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  • 143
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264521803 , 9789264619197 , 9789264878525
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Samoa
    Kurzfassung: The re-opening of Samoa’s borders in late-2022 kickstarted the country’s recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This offers an opportunity to rebuild sustainably its tourism, maritime transport, and fisheries sectors. Samoa’s ocean resources can also augment its resilience to future shocks such as climate change. Through an analysis of Samoa’s economic trends and environmental pressures, institutional set-up and policy tools, as well as financing landscape, this report identifies opportunities and challenges for Samoa’s ocean economy to drive sustainable and resilient development. The Samoa Ocean Strategy offers a blueprint for such a pursuit, but there remain gaps and impediments. To address them, the report provides several cross-cutting and sector-specific policy recommendations to accelerate Samoa’s transition to a sustainable ocean economy.
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  • 144
    ISBN: 9789264750456 , 9789264514225 , 9789264956445
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (452 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: SME Policy Index
    Schlagwort(e): Industry and Services ; Environment ; Development ; Armenia ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Moldova, Republic of ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: The SME Policy Index: Eastern Partner Countries 2024 – Building resilience in challenging times is a unique benchmarking tool to assess and monitor progress in the design and implementation of SME policies against EU and international best practice. It embraces the priorities laid out in the European Union’s SME Strategy for a sustainable and digital Europe and is structured around the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe, which provide a wide range of measures to guide the design and implementation of SME policies. This report marks the fourth edition in this series, following assessments in 2012, 2016, and 2020. It tracks progress made since 2020 and offers the latest key findings on SME development and related policies in the countries of the Eastern Partnership (EaP). It also identifies emerging challenges affecting SMEs in the region and provides recommendations to address them. The 2024 edition benefits from an updated methodology that also offers a deeper analysis of policies to support the digital transformation of SMEs.
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  • 145
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways no.35
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This adverse outcome pathway links androgen receptor agonism in teleost fish during gonadogenesis to male-biased sexual differentiation and consequently, reduced population growth rate. Sex determination in teleost fishes is highly plastic; it can be genetically or environmentally influenced. Species with environmentally-based sex determination in particular can be very sensitive to exogenous chemicals during the period of differentiation. Exogenous hormones are of ecological concern because they have the potential to alter gonad development and sex differentiation. This AOP is referred to as AOP 376 in the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki (AOP-Wiki).
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  • 146
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.228
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: This study evaluates the progress of fossil-fuel subsidy reform in Ukraine since its launch in 2016 using the OECD “bottom-up”, inventory, approach. It also identifies major subsidy schemes that need significant reform. The report reflects the energy subsidy policies and reforms in Ukraine prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022. The analysis covers: budgetary transfers, government revenue foregone (or tax expenditure), induced transfers in the form of cross-subsidies or below market tariffs and transfer of risk to government. The study also covers fossil-fuels subsidies to production and consumption, particularly, for natural gas, coal and electricity generated from fossil fuels while support for energy efficiency and renewables is considered for comparative purposes. This report also briefly discusses the taxation and energy pricing policies in Ukraine that have had direct or indirect impact on the evolution of fossil-fuel subsidies in the country. Detailed estimates of all individual support measures are provided in the Annexes to the report.
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  • 147
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.206
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Reforming agricultural support is increasingly considered a viable means to enhance agriculture’s contribution to climate change mitigation, while fulfilling broader food systems policy objectives related to food security and livelihoods. This study uses a new computable general equilibrium model to investigate a set of global policy reform scenarios that reorientate governments’ budgetary transfers to agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The results suggest that removing budgetary support globally would reduce agricultural emissions by 2.1% with potential negative effects on food supply. Reorienting existing support, instead, could have significantly stronger effects: decoupling payments from production and tying these to suitable agri-environmental practices could raise emission reduction to over 4% without harming food supply. Targeted investments in productivity and abatement technologies could bring additional emission savings in the long term with co-benefits for food security. Overall, combining green decoupling and investment policies in OECD countries would reduce global agricultural emissions by 5% – or by 11% if extended to other regions – while balancing outcomes across the three dimensions of the food systems’ triple challenge.
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  • 148
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1773
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides empirical evidence on the short and long-term sectoral effect of environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions, exploiting longitudinal data covering 30 OECD countries and more than 50 sectors. The analysis relies on the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index, a composite index tracking climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. Estimates obtained from panel regressions suggest that more stringent environmental policies are associated with lower emissions, that the effect builds over time and differs across sectors depending on their fossil fuel intensity. A one unit increase in the EPS index (about one standard deviation), is associated with 4% lower CO2 emissions in the sector with median fossil fuel intensity after two years and by 12% after 10 years. For sectors in the top decile of the fossil fuel intensity distribution, the estimates point to a decline in emissions by 11% after two years and 19% after ten years. Environmental policies targeted at energy, manufacturing and transport sectors have the largest potential impact on emissions. Illustrative policy scenarios based on these results indicate that achieving emission reductions consistent with net-zero targets will require raising the stringency of environmental policies more drastically and rapidly than in the past.
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  • 149
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.225
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for their products at the post-consumer stage of the lifecycle. It has been widely adopted by governments and companies across the OECD membership and beyond and is currently most commonly used for electronics, packaging, vehicles, and tyres. The success of EPR in increasing material recovery rates has triggered a debate about expanding the use of EPR to additional product groups. Additionally, there is a debate about expanding producer responsibilities to additional impact categories, which go beyond the traditional use of EPR to cover end-of-life costs that occur at the domestic level. This paper presents a discussion of relatively novel applications of EPR to additional product groups (plastic products beyond packaging, textiles, construction materials, and food waste) and to environmental impacts (design considerations, pollution and littering) that occur throughout the product lifecycle. Based on select case studies, this report evaluates the successes and challenges that early adopters of applying the EPR approach to new product groups or additional environmental impact categories have experienced. It reviews the arguments for further application of EPR, possible limitations and provides guidance on when and how to best apply an EPR.
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  • 150
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways no.34
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This adverse outcome pathway links inhibition of aromatase activity in teleost fish during gonadogenesis to increased differentiation to testis resulting in a male-biased sex ratio in the population, and ultimately, reduced population sustainability. Most gonochoristic fish species develop either as males or females and do not change sex throughout their life span. However, in species where sexual differentiation is controlled at least to some degree by environmental factors, there can be a window of development during gonadal differentiation that is sensitive to a variety of exogenous conditions. During this window, endocrine active chemicals, aromatase inhibitors in particular, have the potential to alter gonad development and sex differentiation. This AOP is referred to as AOP 346 in the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki (AOP-Wiki).
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  • 151
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2023/01
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Multifactor productivity is a comprehensive measure of productivity where the underlying production function accounts for multiple factor inputs, traditionally labour and produced capital. While single-factor productivity is intuitively simple, such measure offers a biased picture of the economy because it attributes all variation in output growth to a single factor input (e.g. consumption of fossil fuels or material resources) while the role of other factors is ignored. Multifactor productivity aims at addressing this shortcoming, and as such it is a valuable component of the OECD set of Green Growth headline indicators. This paper presents further progress in measuring the EAMFP and related growth accounting indicators in 52 countries for 1996-2018. An important novelty is the inclusion of renewable natural resources such as land, timber and fisheries, and ecosystem services such as coastal and watershed protection. Exploratory results on accounting for renewable energy resources are also included.
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  • 152
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.229
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Taxation ; Environment ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: The paper presents the understanding of and attitudes towards climate change and climate policies in Ukraine, using a survey on a representative sample of more than 1 500 Ukrainians. The survey was carried out between October 2021 and February 2022 and presents the situation before Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine. The survey tests support for three main climate policies in detail: a green infrastructure programme, a carbon tax with cash transfers and a ban on combustion-engine cars. It shows that support for climate policies depends on three key factors: how people perceive the effectiveness of the policies in reducing emissions, how they perceive distributional impacts on lower-income households (inequality concerns), and if they think their household will gain or lose from the policy. The survey also shows that when citizens receive information that specifically addresses these concerns, they exhibit stronger support for the policy. How the policy is designed also matters: Ukrainians widely accept a carbon tax when its revenues finance green investments and/or compensate lower-income households. The paper highlights seven considerations for Ukraine policymakers to design measures that are effective and supported by citizens. Following Russia’s war of aggression and once conditions are right, Ukrainian policymakers can also use the survey results to guide the reform of the environmental tax system- one of the goals in Ukraine’s recovery and reform agenda. The survey in Ukraine that the paper describes was conducted as part of a large-scale OECD international survey of attitudes toward climate policies carried out on over 40 000 respondents in twenty countries.
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  • 153
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.113
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Development ; Trade ; Environment ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This paper traces the history of China’s development co-operation system and looks into its practices, touching upon implementation gaps with established international norms and practices.
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  • 154
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264726550 , 9789264859210 , 9789264779952
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United States 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Première économie mondiale, les États-Unis ont progressé dans la réduction de plusieurs pressions environnementales tout en conservant l’un des produits intérieurs bruts par habitant les plus élevés au monde. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants atmosphériques, les prélèvements d’eau et la consommation intérieure de matières y ont été découplés de la croissance économique et démographique. Les niveaux de consommation élevés, les pratiques agricoles intensives, le changement climatique et l’étalement urbain continuent toutefois d’exercer des pressions sur le milieu naturel. Malgré l’accélération récente de l’action publique face au changement climatique, des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour atteindre l’objectif de neutralité en gaz à effet de serre d’ici à 2050. Par ailleurs, les États-Unis figurent parmi les principaux producteurs de déchets marins, lesquels ont de graves conséquences pour les populations et l’environnement. Le présent rapport contient 30 recommandations visant à aider les États-Unis à améliorer leurs performances environnementales, et accorde une attention particulière à l’enjeu des déchets marins et à la problématique transversale de la justice environnementale. Troisième Examen environnemental consacré aux États‑Unis, il propose une évaluation indépendante, fondée sur des données factuelles, des performances environnementales du pays au cours de la dernière décennie. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site Internet de l’OCDE.
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  • 155
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264502130 , 9789264602755 , 9789264858107
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Kurzfassung: Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C as early as in 2030, with current climate action falling short of meeting the Paris Agreement goals and a mounting risk of tipping beyond the ability of human societies to adapt. Building on broader OECD work on climate, this report proposes a new OECD territorial climate indicator framework and demonstrates that the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to climate impacts and address vulnerabilities varies across different territories. The report also presents a policy framework of 9 recommended actions to help decision makers unleash more effective climate action and resilience, both by integrating a territorial approach into national and subnational climate policies and by mainstreaming climate objectives into urban, rural and regional policies. The report summarises the analysis into a checklist for national and local governments to implement a territorial approach to climate and resilience policies, as well as a compendium of 36 best practices from cities, regions and countries from all around the world.
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  • 156
    ISBN: 9789264525429 , 9789264569638 , 9789264928466
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Le financement climatique et l'objectif des 100 milliards de dollars
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2021: Aggregate Trends and Opportunities for Scaling Up Adaptation and Mobilised Private Finance
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: Ce rapport présente les tendances agrégées du financement climatique annuel fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés pour les pays en développement sur la période 2013-2021. Les tendances sont présentées par thème climatique, secteur, par instrument financier et par groupe de pays bénéficiaires pour la période 2016-2021. Le rapport fournit également des recommandations clés pour les bailleurs de fonds internationaux afin d'augmenter le financement de l'adaptation et de mobiliser plus efficacement le financement privé pour l'action climatique, qui sont à la fois des priorités politiques importantes et des éléments représentants un défi à l’heure actuelle. Les recommandations de ce rapport se basent sur deux publications de l'OCDE sur l'augmentation des financements privés pour le climat et l'adaptation.
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  • 157
    ISBN: 9789264452886
    Sprache: Italienisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (252 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África 2023: Investir no desenvolvimento sustentável
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dynamiques du développement en Afrique 2023 : Investir dans le développement durable
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Africa's Development Dynamics 2023: Investing in Sustainable Development
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: Il rapporto "Le dinamiche di sviluppo dell'Africa" fa tesoro degli insegnamenti tratti dalle esperienze dell'Africa centrale, orientale, settentrionale, meridionale e occidentale per elaborare raccomandazioni strategiche e condividere le buone pratiche in tutto il continente. Basandosi sulle statistiche più recenti, l'analisi delle dinamiche di sviluppo mira ad aiutare i leader africani a conseguire gli obiettivi dell'Agenda 2063 dell'Unione africana a tutti i livelli: continentale, regionale, nazionale e locale. La presente edizione esamina in che modo l'Africa possa attirare investimenti in grado di offrire il miglior equilibrio tra obiettivi economici, sociali e ambientali. I suoi dati recenti e le sue analisi sono messi a disposizione dei responsabili politici al fine di migliorare le valutazioni dei rischi, rafforzare i partenariati diretti dall'Africa e accelerare l'integrazione regionale in modo da aumentare gli investimenti sostenibili. Due capitoli esaminano il panorama degli investimenti in Africa e le relative priorità politiche a livello di continente. I cinque capitoli regionali propongono raccomandazioni ad hoc per settori strategici quali gli ecosistemi naturali, le energie rinnovabili, i finanziamenti per il clima e le catene di valore agroalimentari. Il rapporto "Le dinamiche di sviluppo dell'Africa" alimenta il dibattito politico tra i governi dell'Unione africana, i cittadini, gli imprenditori e i ricercatori. Propone una nuova collaborazione tra Paesi e regioni, incentrata sull'apprendimento reciproco e sulla conservazione dei beni comuni, ed è il frutto della collaborazione tra la Commissione dell'Unione africana e il Centro per lo sviluppo dell'OCSE.
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  • 158
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inventaire OCDE des mesures de soutien pour les combustibles fossiles 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Despite commitments to scale up and speed up climate action, the fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels almost doubled in 2022 to reach more than USD 1.4 trillion as governments across the OECD and partner countries introduced substantial initiatives to mitigate high energy costs on households and firms, caused in part by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine. This rising trend is a real threat to our collective net zero goals and highlights the challenges of staying on track with net zero commitments in the face of geopolitical and economic disruption. Going forward, it will be critical that support measures are reformed to better target those most in need. Support for fossil fuels should also be phased out as soon as possible. This will help free up much needed resources for the transition towards net zero emissions and accelerate innovation to improve energy efficiency.
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  • 159
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.198
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Energy ; Taxation ; Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: The fuel efficiency of conventional private vehicles is a key input in the design of several economic and environmental policies. Reliable projections of the fuel efficiency variable can improve estimates on the future emission savings from policies promoting vehicle replacement, and on future revenues from fuel taxes. This paper examines the evolution of fuel efficiency using data on cars entering the US market from 1984 to 2020. It uses a series of new indexes for the gasoline cost in OECD countries and the stringency of fuel economy regulations. The paper shows that the effect of fuel prices and taxes is significant and robust. Doubling the user cost of gasoline with a stringent carbon tax will cause an irreversible increase in fuel efficiency by 6-11%. Increasing the stringency of the US CAFE standards by 10% raises average fuel efficiency by 2-3%. The impact of cross-market regulations is ambiguous.
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  • 160
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Insights on Well-being, Inclusion and Equal Opportunity no.5
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Un chemin court et sinueux jusqu'à 2030 : Mesurer la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les cibles des ODD
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Employment ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of goals and targets that aim to transform our world towards sustainability. With less than a decade left to achieve these targets, the OECD area as a whole has met or is close to meeting only one quarter of the targets. This Policy Insights explores the key findings from our report The Short and Winding Road to 2030: Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets which discusses the slow progress made by OECD countries towards achieving many SDG targets and highlights the need for strong policy actions to fulfill the entire 2030 Agenda. Fostering inclusion, reversing the long-term decrease in people's trust in institutions, and addressing rising environmental pressures are some of the key areas where OECD countries need to focus to make further progress.
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  • 161
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264951310 , 9789264833852 , 9789264930735
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United Kingdom 2022
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; United Kingdom
    Kurzfassung: Au cours de la dernière décennie, le Royaume-Uni a réduit plusieurs pressions environnementales tout en développant son économie. Anticipant sa présidence de la Conférence des parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques en 2021, il a montré la voie en relevant ses ambitions nationales. Cependant, la pollution atmosphérique, la détérioration des actifs naturels et les objectifs manqués en matière de biodiversité sont autant de sujets de préoccupation. Des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour réduire à zéro les émissions nettes de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2050, se préparer au changement climatique, inverser la perte de biodiversité et mettre en place une économie circulaire plus économe en ressources. Le renforcement de la coordination entre les gouvernements britannique et décentralisés, ainsi que l'amélioration de la cohérence entre les politiques sectorielles et environnementales seront essentiels. Ceci est le troisième Examen environnemental du Royaume-Uni. Il évalue les progrès réalisés vers la croissance verte, avec un chapitre spécial consacré à la gestion des déchets et des matières et l'économie circulaire. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
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  • 162
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264540392 , 9789264922709 , 9789264354654
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: This report reviews evidence that overshooting 1.5°C may push the earth over several tipping points, leading to irreversible and severe changes in the climate system. If triggered, tipping point impacts will rapidly cascade through socio-economic and ecological systems, leading to severe effects on human and natural systems and imposing important challenges for human adaptation. Of particular concern are the likely collapse of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and the abrupt melting of permafrost grounds in the Arctic, which would result in additional sea-level rise and greenhouse gas releases, leading to more warming. Based on the most recent science and consultations with renowned experts, Climate Tipping Points: Insights for Effective Policy Action argues that it is no longer appropriate to consider the risk of crossing tipping points as low-probability. Overshooting 1.5°C may likely lead to irreversible and severe impacts, which must be avoided, heightening the urgency to drastically reduce emissions within this decade. The report calls for a shift in how tipping points are treated in climate policy today and provides recommendations on how climate risk management strategies can better reflect the risks of tipping points in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and technological innovation.
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  • 163
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264671157 , 9789264923485 , 9789264632097
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Much has changed in the space economy over the past decade, with an ever-growing number of countries and business enterprises involved in space activities. Despite progress made in the quality and availability of data, the international comparability of space economy statistics remains limited. A decade after its first publication, it is therefore time to provide an up-to-date revision of the OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy to reflect the changing landscape of space activities, space technologies and subsequent evolving user needs. This new edition aims to encourage and facilitate data collection among both incumbents and new actors involved in space activities, respond to the needs of the public agencies that still fund the bulk of space programmes, and support industry and private decision-takers who will also benefit from improved statistics on the space economy.
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  • 164
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Les synthèses de l’OCDE sur le bien-être, l’inclusion et l’égalité des chances no.5
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe The short and winding road to 2030: Measuring distance to the SDG targets
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Employment ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: L'Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable est un ensemble d'objectifs et de cibles qui visent à transformer notre monde dans le sens de la durabilité. Alors qu'il reste moins d'une décennie pour atteindre ces objectifs, la zone OCDE dans son ensemble n'a atteint ou n'est sur le point d'atteindre qu'un quart des objectifs. Cette synthèse explore les principales conclusions de notre rapport Un chemin court et sinueux jusqu’à 2030 : Mesurer la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les cibles des ODD qui examine la lenteur des progrès réalisés par les pays de l'OCDE pour atteindre de nombreuses cibles des ODD et souligne la nécessité d'actions politiques fortes pour réaliser l'ensemble de l'Agenda 2030. Favoriser l'inclusion, inverser la baisse à long terme de la confiance des citoyens dans les institutions et répondre aux pressions environnementales croissantes sont quelques-uns des domaines clés sur lesquels les pays de l'OCDE doivent se concentrer pour progresser davantage.
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  • 165
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.191
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the role of carbon pricing in a sustainable recovery from COVID-19. It tracks the policy changes in carbon pricing within OECD and G20 countries between January 2020 and August 2021 of the COVID-19 pandemic. Carbon pricing as defined here includes emissions trading schemes, fossil fuel support and carbon, fuel excise or aviation taxes. The paper also highlights the need for the recovery to be sustainable and discusses the advantages, limitations and uses of carbon pricing therein. In addition, it describes additional challenges to as well as increased rationale for carbon pricing in the pandemic. It provides evidence on the effects of carbon pricing on the challenges and discusses carbon pricing design elements to help overcome those challenges. The paper concludes that there were more policy changes with an expected negative impact on climate. However, it is likely that the impact of the climate-positive changes – which are broader in coverage and scope - will outweigh the climate-negative changes.
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  • 166
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2022/04
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: By moving goods and people over large distances, air transport facilitates international trade and tourism and thus contributes to economic growth and job creation. At the same time, it also comes with environmental challenges, largely related to air emissions and their impact on global warming. Air transport has been disproportionately negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with associated reductions in air emissions. However, recent projections show that, in the absence of accelerated technological developments and more ambitious policy measures, aviation-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will grow again at a rapid pace after the pandemic. This paper describes a new OECD database providing near-real-time and global information on aviation-related CO2 emissions, with allocations across countries following either the territory or the residence principle. This database provides a public good for both statistical measurement and environmental policy analysis. On the statistical front, it will facilitate the compilation of global Air Emission Accounts according to the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA), bring granular and timely information on a significant source of CO2 emissions, and allow tracking their evolution during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison with official statistics that are available with a significant delay and at lower frequency demonstrates the accuracy of the OECD estimates. On the environmental policy front, it is expected that the OECD database will help monitor the impact of technological developments and policy measures to curb aviation-related CO2 emissions in the future.
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  • 167
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Se remettre durablement du COVID-19 grâce à la tarification du carbone
    Schlagwort(e): Coronavirus ; Emissionshandel ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Taxation ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This brief focuses on the role carbon pricing can play in the COVID-19 recovery and in reaching national and international climate goals, such as those in the Paris Agreement. It outlines the carbon pricing policy changes (Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS), fossil fuel support (FFS), carbon, fuel excise and aviation taxes) that took place during the first 20 months of the pandemic (January 2020 to August 2021) in the 47 OECD and G20 countries. There had been 99 incidents of carbon pricing policy changes during this period, with the majority expected to have a negative effect on greenhouse gas emissions. However, policy changes with climate-positive effects were broader in scope regarding coverage of emissions and sectors and are, thus, likely to outweigh the climate-negative policy changes.
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  • 168
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264801295 , 9789264429321 , 9789264893573
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (95 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Urban Studies
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Kurzfassung: Accounting for nearly 40% of global CO2 emissions and sometimes as much as 70% in large cities, buildings and construction are central to the low-carbon transition. Decarbonising buildings, especially the old stock, through energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy use, not only reduces carbon emissions, but also generates co-benefits in health, energy affordability and the labour market. Additionally, global mega-trends and the transition to a green recovery from COVID-19 provide impetus for stakeholders to take action. Cities and regions have a key role to play and can leverage prerogatives in regulation, public procurement and stakeholder engagement, while addressing multiple governance, capacity and funding gaps. To accelerate and scale up their action, cities and regions need to work with national governments to create an effective governance mechanism. Drawing on the findings of a dedicated survey of cities and regions of all sizes from both OECD and non-OECD countries, this report explains their significant role, explores sub-national policy measures, identifies key obstacles, and provides policy recommendations and a checklist for both national and subnational governments to drive the decarbonisation of buildings in cities and regions.
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  • 169
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264589414 , 9789264954854 , 9789264463905
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (123 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Green Finance and Investment
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Condiciones propicias para el financiamiento y la inversión en bioenergía en Colombia
    Schlagwort(e): Bioenergie ; Finanzierung ; Investitionspolitik ; Kolumbien ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Colombia
    Kurzfassung: To realise Colombia’s clean energy ambitions and enable the necessary mobilisation of finance and investment, the government has set forth a number of important policy strategies, including the 2018 Green Growth Policy, the 2019 National Circular Economy Strategy and the forthcoming 2022 Energy Transition Policy. These high-level policies all note the role clean energy solutions like sustainable bioenergy and waste-to-energy can play in supporting decarbonisation objectives. These solutions can also achieve a number of other socioeconomic ambitions, including improved reliability of energy supply, improved access to affordable and reliable energy in areas that are not connected to the national electricity grid, and reduced amounts of waste going to capacity-limited landfills. This report aims to support Colombia’s renewable energy ambitions, focusing on current clean energy trends, opportunities for bioenergy and measures that can increase finance and investment in those solutions. Through five case studies from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India and Turkey, the report also considers the enabling environment and lessons learnt from bioenergy developments in different countries.
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  • 170
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264782907 , 9789264818835 , 9789264560116
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Water
    Schlagwort(e): Wasserversorgung ; Finanzierung ; Wasserpolitik ; Wassermangel ; Welt ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report presents a summary of the key challenges and opportunities related to financing that contributes to water security and sustainable growth distilling insights from the Roundtable on Financing Water and related analyses. It covers a broad range of water-related investments, including water and sanitation services, water resources management, agricultural water and managing water-related risks (“too much”, “too little” and “too polluted”). It summarises findings from analysis of investments needs and financing capacities, trends in development finance for water and explores how water risks generate financial impacts for corporates. The report highlights options to address the financing challenge by strengthening the enabling environment for investment, making the best use of existing sources of finance, strategic investment planning and mobilising additional finance via a range of financing approaches. Finally, the report sets out a vision for future OECD work on financing water and for the Roundtable on Financing Water.
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  • 171
    ISBN: 9789264488458 , 9789264719286 , 9789264483729
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Short and Winding Road to 2030: Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: Le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 se caractérise par un degré d’ambition sans précédent, mais il représente aussi un formidable défi pour les pays du fait de la complexité et de l’imbrication de ses 17 objectifs et 169 cibles. Afin d’aider les gouvernements nationaux à le mettre en œuvre, l’OCDE a mis au point une méthode unique permettant de comparer les progrès accomplis ainsi que les dynamiques sous-jacentes pour l’ensemble des objectifs et cibles du Programme de Développement Durable. Sur la base du Cadre mondial d’indicateurs relatifs aux Objectifs de Développement Durable et de données provenant des Nations Unies et de l’OCDE, le présent rapport propose un bilan détaillé des résultats obtenus par les pays membres de l’OCDE. Pour l’ensemble des cibles pour lesquelles des données existent, ce rapport évalue la distance que les pays de l’OCDE ont à parcourir afin d’atteindre les Objectifs de Développement Durable mais il va plus loin et approfondit l’analyse en mettant en évidence les tendances de fond ainsi que l’impact potentiel de la pandémie de COVID-19. En faisant le point sur les forces et les faiblesses des pays par rapport aux différents ODD, ce rapport vise à aider les pays Membres à avancer au mieux vers la réalisation de ces objectifs et à identifier leurs propres priorités d’action.
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  • 172
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264587397 , 9789264821972 , 9789264593251
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Portugal 2022
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Portugal 2022
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: O Comité de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento (CAD) da OCDE realiza exames pelos pares a cada um dos membros em intervalos regulares de cinco a seis anos. Os exames visam melhorar a qualidade e a eficácia da cooperação para o desenvolvimento dos membros, realçando as boas práticas e recomendando melhorias. Portugal mobiliza todo o seu conhecimento especializado governamental, com grande ênfase na apropriação pelos países parceiros. Com base em relações bilaterais estreitas e de longa data, concentra o seu financiamento nos países com mais necessidades. Através de um processo de sensibilização internacional eficaz o país é reconhecido como um campeão em matéria de cooperação triangular e durante a sua Presidência do Conselho da União Europeia (UE) promoveu o consenso entre os Estados Membros sobre questões como o reforço do compromisso da Equipa Europa para com o desenvolvimento humano. No entanto, Portugal pode tirar maior partido da ampla participação de atores estatais e não-estatais na sua cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Este exame pelos pares apresenta um conjunto de recomendações para melhorar a coordenação intergovernamental, conjugar esforços bilaterais, aumentar o enfoque nos resultados e tomar medidas para aumentar a Ajuda Pública ao Desenvolvimento (APD). Esta versão abreviada contém o sumário executivo e as recomendações do CAD a Portugal; do Exame pelos Pares da Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento da OCDE: Portugal 2022.
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  • 173
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264568143 , 9789264931145 , 9789264353879
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (80 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Water
    Schlagwort(e): Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Thailand ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: The National Dialogue on Water in Thailand was initiated in 2021 under the regional initiative with the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea (MoE), the Asia Water Council (AWC) and the OECD. The Dialogue covers two main topics selected by the Government of Thailand (ONWR). The first one is water demand management, with a focus on the Eastern Economic Corridor. The second one is financing water supply and sanitation. Both combine to support a sustainable and resilient development pathway for Thailand's fast-growing economy. The analyses and policy recommendations cover issues such as the design of economic policy instruments, water allocation regimes, increasing demand for reclaimed water, or benchmarking the performance of water utilities, and blended finance for water supply and sanitation services. They are informed by the expertise of Thai stakeholders, the OECD and the Asia Water Council. They can be a source of inspiration in other contexts in South East Asia and globally.
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  • 174
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264480629
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Test No. 320: Determining Anaerobic Transformation of Chemicals in Liquid Manure
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: La présente ligne directrice décrit des méthodes d’étude de la transformation des produits chimiques dans le lisier de porcs ou de bovins en conditions anaérobies. Les essais réalisés visent à déterminer la vitesse de transformation du produit chimique d’essai, l’identité et la vitesse de formation et de disparition des produits de transformation, la quantité de produit chimique d’essai qui est minéralisée en CO2 ou CH4 ou transformée en produits volatils, et la quantité de résidus non extractibles. Ces études sont applicables aux produits chimiques administrés aux animaux d’élevage puis excrétés (médicaments vétérinaires ou additifs alimentaires, par exemple), ainsi qu’aux produits chimiques qui sont utilisés dans les locaux d’élevage et peuvent se retrouver dans le lisier provenant de ces bâtiments (biocides, par exemple). Des pesticides peuvent également être introduits dans le lisier par le biais d’aliments pour animaux contaminés.
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  • 175
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264910553
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (43 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Essai n°251 : Essai de détection rapide d’un rapporteur de l’activité de perturbation androgénique (RADAR)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Rapid Androgen Disruption Activity Reporter (RADAR) Test Guideline describes an aquatic assay that utilizes transgenic Oryzias latipes (O. latipes, Japanese medaka) eleutheroembryos at day post hatch zero, in a multi-well format to detect chemicals active on the androgen axis. The RADAR assay was designed as a screening tool to provide a short-term assay to measure the response of eleutheroembryos to chemicals potentially active on the androgen axis. Test organisms are exposed for 72 hours in six-well plates in the presence and absence of a co-treatment with 17-methyl testosterone. The assay comprises five concentrations of the test chemical. At the end of the exposure, fluorescence imaging is measured and transformed into a numerical format; the statistical analysis and data interpretation procdure enable to determine whether the test chemical is considered active or not active.
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  • 176
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264610583
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Test No. 125: Nanomaterial Particle Size and Size Distribution of Nanomaterials
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: La présente ligne directrice, couvrant les nanomatériaux de taille 1 nm à 1000 nm, est consacrée aux mesures de taille et de distribution granulométrique des particules de nanomatériaux. Elle comprend les méthodes suivantes : microscopie à force atomique (AFM, Atomic Force Microscopy), sédimentation par centrifugation en phase liquide (CLS, Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation) /ultracentrifugation analytique (AUC, Analytical Ultracentrifugation), diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering), système d’analyse différentielle de mobilité électrique (DMAS, Differential Mobility Analysis System), analyse par traçage des (nano)particules (PTA/NTA, (Nano)Particle Tracking Analysis), diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS, Small Angle X-Ray Scattering), microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et microscopie électronique à transmission (MET). Pour la mesure du diamètre et de la longueur des fibres, l’analyse d’images obtenues au microscope électronique est la seule méthode disponible actuellement.
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  • 177
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264443686
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (71 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Essai n°125 : Taille des particules et distribution granulométrique des nanomatériaux
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline, covering nanomaterials spanning from 1 nm to 1000 nm, is intended for particle size and particle size distribution measurements of nanomaterials. The TG includes the following methods: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation (CLS)/Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Differential Mobility Analysis System (DMAS), (Nano)Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA/NTA), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). For measuring the diameter and length of fibres, analysing images captured with electron microscopy is currently the only method available.
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  • 178
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264651869 , 9789264817944 , 9789264315068
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (56 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Arzneimittel ; Privater Haushalt ; Abfall ; Abfallentsorgung ; Umweltbelastung ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Pharmaceutical household waste from expired or unused medicine does not only offer zero therapeutic benefit, but also contributes to environmental pollution when disposed of via improper routes. Medicines discarded in sinks and flushed down toilets enter sewage waters and, if not filtered out, leak into aquatic systems. Disposal of unused or expired medicines via solid household waste can also result in pharmaceutical residues entering the environment if this waste is illegally dumped, or destined for landfills. In addition to environmental risks, unused or expired medicine not only constitutes wasted healthcare resources, but also presents a possible public health risk of accidental or intentional misuse and poisoning if extracted from waste bins. Preventing pharmaceutical household waste and ensuring the effective collection and environmentally sound treatment of unavoidable waste is thus an important policy objective. This report provides an overview of available data on pharmaceutical consumption and disposal practices across OECD countries, reviews existing collection schemes and provides recommendations to best prevent, collect and treat unused or expired medicines in order to avoid their leakage into the environment.
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  • 179
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.269
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Global warming and air pollution threaten human health, economic prosperity and human capital accumulation. The current review presents empirical findings on the effect of adverse environmental conditions on cognition, with a focus on pollution and high temperatures. The review takes a life-course perspective and quantifies both the direct and indirect effects of cumulative and transitory exposure to adverse conditions on cognition starting in-utero all the way to exposure in old age. The review makes clear that exposure to pollutants and high temperatures has economically meaningful costs for both individuals and societies, stemming from lower human capital accumulation. Furthermore, the evidence presented indicates that adverse environmental conditions have large distributional consequences, leading to widening disparities in educational opportunities both across countries and across socio-economic groups within-countries. The review discusses the mechanisms underpinning these effects and explores policies that have the potential to mitigate the negative impact of adverse conditions on cognition.
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  • 180
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Enhancing the effectiveness of sub-national biodiversity policy: Practices in France and Scotland, United Kingdom
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; France ; United Kingdom
    Kurzfassung: Les administrations infranationales ont un rôle déterminant à jouer dans le respect des engagements pris au regard de la biodiversité aux niveaux national et international. En s’appuyant sur l’expérience pratique de l’Écosse (Royaume-Uni), de la France et d’autres signataires de la Déclaration d’Édimbourg, ce document présente et analyse les stratégies et plans infranationaux, ainsi que les mécanismes servant à assurer la cohérence et la coordination de l’action publique. Il examine également les instruments permettant aux administrations infranationales d’obtenir des résultats probants sur le front de la biodiversité. Ce document met notamment en évidence la nécessité : de définir des objectifs clairs et mesurables en matière de biodiversité au niveau infranational ; d’intégrer la problématique de la biodiversité aux plans d’action infranationaux pour le climat, ainsi qu’aux stratégies, plans et instruments de développement urbain, rural et régional ; de promouvoir les solutions fondées sur la nature en ce qu’elles permettent aux collectivités territoriales d’exploiter les synergies entre la lutte contre le changement climatique, l’adaptation à ses effets et l’action pour la biodiversité.
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  • 181
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264659551 , 9789264785052 , 9789264568839
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Portugal 2022
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Exame pelos Pares da Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento da OCDE: Portugal 2022 (versão abreviada)
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE procède à des examens par les pairs de ses membres une fois tous les cinq ou six ans. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. Le Portugal mobilise les compétences de l’ensemble de son administration et met fortement l’accent sur l’appropriation par les pays partenaires. Fort des relations bilatérales étroites qu’il a établies de longue date avec les pays partenaires, le Portugal concentre ses financements sur les pays où les besoins sont les plus grands. Par son action de plaidoyer efficace sur la scène internationale, le Portugal est un ardent défenseur de la coopération triangulaire et, en tant que président du Conseil de l’Union européenne, il a favorisé le consensus entre les membres de l’Union sur des questions comme le renforcement des initiatives Team Europe en faveur du développement humain. Cependant, le Portugal pourrait tirer davantage parti de la large participation des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques à ses activités de coopération pour le développement. Cet examen par les pairs formule un ensemble de recommandations destinées à améliorer la coordination entre les différentes composantes de l’administration, à rassembler les initiatives bilatérales, à accorder une plus grande attention aux réalisations et à prendre des mesures pour accroître l’aide publique au développement (APD).
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  • 182
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (9 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pourquoi les gouvernements devraient cibler le soutien dans un contexte de prix élevés de l'énergie
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Russia’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine has contributed to high energy prices around the globe, triggering responses from governments. Governments across the OECD and in key non-Member economies have rolled out significant support to shield households and firms from the impacts of the high energy prices that followed the strong recovery in demand in the aftermath of the COVID-19 slump and the fallout of the war in Ukraine. While relatively simple to introduce and communicate in general, measures that act to lower the price of energy are not targeted and weaken incentives to reduce energy use when supply is tight.
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  • 183
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264545588
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (536 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Development Pathways
    Schlagwort(e): Entwicklung ; Bildungspolitik ; Soziale Stabilität ; Sozialpolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Südosteuropa ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Albania ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Kosovo ; North Macedonia ; Serbia
    Kurzfassung: The Western Balkans region has come a long way over the last two decades in achieving economic and social progress. Its people are the region’s greatest asset. Yet faced with a lack of opportunities many, particularly the young, decide to emigrate. To make the most of its future the region must invest in its attractiveness as a place to live, work and invest in. This report comes as a follow-up to the earlier publication Multi-dimensional Review of the Western Balkans: Assessing Opportunities and Constraints. It builds on an extensive peer-learning process that brought together experts from across the region and beyond. The report provides suggestions and recommendations for three strategic priorities that can help create opportunities and boost the quality of life. First, better education and more competencies are the basis for raising productivity, creating jobs, encouraging civic participation and making the region an attractive destination. Second, social cohesion is the bedrock of resilient societies and requires stronger labour market policies and effective social protection that can cushion people’s hardship and provide them with new opportunities. Third, cleaner air and more sustainable energy are indispensable for boosting the region’s quality of life and economic opportunities.
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  • 184
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264610651
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Test No. 124: Determination of the Volume Specific Surface Area of Manufactured Nanomaterials
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: La présente Ligne directrice pour les essais (LD) décrit une procédure de détermination de la surface spécifique en volume (Volume Specific Surface Area – VSSA) de nanomatériaux manufacturés solides en poudre. La VSSA (en m2/cm3) d’un matériau est calculée en multipliant la surface spécifique (en m2/g) par la densité squelettique (en g/cm3). La présente Ligne directrice explique comment déterminer la SSA externe et interne de nanomatériaux manufacturés solides en poudre à l’aide de la méthode Brunauer, Emmett et Teller (BET). Cette Ligne directrice explique également comment déterminer la densité squelettique (ρ) des nanomatériaux manufacturés par pycnométrie à gaz.
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  • 185
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.106
    Schlagwort(e): Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Despite years of donor country engagement, developing countries’ efforts to fight climate change and its consequences remain stifled by important capacity gaps. This paper reviews the experience of development co-operation partners in strengthening capacities in this area. It provides an in-depth analysis of official development assistance trends and flows, as well as an overview of the enabling factors, obstacles and good practices. Finally, it suggests ways to overcome a number of technical, political and organisational challenges, and to accelerate capacity development for more effective climate action in partner countries.
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  • 186
    ISBN: 9789264659773 , 9789264757820 , 9789264595149
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (181 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Multi-level Governance Studies
    Schlagwort(e): Umweltpolitik ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Länderhaushalt ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: Green budgeting is emerging at subnational levels as an important tool for regions and cities to use to align their expenditure and revenues with their green objectives, and enhance the transparency and accountability of their climate and environmental action. It is also a tool that subnational governments can use to prioritise low-carbon investments and identify funding gaps, as well as to mobilise additional sources of both private and public climate finance. In order for subnational governments to make full use of green budgeting however, more methodological, technical, and financial support is needed. This report presents a first stocktake of subnational green budgeting practices in OECD and EU countries as well as a set of guidelines for subnational governments to use in developing and launching a green budgeting practice. It is accompanied by two green budgeting case studies – one with the Region of Brittany (France) and one with the City of Venice (Italy) – and a self-assessment tool. The self-assessment tool allows regions and cities to measure their capacity to launch a green budgeting practice or strengthen an existing one, and is available on the OECD Subnational Government Climate Finance Hub as a downloadable Excel file.
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  • 187
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264667815 , 9789264684362 , 9789264498549
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (186 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Brick by Brick: Building Better Housing Policies
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pierre par pierre : Bâtir de meilleures politiques du logement
    Schlagwort(e): Wohnungspolitik ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Effizienz ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: Dieser Bericht enthält Daten, internationale Praxisbeispiele und politikrelevante Erkenntnisse für die Gestaltung der Wohnungspolitik. Besonders im Fokus stehen dabei drei wichtige Aspekte: Teilhabe, Effizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. In vielen OECD-Ländern ist es zunehmend schwierig geworden, für alle Menschen ausreichend Wohnraum zur Verfügung zu stellen. Grund dafür sind vor allem die steigenden Wohnungspreise, die wiederum eine Folge des unzureichenden Angebots sind, das – gerade in städtischen Räumen mit zahlreichen Arbeitsplätzen – nicht mit der wachsenden Nachfrage Schritt halten konnte. Dies erklärt sich zwar z. T. aus geografischen Gegebenheiten, in vielen Städten beschränken aber auch Flächennutzungs- und Bebauungsvorschriften das Angebot. Zugleich behindern manche mietrechtlichen Bestimmungen die Entwicklung des Mietwohnungsmarkts, was die Mieten steigen lässt. Hinzu kommt, dass die Klimawende für den Wohngebäudesektor eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt, schließlich entfallen auf ihn 17 % der CO2-Emissionen und 37 % der Feinstaubemissionen weltweit. In fast zwei Dritteln der Länder weltweit fehlt es immer noch an energietechnischen Bauvorschriften. Angesichts der langen Lebensdauer von Wohngebäuden müssen die Klimaanstrengungen hier möglichst frühzeitig greifen. Gestützt auf solide Daten beschreibt dieser Bericht Optionen für konzertierte Maßnahmen, um diese Herausforderungen anzugehen und dabei Komplementäreffekten und Konflikten zwischen verschiedenen Zielen der Wohnungspolitik Rechnung zu tragen. Er ist Teil des „OECD Housing Toolkit“, das auch ein interaktives Online-Dashboard mit Indikatoren und Country-Snapshots enthält.
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  • 188
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.196
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Achieving climate-resilient economies and societies will not only require increasing the billions of financial flows for adaptation, but also shifting broader -- public and private -- financial flows and investment away from potentially mal-adapted activities towards those that contribute to climate-resilient economies and societies. The goal of aligning finance with climate-resilient development is included in article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, yet efforts to define and operationalise this concept are at an early stage. This framing paper summarises the current status of these efforts and outlines a way forward for defining, measuring and mobilising adaptation-aligned finance.
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  • 189
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Why governments should target support amidst high energy prices
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: L'agression de la Russie contre l'Ukraine a contribué à la hausse des prix de l'énergie dans le monde entier, déclenchant des réponses des gouvernements. Les autorités des pays membres de l’OCDE et des grandes économies non membres interviennent massivement pour protéger les ménages et les entreprises contre les conséquences des prix élevés de l’énergie qui ont suivi la forte reprise de la demande au lendemain de la crise du COVID-19 et des retombées de la guerre en Ukraine. S’il est en général relativement facile de les appliquer et de communiquer à leur sujet, les mesures de nature à abaisser les prix de l’énergie présentent l’inconvénient de ne pas être sélectives et d’affaiblir les incitations à réduire la consommation d'énergie dans un contexte de tension sur l’offre.
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  • 190
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.200
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses existing methodologies developed by commercial services providers, research institutes or civil society organisations for investors and financial institutions, to assess the alignment of their assets and portfolios with the Paris Agreement temperature goal. The analysis is based on four main analytical dimensions: coverage of financial asset classes, choice of greenhouse gas (GHG) performance metrics, selection of climate change mitigation scenarios, and approach for aggregating alignment assessment for a given asset class and at portfolio level. Within these dimensions, the analysis highlights that a range of different and complex methodological choices, as well as current scope and data limitations, impact the environmental integrity and policy relevance of alignment or misalignment results. The paper provides suggestions for improved and more comprehensive financial sector alignment assessment. These include the development of different complementary methodologies to cover a broader range of financial asset classes than the current main focus on listed corporate equity, the development of more tailored mitigation scenarios by climate policy and science communities, better communication of uncertainties by all stakeholders, and the need for a series of indicators to assess progress and impacts that include but are not limited to GHG based alignment assessments.
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  • 191
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: L'enseignement à la loupe no.44
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Teaching for climate action
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Les enseignants jouent un rôle déterminant dans notre réponse à la crise climatique mondiale. Comment peuvent-ils, dès lors, aider tous les apprenants à développer les connaissances, compétences, valeurs et attitudes qui leur permettront de prendre activement part à l’action climatique, tant au niveau individuel que collectif ? De juillet 2021 à décembre 2021, l’OCDE, l’UNESCO et l’Internationale de l’Éducation ont mené une initiative conjointe autour de l’éducation à l’action climatique. Cette note se propose d’en présenter les points forts.
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  • 192
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.182
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Meat alternatives are attracting private investment and interest from the research community as possible solutions to meet the growing global demand for proteins in a sustainable, ethical, and healthy way. Using a food systems lens, this report investigates the opportunities and challenges associated with three meat alternatives: plant-based, insects and cultured meat. The analysis is based primarily on a literature review, which is complemented by an illustrative scenario using the OECD-FAO Aglink-Cosimo model. Results from the scenario analysis suggest that a shift from meat to meat alternatives in high and upper middle-income countries could result in a decline in global agricultural land use and GHG emissions from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector. Lower demand for meats in these countries would also lead to a decrease in international prices for meats, soybean and cereals, which would benefit consumers but place pressure on farmer incomes.
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  • 193
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.199
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Innovation is key to reducing the environmental impacts of plastics. However, literature is generally lacking in the field of environmentally relevant plastics innovation. This paper develops an innovative conceptual framework to document and map environmentally relevant plastics innovation. Using this framework, it develops plastics innovation metrics using patents and trademarks to quantify trends over time, across countries, and to establish preliminary empirical links between policies and innovation outcomes. Plastic waste prevention and recycling innovation has increased slightly more rapidly than overall plastics innovation. In contrast, innovation in bioplastics have witnessed a significant slowdown in recent years. Another key finding of this analysis is that environmentally relevant plastics innovation is concentrated in OECD countries and China and that top inventor countries are not specialized in the same technologies. Finally, the patent analysis shows some empirical evidence that recycling regulations may have triggered innovative activity in plastic recycling.
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  • 194
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.186
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews initiatives which take a “supply chain lens” to improving environmental outcomes of food systems. Some focus on due diligence, or ask firms to disclose impacts of their supply chain. Others benchmark firms according to supply chain performance. Firms also increasingly make corporate pledges covering their supply chain. In addition to traditional voluntary sustainability standards and labels, new labels are emerging which communicate actual environmental impacts along the life cycle. Governments can also provide financial incentives linked to such impacts. This review demonstrates the strong growth and diversity of initiatives, bolstered by more clearly defined societal expectations and reporting standards, and leading to a greater availability of data and evidence and more universal reporting, reducing the scope for greenwashing. Despite their great promise, there remain coverage gaps. Evidence on effectiveness also remains relatively scarce, although there is a clear increase in the number of empirical studies.
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  • 195
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264644182 , 9789264331679 , 9789264749641
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (196 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Verkehrsplanung ; Irland ; Environment ; Transport ; Ireland
    Kurzfassung: Current mobility patterns in Ireland are incompatible with the country’s target to halve emissions in the transport sector by 2030. While important, electrification and fuel efficiency improvements in vehicles are insufficient to meet Ireland’s ambitious target: large behavioural change in the direction of sustainable modes and travel reductions are needed. Such changes will only be possible if policies can shift Irish transport systems away from car dependency. Building on the OECD process “Systems Innovation for Net Zero” and extensive consultation with Irish stakeholders, this report assesses the potential of implemented and planned Irish policies to transform car-dependent systems. It identifies transformative policies that can help Ireland transition to sustainable transport systems that work for people and the planet. It also provides recommendations to scale up such transformative policies and refocus the electrification strategy so that it fosters, rather than hinders, transformational change.
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  • 196
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264475342 , 9789264830707 , 9789264874916
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (125 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Agrarsubvention ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Agri-environmental payment schemes which operate as voluntary programmes that pay farmers to achieve certain environmental criteria have gained increasing interest and popularity amongst policy makers and farmers. There is growing evidence, however, that the majority of such schemes that have been implemented have had little environmental effectiveness. Building on past OECD work, this report identifies and discusses “best practice” design principles for cost-effective agri-environmental payment schemes. To this end, the report reviews the literature, develops a Policy Spectrum Framework that classifies payment types based on key design features for achieving cost-effective outcomes, and presents policy simulations undertaken to assess the cost-effectiveness of different payment designs and a multi-country choice experiment conducted with farmers to explore their preferences for different types of payments, ranging from practice-based to results-based payments.
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  • 197
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264565852 , 9789264451803 , 9789264656574
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Green Finance and Investment
    Schlagwort(e): Erneuerbare Energie ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Indien ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; India
    Kurzfassung: India has achieved major progress in its energy sector over the last two decades. Still, investment needs to scale up considerably to meet the government’s ambitions to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity and energy-intensity reductions of 45% by 2030. Targeted application of public funds, alongside international climate and development finance, can crowd in investors and channel private capital to meet India’s clean energy goals. The Clean Energy Finance and Investment Roadmap of India highlights key actions needed to accelerate the development of energy efficiency measures in micro, small and medium enterprises, offshore wind and green hydrogen production. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the initiatives to date and challenges to scale up investments. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of India, development partners and the private sector.
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  • 198
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264443617 , 9789264820944 , 9789264549647
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Le rapport Tendances agrégées du financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2013-2020 ajoute des chiffres pour 2020 à la série chronologique 2013-2019 précédemment publiée, fournissant une évaluation au niveau agrégé par rapport à l'année cible initiale de l'objectif de 100 milliards USD. Il comprend également un aperçu du financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par thème climatique, secteur, instrument financier et régions pour 2016-2020. Un deuxième rapport complémentaire fournit des informations supplémentaires à partir de l'analyse des données désagrégées, ainsi que des considérations relatives aux conditions d’investissement, ainsi qu’aux impacts et à l'efficacité du financement climatique.
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  • 199
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways no.21
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) describes the linkages between the perturbation of the normal topoisomerase II enzyme function and infant leukaemia. Infant leukaemia is a rare haematological disease (1 in 106 newborns, accounting for 10% of all childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemias) of developmental origin, manifesting soon after birth (〈 1 year old). The present AOP describes how interference of stressors with DNA topoisomerase II enzyme can possibly result in DNA double-strand break and chromosomal rearrangement during intrauterine development and lead to infant leukaemia, manifesting soon after birth. The proposed AOP is supported by a number of evidences by means of using etoposide as a model compound to empirically support the linkage between the proposed molecular initiating event and the adverse outcome. This AOP also identifies several knowledge gaps, the main ones being the identification of the initiating cell and the investigation of TopoII poisons in a robust model; thus, the present AOP may be modified in future on the basis of new evidence. This AOP is referred to as AOP 202 in the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki (AOP-Wiki).
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  • 200
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Regional Development Papers no.37
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Agriculture and Food ; Nuclear Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: Ten years ago, a devastating earthquake, tsunamis and nuclear accident in Japan took thousands of lives and affected millions of people. This unprecedented disaster generated numerous lessons for policymakers in Japan and around the world on how to prepare, respond to and recover from shocks, and build resilient communities, regions and societies. The 30 to 40 year process of decommissioning Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station offers the impetus and a rare window of opportunity to cultivate long-term, sustainable growth and resilience in the region and beyond. This Policy Brief presents the outcomes of the OECD-Japan Policy Dialogue on Developing Decommissioning Industry Clusters in Fukushima, conducted in 2019–20. It discusses the opportunities and challenges related to the decommissioning, and the policy options for sustainable recovery and development in the region. It also presents experiences and lessons relevant to Fukushima from other OECD regions and cities. While the brief is designed for local readers (e.g. policy makers, the private sector, academia, civil society), it also aims to raise the global profile of Fukushima’s ongoing reconstruction and recovery efforts.
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