Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological membranes -- 2.1 Components of biological membranes -- 2.2 The phospholipid bilayer -- 2.3 Fluidity of the bilayer -- 2.4 Reservations on the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure -- References -- 3 Membrane lipids -- 3.1 Fatty acyl chains -- 3.2 Phase transitions -- 3.3 Trans-bilayer asymmetry -- References -- 4 Membrane proteins -- 4.1 Integral membrane proteins -- 4.2 Peripheral membrane proteins -- References -- 5 Membrane biosynthesis -- 5.1 Membrane lipid synthesis -- 5.2 Membrane protein synthesis -- 5.3 Integral protein synthesis -- 5.4 Peripheral membrane proteins -- 5.5 Factors affecting intracellular localization -- 5.6 Membrane turnover -- References.

Kurzfassung: The student of biological science in his final years as an undergraduate and his first years as a graduate is expected to gain some familiarity with current research at the frontiers of his discipline. New research work is published in a perplexing diversity of publications and is inevitably concerned with the minutiae of the subject. The sheer number of research journals and papers also causes confusion and difficulties of assimilation. Review articles usually presuppose a background knowledge of the field and are inevitably rather restricted in scope. There is thus a need for short but authoritative introductions to those areas of modern biological research which are either not dealt with in standard introductory textbooks or are not dealt with in sufficient detail to enable the student to go on from them to read scholarly reviews with profit. This series of books is designed to satisfy this need. The authors have been asked to produce a brief outline of their subject assuming that their readers will have read and remembered much of a standard introductory textbook of biology. This outline then sets out to provide by building on this basis, the conceptual framework within which modern research work is progressing and aims to give the reader an indication of the problems, both conceptual and practical, which must be overcome if progress is to be maintained.

Kurzfassung: One. Nature -- I Introduction: The Background -- II Matter -- III Universals: The Forms -- IV Universals: The Qualities -- V The Universe -- Two. Human Nature -- VI Man: Needs and Drives -- VII Man: Perversity -- VIII Mind: Perception -- IX Mind: Conception -- X Morality: The Good -- XI Morality: The Bad -- XII Rhetoric -- XIII Politics -- XIV Art -- XV Religion -- XVI Conclusion: The Foreground.

Kurzfassung: In the following pages I have endeavored to show the impact on philosophy of tech­ nology and science; more specifically, I have tried to make up for the neglect by the classical philosophers of the historic role of technology and also to suggest what positive effects on philosophy the ahnost daily advances in the physical sciences might have. Above all, I wanted to remind the ontologist of his debt to the artificer: tech­ nology with its recent gigantic achievements has introduced a new ingredient into the world, and so is sure to influence our knowledge of what there is. This book, then, could as well have been called 'Ethnotechnology: An Explanation of Human Behavior by Means of Material Culture', but the picture is a complex one, and there are many more special problems that need to be prominently featured in the discussion. Human culture never goes forward on all fronts at the same time. In our era it is unquestionably not only technology but also the sciences which are making the most rapid progress. Philosophy has not been very successful at keeping up with them. As a consequence there is an 'enormous gulf between scientists and philosophers today, a gulf which is as large as it has ever been. ' (1) I can see that with science moving so rapidly, its current lessons for philosophy might well be outmoded tomorrow.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction — What are metamorphic rocks? -- What does a metamorphic rock look like? -- The make-up of metamorphic rocks -- Metamorphic rock textures -- Metamorphic reactions -- Field relations of metamorphic rocks -- Uses of metamorphic rocks -- What this book is about -- Summary -- Exercise -- 2 How rocks are changed — The factors controlling metamorphism -- The Earth’s heat -- Where does the heat come from? -- How does the heat travel? -- Heat flow -- The geothermal gradient -- Pressure in the Earth -- What is pore-fluid pressure? -- Stress and strain in the crust -- The driving force for metamorphic reactions -- Equilibrium in metamorphic reactions -- Crystal growth during metamorphism -- Diffusion during metamorphism -- Recrystallisation during metamorphism -- Metamorphism and crustal processes -- Plate tectonics and metamorphic rocks -- Metamorphic grades, zones and facies -- Classifying metamorphic processes -- Summary page -- Exercises -- 3 Metamorphic terrains I -- Contact metamorphism -- Dynamic metamorphic rocks -- Summary -- Exercises -- 4 Metamorphic terrains II -- Regional metamorphism -- Metamorphic rocks in Precambrian shields -- High-pressure—low-temperature regional metamorphism -- Summary -- Exercises -- 5 Mountain building and metamorphic rocks -- Continental collision zones -- Continent/ocean collision zones -- Metamorphic belts through time -- Heat flow with time -- Evolution of the Earth’s crust -- Metamorphic rocks and the early history of the Earth -- Summary -- Exercises -- 6 The timing of metamorphic events -- Metasomatism — bulk chemical change -- Further reading -- Answers to exercises.

Kurzfassung: This book is about metamorphic rocks: the processes involved in their formation and the reasons why they occur at particular places on the continents. It has been written to serve as an elementary text on the subjects of metamorphism and mountain building for non-specialist stu­ dents of geology. It will be equally useful where geology is either the main or subsidiary subject and could be used by students intending to advance further in geology (the list of advanced texts in the further reading section would be more appropriate to such students). My inten­ tion in writing this book has been to try to dispel the notion that metamorphism comprises the 'haunted wing' of geology. Admittedly, there are rather a large number of technical terms in the book, but I hope that after working through it you will not find metamorphism an unduly difficult or obscure aspect of geology. Throughout, I have emphasised the strong links between mountain building, plate tectonics and metamorphic processes. The book introduces metamorphic rocks by considering their textures and field relations, then moves on to deal with the factors controlling metamorphism. Case studies of areas of metamorphic rocks are then presented in the context of modern theories of the Earth's activity, and the place of metamorphic rocks in the formation of ancient and young mountain belts is analysed. New technical terms and concepts are explained in context as they are introduced, important terms being emphasised in bold print.

Kurzfassung: — Prologue -- One — Summary Notes on the Criminal Law of Canada -- One — Introduction -- Two — Canadian Common Law -- Three — Dutch Civil Law -- Four — Legislative Powers in Canada -- Five — The Judiciary -- Six — Sources of Canadian Criminal Law -- Seven — Basic Notions -- Eight — The Qualifying Factors -- Nine — The Disqualifying Factors Grounds for Impunity -- Ten — Negligence -- Eleven — Causality -- Twelve — Reasonable Attribution of Liability -- Thirteen — Criminal Liability -- Two — On Reasonaple Liability -- One — Strict Liability -- Two — Strict Liability in Dutch Criminal Law -- Three — Some Fictions in Common Law -- Four — Strict Responsibility and Penal Offences -- Five — An Aside with Respect to Evidence -- Six — The Res Ipsa Argument -- Seven — Justification of Punishment for Negligence -- Eight — The Case in Favor and Against Strict Responsibility -- Nine — Separating the Strict from the Absolute -- Ten — The Halfway House Doctrine -- Eleven — Due Diligence Before the Courts -- Twelve — In Defence of Due Diligence -- Thirteen — The AVAS Defence -- Fourteen — The Defence of Due Diligence in Canadian Criminal Law -- - Epilogue -- - Samenvatting -- - Footnotes -- Table of Cases -- Common Law Cases -- Dutch Case Law -- Curriculum Vitae.

Kurzfassung: 1. Preliminaries -- 1.0 Motivation -- 1.1 Vectors—algebra -- 1.2 Vectors—calculus -- 1.3 Matrices -- 1.4 Statics—equilibrium -- 1.5 Summation convention and index notation -- 1.6 Elements of beam theory -- 1.7 Conclusions -- 2. Statics and Kinematics of Plate Bending -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 The stress resultants -- 2.2 Principal values -- 2.3 The moment circle -- 2.4 Equilibrium equations—rectangular coordinates -- 2.5 Plate bending kinematics—rectangular coordinates -- 2.6 Equilibrium equations—polar coordinates—radial symmetry -- 2.7 Plate bending kinematics—polar coordinates—radial symmetry -- 2.8 Conclusions -- 3. Elastic Plates -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Elastic theory of plate bending—moment/curvature relations -- 3.2 Elastic theory of plate bending—governing equation -- 3.3 Circular plates—radial symmetry -- 3.4 Some simple solutions for circular plates -- 3.5 Simple solutions for problems in rectangular coordinates -- 3.6 Further separation of variable features—rectangular plates -- 3.7 Solution by finite differences -- 3.8 Some other aspects of plate theory -- 3.9 Stability of plates -- 3.10 Conclusions -- 4. Plastic Plates -- 4.0 Introduction -- A. Solid metal plates -- B. Reinforced concrete plates -- 5. Optimal Plates -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 Problem formulation -- 5.2 Constant curvature surfaces and principal directions -- 5.3 Basic results—corners -- 5.4 Some complete results -- 5.5 Moment volumes -- 5.6 Some theory -- 5.7 Conclusions -- 5.8 Exercises -- 6. Bibliography and Exercises -- 6.0 Bibliography -- 6.1 Exercises -- Appendix Geometry of Surfaces -- A.0 The need for geometry -- A.1 Geometry of a plane curve—curvature -- A.2 Length measurement on a surface—first fundamental form -- A.3 The normal to a surface -- A.4 Normal curvature—second fundamental form -- A.5 The derivatives of n—the Weingarten equations -- A.6 Directions on a surface -- A.7 The principal curvatures -- A.8 Principal directions -- A.9 Curvature and twist along the coordinate lines -- A.10 The curvature matrix -- A.11 The curvature circle -- A.12 Continuity requirements -- A.13 Special surfaces -- A.14 Summary—the geometrical quantities required for the construction of a plate theory.

Kurzfassung: Adding another volume, even if only a slim one, to the technical books already published requires some justification. Mine is, firstly, that plate theory is not well represented in the available elementary texts, and secondly that no existing text adequately covers modern applications. The present account is intended to be elementary (though this is a relative term) while still providing stimulation and worthwhile experience for the reader. Special features of interest will I hope be the treatment of geometry of surfaces and the attempts around the end of the work to speculate a little. The detailed treatment of geometry of surfaces has been placed in an appendix where it can readily be referred to by the reader. My interest in plate theory extends back many years to the energetic and stimulating discussions with my supervisor, Professor R. W. Tiffen, at Birkbeck College, London, and a debt to him remains. Interest was rekindled for me by Dr R. E. Melchers when I supervised him in Cambridge some ten years ago, and more recently my stay at Strathclyde University and encouragement and stimulation in the Civil Engineering Department led me to undertake the present work. The typescript was prepared by Ms Catherine Drummond and I thank her warmly for this and other assistance, always cheerfully offered. My thanks also to the publishers and the referees for useful comments and advice. P.G.L.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 2 Combinational logic -- Binary Inputs and Outputs -- Truth Tables; Boolean Notation -- Electronic Combinational Logic -- Propagation Delay -- Summary -- Problems for Chapter 2 -- Appendix to Chapter 2 -- 3 Sequential Logic -- Memory Devices: Flip-flops and Registers 59 General Properties of Sequential Circuits: -- Counters and Sequencers -- Design of Counters -- Summary -- Problems for Chapter 3 -- 4 Analogue/Digital Conversion -- Digital to Analogue Conversion -- Analogue to Digital Conversion -- Sample-and-hold Devices -- Multiplexers -- A Complete Analogue-to-digital Interface System -- Summary -- Problems for Chapter 4 -- 5 Digital Components and Systems -- A Simple Memory -- Random-access Memory (RAM) -- Read-only Memory (ROM) -- Introducing the Microprocessor -- A Microprocessor System Configuration -- Problems for Chapter 5 -- Appendix A -- Appendix B.

Kurzfassung: This book is an edited version of part of the teaching text used for the Open University's undergraduate course 'T283 Introductory Electronics', first presented in 1980. The original text was pro­ duced by a course team of nine authors and nine support staff. The team was also responsible for student experimental kits, television and radio programmes. The approach adopted by the course team was to try and teach, where possible, through specification of the problem rather than through discussion of the operation of a selection of available devices and components; since this leads more naturally to modem design strategies such as 'top-down'. The emphasis in the book on the solution of combinational and sequential logic problems by the truth tables and ROMs, rather than logic gates and mapping techniques, illustrates this approach. The book covers topics ranging from logic to microprocessor memory systems and is intended for students with a background in analogue electronics who wish to update their knowledge to include digital electronic systems. Chapter 2 introduces the basic ideas of combinational logic design; truth tables, ROMs, logic gates and Boolean algebra. Chapter 3 deals with sequential logic, and shows how one can design binary and decimal counters and use these to produce a system controller. Chapter 4 examines the system elements needed to interconnect analogue and digital systems.

Kurzfassung: 1 General Theory -- 2 Women’s Relationships with Women -- 3 Barriers between Women -- 4 Daughter-Mother Conflict -- 5 Related Issues -- 6 Lowering the Barriers -- References.

Kurzfassung: This book is an exploration of some of the psychological and so­ cial-psychological factors that have created barriers between women. Particular attention is paid to the daughter-mother relationship. The content is based on psychotherapy material, test results and conversations with patients and non-patients across a wide age span. I acquired the material in my various roles as a clinician, researcher and theorist-and, always, as a woman, with whatever special biases and special understandings that might involve. Because much of the book deals with the development of wom­ en's difficulties in relationships with other women, the emphasis will often be on how the growing daughter feels in her relationship with her mother. The mother's feelings will be discussed very little for two reasons: to limit the scope of this book and because much of what applies to the daughter also applies to the mother. It is often due to her own experiences as a daughter that the mother encounters difficulty in rearing her own daughter or feeling com­ fortable about her ability to do so. But it is important for the reader to keep in mind throughout the book that child-rearing is a frighten­ ing, difficult task at least part of the time for virtually every mother. In any long-term relationship, one begins to experience one's own needs, and it is simply human to wish that the other person in the relationship (even an infant or young child) would meet those needs.

Kurzfassung: I A Survey of the History of Drug-Use and Early Moves Towards International Control -- 1: Social and Cultural Aspects of Drug-Use and Historical Origins of the Use of Opium -- 2: International Action for the Control of Trade and Traffic in Drugs between 1909 and 1919 -- II International Action for the Control of Trade and Traffic in Drugs between 1920 and 1944 -- 3: The Organizational and Functional Framework as Devised by the League of Nations for the Purpose of Controlling the Manufacture of, and Trade and Traffic in, Drugs -- 4: An Examination of the Agreements and Conventions on Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs Concluded between 1920 and 1944 -- III The Structure and Methods of International Drug Control through the United Nations -- 5: The Organizational Framework of the United Nations in Relation to the Control of Drugs -- 6: An Examination of the Drug Protocols Concluded During the UN Period (Prior to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961) -- 7: An Examination of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 -- 8: Limitation on Cultivation -- 9: Limitation on the Production of Opium -- 10: Manufacture and Importation of Drugs: Limitation Thereof -- 11: Control of Illicit Trade and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs -- 12: An Examination of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 -- IV Contributions of Some of the Inter-Governmental and International Non-Governmental Organizations Concerned with the Eradication of Illicit Trade and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs -- 13: The Organization and Functions of Interpol and the Ingos in the Control of the Drug-Trade -- Conclusions -- League of Nations Documents -- United Nations Documents -- World Health Organization Technical Report Series -- Miscellaneous Documents -- Table of Cases -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: The need for suppressing the illicit traffic in drugs can hardly be over-emphasized. Yet, the licit uses of drugs, especially for medical and scientific needs, cannot be suppressed. Apparently, it is a ques­ tion of determining the vvorld requirements of drugs for such legiti­ mate uses, and of producing and manufacturing them accordingly. Owing to their multifarious medical uses in various parts of the world, it proves to be almost impossible to determine exactly the amount of drugs required for legitimate purposes. There is also the complicating factor that drugs are used for sociological and religious reasons, which have a long history. Not only arc the licit uses and legitimate amounts of drugs difficult to determine but also such difficulties give rise to illicit traffic in them. Yet, it is believed that a concerted international policy, coupled with national co-operation, on various facets of the related problems-namely, limitation of production and/or manufacture of drugs, restriction on cultivation of plants that may contribute to addiction-producing substances, training and rehabilitation of drug addicts, and efficient national administration-would help eradicate drug-abuse. In search of an appropriate remedy, this book has been devoted to a practical study of the problem and to exploring, in this area of international law, the relationship between the political and econ­ omic interests and the international economic order.

Kurzfassung: 1 Cell death: a new classification separating apoptosis from necrosis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Necrosis -- 1.3 Apoptosis -- 1.4 Validity of the classification -- 1.5 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 2 Cell death in embryogenesis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Limb development and cell death -- 2.3 Development of the nervous system -- 2.4 Differentiation of the reproductive system -- 2.5 Epithelial cell death during fusion of the secondary palate in mammalian development -- 2.6 Lysosomes and the control of embryonic cell death at the cellular level -- References -- 3 Cell death in metamorphosis Richard -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Amphibian metamorphosis -- 3.3 Metamorphosis in invertebrates -- 3.4 A model of cell death in metamorphosis -- 3.5 Cell death in metamorphosis: the future -- References -- 4 Tissue homeostasis and cell death -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Growth patterns -- 4.3 Organ growth control -- 4.4 Model systems — the thymus -- 4.5 Homeostasis in malignant tissue -- 5 Cell senescence and death in plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Examination of senescent and dying cells -- 5.3 Biochemical and cytochemical consideration -- 5.4 Possibile interpretations of the biochemical, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies -- 5.5 Mechanisms of cell senescence and death revisited -- 6 The tissue kinetics of cell loss -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The cell cycle -- 6.3 The organization of cell populations -- 6.4 The measurement of the kinetics of cell loss -- 6.5 Some examples involving the measurement of cell loss kinetics in normal tissues -- 6.6 The kinetics of cell loss in tumours -- 6.7 Tissue responses -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Cell death and the disease process. The role of calcium -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Stages of cell injury 209 7.2.1 Comments on the stages -- 7.3 Mechanisms of progression -- 7.4 The role of ion shifts in cell injury -- 7.5 Calcium and cell injury -- 7.6 Hypothesis -- 7.7 Summary 234 References -- 8 Cell death in vitro -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cell aging and death in vitro -- 8.3 Donor age versus cell doubling potential -- 8.4 Species lifespan versus cell doubling potential -- 8.5 The finite lifetime of normal cells transplanted in vivo -- 8.6 Population doublings in vivo -- 8.7 Organ clocks -- 8.8 Clonal variation -- 8.9 Irradiation, DNA repair and effects of visible light -- 8.10 Cytogenetic studies -- 8.11 Error accumulation -- 8.12 The proliferating pool -- 8.13 Efforts to increase population doubling potential -- 8.14 Phase III in cultured mouse fibroblasts -- 8.15 Phase III theories -- 8.16 Can cell death be normal? -- 8.17 Dividing, slowly dividing and non-dividing cells -- 8.18 Aging or differentiation? -- 8.19 Functional and biochemical changes that occur in cultured normal human cells -- 8.20 Immortal cells -- References -- 9 Nucleic acids in cell death -- 9.1 The basic problem -- 9.2 Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells -- 9.3 Nucleic acids in silk glands -- 9.4 Limitations of present data -- 9.5 Future developments 290 References -- 10 Mechanism(s) of action of nerve growth factor in intact and lethally injured sympathetic nerve cell in neonatal rodents -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historical survey -- 10.3 The salivary NGF: morphological and biochemical effects induced in its target cells -- 10.4 Dual access and mechanisms of action of NGF in its target cells -- 10.5 Destruction of immature sympathetic nerve cells by immunochemical, pharmacological and surgical procedures -- 10.6 Surgical axotomy -- 10.7 Protective effects of NGF against 6-OHDA, guanethidine, vinblastine, AS-NGF and surgical axotomy -- 10.8 Some considerations and concluding remarks -- References -- 11 Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocyte death -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Glucocorticoid receptors and metabolic effects in lymphocytes -- 11.3 Lethal effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocytes -- 11.4 Genetic analysis of glucocorticoid-induced cell death -- 11.5 Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced cell death -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The role of the LT system in cell destruction in vitro -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Molecular characteristics of the LT systems of cytotoxic effector molecules -- 12.3 Cellular processes involved in LT release by unstimulated (primary) and stimulated (secondary) human lymphocytes -- 12.4 Types of lytic reactions induced by lytic molecules of various weights in vitro -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Techniques for demonstrating cell death -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microscopical -- 13.3 Cytochemical and biochemical -- References -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: It is clear that lysosomal enzymes often play a role in the destruction of the cytoplasm, but very few authorities feel that they initiate the process (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5 -8, 12, 13). The cells show many forms of damage, and sometimes even complete destruction, before Iysosomes become a dominant part of the environ­ ment. What initiates the process is still unclear, although in several instances it appears that the death of a cell may arise from anyone of several pathways (Chapters, 10, II). It is rather interesting that evolution has chosen to achieve the same goal by different means. Apparently no one point is exceptionally or pre­ ferentially vulnerable, though a common pathway, such as permeability of the plasma membrane to calcium (Chapter 7), might currently be too subtle for routine identification. Factors which affect membrane stability and which induce mem­ brane bending can lead to blebing, cell fragmentation and death. Thus, more work on the changing chemistry of the plasma membrane in relation to environmental fluctuations would be welcomed. Space requirements and the major orientation of the book forced the exclusion of several very interesting topics: an evolutionary treatment of the advantages of cell death as a means of eliminating vestigial organs or embryonic scaffolding; or consider­ ation of the merits of body sculpting by cell death rather than cell growth.

Kurzfassung: 1 Serotonergic Receptors in the Central Nervous System -- 2 Histamine Receptors -- 3 Acetylcholine Receptors -- 4 Dopamine Receptors -- 5 Adrenergic Receptor Molecules.

Kurzfassung: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electro physiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Lead in the atmosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of lead in air -- 2.3 Concentrations of lead in ambient air -- 2.4 Particle size distributions -- 2.5 Chemical properties of atmospheric lead -- References -- 3 Lead in water 33 -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of lead in surface waters -- 3.3 Concentrations of lead in water -- 3.4 Chemistry of lead in water -- References -- 4 Lead in soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of lead in soil -- 4.3 Concentrations of lead in soil -- 4.4 Uptake of soil lead by living organisms -- 4.5 Chemistry of lead in soils -- 4.6 Lead in street dusts -- References -- 5 Control of lead in air -- 5.1 Industrial sources of lead -- 5.2 Control of industrial emissions of lead -- 5.3 Legislative regulations affecting industrial lead emissions -- 5.4 Control of lead emissions from motor vehicles -- 5.5 Ambient air quality standard for lead -- 5.6 Control of lead within the workplace -- References -- 6 Control of lead discharges to water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Water quality criteria and standards -- 6.3 Uniform emission standards versus water quality objectives -- 6.4 Control practices for lead discharges -- References -- 7 Human exposure to lead and its effects -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources and intake of lead -- 7.3 Uptake of lead -- 7.4 Metabolism of lead -- 7.5 Blood leads -- 7.6 Biological and adverse health effects of exposure to lead -- References -- 8 Chemical analysis of lead in the environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemical analysis of lead: available techniques -- 8.3 Sampling and analysis of environmental media -- 8.4 Contamination during lead analysis -- References -- Index 166.

Kurzfassung: At the time of writing, the topic of lead pollution is the subject of an intense and sometimes heated debate. The argument centres upon possible adverse health effects arising from exposure of children to current environmental levels of lead. Such arguments now appear little closer to resolution than they did five years ago, although the development of ever more sophisticated biochemical and epidemiological techniques may eventually provide an answer. Over the past five to ten years, as the general public has become aware of the lead issue, pressure has been put upon governments to limit emissions of lead, and hence limit or reduce the exposure of the population to the metal. Govern­ ments and governmental agencies have responded in several ways, varying between those who prefer to take little or no action on the basis that they see no cause for concern, and those who have taken firm action after concluding that the scientific and medical evidence warrants this approach. Any effective control strategy for lead requires knowledge of the sources of environmental exposure and an understanding of the pathways of this metal in the environment. This book aims to provide such information and to explain the methods available for limiting emissions of lead from the most important sources. To put this information in context a chapter on the routes of human exposure to lead and the health effects is included.

Kurzfassung: Relations between Church and State in Britain and the Netherlands: an Introductory Essay -- 1 The State and Development of Protestantism in English Towns, 1520–1603 -- 2 Building Heaven in Hell’s Despite: The Early History of the Reformation in the Towns of the Low Countries by -- 3 The Family of Love (Huis der Liefde) and the Dutch Revolt -- 4 Arminianism and English Culture -- 5 Calvinism and National Consciousness: the Dutch Republic as the New Israel -- 6 Contrasting and Converging Patterns: Relations between Church and State in Western Europe, 1660–1715 by -- 7 The Authority of the Dutch State over the Churches, 1795–1853 -- 8 ‘Bridled Emotion’: English Free Churchmen, Culture and Catholic Values, c. 1870 to c. 1945 -- 9 ‘Verzuiling’: A Confessional Road to Secularization. Emancipation and the Decline of Political Catholicism, 1920–1970 -- 10 ‘A Protestant Parliament and a Protestant State’: Regional Government and Religious Discrimination in Northern Ireland, 1921–1939.

Kurzfassung: The theme chosen for the seventh conference of Dutch and British historians - relations between Church and State in the two countries since the Reformation - cannot pretend to any originality. A subject so germane to the history of Europe, and indeed of those parts of the world colonized by Europeans and evangelized by the Christian churches, has naturally attracted the attention of numerous scholars. The particular attraction of this study of the action and reaction of Church and State in Britain and the Netherlands lies in the scope it offers historians and political scientists for making comparisons be­ tween two states, both of which endorsed the Protestant Reformation while rejecting absolutism. But the dissimilarities are quite as striking. In the Netherlands the Reformed Church came to hold a curiously equivocal position, being neither an established Church in the English sense nor an independent sect. Yet even after the formal separation of Church and State in 1796 and the rise to political prominence of Dutch Catholicism, ties of sentiment continued to link the Dutch nation and the Reformed Church for some time to come. Within England the Anglican Church maintained its constitutional standing as the established Church and its social position as the Church of the 'Establishment', though it had to recognize a non-episcopal estab­ lished Church of Scotland and accept its disestablishment in Ireland and Wales.

Kurzfassung: Consciousness -- ?) The ego §413 -- ß) Subjective idealism § 415 -- A. Consciousness as such -- B. Self-consciousness § 424 -- C. Reason §438 -- Notes -- Index to the Text -- Index to the Introduction and Notes.

Kurzfassung: Popular sovereignty at the beginning of the Dutch Ancien Régime -- Union and religion -- Between unity and independence: the application of the Union as a fundamental law -- Shipping profits in the early modern period -- Dutch capital in the West Indies during the eighteenth century -- The Belgian textile industry on new roads through the adoption of a new mental attitude -- The miners’ general strike in the Dutch province of Limburg (21 June–2 July 1917) -- The Labour Plan and the Social Democratic Workers’ Party -- Survey of recent historical works on Belgium and the Netherlands published in Dutch -- The Authors.

Kurzfassung: 1. International maritime organizations -- Baltic and International Maritime Conference -- Danube Commission -- Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization -- International Association of Independent Tanker Owners -- International Association of Lighthouse Authorities -- International Association of Ports and Harbours -- International Chamber of Shipping -- International Federation of Shipmasters’ Associations -- International Maritime Committee -- International Maritime Pilots Association -- International Maritime Satellite Organization -- International Shipowners’ Association -- International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, Ltd -- International Union of Marine Insurance -- Latin America Shipowners’ Association -- Oil Companies International Marine Forum -- Permanent International Association on Navigation Congresses -- 2. International fisheries organizations -- General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean -- Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council -- International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission -- International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas -- International Commission for the Southeast Atlantic Fisheries -- International Whaling Commission -- Joint Commission on the Fisheries in the Black Sea -- Joint Commission of the Socialist Countries on Cooperation in the Field of Fisheries -- Joint Danube Fishery Commission -- North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission -- North Pacific Fur Seal Commission -- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization -- 3. International organizations concerned with marine sciences -- Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources -- European Oceanic Association -- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission -- International Association for Biological Oceanography -- International Association of the Physical Sciences of the Ocean -- International Cartographic Association -- International Commission for Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean -- International Council for the Exploration of the Sea -- International Hydrographic Organization -- International Ocean Institute -- International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics -- International Union of Geological Sciences -- North Sea Hydrographic Commission -- Pacific Science Association -- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research -- Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research -- World Data Centers (Oceanography) -- World Meteorological Organization -- World Underwater Federation -- List of abbreviations.

Kurzfassung: In the last few years, the quantity of books and papers on the political, economic and legal problems of the exploration and use of the sea and marine resources has considerably increased. But the status and activities of intern a­ tional organizations related to maritime shipping, fisheries, scientific research in the World Ocean and the protection of the marine environment have not yet, as a whole, been represented in the scientific and reference literature. It would be fair, though, to mention that some general information on marine international organizations may be found in the Yearbook of International Organizations, Brussels, 1979; in Annotated Acronyms and Abbreviations of Marine Science Related International Organizations, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1976; and in the UN Annotated Directory ofIntergovernmental Organizations Concerned with Ocean Affairs, 1976. Voluminous informa­ tion on organizations engaged in problems of the exploration and use ofthe sea is given in International Marine Organizations by the well-known Polish scientists Lopuski and Symonides, 1978. Meanwhile the increasing volume of practical work related to the participa­ tion of governmental and scientific bodies as well as individual scientists and specialists in these organizations, the necessity of long-term planning in this field, and the perspectives of the development of these organizations, make necessary a special publication depicting the structure and many-sided activi­ ties of such international bodies. This book is the first one in which the most complete information on the main marine international organizations is presented.

Kurzfassung: 1. Differentiable Functions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Linear part of a function -- 1.3 Vector viewpoint -- 1.4 Directional derivative -- 1.5 Tangent plane to a surface -- 1.6 Vector functions -- 1.7 Functions of functions -- 2. Chain Rule and Inverse Function Theorem -- 2.1 Norms -- 2.2 Fréchet derivatives -- 2.3 Chain rule -- 2.4 Inverse function theorem -- 2.5 Implicit functions -- 2.6 Functional dependence -- 2.7 Higher derivatives -- 3. Maxima and Minima -- 3.1 Extrema and stationary points -- 3.2 Constrained minima and Lagrange multipliers -- 3.3 Discriminating constrained stationary points -- 3.4 Inequality constraints -- 3.5 Discriminating maxima and minima with inequality constraints 62 Further reading -- 4. Integrating Functions of Several Variables -- 4.1 Basic ideas of integration -- 4.2 Double integrals -- 4.3 Length, area and volume -- 4.4 Integrals over curves and surfaces -- 4.5 Differential forms -- 4.6 Stokes’s theorem -- Further reading -- Appendices -- A. Background required in linear algebra and elementary calculus -- B. Compact sets, continuous functions and partitions of unity -- C. Answers to selected exercises -- Index (including table of some special symbols).

Kurzfassung: This book is aimed at mathematics students, typically in the second year of a university course. The first chapter, however, is suitable for first-year students. Differentiable functions are treated initially from the standpoint of approximating a curved surface locally by a fiat surface. This enables both geometric intuition, and some elementary matrix algebra, to be put to effective use. In Chapter 2, the required theorems - chain rule, inverse and implicit function theorems, etc- are stated, and proved (for n variables), concisely and rigorously. Chapter 3 deals with maxima and minima, including problems with equality and inequality constraints. The chapter includes criteria for discriminating between maxima, minima and saddlepoints for constrained problems; this material is relevant for applications, but most textbooks omit it. In Chapter 4, integration over areas, volumes, curves and surfaces is developed, and both the change-of-variable formula, and the Gauss-Green-Stokes set of theorems are obtained. The integrals are defined with approximative sums (ex­ pressed concisely by using step-functions); this preserves some geometrical (and physical) concept of what is happening. Consequent on this, the main ideas of the 'differential form' approach are presented, in a simple form which avoids much of the usual length and complexity. Many examples and exercises are included.

Kurzfassung: 1 The Language of Mathematics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Priority rules for operators -- 1.3 The summation sign -- 1.4 Functions -- 1.5 Constants, variables and parameters -- 1.6 Dimensional analysis -- 1.7 Plotting graphs -- 1.8 Precision -- 1.9 Problems -- 2 Exponents and Logarithms -- 2.1 Integer powers -- 2.2 Fractional exponents -- 2.3 Addition and subtraction of exponents -- 2.4 Logarithms -- 2.5 Common logarithms -- 2.6 Negative numbers have no logarithms -- 2.7 Natural logarithms -- 2.8 Logarithms to base 2 -- 2.9 Exponential decay -- 2.10 Logarithms as a method of scaling -- 2.11 Products of equilibrium constants -- 2.12 Logarithms of dimensioned quantities? -- 2.13 Redox potentials -- 2.14 Dependence of redox potentials on pH -- 2.15 Problems -- 3 Differential Calculus -- 3.1 Co-ordinate geometry -- 3.2 Slope of a curve -- 3.3 Rapid differentiation -- 3.4 Derivatives of sums and products -- 3.5 Derivative of a ‘function of a function’ -- 3.6 Derivative of a ratio -- 3.7 Higher derivatives -- 3.8 Notation -- 3.9 Maxima and minima -- 3.10 A note on terminology -- 3.11 Points of inflexion -- 3.12 Sketching curves -- 3.13 Problems -- 4 Integral Calculus -- 4.1 Increases in area -- 4.2 Definite and indefinite integrals -- 4.3 Simple integrals -- 4.4 Integral of 1/x -- 4.5 Differential equations -- 4.6 Numerical integration: evaluating the area under a curve -- 4.7 Problems -- 5 Solving Equations -- 5.1 Linear equations in one unknown -- 5.2 Rearranging equations -- 5.3 Simultaneous linear equations -- 5.4 Determinants -- 5.5 Quadratic equations -- 5.6 Graphical solution of equations -- 5.7 Newton’s method -- 5.8 Approximate methods -- 5.9 Problems -- 6 Partial Differentiation -- 6.1 Meaning of a partial derivative -- 6.2 Exact and inexact differentials -- 6.3 Least-squares fitting of the Michaelis—Menten equation -- 6.4 Problems -- Notes and Solutions to Problems.

Kurzfassung: Some teachers of biochemistry think it positively beneficial for students to struggle with difficult mathematics. I do not number myself among these people, although I have derived much personal pleasure from the study of mathematics and from applying it to problems that interest me in biochemistry. On the contrary, I think that students choose courses in biochemistry out of interest in biochemistry and that they should not be encumbered with more mathematics than is absolutely required for a proper understanding of biochemistry. This of course includes physical chemistry, because a biochemist ignorant of physical chemistry is no biochemist. I have been guided by these beliefs in writing this book. I have laid heavy emphasis on those topics, such as the use of logarithms, that play an important role in biochemistry and often cause problems in teaching; I have ignored others, such as trigonometry, that one can manage without. The proper treatment of statistics has been more difficult to decide. Although it clearly plays an important part in all experi­ mental sciences, it is usually preferable to treat it as a subject in its own right and not to try to incorporate it into a course of elementary mathematics. In this book, therefore, I have used a few examples from statistics to illustrate more general points, but I have not discussed it for its own sake.

Kurzfassung: 1. The Systems Approach in Biochemistry -- 2. Syllabi Construction, Curriculum Content and Relevance in Medical Biochemistry -- 3. A Case-oriented Approach: Design, Implementation and Results -- 4. Innovations in the Teaching of Medical Biochemistry -- 5. The Uses and Abuses of Assessment in Biochemistry Education -- 6. Simulation and Gaming in Biochemistry -- 7. Learning in Small Groups -- 8. The Use of Print in Improving Learning -- 9. Computer-based Learning in Biochemistry -- Notes on Contributors.

Kurzfassung: The purpose of the present text is to distil the experience of a number of workers active in the field of biochemical education, so providing readable accounts which, it is hoped, will be of significant benefit to those who are new to the teaching profession in addition to those who may be stimulated to experiment with alternative strategies in their own teaching situation. From the various contributions considered in this book, each topic, in its widest sense, would warrant at least a volume on its own and indeed such texts are currently available. However, it was felt more appropriate to restrict the coverage to those aspects which are of particular use to the subject of biochemistry and, for which, work in this area has already achieved some measure of success. In effect what each of us is doing is supplying findings from a body of knowledge collectively called educational technology. Without entering the debate on the semantics of what educational technology is or is not, it doesn't take long to realise that, like the vast majority of subject areas, it has its own unique terminologies and vocabulary. Whilst it is inevitable that such terms will appear throughout the text, hopefully all will be explained on first use and so it is not envisaged that this will be too distractive to the reader.

Kurzfassung: 1 Basic Issues in Setting Priorities for Science and Technology Policy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The need for government involvement in science and technology and therefore priorities -- 1.3 Goals and variables to be taken into account in science policy -- 1.4 Goals for technology policy -- 1.5 Centralization vs decentralization, comprehensiveness and the specification of priorities -- 1.6 Forecasting and priorities -- 1.7 Critical views about the role of science and technology in economic development -- 1.8 Critical views of government support for science and technology -- Notes and references -- 2 Science Policy Options and Priorities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Education and the stock of knowledge -- 2.3 Research and development — general issues -- 2.4 Science and industrial policy -- 2.5 Import of science vs its local supply -- 2.6 Science and social policy -- 2.7 Research for defence and big science -- 2.8 Basic vs applied vs developmental science -- 2.9 Concentration and dispersion of R & D effort -- 2.10 Performers of R & D -- 2.11 Service science -- 2.12 Science and international affairs -- 2.13 Some concluding comments -- Notes and references -- 3 T echnology Policy: Options and Priorities -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Links between science and technology and technology sequences -- 3.3 Inventions -- 3.4 Innovations -- 3.5 Diffusion of new technology -- 3.6 Replacement of equipment -- 3.7 Domestic technology transfer -- 3.8 International transfers of technology -- 3.9 Environmental overspills and technology -- 3.10 Employment problems and other social aspects of technology -- 3.11 Observations -- Notes and references -- 4 Science and Technology Policy in Large OECD Economies -- 4.1 Introduction and background data -- 4.2 Articulation and administration of priorities in West Germany -- 4.3 Selected features of German Science and Technology priorities -- 4.4 Articulation and administration of priorities in Japan -- 4.5 Selected features of Japanese science and technology priorities -- 4.6 Articulation and administration of priorities in the United Kingdom -- 4.7 Selected features of United Kingdom science and technology priorities -- 4.8 Articulation and administration of priorities in the United States -- 4.9 Selected features of American science and technology priorities -- 4.10 Some observations -- Notes and references -- 5 Science and Technology Policies of Small OECD Economies -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Articulation and administration of priorities in Belgium -- 5.3 Selected features of Belgian science and technology priorities -- 5.4 Articulation and administration of priorities in Canada -- 5.5 Selected features of Canadian science and technology priorities -- 5.6 Articulation and administration of priorities in the Netherlands -- 5.7 Selected features of Dutch science and technology priorities -- 5.8 Articulation and administration of priorities in Sweden -- 5.9 Selected features of Swedish science and technology priorities -- 5.10 Articulation and administration of priorities in Switzerland -- 5.11 Selected features of Swiss science and technology priorities -- 5.12 Some observations -- Notes and references -- 6 Retrospect and Prospect -- 6.1 The increased emphasis on priority assessment in science and technology policy -- 6.2 Macro approaches to taking account of science and technology priorities -- 6.3 Efficiency and science and technology priorities within sectors -- 6.4 Changing science and technology priorities -- 6.5 Why the trend towards co-ordination and explicit priorities in science and technology policy? Fundamental reasons -- 6.6 Problems inherent in the basic trend -- 6.7 Problems inherent in observed government priorities -- 6.8 In conclusion -- Notes and references.

Kurzfassung: I was asked recently to prepare an independent background report on the subject of priority assessment in science and technology policy for the Australian Science and Technology Council. The Council (while not necessarily endorsing this book) suggested that a wider audience could be interested in the type of material contained in my report and kindly gave me permission to publish the material in my own right. The present book contains this and other material, some of which was presented at a seminar on National Science Policy: Implications for Government Departments arranged by the Department of Science and the Environment. Additional ideas were developed in response to comments on the manuscript by referees, as a result of discussions with Professor John Metcalfe and Dr Peter Stubbs of Manchester University, a conversation with Dr Keith Hartley of the University of York and in the wake of a communication from Dr Ken Tucker, Assistant Director, Bureau of Industry Economics, Australia. Science and technology policy affects and concerns everyone of us if for no other reason than we cannot escape in this interdependent world from the economic, social and environmental overs pills generated by science and technology. We must face the problems and promises inherent in new and existing science and technology whether we like it or not. Not surprisingly this book finds that all industrialized countries seem to be facing similar economic and social problems.

Kurzfassung: 1 History of Food Laws in the United States -- 2 The Setting for Food Regulatory Programs -- 3 The Legal System in the United States Government -- 4 Establishing a Legal Basis for Food Regulatory Programs -- 5 The Enactment of Federal Legislation -- 6 Publication, Documentation and Codification of Federal Legislation -- 7 Regulations -- 8 Publication of Federal Regulations -- 9 How to Use the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Register -- 10 Regulatory Agencies -- 11 Food Standards -- 12 Product Liability -- 13 Current Federal Food Laws -- 14 Selected Laws Relating to Operation of the Federal Government -- 15 United States Grain Standards Act of 1976 -- 16 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act -- 17 United States Warehouse Act -- 18 Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930 -- 19 Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 -- 20 Animal Welfare Act -- 21 Federal Trade Commission Act -- 22 Fair Packaging and Labeling Act -- 23 Tea Importation Act -- 24 Filled Milk Act -- 25 Import Milk Act -- 26 Butter Act -- 27 Dry Milk Solids Act -- 28 Federal Meat Inspection Act -- 29 Poultry Products Inspection Act -- 30 Egg Products Inspection Act -- 31 Federal Alcohol Administration Act and the Internal Revenue Code—Alcohol Excise Taxes -- 32 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 -- 33 Clean Water Act of 1977 -- 34 Public Health Service Act: Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance; Grade A Condensed and Dry Milk Products Sanitation Ordinance; Safe Drinking Water Act -- 35 Environmental Law: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969; Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 Clean Air Act Noise Control Act of 1972 -- 36 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: The Extent of Its Intent -- 37 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 301, 321, 321a, 321b and 321c: Short Title and Definitions -- 38 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 331–337: Prohibited Acts and Penalties -- 39 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 341: Definitions and Standards for Foods -- 40 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 342: Adulterated Food -- 41 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 343: Misbranded Food -- 42 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 344 and 345: Emergency Permit Control; Regulations Making Exemptions -- 43 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 346: Tolerances for Poisonous and Deleterious Substances in Food -- 44 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 346a and 346b: Tolerances for Pesticide Chemicals in or on Raw Agricultural Commodities; Authorization of Appropriations -- 45 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 347, 347a and 347b: Oleomargarine -- 46 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 348: Food Additives -- 47 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 349, 350 and 350a: Bottled Drinking Water Standards; Vitamins and Minerals; Infant Formulas -- 48 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 371–375: Regulations, Hearings and Other Administrative Provisions; Seafood Inspection -- 49 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Section 376: Listing and Certification of Color Additives for Foods, Drugs, Devices and Cosmetics -- 50 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 377–379: Advertising of Foods; Confidential Information -- 51 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act—Sections 381, 391 and 392: Imports and Exports; Miscellaneous -- Appendix A—Action Levels for Poisonous or Deleterious Substances -- Appendix B—Defect Action Levels -- Appendix C—List of General Food Categories -- Laws Cited.

Kurzfassung: Of all industries in the United States, the food industry must in fact be the most regulated by law. If it is not, its competition for this distinction goes unnoticed. All phases of the food industry are subjected to some control by law, beginning with the land food is grown on and the oceans from which it is harvested. Seed and plant stock are sometimes subjected to control such as to the nutritional value of the foods they produce. Acreages of agricultural crops, the quantities of foods to be produced, are regulated. As foods are produced, whether from plants or animals, the substances applied to increase yields or provide protection from pests are controlled to insure safe use. As foods enter and pass through the huge marketing system they are scrutinized from beginning to end by regulatory agents operating under authority of food laws. Those foods which are transformed through various technologies into today's thousands of consumer products are watched carefully to insure the appropriateness and safety of added ingredients, not all of which are natural, and the adequacy of processing, packaging and storage. Finally, the representation of foods to consumers through labeling and advertising is controlled to make sure it is accurate and sufficiently informative.

Kurzfassung: Table des Matieres -- Articles -- A Year of Achievement -- Pouvoirs Limites Mais Influence Reelle D’un Organe Consultatif: L’assemblee Parlementaire du Conseil de L’europe -- “And Now We are One”: The First Year of the European Parliament -- La Fondation Europeenne de la Science -- Section Documentaire -- Tableau des Membres des Organisations Europeennes, 1979 -- Chapitre I — Commission Centrale Pour La Navigation Du Rhin -- Chapitre II — Union Economique Benelux -- Chapitre III — Union de L’europe Occidentale -- Chapitre IV — Organisation de Cooperation et de Developpement Economiques -- Chapitre V — Conseil de L’europe -- Chapitre VI — Commission Internationale de L’etat Civil -- Chapitre VII — Les Communautes Europeennes -- Chapitre VIII — Conseil Nordique et Conseil Ministeriel Nordique -- Chapitre IX — Conference Europeenne des Ministres des Transports -- Chapitre X — Organisation Europeenne Pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) -- Chapitre XI — Commission Europeenne de L’aviation Civile -- Chapitre XII — Conference Europeenne des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications -- Chapitre XIII — Association Europeenne de Libre-Echange -- Chapitre XIV — Agence Spatiale Europeenne -- Chapitre XV — Organisation Europeenne Pour la Securite de la Navigation Aerienne (Eurocontrol) -- Articles -- A Year of Achievement -- Pouvoirs Limites Mais Influence Reelle D’un Organe Consultatif: L’assemblee Parlementaire du Conseil de L’europe -- “And Now We are One”: The First Year of the European Parliament -- La Fondation Europeenne de la Science -- Documentary Section -- Table of Members of European Organisations, 1979 -- I — Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine -- II — Benelux Economic Union (in French only) -- III — Western European Union -- IV — Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development -- V — Council of Europe -- VI — International Commission on Civil Status -- VII — European Communities -- VIII — Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers -- IX — European Conference of ministers of Transport -- X — European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) -- XI — European Civil Aviation Conference -- XII — European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations -- XIII — European Free Trade Association -- XIV — European Space Agency -- XV — European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) -- Section Bibliographique / Bibliographical Section -- I. Livres sur la Cooperation Europeenne / I. Books on European Co-Operation -- II. Bibliographie Selective des Articles de Periodiques et des Brochures 1979 / II. Selected Bibliography of Periodical and Pamphlet Material 1979 -- A. Cooperation Europeenne en General / A. European Co-Operation in General -- B. Cooperation Economique / B. Economic Co-Operation -- C. Conseil de L’europe / C. Council of Europe -- D. Communautes Europeennes / D. European Communities -- E. Questions de Defense / E. Defence Questions -- Table des Noms / Listofnames -- Index Alphabetique / Alphabetical Index -- General Index.

Kurzfassung: 1 Wine and the History of Western Civilization -- 2 The Winery and the Laboratory -- 3 Grapes, Juice and Must Quality Control -- 4 Quality Control During Primary Fermentation -- 5 Quality Control During Aging, Clarification and Stabilization -- 6 Quality Control During Bottling and Warehousing -- 7 Dessert and Aperitif Wine Quality Control -- 8 Sparkling Wine Quality Control -- 9 Microbiological Analysis in the Small Winery Laboratory -- 10 ATF and Supplemental Recordkeeping -- Appendix A: Analytical Methods and Procedures in the Small Winery Laboratory -- Appendix B: Charts and Tables -- Appendix C: Conversion Tables.

Kurzfassung: The very first winemaster may have been a cave man who discovered the magic of fermentation by tasting the result of some crushed grapes having been left inadvertently for a few days. Wine will, literally, make itself. In simplest terms, yeast cells will collect on the outside of grape skins in the form of bloom and, when exposed to the natural sweetness inside the fruit, fermentation of the sugar into carbon dioxide gas and ethyl alcohol will commence. During the millenia that have transpired since the cave man, the state of the art has evolved into five generally accepted categories of classification. Table wines are usually dry (made with no appreciable amount of fer­ mentable sugar remaining) or nearly so, and contain less than 14% alcohol by volume. They can be white, pink or red and are the result of uncompli­ cated processes of fermentation, clarification, stabilization, aging and bot­ tling. The term table wine suggests the use for which these wines are intended-at the table with food. The overwhelming majority of the wine produced in the world is in this category. Table wines range from the obscure and ordinary to the most expensive classics known to man.

Kurzfassung: Military Obligations in Mediaeval Holland. The Burden of the Host -- Warfare and the Countryside: Social and Economic Aspects of the Military Destruction in Flanders during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period -- The National Synod of Dordrecht, 1578, and the Position of the Walloon Churches -- Times of Dearth and Famines in Pre-Industrial Netherlands -- Auctions at Amsterdam of Northern European Pinewood, 1717–1808: A Contribution to the History of Prices in the Netherlands -- Changes in the Belgian Elite in 1830 — A Provisional Study -- A Reconsideration of the Origins of the Agricultural Cooperative -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Kurzfassung: 1 Some properties of basic statistical procedures -- 1.1 Problems of statistics -- 1.2 The t, X2 and F procedures -- 1.3 Standard assumptions and their plausibility -- 1.4 Tests of normality -- 1.5 Moments of $$\bar{x}$$ and s2 -- 1.6 The effect of skewness and kurtosis on the t-test -- 1.7 The effect of skewness and kurtosis on inferences about variances -- 1.8 The effect of serial correlation -- 1.9 The effect of unequal variances on the two-sample t-test -- 1.10 Discussion -- Further reading -- 2 Regression and the linear model -- 2.1 Linear models -- 2.2 The method of least squares -- 2.3 Properties of the estimators and sums of squares -- 2.4 Further analysis of Example 2.1 -- 2.5 The regressions of y on x and of x on y -- 2.6 Two regressor variables -- 2.7 Discussion -- 3 Statistical models and statistical inference -- 3.1 Parametric inference -- 3.2 Point estimates -- 3.3 The likelihood function -- 3.4 The method of maximum likelihood -- 3.5 The Cramér — Rao inequality -- 3.6 Sufficiency -- 3.7 The multivariate normal distribution -- 3.8 Proof of the Cramér — Rao inequality -- Further reading -- 4 Properties of the method of maximum likelihood -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Formal statements of main properties -- 4.3 Practical aspects — one-parameter case -- 4.4 Practical aspects — multiparameter case -- 4.5 Other methods of estimation -- 5 The method of least squares -- 5.1 Basic model -- 5.2 Properties of the method -- 5.3 Properties of residuals -- 5.4 Properties of sums of squares -- 5.5 Application to multiple regression -- Further reading -- 6 Multiple regression: Further analysis and interpretation -- 6.1 Testing the significance of subsets of explanatory variables -- 6.2 Application of the extra sum-of-squares principle to multiple regression -- 6.3 Problems of interpretation -- 6.4 Relationships between sums of squares -- 6.5 Departures from assumptions -- 6.6 Predictions from regression -- 6.7 Strategies for multiple regression analysis -- 6.8 Practical details -- Further reading on practical points -- 7 Polynomial regression -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General theory -- 7.3 Derivation of the polynomials -- 7.4 Tables of orthogonal polynomials -- 7.5 An illustrative example -- 8 The use of transformations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 One explanatory variable -- 8.3 Transformations for homogeneity of variance -- 8.4 An example -- 8.5 The Box—Cox transformation -- 8.6 Transformations of regressor variables -- 8.7 Application to bioassay data -- Further reading -- 9 Correlation -- 9.1 Definition and examples -- 9.2 Correlation or regression? -- 9.3 Estimation of ? -- 9.4 Results on the distribution of R -- 9.5 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests for ? -- 9.6 Relationship with regression -- 9.7 Partial correlation -- 9.8 The multiple correlation coefficient -- Further reading -- 10 The analysis of variance -- 10.1 An example -- 10.2 Generalized inverses -- 10.3 Least squares using generalized inverses -- 10.4 One-way classification analysis of variance -- 10.5 A discussion of Example 10.1 -- 10.6 Two-way classification -- 10.7 A discussion of Example 10.2 -- 10.8 General method for analysis of variance -- Further reading -- 11 Designs with regressions in the treatment effects -- 11.1 One-way analysis -- 11.2 Parallel regressions -- 11.3 The two-way analysis -- 12 An analysis of data on trees -- 12.1 The data -- 12.2 Regression analyses -- 12.3 The analysis of covariance -- 12.4 Residuals -- 13 The analysis of variance: Subsidiary analyses -- 13.1 Multiple comparisons: Introduction -- 13.2 Multiple comparisons: Various techniques -- 13.3 Departures from underlying assumptions -- 13.4 Tests for heteroscedasticity -- 13.5 Residuals and outliers -- 13.6 Some points of experimental design: General points -- 13.7 Some points of experimental design: Randomized blocks -- Further reading on experimental design -- 14 Components of variance -- 14.1 Components of variance -- 14.2 Components of variance: Follow-up analysis -- 14.3 Nested classifications -- 14.4 Outline analysis of Example 14.3 -- 14.5 Nested classifications: Finite population model -- 14.6 Sampling from finite populations -- 14.7 Nested classifications with unequal numbers -- Further reading -- 15 Crossed classifications -- 15.1 Crossed classifications and interactions -- 15.2 More about interactions -- 15.3 Analysis of a two-way equally replicated design -- 15.4 An analysis of Example 15.1 -- 15.5 Unit errors -- 15.6 Random-effects models -- 15.7 Analysis of a two-way unequally replicated design -- Further reading -- 16 Further analysis of variance -- 16.1 Three-way crossed classification -- 16.2 An analysis of Example 16.1 -- Further reading -- 17 The generalized linear model -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The maximum likelihood ratio test -- 17.3 The family of probability distributions permitted -- 17.4 The generalized linear model -- 17.5 The analysis of deviance -- 17.6 Illustration using the radiation experiment data -- Further reading -- References.

Kurzfassung: This book began many years ago as course notes for students at the University of Bath, and later at the University of Kent. Students used draft versions of the chapters, which were consequently revised. Second and third year students, as well as those taking MSc courses have used selections of the chapters. In particular, Chapters I to 7 (only) have been the basis of a very successful second-year course, the more difficult sections being omitted. The aims of this particular course were:- (a) to cover some interesting and useful applications of statistics with an emphasis on applications, but with really adequate theory; (b) to lay the foundations for interesting third-year courses; (c) to tie up with certain areas of pure mathematics and numerical analysis. 2 Students will find Chapter I a useful means of revising the t, X and F procedures, which is material assumed in this text, see Section 1.1. Later sections of Chapter I cover robustness and can be omitted by second-year students or at a first reading. Chapter 2 introduces some simple statistical models, so that the discussion of later chapters is more meaningful.

Kurzfassung: 1. Frontiers Between Theory and Industrial Practice in Vinyl Acetate Polymerizations -- 2. The Polymerization of Aqueous Solutions of Vinyl Acetate -- 3. Effects of Particle Number and Initiator Level on the Kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerizations -- 4. Synthesis Kinetics and Characterization of Poly(Vinyl Acetate)- Molecular Weight and Long Chain Branching Development -- 5. Some Surface Chemical Effects on the Capture of Free Radicals-A Kinetic Parameter Analysis of the LPS Model -- 6. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (I)- The Rate of Polymerization -- 7. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (II)-The Induced Decomposition of Initiator -- 8. The Reinvestigation of Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization (III)-Isotope Effect -- 9. The Radiation Induced Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate -- 10. The Stabilization of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Latexes by Polymethacrylic Acid -- 11. Particularities of Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate in the Presence of Hydroxyethylcellulose -- 12. Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Vinyl Acetate- Butyl Acrylate Copolymer Latexes -- 13. Some Studies on Vinyl Acrylic Latex-Surfactant Interactions.

Kurzfassung: It is particularly appropriate that this symposium on the emulsion polymeriza­ tion of vinyl acetate was held in recognition of the industrial importance of poly(vinyl acetate) and vinyl acetate copolymers, and their rather unique properties among emulsion polymers in general. Poly( vinyl acetate) latexes were the first synthetic polymer latexes to be made on a commercial scale: their production using polyvinyl alcohol as emulsifier began in Germany during the mid-1930s and has continued to the present day, growing steadily with the years. Indeed, poly(vinyl acetate) latexes prepared with polyvinyl alcohol are still one of the mainstays of the adhesives industry. With the passing of time, however, vinyl acetate copolymers have been developed: copolymers with maleate esters such as dibutyl maleate, acrylate esters such as ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate, versatic acid esters, and, more recently, ethylene. These versatile copolymers have found increasing use in more sophisticated adhesives with specialized properties, adhesives for clay coatings on paper, carpet backing, and interior and exterior paints. Thus more than 45 years after the first commercial production of vinyl acetate latexes, their use is still growing, both in actual quantities and different applications. The industrial importance of vinyl acetate latexes makes the mechanism and kinetics of their emulsion polymerization of practical as well as scientific interest.

Kurzfassung: One: Preliminary Essays -- I. The aesthetic structure of waka -- II. The metaphysical background of the theory of Noh: an analysis of Zeami’s ‘Nine Stages’ -- III. The Way of tea: an art of spatial awareness -- IV. Haiku: an existential event -- Two: Texts, translated by Toshihiko and Toyo Izutsu -- I. Maigetsush? -- II. The Nine Stages -- III. ‘The Process of Training in the Nine Stages’ (Appendix to ‘The Nine Stages’) -- IV. Observations on the Disciplinary Way of Noh -- V. ollecting Gems and Obtaining Flowers -- VI. Record of Nanb? -- VII. The Red Booklet.

Kurzfassung: The Japanese sense of beauty as actualized in innumerable works of art, both linguistic and non-linguistic, has often been spoken of as something strange to, and remote from, the Western taste. It is, in fact, so radically different from what in the West is ordinarily associated with aesthetic experience that it even tends to give an impression of being mysterious, enigmatic or esoteric. This state of affairs comes from the fact that there is a peculiar kind of metaphysics, based on a realization of the simultaneous semantic articulation of consciousness and the external reality, dominating the whole functional domain of the Japanese sense of beauty, without an understanding of which the so-called 'mystery' of Japanese aesthetics would remain incomprehensible. The present work primarily purports to clarify the keynotes of the artistic experiences that are typical of Japanese culture, in terms of a special philosophical structure underlying them. It consists of two main parts: (1) Preliminary Essays, in which the major philosophical ideas relating to beauty will be given a theoretical elucidation, and (2) a selection of Classical Texts representative of Japanese aesthetics in widely divergent fields of linguistic and extra-linguistic art such as the theories of waka-poetry, Noh play, the art of tea, and haiku. The second part is related to the first by way of a concrete illustration, providing as it does philological materials on which are based the philosophical considerations of the first part.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Primary and secondary metabolism -- 1.2 Stereochemistry and biosynthesis -- 1.3 Some reactions of general importance in secondary metabolism -- 2 Techniques for biosynthesis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isotopic labelling -- 2.3 Enzymes and mutants -- 3 Polyketides -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Formation of poly-?-keto-acyl-CoA’s -- 3.3 Tetraketides -- 3.4 Pentaketides -- 3.5 Hexaketides -- 3.6 Heptaketides -- 3.7 Octaketides -- 3.8 Nona- and deca-ketides -- 3.9 Polyketides with mixed origins -- 4 Terpenes and steroids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Steroids -- 4.3 Pentacyclic triterpenes -- 4.4 Squalene -- 4.5 Monoterpenes -- 4.6 Sesquiterpenes -- 4.7 Diterpenes -- 4.8 Sesterpenes -- 4.9 Carotenoids and vitamin A -- 5 The shikimic acid pathway -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Quinones -- 5.3 Coumarins -- 5.4 Flavonoids -- 6 Alkaloids -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Piperidine and pyrrolidine alkaloids -- 6.3 Isoquinoline and related alkaloids -- 6.4 Amaryllidaceae and mesembrine alkaloids -- 6.5 Quinoline and related alkaloids -- 6.6 Indole alkaloids -- 6.7 Ipecac alkaloids -- 6.8 Miscellaneous alkaloids -- 7 Microbial metabolites containing nitrogen -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Piperidine and pyridine metabolites -- 7.3 Diketopiperazines -- 7.4 Benzodiazepines -- 7.5 Metabolites derived from the tryptophan pathway -- 7.6 Miscellaneous metabolites.

Kurzfassung: This is a book about experiments and results of experiments. The results described are the fruit of thirty years' labour in the field of secondary metabolism. Secondary metabolism, more than any other part of the chemistry of life, has been the special preserve of organic chemists. Investiga­ tion of secondary metabolism began with curiosity about the struc­ tures of compounds isolated from natural sources, i.e. secondary metabolites. Coeval with structure determination there has been a curiosity about the origins and mechanism of formation of secondary metabolites (or natural products as they have been called). It is the experimental outcome of this curiosity that is described here. This account is primarily intended to be an introduction to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. I have also endeavoured, however, to make the book as comprehensive as possIble. This has meant that some of the material has had to be presented in abbrevi­ ated form. The abbreviated material is largely confined to particular sections of the book. The paragraphs marked with a dagger (t) can be omitted by the reader wishing to acquire a general introduction to the subject. A blend of the most significant and the most recent references is cited to provide the reader with ready access to the primary litera­ ture. This is clearly most necessary for the material presented in abbreviated form. Relevant reviews are also cited.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Thermodynamics Applied to Food Processing -- 1.2 Kinetics of Reactions Occurring in Processed Foods -- 1.3 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer in Food Processing -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—I -- Nomenclature -- 2 Rheology of Processed Foods -- 2.1 Introduction to Stress-Strain Behavior in Materials -- 2.2 Properties of Fluid Foods -- 2.3 Properties of Suspensions and Concentrated Products -- 2.4 Properties of Granular Foods and Powders -- 2.5 Properties of Solid Foods -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—II -- Nomenclature -- 3 Heating and Cooling Processes -- 3.1 Modes of Heat Transfer -- 3.2 Thermal Properties of Foods -- 3.3 Steady-State Heating and Cooling -- 3.4 Unsteady-State Heating and Cooling -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—III -- Nomenclature -- 4 Thermodynamics of Food Freezing -- 4.1 Properties of Frozen Foods -- 4.2 Enthalpy Change During Freezing -- 4.3 Prediction of Food Product Freezing Rates -- 4.4 Design of Food Freezing Equipment -- 4.5 Storage of Frozen Foods -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—IV -- Nomenclature -- 5 Evaporation for Fluid Food Concentration -- 5.1 Thermodynamics of Evaporation -- 5.2 Heat Transfer During Evaporation -- 5.3 Design of Evaporation Systems -- 5.4 Improving Evaporation Efficiency -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—V -- Nomenclature -- 6 Food Dehydration -- 6.1 Basic Principles of Dehydration -- 6.2 Estimation of Drying Time -- 6.3 Fixed-Tray Dehydration -- 6.4 Moving-Bed Dehydration -- 6.5 Air-Suspended Product -- 6.6 Drum Dehydration -- 6.7 Miscellaneous Dehydration Processes -- 6.8 Freeze Dehydration -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—VI -- Nomenclature -- 7 Contact Equilibrium Processes -- 7.1 Basic Principles -- 7.2 Extraction -- Problems -- Comprehensive Problem—VII -- Nomenclature -- 8 Mechanical Separation Processes -- 8.1 Filtration -- 8.2 Sedimentation -- 8.3 Centrifugation -- Comprehensive Problem—VIII -- Nomenclature -- Appendix: Useful Tables and Figures -- Solutions.

Kurzfassung: The Second Edition of Food Process Engineering by Dr. Dennis Heldman, my former student, and co-author Paul Singh, his former student, attests to the importance of the previous edition. In the Foreword to the First Edition, I noted the need for people in all facets of the food processing industry to consider those variables of design of particular importance in engineering for the food processing field. In addition to recognizing the many variables involved in the biological food product being handled from production to consumption, the engi­ neer must oftentimes adapt equations developed for non-biological materials. As more and more research is done, those equations are appropriately modified to be more accurate or new equations are developed specifically for designing to process foods. This Edition updates equations used. This book serves a very important need in acquainting engineers and technologists, particularly those with a math­ ematics and physics background, with the information necessary to provide a more efficient design to accomplish the objectives. Of prime importance, at present and in the future, is to design for efficient use of energy. Now, it is often economical to put considerably more money into first costs for an efficient design than previously, when energy costs were a much smaller proportion of the total cost of process engineering.

Kurzfassung: 1 Systems Theory and Skill Theory -- 2 The Farm -- 3 Management of Military Organization -- 4 Universities -- 5 The National Health Service -- 6 The Social Services -- 7 The Town Planner -- 8 The Civil Service -- 9 Management in International Organizations -- 10 Production Management -- 11 The Personnel Manager -- 12 The Marketing Manager -- 13 Line Management and Management Services -- 14 Management Education and Training -- 15 Management Development -- 16 Final Discussion -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: w. T. SINGLETON THE CONCEPT This is the third in a series of books devoted to the study of real skills. The topic is management. A book on social skills is still to come and it might seem that the sequence should be reversed on the grounds that social skills are obviously one element in management skills but it is appropriate to deal with management first on the criterion of increasing complexity. Management skills are easier to understand than general social skills. This is because the defining characteristic of a skill is a purpose. The purpose of organizations in which managers operate and the tasks in which they are engaged are not easy to define but they are certainly less obscure than are the more general purposes of communities and people interactions in which the complete range of social skills is practised. Skills, like purposes, are inherently to do with people. It follows that the 'skills view' of management will be as a people-based activity. Individuals carry out management tasks and these tasks always involve other individuals, of whom some are subordinate, some superior and some equivalent within the hierarchy of the particular management organization. The concept of a hierarchy is as central to management as it is to skills. The alternative to hier­ archy is anarchy. Management is not solely concerned with people.

Kurzfassung: I. The nature and function of Private International Law -- Section 1. Introduction -- Section 2. Rome and beyond -- Section 3. The period after the division of the Roman Empire—personality of laws -- Section 4. Feudalism and the revival of Roman Law -- Section 5. Feudalism -- Section 6. Italy—the Legists -- Section 7. The doctrine of the Statutists -- Section 8. The French school in the 16th Century—Dumoulin and D’Argentré -- Section 9. The Dutch school—Comity -- Section 10. The subsequent development of the doctrine of Huber—England -- Section 11. The United States -- Section 12. Modern Private International Law—Wächter, Savigny -- Section 13. Modern doctrines of territoriality or pseudo-territoriality—acquired rights -- Section 14. Sociological neo-statutists -- Section 15. Wächter redivivus—Ehrenzweig -- Section 16. Conflict of laws and the American Constitution -- Section 17. Governmental interests as conflict resolving factors—Currie—Neo-statutists -- Section 18. “Result selecting” principles—Cavers -- Section 19. The international use of the new doctrines -- Section 20. Conclusions -- Notes to part I -- II. The relationship between Public and Private International Law -- Section 21. The influence of Public International Law upon domestic Private International Law -- Section 22. Private International Law as part of Public International Law—choice of law before international tribunals -- Section 23. Recognition and the application of foreign law -- Section 24. Scrutiny of, and refusal to apply, the law and to respect the executive acts of a foreign recognized government -- Section 25. Conclusions -- Notes to part II -- III. The structure and interpretation of rules of Private International Law -- Section 26. Structure -- Section 27. Interpretation. -- Section 28. Spatially conditioned internal rules -- Section 29. Transposition, substitution and adaptation -- Section 30. Renvoi -- Section 31. Preliminary question -- Section 32. Conflict of laws in time -- Notes to part III -- IV. Conclusions -- Table of cases.

Kurzfassung: The present volume reproduces with slight changes the course of lectures given at The Hague in 1972 under the title of "The General Principles of Private International Law". The substance of these lec­ tures has remained unaltered, but a number of insertions serve to cor­ rected some formal mistakes and misprints, added references to literature, some older, some more recent, without attempting to be exhaustive, and modified and supplemented the former exposition in two respects, where subsequent criticisms called for a review. The first concerns the place of public policy in Public International Law, the second deals with spatially-.

Kurzfassung: Topic 1 Cockroach Diversity and Identification -- Topic 2 Cockroach Culture -- Topic 3 Observing Cockroaches: An Introduction to the Beast -- Topic 4 Cockroach Anatomy -- Exercise 4.1 External Anatomy: Cuticular Structures -- Exercise 4.2 Internal Anatomy: Organ Systems -- Topic 5 Physiological Experiments -- Exercise 5.1 Nutrition: Food Manipulation and Digestion -- Exercise 5.2 Circulation and Excretion -- Exercise 5.3 Respiration and Metabolism -- Exercise 5.4 Reproduction: Control Mechanisms -- Exercise 5.5 Embryogenesis: Development Within the Egg Case -- Exercise 5.6 Regeneration: Restoration of Lost Parts -- Exercise 5.7 Growth and Molting: Metamorphosis -- Exercise 5.8 Nerves: Conduction of Signals -- Exercise 5.9 Locomotion: The Tripod Gait -- Topic 6 Behavioral Experiments -- Exercise 6.1 Exploratory Behavior: Responses to Novel Environments -- Exercise 6.2 Learning: Simple to Complex Tasks -- Exercise 6.3 Aggregation and Social Interactions -- Exercise 6.4 Sex Pheromones and Sexual Behavior -- Exercise 6.5 Spatial Orientation: Directed Movements -- Exercise 6.6 Aggression: Sequential Behavioral Acts -- Exercise 6.7 Activity Rhythms: Biological Clocks -- Exercise 6.8 Maintenance Behaviors: Fixed or Flexible? -- Exercise 6.9 Behavioral Ecology -- Appedix I Statistical Analysis -- Appendix II Suppliers of Animals, Materials and Equipment -- Appendix III Journal Abbreviations Spelled Out -- Appendix IV Relative Difficulty Ratings of Experiments -- Appendix V Glossary of Uncommon Terms -- Sources of illustrations and other materials.

Kurzfassung: Cockroaches are ideal subjects for laboratory investigation at all educational levels. Compared with many other laboratory animals, cockroaches are easily and inexpensively maintained and cultured and require relatively little space. They are hardy and are readily available. The purpose of this book is to provide background material and experimental leads for utilizing cockroaches in the teaching laboratory and in designing research projects. The level of difficulty of the experiments varies according to the depth of understanding desi red by the instructor. In most cases at least a part of each experiment or technique can be incorporated into the laboratory component of elementary, high school or college curriculum. Sections of the lab book are appropriate for courses in Animal Behavior, Entomology, Organismic Biology and Insect Physiology. Aside from this main purpose, the book also provides a wealth of experimental ideas and techniques for a scientist at any level of education. Lawrence, Kansas June 15, 1981 W. J. B. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Virtually all graduate students who have worked on cockroach research in my laboratory have knowingly or unknowingly contributed to this book. The most important contribution was from Sandy Jones McPeak, who encouraged me to finish the project. Segments of various chapters were conceived, developed or reviewed by Michael D. Breed, Sandy Jones McPeak, Michael K. Rust, Coby Schal, Thomas R. Tobin, W. Alexander Hawkins, Gary R. Sams and Chris Parsons Sams.

Kurzfassung: 1: Origins, management and ecological characteristics of British woodlands -- 1. Original natural woodland -- 2. Ancient woodland and traditional management -- 3. Ecological characteristics of ancient woods -- 4. High forest management -- 5. Recent secondary woodland -- 6. Long-term changes in the woodland flora -- 2: Types of semi-natural woodland in Britain -- 7. Woodland classification -- 8. Types of ancient semi-natural woodland -- 9. Management variants of stand types -- 10. Succession and stand types -- 11. British woodland types in a European context -- 3: Woodland nature conservation -- 12. Objectives and priorities of nature conservation in British woodlands -- 13. Observation and recording in woodlands -- 14. Assessment of woodlands for nature conservation -- 4: Management for nature conservation -- 15. Planning for nature conservation within forestry -- 16. Pattern and redistribution of woodland -- 17. Nature conservation aspects of woodland management -- 18. Management of semi-natural woodland -- 19. Integration of nature conservation with other objectives of woodland management -- 20. British woodland management in a European context.

Kurzfassung: Professor John Harper, in his recent Population Biology of Plants (1977), made a comment and asked a question which effectively states the theme of this book. Noting that 'one of the consequences of the development of the theory of vegetational climax has been to guide the observer's mind forwards', i. e. that 'vegetation is interpreted as a stage on the way to something' , he commented that 'it might be more healthy and scientifically more sound to look more often backwards and search for the explanation of the present in the past, to explain systems in relation to their history rather than their goal'. He went on to contrast the 'disaster theory' of plant succession, which holds that communities are a response to the effects of past disasters, with the 'climax theory', that they are stages in the approach to a climax state, and then asked 'do we account most completely for the characteristics of a population by a knowledge of its history or of its destiny?' Had this question been put to R. S. Adamson, E. J. Salisbury, A. G. Tansley or A. S. Watt, who are amongst the giants of the first forty years of woodland ecology in Britain, their answer would surely have been that understanding lies in a knowledge of destiny. Whilst not unaware of the historical facts of British woodlands, they were preoccupied with ideas of natural succession and climax, and tended to interpret their observations in these terms.

Kurzfassung: Paper 1. Keynote: Enzymes and Food Processing -- Paper 2. New Developments in Starch Syrup Technology -- Paper 3. Enzymes in Fructose Manufacture -- Paper 4. Production of Maltose by Pullulanase and ?-Amylase -- Paper 5. Lactases and their Applications -- Paper 6. Pectic Enzymes -- Paper 7. Application of Enzymes in Fruit Juice Technology -- Paper 8. The Impact of the Enzymic Hydrolysis Process on Recovery and Use of Proteins -- Paper 9. Enzymes in the Tenderisation of Meat -- Paper 10. Rennet and Cheesemaking -- Paper 11. Indigenous Enzymes of Bovine Milk -- Paper 12. Enzymes: Health and Safety Considerations -- Paper 13. Detoxifying Enzymes -- Paper 14. Enzymes in Analysis of Foods.

Kurzfassung: R. S. SHALLENBERGER Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Research Station, New York, USA Among the material to be discussed in this first section of the 'Enzymes and Food Processing Symposium' is subject matter that can be viewed as a marriage between enzyme technology and sugar stereochemistry. In order to bring the significance of the material to be presented into proper perspective, I would like you to pretend, for a moment, that you are a researcher making a proposal on this subject to a Research Granting Agency in order to obtain financial support for your ideas. However, the year is 1880. Under the 'objectives' section of your proposal, you state that you intend to attach the intangible vital force or spirit-that is, the catalyst unique to the chemistry of living organisms-to an inert substrate such as sand. Thereafter you will pass a solution of right­ handed glucose (also known as starch sugar) past the 'vital force' and in the process convert it to left-handed glucose (also known as fruit sugar). The peer review committee would probably reject the proposal as sheer nonsense because the statements made were not only contrary to their experience, but also contrary to what they had been taught. Perhaps a few select people would have some feeling for what you were talking about, but commiseration would be the only form of support that they could offer.

Kurzfassung: I. State and Society in South Sulawesi in the 17th Century -- II. Road to Conflict -- III. The Makassar War -- IV. The Treaty -- V. The Unfinished War -- VI. The New Overlords -- VII. Trials of Overlordship -- VIII. The Refugees -- IX. Challenge from Within -- X. Securing the Succession -- XI. The Peace of Arung Palakka -- XII. The Legacy -- Appendix A. Rulers of the Major Kingdoms in South Sulawesi in the 17th Century -- Appendix B. The Bungaya Treaty of 18 November 1667 -- Notes.

Kurzfassung: to use the Dutch presence to institute far-reaching innovations in his society. It became apparent that, while the Company's initial involve­ ment with South Sulawesi had required some military action, its sub­ sequent activities were often limited to that of arbiter in local disputes. Y et its approval was an essential element without which no local prince could exercise authority confidently. The reputation of the Company helped to sustain its position and that of anyone fortunate or clever enough to become linked with it. Arung Palakka's repeated references throughout his life to this link served a dual purpose: it reaffirmed his continuing devotion and loyalty to the Company, while reminding the people of South Sulawesi of the weapon which he could wield if neces­ sary to maintain power. Bearing the Company's trust as a right, Arung Palakka was able to introduce changes with little real opposition from within South Sulawesi. The Company has often been blamed for radical innovations in Malay-Indonesian societies, but as this study shows, in South Sulawesi at least the initiative clearly carne from a local ruler. Only research in other areas influenced by the Company's presence will demonstrate whether or not the South Sulawesi experience was unique. A secondary but nonetheless important reason for this study was to examine the roots of the large scale emigrations from South Sulawesi in the second half of the 17th century.

Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 2. Scenario of the Agreement -- 3. Special Assumptions for the Agreement -- 4. Main Legal Features of the Agreement -- 5. Manganese Nodule Mining Agreement -- Appendix One: Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea (Informal Text) of 27 August 1980 (A/CONF. 62/WP. 10/Rev. 3) - Excerpts - -- Appendix Two: Select Bibliography -- About the Authors.

Kurzfassung: The Third Uni ted Nations Conference on the Lawof the Sea is preparing rules far the establishment of an international legal regime governing the exploration and exploitation of the resources of the international seabed. The Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea (Informal Text) of 27 August 1980 which has so far been the result of the negotiations during the preceding sessions of the Conference, provides for a so-called "parallel system" under which an international "Enterprise" as weIl as national private or state-owned companies will be granted access to the resources of the international seabed under the control of an International Seabed Authority. The Draft Convention also envisages the condusion of joint venture agreements between the international Enterprise and national companies or consortia, and encourages such cooperation through grant­ ing various incentives. Such joint ventures will probably play an important part in making the international Enterprise operative in the early years of its existence. At the Conference concerns have been expressed whether and when the Enterprise as a newcomer would be in a position to start seabed mining and to compete effectively with the national companies. The Draft Convention provides for a number of ways and means to enable the Enterprise to develop its technological and financial capabilities for deep sea mining as early as possible.

Kurzfassung: 1 Human Nature and Justice -- 2 The Historical Dimension of Justice -- 3 Values and Rights Underlying Social Justice -- 4 Justice as Desert -- 5 Equality of Opportunity -- 6 Equal Treatment and Reverse Discrimination -- 7 A Confrontation between the Theory of Social Choice and the Theory of Democracy -- 8 Men, Monkeys, and Morals: A Property Rights Theory of Social Justice -- 9 Social Justice and the Urban Predicament: The New York City Transit Strike of 1980 -- About the Contributors.

Kurzfassung: The Conference on Social Justice was the second in the series of con­ ferences organized under the auspices of the Departments of Eco­ nomics, Philosophy, and Political Science of The City College of The City University of New York. This conference was made possible under a generous grant from the Morton Globus Fund. Its success was assured by the participation of distinguished scholars and edu­ cators from the organizing departments as well as from a number of other American institutions of higher learning. Not all who partici­ pated are included in this volume drawn from the conference, but we are grateful to all, equally, for their contribution as discussants. On behalf of the chairmen and members of the participating de­ partments, I would like to express thanks to the panelists for making their papers available for publication. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr. Morton Globus for his generosity and to Acting President Arthur Tiedemann and Professor Jerome Siegel, the Acting Dean of the Social Science Division of The City College, for their consistent support of this project. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to the publisher, Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, for its patience and cooperation and to my wife, Elizabeth Braham, for her ~dvice and editorial assistance.

Kurzfassung: Session I: Plenary -- 1. Composite Materials Education in the United States -- 2. Engineering Plastics—Some Factors Affecting Technology Transfer -- Session II: Bolted Connections -- 3. Analysis of the Shearout Failure Mode in Composite Bolted Joints -- 4. Stress and Strength Analysis of Bolted Joints in Composite Laminates -- 5. Some Environmental and Geometric Effects on the Static Strength of Graphite Cloth Epoxy Bolted Joints -- Session III: Environmental Effects -- 6. The Stress-Rupture Behaviour of GRP Laminates in Aqueous Environments -- 7. Water Absorption by Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin -- 8. Failure of GRP in Corrosive Environments -- Session IV: Research and Development: Analytical Studies -- 9. Large Deflection Analysis of Bimodular Cross-Ply Strips … -- 10. Analysis of Thermally Stressed Variable Thickness Composite Discs—a CAD Technique -- 11. Optimization of Laminated Shells with Multiple Loading Conditions and Fabrication Constraints -- Session V: Research and Development: Marine Applications -- 12. Recent Developments in Polyester Matrices and Reinforcements for Marine Applications, in Particular Polyester/ Kevlar Composites -- 13. The Testing and Analysis of Novel Top-Hat Stiffener Fabrication Methods for use in GRP Ships -- 14. The Development of Improved FRP Laminates for Ship Hull Construction -- Session VI: Research and Development: Modelling Techniques -- 15. Development of Cylindrically Orthotropic Model Material for Transmission Photoelasticity -- 16. Photoelastic Techniques for the Complete Determination of Stresses in Composite Structures -- 17. A Boundary Layer Approach to the Calculation of Transverse Stresses Along the Free Edges of a Symmetric Laminated Plate of Arbitrary Width Under In-Plane Loading -- Session VII: Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (1) -- 18. On the Orthotropic Elastic Behaviour of a Rubber Composite -- 19. The Viscoelastic Response of a Graphite/Epoxy Laminate -- 20. Viscoelastic Properties of Composite Materials -- Session VIII: Structural Analysis: Platework Systems -- 21. Advances in Vibration, Buckling and Postbuckling Studies on Composite Plates -- 22. On the Use of the Effective Width Concept for Composite Plates -- 23. Unsymmetrical Buckling of Laterally Loaded, Thin, Initially Imperfect Orthotropic Plates -- Session IX: Structural Analysis: Structural Systems -- 24. The Effect of Mode Interaction in Orthotropic Fibre Reinforced Composite Plain Channel Section Columns -- 25. The Stability Analysis of a Continuum/Skeletal Fibre Matrix System -- 26. The Postbuckling Behaviour of Composite Box Sections … -- Session X: Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (2) -- 27. The Effect of Thermal Strains on the Microcracking and Stress Corrosion Behaviour of GRP -- 28. Electrically Conductive Prepreg Systems -- Session XI: Structural Evaluation Techniques -- 29. Analysis of Composite Materials by Dynamic Thermomechanometry (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) -- 30. Evaluation of Composite Structures by Stress-Wave-Factor and Acoustic Emission -- 31. Vibration Testing of Composite Materials -- Session XII: Design -- 32. A Minimum Energy Composite Automobile -- 33. Structures in Reinforced Composites -- 34. Properties and Performance of GRC -- Session XIII: Experimental Studies -- 35. Buckling of Platestrips—An Evaluation of Six Carbon-Epoxy Laminates -- 36. The Damage Tolerance of High Performance Composites -- 37. Tensile Fatigue Assessment of Candidate Resins for Use in Fibre Reinforced Composite Repair Schemes -- 38. Temperature Increase in SMC Fatigue Testing -- Session XIV: Fabrication Studies including Natural Fibre Composites -- 39. A Unique Approach to Fabricating Precision Space Structures Elements -- 40. Manufacturing Methods for Carbon Fiber/Polyimide Matrix Composites -- 41. The Use of Natural Organic Fibres in Cement: Some Structural Considerations -- 42. On the Possibility of Using Natural Fibre Composites -- Session XV: Fracture and Failure Analysis -- 43. Stress Intensity Factor Measurements in Composite Sandwich Structures -- 44. Progressive Failure Model for Advanced Composite Laminates Containing a Circular Hole -- Session XVI: Research and Development: Analysis of Laminated Structures -- 45. Nonlinear Response of Angle-Ply Laminated Plates to Random Loads -- Session XVII: Physical and Mechanical Characteristics (3) -- 46. Effects of Elastomeric Additives on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin and Composite Systems -- Session XVIII: Finite Element Studies -- 47. A Comparison of the Failure Pressure as Predicted by Finite Element Stress Analysis with the Results of Full Scale Burst Tests on GRP Flanges -- 48. Elastic-Plastic Flexural Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates by the Finite Element Method.

Kurzfassung: The papers contained herein were presented at the First International Conference on Composite Structures held at Paisley College of Technology, Paisley, Scotland, in September 1981. This conference was organised and sponsored by Paisley College of Technology in association with The Institution of Mechanical Engineers and The National Engineering Laboratory (UK). There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, the use of composite materials has revolutionised traditional design concepts. The ability to tailor-make a material to suit prevailing environmental conditions whilst maintaining adequate reinforcement to withstand applied loading is unquestionably an attractive proposition. Significant weight savings can also be achieved by virtue of the high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight characteristics of, for example, fibrous forms of composite materials. Such savings are clearly of paramount importance in transportation engineering and in particular aircraft and aerospace applications. Along with this considerable structural potential the engineer must accept an increased complexity of analysis. All too often in the past this has dissuaded the designer from considering composite materials as a viable, or indeed better, alternative to traditional engineering materials. Inherent prejudices within the engineering profession have also contributed, in no small way, to a certain wariness in appreciating the merits of composites. However, the potential benefits of composite materials are inescapable. The last two decades have seen a phenomenal increase in the use of composites in virtually every area of engineering, from the high technology v vi Preface aerospace application to the less demanding structural cladding situation.

Kurzfassung: 1 Some Properties of Basic Statistical Procedures -- 2 Regression and the Linear Model -- 3 Statistical Models and Statistical Inference -- 4 Properties of the Method of Maximum Likelihood -- 5 The Method of Least Squares -- 6 Multiple Regression: Further Analysis and Interpretation -- 7 Polynomial Regression -- 8 The Use of Transformations -- 9 Correlation -- 10 The Analysis of Variance -- 11 Designs with Regressions in the Treatment Effects -- 12 An Analysis of Data on Trees -- 13 The Analysis of Variance: Subsidiary Analyses -- 14 Random Effects Models -- 15 Crossed Classifications -- 16 Further Analysis of Variance -- 17 The Generalized Linear Model -- Appendix A Some Important Definitions and Results.

Kurzfassung: This booklet contains hints to the solutions and answers where necessary, of the exercises contained in 'Intermediate Statistical Methods' by G. Barrie Wetherill. The following principles have been adopted in dealing with the answers. (1) In some cases the answer is the drawing of a graph, and this has been omitted. (2) In many numerical exercises a considerable amount of 'data snooping', plotting of residuals, etc. should follow the main ~sis. The inclusion of this material would make the answer booklet far too long. (3) In some cases there is a readily available reference from which the answer can be ob~ained, in which case reference has been made to this. It is not necessary to work through every exercise , but it should be recognised that the exercises are an integral part of the main text, and a comprehensive grasp of the subj ect cannot be obtained without attempting a substantial proportion of them. It is hoped that this booklet will be of assistance in pointing the way, and providing a check on the more vital calculations. The importance of numerical exercises should be stressed, and it is here that Appendix B is of importance. There is abundant material available there in many different fields of application. Currently we are in the process of mounting a form of Appendix B on a computer, together with accessing programs.

Kurzfassung: 1. Scattering of Radiation by Particles -- 1.1 Interaction of radiation with single particles -- 1.2 Interaction of radiation with particle clouds -- 1.3 Electromagnetic wave propagation -- 1.4 General scattering relationships -- 1.5 General scattering theory -- 1.6 Approximation methods in scattering -- 1.7 Multiple scattering and radiative transfer -- 1.8 Anisotropy -- 1.9 Irregular particles -- 2. Radiative Transfer in Particle Clouds -- 2.1 Radiation emitted by sources -- 2.2 Radiative transfer between source and sink -- 2.3 The equation of radiative transfer -- 2.4 Radiative transfer in the absence of multiple scattering -- 2.5 Radiative transfer in the presence of multiple scattering -- 3. Methods of Measuring Particle Size Distribution -- 3 1 Methods of measuring dispersity of solid and liquid particles -- 3 2 Photographic and holographic methods for measuring particle sizes -- 3.3 Methods based on the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern -- 3.4 Methods based on anomalous diffraction -- 3.5 The Phillips-Twomey inversion method -- 3.6 The Backus-Gilbert inversion method -- 3.7 Comparison of the inversion methods -- 4. Measuring Instruments and Data Processing for the Determination of Particle Size Distribution -- 4.1 Swithenbank’s method -- 4.2 Shifrin’s method -- 4.3 The Shifrin-Kolmakov method -- 4.4 The Shifrin-Perelman method -- 5. Other Measurements using Light Scattering -- 5.1 Laser fringe anemometry -- 5.2 Measurement of refractive index -- 5.3 Measurement of anisotropy -- 6. Measurement of Particle Characteristics in Industry and Research -- 6.1 A study of steam turbine operation -- 6.2 A study of gas turbine blade cooling -- 6.3 Determination of drop size spectrum in sprays -- 6.4 Determination of the size distribution of drops in a natural gas stream -- 6.5 Determination of contamination in oil products -- 6.6 Determination of the spectrum of mercury drop sizes in HV gas discharge devices -- 6.7 Measurement of particle size in a flame -- 6.8 Estimation of aggregate size of carbon black by the dispersion quotient method -- 6.9 Measurement of crystal growth rates -- 6.10 Determination of the size distribution of liquid aerosols -- 6.11 Kinetic measurements in aerosols -- 6.12 Determination of the size distribution of atmospheric aerosols -- 6.13 Determination of particle size in seawater -- 6.14 A study of the efficiency of dust collectors -- 6.15 A study of processes taking place in wet scrubbers -- References -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: Whenever a wave encounters an obstacle a number of processes occur. For large objects we envisage reflection and transmission with refraction and, in ·many cases, absorption. These phenomena can be described with the aid of ray tracing or geometrical optics, but they do not completely describe the interaction. Diffraction also occurs, and this can only be described by the properties of waves, wave optics. When the object is less than or of the order of the wavelength these processes cannot be so simply understood. The whole interaction is governed by wave optics, and the interactions are lumped together under the heading 'scattering'. Associated with the above there may be changes in frequency of the wave. This may arise due to the Doppler effect if the obstacle is moving or changing in time in any way. Also there can be changes in the energy of the object which must be matched by the wave, such as, for example, in the Raman effect.

Kurzfassung: Table of Contents (Part Two) -- 1. Strategic Systems and War Games -- 1.1. U.S. Strategic Systems -- 1.2. The Game -- 1.3. Game Strategies -- 1.4. Systems Evaluation -- References -- 2. ABM Defense -- 2.1. Safeguard System -- 2.2. Radar Operations -- 2.3. Computer Operations -- 2.4. Interceptor Operations -- References -- 3. ABM System Design and Performance -- 3.1. System Requirements -- 3.2. The Radar Design Problem -- 3.3. Error Analysis -- 3.4. Smoothing of Position and Velocity Data -- 3.5. Noise Reduction -- 3.6. Error Model -- 3.7. Design Procedure -- References -- 4. ABM System Survivability Analysis -- 4.1. Survivability with respect to ECM -- 4.2. Survivability with respect to Nuclear Bomb Effects -- 4.3. Survivability with respect to Chemical, Biological Radiological Warfare, and Sabotage (CBR&S) -- 4.4. Summary -- References -- 5. Radar Counter-Counter-Measures -- 5.1. Effects of Jamming -- 5.2. ECCM Design -- 5.3. ECCM Techniques -- References -- 6. Bomber Defense -- 6.1. U.S. Bomber Defenses -- 6.2. Russian Bomber Defense -- 6.3. Multipurpose Weapons -- References -- 7. Surveillance and Reconnaisance -- 7.1. Advanced Surveillance -- 7.2. Treaty Verification -- References -- 8. Command Control and Communications -- 8.1. Warning -- 8.2. Command and Control -- 8.3. Communications -- References -- Appendices. Electromagnetic Propagation Effects -- A1. Attenuation of RF Waves by Absorption -- A2. Attenuation of RF Waves by Precipitation -- A3. Refraction of RF Waves by the Ionosphere.

Kurzfassung: The purpose of this book is to provide graduate students, professional engineers, military officers, and weapons-systems planners with a comprehensive grounding in the technology, evolution, functions, costs, impacts on society, utility, and limi­ tations of modern strategic weapons systems. Since the subject is often left to the specialists, this work should introduce the general reader to the fundamentals of such systems in an informed manner. Nowadays the intense interaction of means and ends sym­ bolized by strategic weapons has stimulated a changing dis­ cipline in which new missile systems and the intricate logic of nuclear force and counterforce hold the stage alongside the truths of conflict, alliances, fears, games, and subtle gains and losses. Many readers with new personal interest or public responsibility in this complex field will require an overall guide to it. This book will not prepare the reader to become an expert in the vast subject of strategic weapons systems. It will, however, enable him to understand, evaluate, and form reasonable opinions about these systems, their capabilities and effective­ ness. The subject is dealt with more from the viewpoint of the user (investor) rather than the architect (systems engineer) and builder (design engineer). While the user will be concerned with both political as well as technical options which may be available to solve a problem, the systems and design engineers are concerned with analyzing and building technological weapons devices once their requirements are generally known.

Kurzfassung: Logical Systems and Semantics -- Introducing HPC -- The Kripke, Beth and Topological Interpretations for HPC -- Heyting’s Propositional Calculus and Extensions -- Three Intermediate Logics -- Formulas in One Variable -- Propositional Connectives -- The Interpolation Theorem -- Second Order Propositional Calculus -- Modified Kripke Interpretation -- Theories in HPC 1 -- Theories in HPC 2 -- Completeness of HPC with Respect to RE and Post Structures -- Undecidability Results -- Decidability Results.

Kurzfassung: From the point of view of non-classical logics, Heyting's implication is the smallest implication for which the deduction theorem holds. This book studies properties of logical systems having some of the classical connectives and implication in the neighbourhood of Heyt­ ing's implication. I have not included anything on entailment, al­ though it belongs to this neighbourhood, mainly because of the appearance of the Anderson-Belnap book on entailment. In the later chapters of this book, I have included material that might be of interest to the intuitionist mathematician. Originally, I intended to include more material in that spirit but I decided against it. There is no coherent body of material to include that builds naturally on the present book. There are some serious results on topological models, second order Beth and Kripke models, theories of types, etc., but it would require further research to be able to present a general theory, possibly using sheaves. That would have postponed pUblication for too long. I would like to dedicate this book to my colleagues, Professors G. Kreisel, M.O. Rabin and D. Scott. I have benefited greatly from Professor Kreisel's criticism and suggestions. Professor Rabin's fun­ damental results on decidability and undecidability provided the powerful tools used in obtaining the majority of the results reported in this book. Professor Scott's approach to non-classical logics and especially his analysis of the Scott consequence relation makes it possible to present Heyting's logic as a beautiful, integral part of non-classical logics.

Kurzfassung: I: A topography of the empiricist theories of law -- II: Hobbes’s empiricist theory of morality -- III: The empiricist theories of David Hume and Adam Smith -- IV: Comte and positivism -- V: Herbert Spencer and evolutionism -- VI: Guyau’s philosophy of life -- VII: Durkheim’s sociological ethics -- VIII: Stevenson’s and Hare’s analysis of language -- IX: Scandinavian realism -- X: Scepticism or empiricism? -- XI: The problem of the empiricist explanation of normativity: is there a natural equivalent of ‘duty’? -- XII: The empiricist justification of the claims of morality -- XIII: The hierarchy argument as a justification of morality -- XIV: The congruency argument -- XV: The moral game -- XVI: Conclusion -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: a. 'Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and the more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above and the moral law within. ' Thus Kant formulates his attitude to morality (Critique of Practical Reason, p. 260). He draws a sharp distinction between these two objects of admiration. The starry sky, he writes, represents my relationship to the natural, empirical world. Moral law, on the other hand, is of a completely different order. It ' . . . begins from my invisible self, my personality, and exhibits me in a world which has true infinity, but which is traceable only by the understanding and with which I discern that I am not in a merely contingent but in a universal and necessary connection (. . . ). ' (p. 260). So Kant sees morality as a separate metaphysical order opposed to the world of empirical phenomena. Human beings belong to both worlds. According to Kant, the personality derives nothing of value from its relationship with the empirical world. His part in the sensuous world of nature places man on a level with any animal which before long must give back to the rest of nature the substances of which it is made.

Kurzfassung: I Science Around 1800: Cognitive and Social Change -- Some Patterns of Change in the Baconian Sciences of the Early 19th Century Germany -- From Celestial Mechanics to Social Physics: Discontinuity in the Development of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century -- 1802 - “Biologie” et Médecine -- Ontologic Foundation of Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Rationalism -- Hermann von Helmholtz: A Physiological Approach to the Theory of Knowledge -- On “Science as a Language” -- The Historical Conditions and Features of the Development of Natural Science in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century -- The Prussian Professoriate and the Research Imperative, 1790 – 1840 -- European Natural Science. (The Beginning of the 19th Century) -- Science, Knowledge, and the Reproduction of the Social Capacity For Labour -- II Science and Education -- Teaching Method and Justification of Knowledge: C. Ritter - J.H. Pestalozzi -- Possibilities and Limits of the Prussian School Reform at the Beginning of the 19th Century -- Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Curricula in Prussian Grammar Schools During the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries and Their Relation to the Development of the Sciences -- Some Aspects of the Development of Mathematics at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in the Early 19th Century -- Justus Grassmann’s School Programs as Mathematical Antecedents of Hermann Grassmann’s 1844 ‘Ausdehnungslehre’ -- On Education as a Mediating Element Between Development and Application: The Plans For the Berlin Polytechnical Institute (1817 – 1850) -- III Mathematics in the Early 19th Century -- Mathematics and the Moral Sciences: The Rise and Fall of the Probability of Judgments, 1785 – 1840 -- Changing Attitudes Toward Mathematical Rigor: Lagrange and Analysis in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries -- The Origins of Pure Mathematics -- Mathematical Physics in France, 1800 – 1835 -- Mathematics in Germany and France in the Early 19th Century: Transmission and Transformation -- Mathematicians in Germany Circa 1800 -- Name Index -- List of Participants.

Kurzfassung: I. Some Characteristic Features of the Passage From the 18th to the 19th Century 1. The following notes grew out of reflections which first led us to send out invitations to, and call for papers for, an interdisciplinary workshop, which took place in Bielefeld from 27th to 30th November, 1979. The status and character of this preface is therefore somewhat ambiguous: on the one hand it does not comment extensively on the articles to follow, on the other hand it could not have been conceived and written in the way it was without knowledge of all the contributions to this volum- which contains revised editions of papers for the workshop - nor without the cooperation of the participants in the above mentioned symposium. Furthermore, although the following may sound slightly programmatic and summary, we hope that it will be sufficiently explicit to provide some key words and concepts useful for further scholarly work. Perhaps the most important result of our efforts is the very structure of these notes: it is aimed at providing methodological orientations for the investigation of what turned out to be a very peculiar period in the history of science. xi H. N. Jahnke and M. Otte (eds.), Epistemological and Social Problems of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century, xi-xlii. Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. xii H. N. JAHNKE ET AL.

Kurzfassung: 1 The Fuel We Waste -- 2 Ignition -- 3 Carburation -- 4 Testing -- 5 Tuning -- 6 Variable Venturi Carburetters -- 7 Fixed Venturi Carburetters -- 8 Proprietary Tuning Kits -- 9 Electronic Ignition Kits -- 10 Bolt-on Aids to Economy -- 11 Driving for Economy -- Appendix Suppliers’ Names and Addresses.

Kurzfassung: This book is for the typical motorist who, as shown in the first chapter, only looks at his engine when he remembers to check the oil level or has noticed a tendency to misfire under load. He could be aware that the car no longer gives the good mpg it gave when he bought it as an 'immaculate used car' and could be wondering what to do about it. This book will tell him. The richer motorists in their new Jaguars and Mercedes - the ones that flash past us on the Motorway - never worry about fuel consumption. This book is not for them. Here, then, is an explanation of the principles of tuning, fol­ lowed by a simple step-by-step DIY tuning schedule. A hard look is taken at the many magical economy devices offered in the Press. Two of these are shown to stand up to critical examination and honest testing, namely some electronic ignition kits and the Kenlowe electric fan. Two more devices show marginal gains in economy. Finally, we offer advice on how to approach the economy driving techniques of the successful Economy Rally drivers. Since we live in such a cynical age we find it necessary to state that we have no connections with, nor have received any financial inducements from, any of the recommended firms making tun­ ing equipment or economy aids. We must thank these companies for all the useful information they have supplied. A full list is given in the Appendix.

Kurzfassung: 1. Linear Programming -- 2. Algorithms -- 3. Duality -- 4. Theory of Games -- 5. Transportation and Flow in Networks -- 6. Integer Programming -- 7. Linear Programming under Uncertainty -- Answers to Problems -- References.

Kurzfassung: This text is based on a course of about 16 hours lectures to students of mathematics, statistics, and/or operational research. It is intended to introduce readers to the very wide range of applicability of linear programming, covering problems of manage­ ment, administration, transportation and a number of other uses which are mentioned in their context. The emphasis is on numerical algorithms, which are illustrated by examples of such modest size that the solutions can be obtained using pen and paper. It is clear that these methods, if applied to larger problems, can also be carried out on automatic (electronic) computers. Commercially available computer packages are, in fact, mainly based on algorithms explained in this book. The author is convinced that the user of these algorithms ought to be knowledgeable about the underlying theory. Therefore this volume is not merely addressed to the practitioner, but also to the mathematician who is interested in relatively new developments in algebraic theory and in some combinatorial theory as well. The chapters on duality, and on flow in networks, are particularly directed towards this aim and they contain theorems which might not be directly relevant to methods of computation. The application of the concept of duality to the theory of games is of historical interest. It is hoped that the figures, which illustrate the results, will be found illuminating by readers with active geometrical imagination.

Kurzfassung: One: The Court of Justice and the Community Legal Order -- 1. The Nature and Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice -- Two: Direct Judicial Control -- A. Review of Legality of Community Acts -- 2. Action for Annulment -- 3. Action for Default -- 4. Plea of an Exception of Illegality -- 5. Action for Damages -- B. Action for Infringement of Community Law -- 6. Infringement Procedure against a Defaulting Member State -- 7. Infringement Procedure against Defaulting Private Parties -- C. Constitutional Control -- 8. Preventive Judicial Control -- Three: Indirect Judicial Control: Community Law Before National Courts -- 9. General Problems of the EEC Treaty Article -- 10. Uniform Interpretation of Community Law -- 11. Review of Validity of Community Acts -- 12. EEC Treaty Article 177 in the Practice of National Courts -- 13. Provisions Directly Effective: Additional Judicial Protection of Individuals -- 14. Supremacy of Community Law -- 15. Supremacy of Community Law in the Practice of the National Courts of the Member States -- 1. Documents and Publications of the European Communities -- 2. General Works -- 3. Articles -- 4. Table of Cases Cited and Annotated -- A. Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice -- B. Case Law of National Courts -- 5. Legal Documentation.

Kurzfassung: The development of the judicial control of the European Communities is perhaps best illustrated by comparing the first decision the Court of Justice rendered in December 1954, under the ECSC Treaty, with its preliminary rulings van Gend & Loos (1962), ENEL (1964) and Simmenthal II (1978) rendered under the EEC Treaty. In the first case the Court quashed a decision of the High Authority impugned by an annulment action of a Member State for an illegal exercise of Community powers - a judicial control which at the time already represented a spectacular legal in­ novation introduced by the ECSC Treaty. At that time the Court was, for evident reasons, still reserved as to its role within the unprecedented institutional structure of the Community. In van Gend, ENEL and Simmenthal II, on the other hand, the Court resolutely pursued a judicial policy intended to ensure an effective operation of the Community legal order, a problem hardly envisaged in 1954. In these rulings the Court characterized the emerging legal order and stated its fundamental and indispensable requirements: the unlimited supremacy of Community law and its direct effect. The development of a superior and autonomous Community legal order was finally completed by the Court's recognition of fundamental Communiry rights of individuals. This development from an initially reserved stand of the Court searching for its proper role and its potentialities to a bold and determined judicial policy is truly remarkable.

Kurzfassung: I Solar Cell Arrays -- 1 Array Systems -- 2 Array Analysis -- 3 Array Design -- II Array Building Blocks -- 4 Solar Cells -- 5 Optical Elements -- 6 Electrical Elements -- 7 Mechanical Elements -- III Support Data -- 8 Fabrication and Test -- 9 Environments and Their Effects -- 10 Material Properties -- Appendices -- Appendix A Mathematics -- Appendix B Insolance Tables -- Appendix C Physical Constants -- Appendix D Conversion Factors and Formulas -- Appendix E 1 MeV Fluence Tables.

Kurzfassung: 1 The structure of wood -- 1.1 The cell wall -- 1.2 Cell wall pitting -- 1.3 Wall sculpturing -- 1.4 Trabeculae -- 1.5 Cell inclusions -- 2 The structure of softwoods -- 2.1 Growth increments -- 2.2 Tracheids and tracheid pitting -- 2.3 Tracheid wall thickenings -- 2.4 Rays -- 2.5 Axial parenchyma -- 2.6 Strand tracheids -- 2.7 Resin canals -- 2.8 Compression wood -- 3 The structure of palmwood -- 4 The structure of hardwoods -- 4.1 Growth increments -- 4.2 Vessel perforations -- 4.3 Vessel pitting -- 4.4 Vascular and vasicentric tracheids -- 4.5 Fibres -- 4.6 Axial parenchyma -- 4.7 Rays -- 4.8 Gums and gum ducts -- 4.9 Tyloses -- 4.10 Included phloem -- 4.11 Storeyed wood -- 4.12 Tension wood -- References.

Kurzfassung: Nine years ago saw the publication of the first version of Three-dimensional Structure of Wood: A scanning electron microscope study [95]. This book contained 59 scanning electron micrographs and a modest text outlining the basic structure of wood_ When we wrote it in 1970, the scanning electron microscope was still something of a novelty (the first commercially produced SEM only coming on the market in 1965) and its use as an instrument in serious wood research was still treated by many with a good deal of suspicion. Such suspicions were not without foundation for indeed the first Three-dimensional Structure of Wood was put together from a somewhat paltry collection of a few hundred scanning electron micrographs of wood taken over a two year period. The last decade has seen some remarkable developments in the general understanding of the structure of wood. Our personal collection of scanning electron micrographs has grown from a few hundred to some 16 000. Techniques for specimen preparation [46, 47], particularly in the areas of dehydration [36] and coating have greatly improved. Most significant however, has been the new depth of understanding of wood ultrastructure that has become almost universal. By combining the use of the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, scientists in many widely separated parts of the world have now added a vast amount of information to our understanding of such aspects of wood structure as perforation plate development, tylose formation, the formation of reaction wood, septate fibres ultrastructure, etc.

Kurzfassung: 1 The essential metals and their evolution -- 1.1 The major metals -- 1.2 The minor metals -- 1.3 Metals and early biochemical evolution -- 2 The non-redox roles of metals ions -- 2.1 Active sites of the non-redox metals -- 2.2 Regulatory and trigger roles of metal ions -- 3 Electron transfer and redox reactions -- 3.1 Metals as redox catalysts -- 3.2 Electron carrier proteins -- 3.3 Some enzymes containing molybdenum, cobalt and iron -- 3.4 Electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis -- 4 Dealing with oxygen -- 4.1 The activation and toxicity of oxygen -- 4.2 Oxygen carriers -- 4.3 Superoxide dismutases -- 4.4 Oxidases -- 4.5 Oxygenases -- 4.6 Hydroperoxidases -- 4.7 Some oxygen-activating groups -- 5 Metal metabolism -- 5.1 Microbial ion carriers -- 5.2 The major metals -- 5.3 The minor metals -- Suggestions for further reading.

Kurzfassung: In this book we present a largely biochemical look at the metals of life and their functions, which we hope will be of interest to chemists and biologists as well as biochemists. The field of 'inorganic bio­ chemistry' is one of rapid change. Recent developments in our know­ ledge of the activity of calcium, and of the iron-sulphur proteins, are two examples, and increasing attention is being paid to non-metals as well [3]. For reasons of space, we shall restrict ourselves to the normal biological activities of metals. We must ignore, on the one hand, the gross physiological effects of metal deficiency or toxicity, and on the other, the many model studies which have been stimulated by the unusual properties of metals in biological systems. Usually the synthesis of model metal compounds follows rather than anticipates the dis­ covery of novel biological configurations. However, such studies give us a firm basis for an understanding of the biological systems, and sometimes answer questions that cannot be tackled any other way (for instance, what is the net charge on an iron-sulphur cluster?). As a result, we can refer to new and interesting information on the metals oflife at a chemical level. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Professor P. Banks and Dr D. Fenton who have read and criticized the manuscript, though any errors or misconceptions remain our own responsibility. We thank Mr P. Elliot for preparing Fig. 5.2.

Kurzfassung: 1 Sufficiency -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Factorization criterion -- 1.3 Distribution of statistics conditional on a sufficient statistic -- 1.4 Joint sufficiency -- 1.5 Minimal sufficiency -- 2 Unbiased point estimators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rao-Blackwell theorem -- 2.3 The role of sufficient statistics -- 2.4 Completeness -- 2.5 Joint completeness -- 2.6 Sufficiency, completeness and independence -- 2.7 Minimum-variance bounds -- 2.8 Computation of a minimum-variance bound -- 2.9 Minimum attainable variance -- 2.10 Mean square error -- 2.11 Two parameters -- 3 Elementary decision theory and Bayesian methods -- 3.1 Comments on classical techniques -- 3.2 Loss functions -- 3.3 Decision theory -- 3.4 Bayes decisions -- 3.5 Using data -- 3.6 Computing posterior distributions -- 3.7 Conjugate distributions -- 3.8 Distribution of the next observation -- 3.9 More than one parameter -- 3.10 Decision functions -- 3.11 Bayes estimators -- 3.12 Admissibility -- 4 Methods of estimation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Locating the maximum likelihood estimator -- 4.4 Estimation of a function of a parameter -- 4.5 Truncation and censoring -- 4.6 Estimation of several parameters -- 4.7 Approximation techniques -- 4.8 Large-sample properties -- 4.9 Method of least squares -- 4.10 Normal equations -- 4.11 Solution of the normal equations (non-singular case) -- 4.12 Use of matrices -- 4.13 Best unbiased linear estimation -- 4.14 Co variance matrix -- 4.15 Relaxation of assumptions -- 5 Hypothesis testing I -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Statistical hypothesis -- 5.3 Simple null hypothesis against simple alternative -- 5.4 Applications of the Neyman-Pearson theorem -- 5.5 Uniformly most powerful tests for a single parameter -- 5.6 Most powerful randomized tests -- 5.7 Hypothesis testing as a decision process -- 5.8 Minimax and Bayes tests -- 6 Hypothesis testing II -- 6.1 Two-sided tests for a single parameter -- 6.2 Neyman-Pearson theorem extension (nonrandomized version) -- 6.3 Regular exponential family of distributions -- 6.4 Uniformly most powerful unbiased test of ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 6.5 Nuisance parameters -- 6.6 Similar tests -- 6.7 Composite hypotheses-several parameters -- 6.8 Likelihood ratio tests -- 6.9 Bayes methods -- 6.10 Loss function for one-sided hypotheses -- 6.11 Testing ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 7 Interval estimation -- 7.1 One parameter, Bayesian confidence intervals -- 7.2 Two parameters, Bayesian confidence regions -- 7.3 Confidence intervals (classical) -- 7.4 Most selective limits -- 7.5 Relationship to best tests -- 7.6 Unbiased confidence intervals -- 7.7 Nuisance parameters -- 7.8 Discrete distributions -- 7.9 Relationship between classical and Bayesian intervals -- 7.10 Large-sample confidence intervals -- Appendix 1 Functions of random variables -- A 1.1 Introduction -- A 1.2 Transformations: discrete distributions -- A1.3 Continuous distributions -- A 1.4 The order statistics -- Appendix 2 The regular exponential family of distributions -- A2.1 Single parameter -- A2.2 Several parameters -- A2.3 The regular exponential family of bivariate distributions -- Further exercises -- Brief solutions to further exercises -- Further reading -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: This book covers those basic topics which usually form the core of intermediate courses in statistical theory; it is largely about estima­ tion and hypothesis testing. It is intended for undergraduates following courses in statistics but is also suitable preparatory read­ ing for some postgraduate courses. It is assumed that the reader has completed an introductory course which covered probability, random variables, moments and the sampling distributions. The level of mathematics required does not go beyond first year calculus. In case the reader has not acquired much facility in handling matrices, the results in least squares estimation are first obtained directly and then given an (optional) matrix formulation. If techniques for changing from one set of variables to another have not been met, then the appendix on these topics should be studied first. The same appendix contains essential discussion of the order statistics which are frequently used for illustrative purposes. Introductory courses usually include the elements of hypothesis testing and of point and interval estimation though the treatment must perforce become rather thin since at that stage it is difficult to provide adequate justifications for some procedures-plausible though they may seem. This text discusses these important topics in considerable detail, starting from scratch. The level is nowhere advanced and proofs of asymptotic results are omitted. Methods deriving from the Bayesian point of view are gradually introduced and alternate with the more usual techniques.

Kurzfassung: Paper 1. Food and Health from Conception to Extreme Old Age -- Paper 2. The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality -- Paper 3. The Validity of the Concept of Health Foods -- Paper 4. Healthy Eating -- Paper 5. Education and Responsibility of Modern Food Technologists -- Paper 6. Consumer Health Considerations in EEC Legislation -- Paper 7. The Microbiological Control of Salmonellae in Processed Foods -- Paper 8. The Occurrence and Control of Clostridium botulinum in Foods -- Paper 9. Mycotoxins in Foods -- Paper 10. Assessment and Control of Microbiological Health Risks Presented by Foods -- Paper 11. Biochemical Aspects of Food Safety -- Paper 12. Food Additives: Industrial Uses, Value and Safety -- Paper 13. Acceptable Limits for Pesticides in Foods: The FAO/WHO Approach -- Paper 14. The Role of Food Processing in Decreasing Pesticide Contamination of Foods -- Paper 15. Trends and Perspectives in Food Contaminants -- Paper 16. Use of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Culture Systems for Examining Biological Activity of Food Constituents 251 -- Paper 17. Erucic Acid -- Paper 18. Detoxification of Foods in Food Processing -- Paper 19. Performance of Process Plant in Relation to Food Quality and Safety -- Paper 20. The Processing of Food Using Ionising Radiation; Present Status -- Paper 21. Technological and Health Considerations of Modern Food Packaging -- Paper 22. Interaction of Food Components During Processing -- Paper 23. Methodology to Detect Nutritional Damage During Thermal Food Processing -- Paper 24. Are We Adequately Fed? -- Paper 25. Optimisation of Food Nutrient Composition -- Paper 26. Some Aspects of Dietary Fibre Metabolism in the Human Gut -- Paper 27. Obesity and Anorexia -- Paper 28. Infant Nutrition -- Paper 29. Protein Deficiency and the Brain -- Paper 30. Food and the Brain -- Paper 31. Lead and Brain Function.

Kurzfassung: The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality. There must be very many different opinions as to what this title means. To some people it will mean the control by legislation of additive and contaminant levels in food, to others it may mean the laying down of compositional standards for different food commodities, yet again some may consider that it covers the nutritional quality of the food and the maintenance of an adequate satisfactory diet for the population of the country. I think certainly that it could be all of these things and a glance at the variety of titles of papers which other speakers will be giving later in this symposium illustrates the very wide area which is covered by food quality in its many aspects. I will try only to present to you some of those aspects which are the concern of government in the control of food quality. I will not concern myself with those aspects which are the concern only of the manufacturer and his customer, and here I am thinking of flavour, appearance and physical state, such as whether canned, fresh or frozen. These aspects, which affect the type of products to be marketed, and also the aspects of quality control which set out to maintain the standard that the manufacturer has set himself, are I think outside my province.

Kurzfassung: — Inhalt -- The Last Twenty-Five Years in Education: A Record and an Evaluation -- A Quarter Century of Educational Practice: An Introductory View -- Development of Education in the World: A Summary Statistical Review -- Equality, Quality and Quantity: The Elusive Triangle in Indian Education -- Education and Development in Latin America (1950–1975) -- From International Aid to International Cooperation -- On Educational Technology -- Structural Changes in Education Since 1954: A Slow-Motion Explosion -- Contemporary Educational Theory: An Analysis and Assessment -- Towards an Assessment of Educational Theory -- General Theories in Education: A Twenty Five Year Perspective -- Philosophy and Education -- Psychology of Education -- Sociology of Education -- Economics of Education -- Philosophy of Education in the Western World: Developmental Trends During the Last Twenty-Five Years -- International Understanding -- Notes on Contributors — Die Autoren — Index des Collaborateurs -- Index of Subjects -- Notes on Contributors — Die Autoren — Index des Collaborateurs.

Kurzfassung: In 1979 the International Rel'iel1' of Education celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary. This book which now reproduces the two Jubilee issues of that Review has been published for a number of reasons. One is the importance of the topics dealt with. The last twenty-five years have seen unprecedented developments in education right across the world, in industrialised countries no less than in those which are still approaching that phase. From time to time it is essential to look back over the past and take stock of how the present situation has come about, to disentangle the trends and sort out from the welter of ideas those which turned out to be non-starters, those which died in their tracks, and those which came to stay. This is only possible after a certain passage of time has set events in proportion and in perspective. The twenty-five years which have elapsed since the IRE was started ten years after the ending of World War II would seem to be just long enough to make this possible, though when the IRE celebrates its fiftieth Jubilee in the year 2004 some of the trends which now seem so definite may themselves have died away to be replaced by others which can now be only dimly conceived. Another reason for this publication is the quality and standing in the world of education and scholarship of the two editors and their contributors.

Kurzfassung: 1 The First New Society -- 2 Public Authority and Social Structure -- 3 Pathways to Satisfaction -- 4 The “Ordinary” Civil Servant: Soft Activist -- 5 Managing Politics and Politicians -- 6 Images of Society and Power -- 7 Sweden Compared -- 8 No Place to Hide: Political Skill and the Social Psychology of Consensus -- 9 Postscript: On the Politics of Accommodation -- Appendix A: Sample Selection -- Notes.

Kurzfassung: Several years ago, freshly returned from a year in Stockholm but deeply en­ meshed in the American Malaise of the late 1960's, I sketched out an image of Swedish policy-making that defined a generalized policy-making role and sought to relate that role to both citizen attitudes and the elite political culture 1 in Sweden. Although that sketch seems to have been taken seriously by other foreigners, I think it is fair to say that the principal reaction of my Swedish friends and colleagues was amusement. When I later (1970-71) returned for another year in Stockholm, I found myself being introduced at parties as the man who had written ''that marvelously out-of-date sketch of how Swedish politics used to work-hah, hah. " Or, I would be referred to as the American who, like Marquis Childs some years earlier, "believed our propaganda. " By 1970-71, of course, the Swedish political environment had become more boisterous than it had been in 1967-68. Indeed, during the course of that year my amused colleagues found themselves enmeshed in a strike action against the government that was part of an emotional series of such actions that some observers thought would bring most public services to a halt. If my earlier portrait had been influenced (too much, they thought) by the American Malaise in which I was implicated, so must their later reaction to my portrait have been influenced (too much, I thought) by the Swedish Turmoil of 1970 and 1971.

Kurzfassung: 1. Some Irrelevant Personalia -- 2. A Librarian by Accident -- 3. American, European and International Librarianship -- 4. Belgian Art Seminar -- 5. New Libraries in Old Places -- 6. Small Talk about Great Books -- 7. More Small Talk about Great Books -- 8. Of Men and Books -- 9. International Book Year and the World at Large -- 10. Recollections as IFLA President -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: IT ALL STARTED with the American Library Association (ALA) which wanted to celebrate its centenary in 1976 at its headquarters in Chicago. With five American librarians and non-librarians I was invited to give a centennial paper. I declined the flattering offer because I had left the profession and had no time to do any research. I added innocently, however, that I would be delighted to speak out of personal experience, for instance on the impor­ tance of American librarianship in my professional life. This pro­ posal was accepted; I delivered the lecture and my text was printed in Libraries and the Life cif the Mind. Before I had read my paper in Chicago I received a request from the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) to contribute with Recollections of a President to the fiftieth anniver­ sary volume of IFLA (1927-1977). For reasons with which I agreed IFLA did not publish my paper in full, such as it is given here as chapter 10. I am confident that no one will compare the two versions in order to try to find out \\That has been left out in the earlier printing. Two other papers have appeared in German Festschrifts, one for Kurt Koster from Frankfurt-aiM (chapter 7) and one for Gerhard Liebers from Munster (chapter 5) the former being focussed to accord with the interest of the recipient on medieval Dutch manuscripts, the latter, for similar reasons, on library buildings.

Kurzfassung: 1 Ultrastructure of bacterial envelopes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Gram-positive cell wall -- 1.3 The Gram-negative cell wall -- 1.4 Membrane morphology -- 1.5 Internal membranes -- 1.6 Specialized membrane systems -- References -- 2 Isolation of walls and membranes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isolation of walls and membranes from Gram-positive species -- 2.3 Separation of the components of the wall from Gram-negative species -- 2.4 Preparation of specialized intracytoplasmic membranes -- References -- 3 Membrane structure and composition in micro-organisms -- 3.1 General ideas of membrane structure -- 3.2 Some physical properties of membranes -- 3.3 Composition of microbial membranes -- 3.4 Proteins in membranes -- References -- 4 Membrane functions -- 4.1 Active components and functions of bacterial cell walls -- 4.2 Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane -- 4.3 Components of the electron transport chain -- 4.4 The coupling of energy flow to phosphorylation -- 4.5 Isolation and properties of Mg2+-Ca2+ ATPase -- 4.6 Vesiculation of membranes -- 4.7 Transport of metabolites and ions -- 4.8 Binding proteins -- 4.9 Mesosomal membrane -- 4.10 Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 5 Membranes of bacteria lacking peptidoglycan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mycoplasmas -- 5.3 Extreme halophiles -- 5.4 Bacterial L-forms -- References -- 6 Structure of peptidoglycan -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Modification of the basic peptidoglycan structure -- 6.3 Three-dimensional structure of peptidoglycans -- 6.4 Cell walls of prokaryotes without peptidoglycan -- References -- 7 Additional polymers in bacterial walls -- 7.1 Gram-positive bacteria -- 7.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 8 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors -- 8.3 The lipid cycle -- 8.4 Formation of cross-bridge peptides -- 8.5 Polymerization of disaccharide-peptide units -- 8.6 Transpeptidation: The formation of cross-links -- 8.7 D-Alanine carboxypeptidases -- References -- 9 Antibiotics affecting bacterial wall synthesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Phosphonomycin (Fosfomycin) -- 9.3 Antibiotics inhibiting D-alanine metabolism in peptidoglycan biosynthesis: cycloserine, O-carbamoyl-D-serine, alaphosphin (L-alanyl-L-1-aminoethyl phosphonic acid) and the haloalanines -- 9.4 Bacitracin -- 9.5 Tunicamycin -- 9.6 The vancomycin group of antibiotics: vancomycin, ristocetins, ristomycins, actinoidin -- 9.7 ?-Lactam antibiotics: the penicillins and cephalosporins -- 9.8 Antibiotics inhibiting biosynthesis of wall polymers but whose site of action is not yet established -- References -- 10 Biosynthesis of other bacterial wall components -- 10.1 Biosynthesis of teichoic acids -- 10.2 Biosynthesis of other components of the Gram-positive bacterial wall -- 10.3 Biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharides -- 10.4 Iipoprotein from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 11 The bacterial autolysins -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Bond specificity and distribution of bacterial autolysins -- 11.3 Purification and properties of the autolytic enzymes -- 11.4 Location of autolytic enzymes -- 11.5 Function of autolysins -- References -- 12 Cell walls of Mycobacteria -- 12.1 Wall composition -- 12.2 Adjuvant and other immunostimulant properties -- 12.3 Antitumour activity -- References -- 13 Cell walls of filamentous fungi -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Carbohydrates in the wall -- 13.3 Wall composition and dimorphism -- 13.4 Melanins and depsipeptides -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Biosynthesis of wall components in yeast and filamentous fungi -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Biosynthesis of chitin -- 14.3 Biosynthesis of mannan -- 14.4 Biosynthesis of glucan -- References -- 15 The cell wall in the growth and cell division of bacteria -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth of streptococcal cell walls -- 15.3 Growth of the walls of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria -- 15.4 Growth of the Gram-negative cell wall -- 15.5 Growth of cytoplasmic membranes -- 15.6 Mutants with disturbed surface growth -- 15.7 Helical growth of bacteria -- References.

Kurzfassung: In 1968 when Cell Walls and Membranes was published it was still reasonable to attempt to write a book covering the whole subject. Accordingly this edition of the book had something to say about walls from micro-organisms and plants as well as about membranes from bacteria and animal cells. A decade later this is manifestly impossible. Knowledge about almost all the subjects has grown explosively, par­ ticularly about membranes and the biosynthesis of macromolecules. Moreover aspects of the subject that were still in a relatively primitive state ten years ago have grown into highly sophisticated subjects worthy of extended treatment. The result is that the present book has had to be confined to structures and functions relating to only one division of the biological kingdom, namely micro-organisms. Even then severe limitations have had to be made to keep the task within the time available to the authors and their expertise. A few of the titles of chapters such as those on the isolation of walls and membranes, the structure of the components of bacterial and micro-fungal walls and their biosynthesis remain from the earlier book. These chapters have been almost completely rewritten and a number of quite new chapters added on topics such as the action of the antibiotics that inhibit bacterial wall syn­ thesis, on the function of bacterial membranes, and the bacterial autolysins.

Kurzfassung: 1 Semiconductor Junctions and Diodes -- 1.1 Introductory Semiconductor Equations and Concepts -- 1.2 PN Junction Forward Characteristics -- 1.3 Diode Reverse Characteristics -- 1.4 Junction Transient Characteristics -- 1.5 Rectifier Circuits -- 1.6 Zener Reference Diodes -- 1.7 Diodes with Negative Resistance -- 1.8 Electron Beam Bombarded Semiconductor Diodes as Amplifiers -- 1.9 Questions -- 1.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 2 Metal-Semiconductor Schottky-Barrier Diodes -- 2.1 Elementary Metal-Semiconductor Junction Concepts -- 2.2 Barrier Height Measurements -- 2.3 Schottky Barrier Current-Voltage Characteristics -- 2.4 Minority Charge in Schottky Junctions -- 2.5 Schottky Barriers in Integrated Circuits -- 2.6 High Power Schottky Barrier Rectifiers -- 2.7 Questions -- 2.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 3 Microwave Applications of Diodes, Varactors and Tunnel Diodes -- 3.1 Detectors, Mixer Diodes and Related Devices -- 3.2 PIN Diodes as Attenuators and Switches -- 3.3 Varactor Diodes and Parametric Frequency Multiplication and Amplification -- 3.4 Tunnel Diodes and Applications -- 3.5 Questions -- 3.6 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors -- 4.1 General Characteristics -- 4.2 Voltage Rating and Second Breakdown -- 4.3 Factors Controlling the Current Gain -- 4.4 Frequency Performance and Microwave Transistors -- 4.5 Power Transistors -- 4.6 Switching of Bipolar Transistors -- 4.7 Lateral Transistors -- 4.8 Heterojunction Transistors -- 4.9 Questions -- 4.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 5 Thyristors — Controlled PNPN and Related Switch Devices -- 5.1 Basic Concepts of PNPN Structures -- 5.2 Thyristor Turn-on, Turn-off and Power Considerations -- 5.3 Triacs and Other Multilayer Structures -- 5.4 Computer Aided Design Model for a Thyristor Circuit -- 5.5 Thyristor Applications (Brief Comments) -- 5.6 Questions -- 5.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 6 JFETs and MESFETs — Field Effect Transistors -- 6.1 Si FET Modeling Including Saturation Velocity Effects -- 6.2 GaAs MESFET Modeling -- 6.3 Dual Gate MESFETs -- 6.4 Microwave Field Effect Transistors -- 6.5 Some Applications of JFETs and MESFETs -- 6.6 Questions -- 6.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 7 Insulated Gate-Field-Effect-Transistors: MOSFETs, IGFETs and Related Devices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 First-Order Theory of a MOSFET -- 7.3 Further Consideration of MOSFET Characteristics -- 7.4 MOSFET Saturation Models -- 7.5 The Transition from IGFET to Bipolar Transistor Performance -- 7.6 Semiconductor-Insulator and Insulator-Metal Interfaces -- 7.7 Fabrication Processes for IGFETs -- 7.8 CMOS Structures and Logic -- 7.9 Computer Aided Design of MOSFET Circuits for Large Scale Integration -- 7.10 MOSFET Switches -- 7.11 Noise in MOSFETs -- 7.12 Special Purpose MOSFETs -- 7.13 Questions -- 7.14 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 8 Integrated Circuit Fundamentals -- 8.1 Large Scale Integration -- 8.2 Yield: The Designer’s Dilemma -- 8.3 Bipolar IC Technology -- 8.4 MOS Inverters -- 8.5 MOS Logic Circuits and Scaling -- 8.6 Future Limits in Digital Electronics -- 8.7 Questions -- 8.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 9 Integrated Circuit Applications -- 9.1 Linear Integrated Circuits -- 9.2 Communications Applications -- 9.3 Applications in Watches, Cameras and Automobiles -- 9.4 Semiconductor Memories -- 9.5 Microprocessors -- 9.6 Small Calculators -- 9.7 Questions -- 9.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 10 Charge-Transfer Devices -- 10.1 General Concepts -- 10.2 Loss Mechanisms in CCDs -- 10.3 Charge-Coupled Delay Lines and Filters -- 10.4 Charge-Coupled Memories -- 10.5 Imaging CCD Arrays -- 10.6 CCD Logic Structures -- 10.7 Bucket-Brigade Circuits -- 10.8 Questions -- 10.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 11 Avalanche-Diode Microwave Oscillators, Amplifiers, and Gunn Devices -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Read Diode Oscillator Concepts -- 11.3 Impatt Performance -- 11.4 Trapatt Oscillations -- 11.5 Avalanche-Diode Amplifiers -- 11.6 Comments on Performance -- 11.7 Transferred-Electron Device (Gunn) Oscillatros -- 11.8 TED (Gunn) Logic Concepts -- 11.9 Questions -- 11.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 12 Solar Cells -- 12.1 Solar Energy -- 12.2 Silicon Solar Cells -- 12.3 Solar Cells of GaAs, InP, and Related Semiconductors -- 12.4 Cells of CdS and Related Semiconductors -- 12.5 Discussion -- 12.6 Questions -- 12.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 13 Light Detecting Semiconductor Devices -- 13.1 Photodiodes -- 13.2 Detectivity -- 13.3 Photoconductive Detectors -- 13.4 Phototransistors -- 13.5 Photocathodes and Negative-Electron-Affinity-Emitting Devices -- 13.6 Vidicon Camera Tubes and Silicon Diode Array Targets -- 13.7 Electrophotographic Copying -- 13.8 Questions -- 13.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 14 Light Emitting Diodes and Injection Lasers -- 14.1 Light Emission from Direct-Gap GaAs1?xPx -- 14.2 Radiative and Nonradiative Recombination in GaAs Diodes -- 14.3 GaP Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.4 Other Light-Emitting Materials -- 14.5 Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.6 Heterojunction A1xGa1?xAs — GaAs Injection Lasers -- 14.7 Other Injection Lasers -- 14.8 Injection Lasers and LEDs as Light Sources for Optical Communications Systems -- 14.9 Questions -- 14.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 15 Semiconductor Sensors and Transducers -- 15.1 Semiconductor Sensors Involving Magnetics -- 15.2 Strain Sensors and Related Transducers -- 15.3 Temperature Sensors -- 15.4 Gas Sensing Semiconductor Structures -- 15.5 High-Energy Particle and Gamma Ray Sensors -- 15.6 Questions -- 15.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- Book List.

Kurzfassung: For some time there has been a need for a semiconductor device book that carries diode and transistor theory beyond an introductory level and yet has space to touch on a wider range of semiconductor device principles and applica­ tions. Such topics are covered in specialized monographs numbering many hun­ dreds, but the voluminous nature of this literature limits access for students. This book is the outcome of attempts to develop a broad course on devices and integrated electronics for university students at about senior-year level. The edu­ cational prerequisites are an introductory course in semiconductor junction and transistor concepts, and a course on analog and digital circuits that has intro­ duced the concepts of rectification, amplification, oscillators, modulation and logic and SWitching circuits. The book should also be of value to professional engineers and physicists because of both, the information included and the de­ tailed guide to the literature given by the references. The aim has been to bring some measure of order into the subject area examined and to provide a basic structure from which teachers may develop themes that are of most interest to students and themselves. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are reviewed and fundamental factors that control power levels, frequency, speed, size and cost are discussed. The text also briefly mentions how devices are used and presents circuits and comments on representative applications. Thus, the book seeks a balance be­ tween the extremes of device physics and circuit design.

Kurzfassung: 1 Music and Sound and the Young Baby -- 2 The First Step to Musical Learning -- 3 The Second Step -- 4 The Third Step -- 5 The Fourth Step -- 6 The Fifth Step -- 7 And so to Literacy.

Kurzfassung: Ecological Concepts and Their Relevance to Human Nutrition -- Man’s Demand for Energy -- World Production of Organic Matter -- Secondary Production in the Oceans -- Secondary Production from Land -- Amino Acids: Production by Plants and the Requirements of Man -- The Nitrogen Economy of Marine and Land Environments -- Man’s Impact on Environmental Systems -- Man and the Major Mineral Elements -- Uptake of Some Major Mineral Elements by Plants -- Trace Mineral Elements, Mammalian Requirements and Man’s Presumptive Needs -- Trace Elements in Soils and Plants -- Trace Elements in the Marine Environment -- Support Energy from Fossil Fuels -- Radioactive Materials -- Radioactive Materials—the Aquatic Environment -- Pesticides and Other Man-made Chemicals and the Food Chain -- Implications of the Intensification of Agriculture for Ecological Problems -- Implications for Human Health and Nutrition and the Research That Needs to be Done -- List of Participants.

Kurzfassung: The purpose of the third symposium organised by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and Crop Husbandry _of the Rank Prize Funds was to explore in some depth the complex processes whereby organic and inorganic materials reach man's diet, paying particular attenti.

Kurzfassung: The Union of Utrecht, its Genesis and Consequences -- Centralisation et décentralisation aux Pays-Bas à l’époque contemporaine -- The Dutch Republic and Antiquity -- The Example of the Dutch Republic for American Federalism -- Federalism: USA Style -- Essai de synthese de l’évolution de la réforme de l’état en Belgique de 1961 à 1979 -- Der Föderalismus in der deutschen Geschichte -- Der Föderalismus in der Schweiz. Entwicklungstendenzen im 19./20. Jahrhundert -- Ex Uno Plura? The British Experience -- La révolution française et la perception de l’espace national: fédérations, fédéralisme et stéréotypes régionaux -- Conscience nationale et conscience régionale en France de 1815 à nos jours -- The Regional Problem in Spain -- Der russische Vielvölkerstaat zwischen Zentralismus und Föderation.

Kurzfassung: The commemoration of the formation of the Union of Utrecht, four hundred years ago on 23 January 1579, was celebrated by many different events. One of these, certainly not the least important to historians, was the holding of an inter­ national congress in Utrecht and Zeist on 8, 9 and 10 May 1979, organized by the Dutch Historical Association. This Association had decided to select a theme which fitted well in the framework of the Union celebrations: federalism, history and current significance of a form of government. For the Union of Utrecht con­ stituted the legal foundation, even the constitution, it is claimed, of the Republic of the United Netherlands, and that commonwealth can undoubtedly be regard­ ed as a very interesting example of a federal form of government. As is evident from the formulation of the congress theme the intention of the or­ ganizers was that attention should be given not only to federal and regional struc­ tures and tendencies in the past but also in the contemporary world. Historical phenomena needed (necessarily) to be viewed in present-day perspective, current problems ought if possible to be seen in historical perspective. There is no doubt that the prevailing view today, at least in the Western World, is to a great extent characterized by a growing dislike of the modern Leviathan, the highly centraliz­ ed, bureaucratic welfare State.

Kurzfassung: Introduction: The Role of Dutch in Recent Phonological Issues -- Structure Conditions for Initial Position in Standard Dutch -- Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in Dialect Borrowing and Phonological Change -- Brabantic Sandhi and the Abstractness Debate -- Morpheme Boundaries and Syllable Boundaries: A Case for Natural Phonology -- The Stress Pattern of Dutch Simplex Words: A First Approximation -- On Vowel Reduction in Dutch -- Dutch Diminutives over easy -- Past Participle Prefix ge- Deletion and the Role of Stress in Dutch Complex Verbs -- Boundaries, Wordclasses, and the Accentuation of Derived Words in Dutch -- Inflectional Aspects of Adjectives in the Dialects of Dutch-speaking Belgium -- Some Theoretical Implications of Stem Alternations in Dutch Diminutives and Plurals -- Egg, Onion, Ouch! On the Representation of Dutch Diphthongs -- The Looking Glass War: On the Role of Hypercorrection in Phonological Change.

Kurzfassung: 1. Problems, data, questions -- 2. Probability and other definitions -- 3. Combining probabilities -- 4. Significance, binomials, and x2 -- 5. Continuous variates -- 6. Inference on means ; the Normal distribution -- 7. Unknown variance; the t-distribution -- 8. Design of experiments -- 9. Comparisons between means -- 10. Additional topics -- Solutions to exercises.

Kurzfassung: This book has grown from nine hours oflectures, and about the same time in tutorial classes, that attempt to give first-year students of biology some understanding of statistics. I am convinced that such a short course should not be mathematical (though it can employ basic mathematical symbolism), and that it should give students an appreciation of statistical argument, even though this limits the amount of detailed instruction in techniques of analysis that can be included. A statistical cookery book would have been easier to write and much easier to read, but lacking in true educational content. I am more concerned to show 'why' than to present methods and rules. A further constraint, that of remaining within a reasonable price range, prevents reiteration of explanations: the reader is expected to remember what he has read, for he will not find standard terms and ideas explained afresh on each occasion of use. Many books that introduce statistics to biologists blur distinctions and evade logical issues, for example by failing to emphasize the distinction between a parameter and an estimator from a sample or by neglecting the role of randomization. On this, I aim to be un­ compromisingly correct - at least until reviewers point out my errors - but to do so through realistic examples rather than abstract symbolism.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 2 The subjective experience of animals -- 3 Suffering, health and ‘productivity’ -- 4 Suffering and the ‘unnatural’ life -- 5 The physiology of suffering -- 6 Behaviour and suffering -- 7 What animals choose -- 8 Analogies with ourselves -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Stumbling blocks and stepping stones -- References.

Kurzfassung: I wrote this book because I believe that the welfare of animals is a very important subject but one about which there is a of confusion and muddled thinking. I wanted to great deal write a book which straightened out some of the confusion by looking in detail at one particular problem: how to recognize animal suffering. The book is written for anyone interested in animals and the controversies over how human beings should treat them. I have tried to convince people who might otherwise feel that science had only a rather sinister connection with animal welfare that the scientific study of animal suffering has, in fact, a major and positive contribution to make. It can give us an insight into what animals experience and this, in tum, may help us to alleviate their suffering. At the same time, I have tried to write a book that will be of at least some use to scientists. The chapters which follow pro­ vide an outline of the biological approach to animal welfare. I have also attempted to show sceptics that it is possible to study animal suffering without sacrificing standards of scien­ tific procedure. Perhaps some may even come to share my belief that the study of the subjective experiences of animals is one of the most fascinating areas in the whole of biology, as well as being of great practical and ethical importance.

Kurzfassung: One: Nuclear Technology -- 1. The History of Nuclear Energy -- 2. Government Regulation of Atomic Power -- 3. Fission Generation of Electricity -- 4. Ethical Problems Raised by Nuclear Technology -- Notes -- Two: Reactor Emissions and Equal Protection -- 1. The Controversy over Low-Level Radiation -- 2. Federal Radiation Standards -- 3. Ethical Problems of Radiation Policy -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- Three: Nuclear Wastes and the Argument from Ignorance -- 1. The Social and Economic Costs of Storing Radioactive Wastes -- 2. Philosophical Errors in Analyses of the Waste Problem -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Four: Core Melt Catastrophe and Due Process -- 1. The Price-Anderson Act -- 2. Philosophical Difficulties in the Price-Anderson Act -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Five: Nuclear Economics and the Problem of Externalities -- 1. The Problem of Externalities -- 2. Partially-Compensated Externalities of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 3. The Consequences of the Failure To Compensate -- 4. The Consequences of Recognizing Amenity Rights -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Six: Nuclear Safety and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- 1. The Naturalistic Fallacy -- 2. Commissions of the Fallacy in Government Studies of Nuclear Power -- 3. The Consequences to Public Policy -- 4. New Directions for Technology and Public Policy -- Notes -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: This book grew out of projects funded by the Kentucky Human­ ities Council in 1974 and. 1975 and by the Environmental Protec­ tion Agency in 1976 and 1977. As a result of the generosity of these two agencies, I was able to study the logical, methodological, and ethical assumptions inherent in the decision to utilize nuclear fission for generating electricity. Since both grants gave me the opportunity to survey public policy-making, I discovered that there were critical lacunae in allegedly comprehensive analyses of various energy technologies. Ever since this discovery, one of my goals has been to fill one of these gaps by writing a well-docu­ mented study of some neglected social and ethical questions regarding nuclear power. Although many assessments of atomic energy written by en­ vironmentalists are highly persuasive, they often also are overly emotive and question-begging. Sometimes they employ what seem to be correct ethical conclusions, but they do so largely in an in­ tuitive, rather than a closely-reasoned, manner. On the other hand, books and reports written by nuclear proponents, often Under government contract, almost always ignore the social and ethical aspects of energy decision-making; they focus instead only on a purely scientific assessment of fission generation of electricity. What the energy debate needs, I believe, are more studies which aim at ethical analysis and which avoid unsubstantiated assertions. I hope that these essays are steps in that direction.

Kurzfassung: 1 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors -- 2 Glycine, GABA and Benzodiazepine Receptors -- 3 Substance P Receptors -- 4 Enkephalin and Endorphin Receptors -- 5 Other Peptide Receptors.

Kurzfassung: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electrophysiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.

Kurzfassung: The year 1978 marked the thirtieth anniversary of Professor C. J. Ham­ son's 'Summer course for foreign lawyers' and of his untiring efforts not only to introduce the civil lawyer to the mysteries of the Common law but also to bring closer together lawyers from both sides of the Channel. The same year saw the beginning of the 'Cambridge-Tilburg Law Lectures' wh ich developed indirectIy from the 'Summer course' and which seek to achieve similar aims by different methods. The idea of inviting two Cambridge scholars to assist their Dutch col­ leagues in the teaching of the Common law as a regular option for under­ graduate studies is novel and, to judge from first reactions, has so far been successful. The immediate objects are to achieve closer links be­ tween lawyer and Civillawyer; to encourage the further systematic teach­ ing of the Common law; and to produce aseries of lectures, two of which will be published annually in the hope that they may be of inter­ est to a wider public.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- Topics for further reading -- 2 Motility in prokaryotic organisms -- 2.1 Elements involved in motility -- 2.2 Molecular structure of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.3 Regulation of synthesis and assembly of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.4 The function of bacterial flagella -- 2.5 Patterns of bacterial movements -- 2.6 Regulation of bacterial movement -- Topics for further reading -- 3 The motility system of eukaryotic cells -- 3.1 Microtubules -- 3.2 Molecular components of micro tubular structures -- 3.3 Microtubule assembly and its control -- 3.4 How microtubules can generate movement -- 3.5 The problem of intermediate filaments -- 3.6 Microfilaments -- 3.7 Molecular components of microfilaments -- 3.8 Microfilament assembly and its control -- 3.9 How microfilaments generate movement -- 3.10 Sliding control in microfilaments -- 3.11 Microtubules, microfilaments and cell membranes -- Topics for further reading -- 4 The movement of eukaryotic cells -- 4.1 Ciliary and flagellar movement -- 4.2 Amoeboid movement -- Topics for further reading -- References.

Kurzfassung: Philosophers through the ages have made the astute observation that life, in its many aspects, appears to be continuously moving. All things in the universe, from the cosmic to the atomic level, exhibit some form of movement. Getting down to earth, the capacity to move is also an essential feature of the biological world. Movement was in fact synonymous with life at the time that Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first simple microscope (seventeenth century). Using his primitive instrument he observed micro-organisms. which he called 'animalcules', swimming through a drop of water, and therefore he proclaimed that they 'seem to be alive'. We now know that movement in this form is not a prerequisite for life. although it is a crucial aspect in many living organisms. Realizing the general importance of motility in the biological world, this book will try to focus on the motility at a cellular level. Motility at a cellular level can take one of several forms: movement of components within the cell itself or movement of the cell as a whole (cell locomotion).

Kurzfassung: One -- I. Basic Concepts and Characteristics -- II. Performing a R?Ga (1): Dhrupada -- III. Performing a R?Ga (2): Khay?L -- IV. R?ga Delineation -- V. Poetry, Melody and Rhythm -- VI. The Essence of R?ga and the Problem of Rasa -- Two -- VII. Music and its Larger Social Environment -- VIII. The Rise and fall of the Ghar?N? System -- IX. Training and Creativity -- X. The Role of the Great Musicians -- XI. A Survey of Changes in North Indian Music -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- Bibliography and Discography -- Music Examples.

Kurzfassung: AIM In spite of a reasonably extensive literature in English' and Indian vernaculars, there are extremely few books on Indian music that can be considered of a scientific standard. I found, when I took up an interest in Indian music in 1967, that even protracted reading of the studies in English was not conducive to an understanding of the principles of performance. Most of my study and research have been devoted to the gradual refinement of this very understanding. In the course of time it also became obvious that different scholars and different musicians held divergent views on many basic concepts of Indian music. Therefore, one of my tasks was to assess the degree of variability in Indian music. As a corollary I wanted to know how this variability could manifest itself as change in a relatively short and well-documented period. It is often assumed that traditional cultures, as e. g. in India, are rather inert and that the art forms hardly ever change. This study proves the contrary: Indian music has a strong vitality. If we examine the different treatises through the centuries this vitality would appear to be a basic characteristic. I felt that at least an effort to discover the roots of such change would be valuable as a contribution to the study of art history and possibly to the sociology of culture.

Kurzfassung: Alien Acquisition of Real Property: A Practitioner’s Perspective -- Austria -- Belgium -- Denmark -- England -- Federal Republic of Germany -- France -- Israel -- The Netherlands -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- United States -- The European Community -- Index to Major Topics.

Kurzfassung: The concept of the nation-state has as an essential element the control of territory, legal and political authority over the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of land. The rapid increase during the 1970s in the pace of foreign 1 investment -with the acquisition of real property as a centerpiece-has stirred new concern for the ability and disability of aliens to invest in and acquire title 2 to the physical territory of a given state. With a variety of factors now stimulating 3 foreign investment in land, increased attention has been given in many countries to the role of the state in controlling, inhibiting or prohibiting investment in real property by aliens. English law long ago established that the alien would be subject to significant 4 disabilities in connection with the ownership of land. The imposition of similar 5 restrictions on aliens is found in the early law of most nation-states. Such disabilities have their roots in the feudal period, and it was not until the eighteenth century that the countries of Continental Europe abandoned the absolute 6 prohibition on succession to real property by aliens. The prohibition was replaced by a tax imposed on aliens who withdrew the property of the state of which the decedent was a citizen. Common Law rules restricting alien succession developed in the thirteenth century.

Kurzfassung: 1. NATURE AND PROPERTIES -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and structure -- 1.3 Isolation and purification -- 1.4 Physical properties -- 1.5 Chemical properties -- 1.6 Addendum -- 1.7 References -- 2. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General pathway to lycopene -- 2.3 Further reactions of lycopene -- 2.4 Insertion of oxygen into carotenoids -- 2.5 Acetylenic, allenic and refrocarotenoids -- 2.6 C30 carotenoids -- 2.7 References -- 3. FUNCTIONS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Photosynthesis -- 3.3 Photoprotection -- 3.4 The xanthophyll cycle -- 3.5 Phototropism -- 3.6 Phototaxis -- 3.7 Sporangiophore formation -- 3.8 References -- 4. CAROTENOIDS IN SEED-BEARING PLANTS-PHOTOSYNTHETIC TISSUES -- 4.1 Qualitative distribution -- 4.2 Quantitative distribution -- 4.3 Localization -- 4.4 Etiolated seedlings -- 4.5 Mutants -- 4.6 Synthesis in germinating seedlings -- 4.7 Effect of environment on synthesis in leaves -- 4.8 Biosynthesis -- 4.9 Regulation of synthesis -- 4.10 Metabolism -- 4.11 Plant tissue cultures -- 4.12 Parasitic and saprophytic plants -- 4.13 Aquatic higher plants -- 4.14 References -- 5. CAROTENOIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 5.1 Reproductive tissues -- 5.2 Roots -- 5.3 References -- 6. MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND SPORE-BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS -- 6.1 Bryophyta - mosses and liverworts -- 6.2 Tracophyta - spore-bearing vascular plants -- 6.3 Function -- 6.4 References -- 7. ALGAE -- 7.1 Nature and distribution -- 7.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 7.3 Carotenoids, algal taxonomy and evolution -- 7.4 References -- 8. FUNGI -- 8.1 Distribution -- 8.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 8.3 Function in reproduction -- 8.4 References -- 9. NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Distribution -- 9.3 Localization of carotenoids -- 9.4 Factors controlling synthesis -- 9.5 Biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids -- 9.6 Biosynthesis of C45 and C50 carotenoids -- 9.7 Formation of carotenoid glucoside esters -- 9.8 References -- 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 10.1 Distribution -- 10.2 Localization of carotenoids -- 10.3 General factors controlling synthesis -- 10.4 Biosynthesis -- 10.5 References -- 11. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF CAROTENOIDS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fresh water deposits -- 11.3 Ocean deposits -- 11.4 References.

Kurzfassung: The carotenoids are not only amongst the most widespread of the naturally occurring groups of pigments, but probably also have the most varied functions; witness their known roles in photokinetic responses of plants, in phototropic responses of fish and as vitamin A precursors in mammals and birds. Pigments with such wide distribution and such diverse functions are obviously of great interest to biological scientists with very different specializa­ tions, especially as it is unlikely that the study of the functions of carotenoids is anywhere near complete. The primary aim of the present work is to discuss the distribution, bio­ genesis and function of the carotenoids throughout the plant and animal kingdoms in such a way that, because of, rather than in spite of its bio­ chemical bias, it will be of value to workers interested in all the biological aspects of these pigments. The biochemical approach is considered the most effective because, generally speaking, most progress in the study of carotenoids in living material has been achieved using biochemical techniques, be they applied by zoologists, botanists, entomologists, microbiologists or other specialists; what is even more important is that a consideration of the present position makes it certain that further fundamental progress will also be made along biochemical lines.