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  • English  (132)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401797627
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 258 p. 4 illus., 1 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: Philosophy of Engineering and Technology 18
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Economics ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Economics
    Abstract: This edited volume explores the interplay between philosophies in a wide-ranging analysis of how technological applications in science inform our systems of thought. Beginning with a historical background, the volume moves on to explore a host of topics, such as the uses of technology in scientific observations and experiments, the salient relationship between technology and mechanistic notions in science, and the ways in which today’s vast and increasing computing power helps scientists achieve results that were previously unattainable. Technology allows today’s researchers to gather, in a matter of hours, data that would previously have taken weeks or months to assemble. It also acts as a kind of metaphor bank, providing biologists in particular with analogies (the heart as a ‘pump’, the nervous system as a ‘computer network’) that have become common linguistic currency. This book also examines the fundamental epistemological distinctions between technology and science and assesses their continued relevance. Given the increasing amalgamation of the philosophies of science and technology, this fresh addition to the literature features pioneering work in a promising new field that will appeal both to philosophers and scientific historiographers
    Description / Table of Contents: PrefaceContributors -- Part I. Introductory -- Preview; Sven Ove Hansson -- Chapter 1. Science and technology. What they are and why their relation matters; Sven Ove Hansson.-Part II. The technological origins of science -- Chapter 2. Technological thinking in science; David F. Channell -- Chapter 3. The scientific use of technological instruments; Mieke Boon -- Chapter 4. Experiments before science. What science learned from technological experiments Sven Ove Hansson -- Part III. Modern technology shapes modern science -- Chapter 5. Iteration unleashed. Computer technology in science; Johannes Lenhard -- Chapter 6. Computer simulations: a new mode of scientific inquiry?; Stéphanie Ruphy -- Chapter 7. Adopting a technological stance toward the living world. Promises, pitfalls and perils; Russell Powell -- Part IV. Reflections on a complex relationship -- Chapter 8. Goal rationality in science and technology. An epistemological perspective; Erik J. Olsson -- Chapter 9. Reflections on rational goals in science and technology. A comment on Olsson; Peter Kroes -- Chapter 10. The naturalness of the naturalistic fallacy and the ethics of nanotechnology; Maoro Dorato -- Chapter 11. Human well-being, nature and technology; Ibo van de Poel -- Chapter 12. Philosophy of science and philosophy of technology: one or two philosophies of one or two objects?; Maarten Franssen.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789401794121
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 490 p. 54 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 307
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 575.009
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Embryology ; Evolution (Biology) ; History ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Embryology ; Evolution (Biology) ; History
    Abstract: This volume explores questions about conceptual change from both scientific and philosophical viewpoints by analyzing the recent history of evolutionary developmental biology. It features revised papers that originated from the workshop "Conceptual Change in Biological Science: Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 1981-2011" held at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin in July 2010. In these papers, philosophers and biologists compare and contrast key concepts in evolutionary developmental biology and their development since the original, seminal Dahlem conference on evolution and development held in Berlin in 1981. Many of the original scientific participants from the 1981 conference are also contributors to this new volume and, in conjunction with other expert biologists and philosophers specializing on these topics, provide an authoritative, comprehensive view on the subject. Taken together, the papers supply novel perspectives on how and why the conceptual landscape has shifted and stabilized in particular ways, yielding insights into the dynamic epistemic changes that have occurred over the past three decades. This volume will appeal to philosophers of biology studying conceptual change, evolutionary developmental biologists focused on comprehending the genesis of their field and evaluating its future directions, and historians of biology examining this period when the intersection of evolution and development rose again to prominence in biological science
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Conceptual Change and Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Alan C. LovePART I: ADAPTATION, ALLOMETRY, HETEROCHRONY AND HOMOPLASY -- Chapter 2: Adaptive Aspects of Development: A Thirty-year Perspective on the Relevance of Biomechanical and Allometric Analyses; Karl Niklas -- Chapter 3: Do Functional Requirements for Embryos and Larvae Have a Place in Evo-devo? Richard Strathmann -- Chapter 4: Is Heterochrony Still an Effective Paradigm for Contemporary Studies of Evo-devo? James Hanken -- Chapter 5: Homoplasy, a Moving Target; David Wake -- PART II: PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION AND EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY -- Chapter 6: The Concept of Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Life History Traits; Stephen Stearns -- Chapter 7: A Developmental-physiological Perspective on the Development and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity; H. Fred Nijhout -- Chapter 8: Cellular Basis of Morphogenetic Change: A Retrospective from the Vantage Point of Developmental Signaling Pathways; John Gerhart -- Chapter 9: The Road to Facilitated Variation; Marc Kirschner -- PART III: MODELS, LARVAE, PHYLA AND PALEONTOLOGY -- Chapter 10: Phyla, Phylogeny, and Embryonic Body Plans; Gary Freeman -- Chapter 11: Evo-devo and the Evolution of Marine Larvae: From the Modern World to the Dawn of the Metazoa; Rudolf Raff -- Chapter 12: Dahlem 1981: Before and Beyond; Armand de Ricqlès -- Chapter 13: What Salamander Biologists Have Taught Us about Evo-devo; James Griesemer -- PART IV: CONSTRAINT AND EVOLVABILITY -- Chapter 14: From Developmental Constraint to Evolvability: How Concepts Figure in Explanation and Disciplinary Identity; Ingo Brigandt -- Chapter 15: Reinventing the Organism: Evolvability and Homology in Post-Dahlem Evolutionary Biology; Günter Wagner -- Chapter 16: Internal Factors in Evolution: The Morphogenetic Tree, Developmental Bias, and Some Thoughts on the Conceptual Structure of Evo-devo; Wallace Arthur -- Chapter 17: Entrenchment as a Theoretical Tool in Evolutionary Developmental Biology; William Wimsatt -- PART V: HIERARCHIES AND INTERDISCIPLINARITY -- Chapter 18: Hierarchies and Integration in Evolution and Development; Marvalee Wake -- Chapter 19: Development and Evolution: The Physics Connection; Stuart Newman -- Chapter 20: The Interaction of Research Systems in the Evo-devo Juncture; Elihu Gerson -- Chapter 21: Evo-devo as a Trading Zone; Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther -- Index.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789401796361
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 393 p. 18 illus., 10 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 309
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Sciences in the universities of Europe, nineteenth and twentieth centuries
    DDC: 501
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Education, Higher ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Education, Higher ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Europa ; Hochschule ; Naturwissenschaften ; Geschichte 1800-2000
    Abstract: This book focuses on sciences in the universities of Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the chapters in it provide an overview, mostly from the point of view of the history of science, of the different ways universities dealt with the institutionalization of science teaching and research. A useful book for understanding the deep changes that universities were undergoing in the last years of the 20th century. The book is organized around four central themes: 1) Universities in the longue durée; 2) Universities in diverse political contexts; 3) Universities and academic research; 4) Universities and discipline formation. The book is addressed at a broad readership which includes scholars and researchers in the field of General History, Cultural History, History of Universities, History of Education, History of Science and Technology, Science Policy, high school teachers, undergraduate and graduate students of sciences and humanities, and the general interested public
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents; Contributors; Chapter-1 ; Introduction ; 1.1 European Universities in the Marketplace ; 1.1.1 Bibliocentrism ; 1.1.2 Funding ; 1.1.3 Teaching ; 1.1.4 Assessment ; 1.2 The Painful Transition of European Universities ; 1.3 Academic Landscapes. Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centu; Part I; Universities in the longue durée; Chapter-2; "Those that Have Most Money Must Have Least Learning": Undergraduate Education at the University of Oxford in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.1 Oxford in the Eighteenth Century: The University in Decline?2.2 The Oxford Student Ranks; 2.3 The Oxford Gentleman and a Different Education; 2.4 Limited Opportunities for Poor Students; 2.5 Jeremy Bentham and Vicesimus Knox; References; Chapter-3; From Ørsted to Bohr:The Sciences and the Danish University System, 1800-1920; 3.1 University and Natural Philosophy until 1800; 3.2 Troubles and Progress in the Romantic Era; 3.3 Universities and Wars; 3.4 A Network of Science Institutions; 3.5 The Copenhagen Science Faculty; 3.6 Some Highlights; 3.7 Between Internationalism and Provincialism
    Description / Table of Contents: ReferencesChapter-4; Changing Concepts of 'The University' and Oxford's Governance Debates, 1850s-2000s; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Victorian Reform: 1850s to 1870s; 4.3 New Role for the State: 1920s; 4.4 Increasing Access and University Expansion: 1960s; 4.5 Accountability and Efficiency: 1990s-2000s; Conclusion; References; Chapter-5; Challenging the Backlash: Women Science Students in Italian Universities (1870s-2000s); 5.1 In the Long Term; 5.2 'Women in a World Without Women':The International Context in the 'Age of Science'; 5.3 In Italy: The Big Sleep; 5.4 From 1900 to the Second World War
    Description / Table of Contents: 5.5 From the Cold War to the PresentConclusions; References; Chapter-6; The University of Strasbourg and World Wars; 6.1 A Regained Prestigious Institution; 6.2 Anchoring of the University in the Alsace and the Attendant Tensions; 6.3 Restaffing the Chemistry Institute and Moving into New Areas; 6.4 Strasbourg and Paris; 6.5 A Difficult Coexistence in Clermont-Ferrand; 6.6 Attack of the Nazis on the University of Strasbourg in Clermont-Ferrand; 6.7 Survival of New Subdisciplines Started in Strasbourg; 6.8 Overview and Conclusions; References; Chapter-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Universities in Central Europe: Changing Perspectives in the Troubled Twentieth Century7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Provincial Universities in the Multinational Habsburg Empire before 1918; 7.3 Completion, Restructuring, and Modernisation of the Higher-Education Network in Interwar Czechoslovakia (1918-1938); 7.4 Disintegration and Devolution of Original Czechoslovak System (1939-1945); 7.5 Reconstruction, Regionalization, and Sovietization (1945-1989); 7.6 Transformations and Reforms (1990-); Conclusions; References; Part II; Universities in diverse political contexts; Chapter-8
    Description / Table of Contents: University Models in Changing Political Contexts
    Description / Table of Contents: PART I: UNIVERSITIES IN THE LONGUE DURÉEChapter 1: “Those That Have Most Money Must Have Least Learning”: Undergraduate Education at the University of Oxford in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries; Robert Wells -- Chapter 2: From Ørsted to Bohr: The Sciences and the Danish University System, 1800-1920; Helge Kragh -- Chapter 3: Changing Concepts of “the University” and Oxford’s Governance Debates, 1850s-2000s; Andrew M. Boggs -- Chapter 4: Challenging the Backlash: Women Science Students in Italian Universities, 1870s-2000s; Paola Govoni -- Chapter 5: The University of Strasbourg and World Wars; Pierre Laszlo -- Chapter 6: Universities in Central Europe: Changing Perspectives in the Troubled Twentieth Century; Petr Svobodny -- PART II: UNIVERSITIES IN DIVERSE POLITICAL CONTEXTS -- Chapter 7: University Models in Changing Political Contexts; Gabor Pallo -- Chapter 8: The Autonomous Industrial University of Barcelona and the Frustrated Expectations of Democracy in Pre-war Spain, 1933-34? Antoni Roca-Rosell -- Chapter 9: Reform and Repression: Manuel Lora Tamayo and the Spanish University in the 1960s; Agustí Nieto-Galan -- Chapter 10: Universities in Russia: Current Reforms through the Prism of Soviet Heritage and International Practice; Evgeny Vodichev -- PART III: UNIVERSITIES AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH -- Chapter 11: University Societies and Clubs in Nineteenth and Twentieth-century Britain and their Role in the Promotion of Research; William Lubenow -- Chapter 12: The German Model of Laboratory Science and the European Periphery, 1860-1914; Geert Vanpaemel -- Chapter 13: Foundation of the Lisbon Polytechnic School Astronomical Observatory in Late Nineteenth Century: A Step Towards Establishing a University in Lisbon; Luís Miguel Carolino -- Chapter 14: The Political and Cultural Revolution of the CNRS: An Attempt at the Systematic Organization of Research in Opposition to “the Academic Spirit”; Robert Belot -- Chapter 15: Visions of Science: Research at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon seen through its Journal; Maria Paula Diogo, Ana Carneiro and Ana Simões -- PART IV: UNIVERSITIES AND DISCIPLINE FORMATION -- Chapter 16: The Reforms of the Austrian University System and their Influence on the Process of Discipline Formation, 1848-1860; Christof Aichner -- Chapter 17: The Physics Laboratory of Leiden University; Dirk von Delft -- Chapter 18: A Peripheral Center: Early Quantum Physics at Cambridge; Jaume Navarro -- Chapter 19: From the Museum to the Field: Geology Teaching in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon; Teresa Salomé Mota -- Chapter 20: The Emergence of Biotypology in Brazilian Medicine: The Italian Model, Textbooks, and Discipline Building, 1930-1940; Ana Carolina Vimieiro Gomes -- Epilogue.
    Note: Includes index
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789400769731
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 331 p. 46 illus., 18 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 34
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Theories of information, communication and knowledge
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Information ; Kommunikation ; Wissen ; Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft ; Online-Ressource ; Information ; Kommunikation ; Wissen
    Abstract: This book addresses some of the key questions that scientists have been asking themselves for centuries: what is knowledge? What is information? How do we know that we know something? How do we construct meaning from the perceptions of things? Although no consensus exists on a common definition of the concepts of information and communication, few can reject the hypothesis that information - whether perceived as « object » or as « process » - is a pre-condition for knowledge. Epistemology is the study of how we know things (anglophone meaning) or the study of how scientific knowledge is arrived at and validated (francophone conception). To adopt an epistemological stance is to commit oneself to render an account of what constitutes knowledge or in procedural terms, to render an account of when one can claim to know something. An epistemological theory imposes constraints on the interpretation of human cognitive interaction with the world. It goes without saying that different epistemological theories will have more or less restrictive criteria to distinguish what constitutes knowledge from what is not. If information is a pre-condition for knowledge acquisition, giving an account of how knowledge is acquired should impact our comprehension of information and communication as concepts. While a lot has been written on the definition of these concepts, less research has attempted to establish explicit links between differing theoretical conceptions of these concepts and the underlying epistemological stances. This is what this volume attempts to do. It offers a multidisciplinary exploration of information and communication as perceived in different disciplines and how those perceptions affect theories of knowledge
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction; Fidelia Ibekwe-SanJuan and Thomas DousaChapter 1: Cybersemiotics: A new foundation for transdisciplinary theory of information, cognition, meaning, communication and consciousness; Søren Brier -- Chapter 2: Epistemology and the Study of Social Information within the Perspective of a Unified Theory of Information;Wolfgang Hofkirchner.- Chapter 3: Perception and Testimony as Data Providers; Luciano Floridi -- Chapter 4: Human communication from the semiotic perspective; Winfried Nöth --   Chapter 5: Mind the gap: transitions between concepts of information in varied domains; Lyn Robinson and David Bawden -- Chapter 6:  Information and the disciplines: A conceptual meta-analysis; Jonathan Furner -- Chapter 7: Epistemological Challenges for Information Science; Ian Cornelius -- Chapter 8: The nature of information science and its core concepts; Birger Hjørland -- Chapter 9: Sylvie Leleu-Merviel. Coalescence in the informational process. Application to visual sense-making. Chapter 10: Understanding users’ informational constructs through the affordances of cinematographic images; Michel Labour -- Chapter 11: Documentary Languages and the Demarcation of Information Units in Textual Information: A Case Study; Thomas Dousa -- Index.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401790116
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 283 p. 186 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning, Interdisciplinary Perspectives from the Humanities and Social Sciences 5
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Logik ; Rationalität ; Vernunft
    Abstract: This book contains a selection of the papers presented at the Logic, Reasoning and Rationality 2010 conference (LRR10) in Ghent. The conference aimed at stimulating the use of formal frameworks to explicate concrete cases of human reasoning, and conversely, to challenge scholars in formal studies by presenting them with interesting new cases of actual reasoning. According to the members of the Wiener Kreis, there was a strong connection between logic, reasoning, and rationality and that human reasoning is rational in so far as it is based on (classical) logic. Later, this belief came under attack and logic was deemed inadequate to explicate actual cases of human reasoning. Today, there is a growing interest in reconnecting logic, reasoning and rationality. A central motor for this change was the development of non-classical logics and non-classical formal frameworks. The book contains contributions in various non-classical formal frameworks, case studies that enhance our apprehension of concrete reasoning patterns, and studies of the philosophical implications for our understanding of the notions of rationality
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface; Erik Weber, Joke Meheus & Dietlinde WoutersChapter 1. Adaptive Logics as a Necessary Tool for Relative Rationality. Including a Section on Logical Pluralism; Diderik Batens -- Chapter 2. A New Approach to Epistemic Logic; Giovanna Corsi and Gabriele Tassi -- Chapter 3. Explaining Capacities: Assessing the Explanatory Power of Models in the Cognitive Sciences; Raoul Gervais -- Chapter 4. Data-driven Induction in Scientific Discovery. A Critical Assessment Based on Kepler’s Discoveries; Albrecht Heeffer -- Chapter 5. Dovetailing Belief Base Revision with (Basic) Truth Approximation; Theo A.F. Kuipers -- Chapter 6. A Method of Generating Modal Logics Defining Jaśkowski’s Discussive D2 Consequence; Marek Nasieniewski and Andrzej Pietruszczak -- Chapter 7. Frontier Theory of Inquiry: Apparent Conflicts between the Ghent Logical Program and the “Darwinian” Selectionist Program; Thomas Nickles -- Chapter 8. On the Propagation of Consistency in Some Systems of Paraconsistent Logic; Hitoshi Omori and Toshiharu Waragai -- Chapter 9. Degrees of Validity and the Logical Paradoxes; Francesco Orilia -- Chapter 10. Contradictory Concepts; Graham Priest -- Chapter 11. Bloody Analogical Reasoning; Dagmar Provijn -- Chapter 12. Another Look at Mathematical Style, as Inspired by Le Lionnais and the OuLiPo; Jean Paul Van Bendegem and Bart Van Kerkhove -- Chapter 13. Internalism Does Entail Scepticism; Jan Willem Wieland -- Chapter 14. Answering by Means of Questions in View of Inferential Erotetic Logic; Andrzej Wiśniewski.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400778382
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 233 p. 3 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 368
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Computer science ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Computer science
    Abstract: This book analyzes Bas van Fraassen’s characterization of representation and models in science. In this regard, it presents the philosophical coordinates of his approach and pays attention to his structural empiricism as a framework for his views on scientific representations and models. These are developed here through two new contributions made by van Fraassen. In addition, there are analyses of the relation between models and reality in his approach, where the complexity of this conception is considered in detail. Furthermore, there is an examination of scientific explanation and epistemic values judgments. This volume includes a wealth of bibliographical information on his philosophy and relevant philosophical issues. Bas van Fraassen is a key figure in contemporary philosophy of science, as the prestigious Hempel Award shows. His views on scientific representation offer new ideas on how it should be characterized, and his conception of models shows a novelty that goes beyond other empiricists’ approaches of recent times. Both aspects - the characterization of scientific representation and the conception of models in science - are part of a deliberate attempt to forge a “structural empiricism,” an alternative to structural realism based on an elaborated version of empiricism
    Description / Table of Contents: Prologue; Wenceslao J. GonzalezPart 1. Philosophical Coordinates -- Chapter 1. “On Representation and Models in Bas van Fraassen’s Approach”; Wenceslao J. Gonzalez -- Chapter 2. “Scientific Activity as an Interpretative Practice. Empiricism, Constructivism and Pragmatism”; Inmaculada Perdomo -- Chapter 3. “Models and Phenomena: Bas van Fraassen’s Empiricist Structuralism”; Iranzo, Valeriano -- Part 2. Models and Representations -- Chapter 4. “The Criterion of Empirical Grounding in the Sciences”; Bas van Fraassen -- Chapter 5. “On Representing Evidence”; Maria Carla Galavotti -- Part 3. Models and Reality -- Chapter 6. “The View from Within and the View from Above : Looking at van Fraassen’s Perrin”; Stathis Psillos -- Chapter 7. “Models and Phenomena: Bas van Fraassen’s Empiricist Structuralism”;  Valeriano Iranzo -- Chapter 8. “Scientific Models and Abduction: The Role of Non Classical Logics”; Ángel Nepomuceno -- Part 4. Scientific Explanation and Epistemic Values Judgments -- Chapter 9. “Explanation as a Pragmatic Virtue: Bas van Fraassen’s Model”; Margarita Santana -- Chapter 10. “Values, Choices, and Epistemic Stances”, Bas van Fraassen.
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401787093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 237 p. 1 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophies and Theories in Education 6
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Education ; Education ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Bildungstheorie ; Exploration ; Experiment ; Weltbild
    Abstract: This book deals with contemporary epistemological questions, connecting Educational Philosophy with the field of Science- and Technology Studies. It can be understood as a draft of a general theory of world-disclosure, which is in its core a distinction between two forms of world-disclosure: experiment and exploration. These two forms have never been clearly distinguished before. The focus lies on the experimental form of world-disclosure, which is described in detail and in contrast to the explorational form along the line of twenty-one characteristics, which are mainly derived from empirical studies of experimental work in the field of natural sciences. It can also be understood as an attempt to integrate elements of the Anglo-Saxon Philosophy of Science with elements of the German tradition of Educational Philosophy. This is also reflected in the style of writing. In accordance to the content-level of the book, the argument for experimental forms of world-disclosure is written in an essayistic, readable style, which can be understood as an experimental form of writing. This book is a translation of the doctoral thesis 'Experiment und Exploration. Bildung als experimentelle Form der Welterschließung' (summa cum laude). The thesis was published in German in 2010 by Transcript (Bielefeld) in the series called 'Theorie Bilden', edited by Prof. Dr. Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland, Prof. Dr. Hans-Christoph Koller, Prof. Dr. Karl-Josef Pazzini and Prof. Dr. Michael Wimmer
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction1. The Subversion of Technology -- 2. The Disclosure of the World -- 3. The Form of the Experimental -- 4. The Subversion of Bildung -- Bibliography.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401787802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 191 p. 10 illus., 1 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 79
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Poincaré, Philosopher of Science
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Differentiable dynamical systems ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Differentiable dynamical systems ; Poincaré, Henri 1854-1912 ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: This volume presents a selection of papers from the Poincaré Project of the Center for the Philosophy of Science, University of Lisbon, bringing together an international group of scholars with new assessments of Henri Poincaré's philosophy of science-both its historical impact on the foundations of science and mathematics, and its relevance to contemporary philosophical inquiry. The work of Poincaré (1854-1912) extends over many fields within mathematics and mathematical physics. But his scientific work was inseparable from his groundbreaking philosophical reflections, and the scientific ferment in which he participated was inseparable from the philosophical controversies in which he played a pre-eminent part. The subsequent history of the mathematical sciences was profoundly influenced by Poincaré’s philosophical analyses of the relations between and among mathematics, logic, and physics, and, more generally, the relations between formal structures and the world of experience. The papers in this collection illuminate Poincaré’s place within his own historical context as well as the implications of his work for ours
    Description / Table of Contents: PrefaceIntroduction; Robert DiSalle and María de Paz -- Part I Poincaré’s Philosophy of Science -- 1 Portrait of Henri Poincaré as a young philosopher: the formative years (1860-1873); Laurent Rollet -- 2 The Invention of Convention; Janet Folina -- 3 The third way epistemology: A re-characterization of Poincaré’s conventionalism; María de Paz -- 4 Poincaré, Indifferent Hypotheses and Metaphysics; Antonio Videira -- Part II Poincaré on the Foundations of Mathematics -- 5 Poincaré in Göttingen; Reinhard Kahle -- 6 Poincaré on the Principles of the Calculus; Augusto J. Franco de Oliveira -- 7 Does the French Connection (Poincaré, Lautman) provide some insights regarding the thesis that meta-mathematics is an exception to the slogan that mathematics concerns structures?; Gerhard Heinzmann.- Part III Poincaré on the Foundations of Physics -- 8 Henri Poincaré: The status of mechanical explanations and the foundations of statistical mechanics; João Príncipe -- 9 Poincaré: A scientist inspired by his philosophy; Isabella Serra -- 10 Poincaré on the construction of space-time; Robert DiSalle -- Contributors -- Index.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400776548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 2532 p. 86 illus., 20 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. International handbook of research in history, philosophy and science teaching
    Keywords: Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Education ; Education ; Science History ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching
    Abstract: This inaugural handbook documents the distinctive research field that utilizes history and philosophy in investigation of theoretical, curricular and pedagogical issues in the teaching of science and mathematics. It is contributed to by 130 researchers from 30 countries; it provides a logically structured, fully referenced guide to the ways in which science and mathematics education is, informed by the history and philosophy of these disciplines, as well as by the philosophy of education more generally. The first handbook to cover the field, it lays down a much-needed marker of progress to date and provides a platform for informed and coherent future analysis and research of the subject. The publication comes at a time of heightened worldwide concern over the standard of science and mathematics education, attended by fierce debate over how best to reform curricula and enliven student engagement in the subjects There is a growing recognition among educators and policy makers that the learning of science must dovetail with learning about science; this handbook is uniquely positioned as a locus for the discussion. The handbook features sections on pedagogical, theoretical, national, and biographical research, setting the literature of each tradition in its historical context. Each chapter engages in an assessment of the strengths and weakness of the research addressed, and suggests potentially fruitful avenues of future research. A key element of the handbook’s broader analytical framework is its identification and examination of unnoticed philosophical assumptions in science and mathematics research. It reminds readers at a crucial juncture that there has been a long and rich tradition of historical and philosophical engagements with science and mathematics teaching, and that lessons can be learnt from these engagements for the resolution of current theoretical, curricular and pedagogical questions that face teachers and administrators
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents; Chapter 1: Introduction: The History, Purpose and Content of the Springer International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching ; 1.1 The International History, Philosophy and Science Teaching Group; 1.2 Science & Education Journal; 1.3 The Handbook Project; 1.4 Handbook Structure; 1.4.1 Pedagogical Studies; 1.4.2 Theoretical Studies; 1.4.3 Regional Studies; 1.4.4 Biographical Studies; 1.5 Writing and Communication; Part I: Pedagogical Studies: Physics; Chapter 2: Pendulum Motion: A Case Study in How History and Philosophy Can Contribute to Science Education
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.1 Introduction2.2 Galileo's Pendulum Analysis; 2.3 Galileo's Methodological Innovation; 2.4 Galileo, Experimentation and Measurement; 2.5 Contemporary Reproductions of Galileo's Experiments; 2.6 The Pendulum and Timekeeping; 2.7 The Pendulum in Newton's Mechanics; 2.7.1 The Demonstration of Newton's Laws; 2.7.2 Unifying Terrestrial and Celestial Mechanics; 2.8 Huygens' Proposal of an International Standard of Length; 2.9 The Pendulum and Determining the Shape of the Earth; 2.10 The Testing of Scientific Theories; 2.11 Some Social and Cultural Impacts of Timekeeping
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.11.1 Solving the Longitude Problem2.11.2 A Clockwork Society; 2.11.3 A Clockwork Universe and Its Maker; 2.11.4 Foucault's Pendulum Makes Visible the Earth's Rotation; 2.12 The Pendulum in the Classroom; 2.13 The Pendulum and Textbooks; 2.14 The Pendulum and Recent US Science Education Reform Proposals; 2.14.1 Scope, Sequence and Coordination; 2.14.2 Project 2061; 2.14.3 The US National Standards; 2.14.4 America's Lab Report; 2.14.5 The Next Generation Science Standards; 2.15 The International Pendulum Project; 2.16 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Using History to Teach Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.1 Introduction3.2 A Brief History of Mechanics from Aristotle to Newton and Beyond; 3.2.1 Aristotle; 3.2.2 Projectile Motion; 3.2.3 Free Fall; 3.2.4 Forced Motion; 3.2.5 Circular Motion; 3.2.6 Impact; 3.2.7 Pendulum Motion; 3.2.8 Isaac Newton; 3.2.9 Beyond Newton; 3.3 History of Mechanics and the Nature of Science; 3.3.1 Some Issues in the History of Mechanics; 3.3.1.1 Force; 3.3.1.2 Inertial Mass; 3.3.1.3 Mathematics; 3.3.2 Some Philosophical Issues; 3.3.2.1 Meaning Matters; 3.3.2.2 Idealisation in Mechanics; 3.3.2.3 Empiricism Versus Realism in Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.3.2.4 The Role of Observation and Experiment3.3.3 Frontier Science; 3.3.4 Mechanics and Technology; 3.4 History of Mechanics and Student Conceptions; 3.5 Some Historical Resources for Teaching Mechanics; 3.5.1 Explanations and Illustrations; 3.5.2 Thought Experiments; 3.5.2.1 Galileo and the Speed of Falling Bodies; 3.5.2.2 Stevin and the Inclined Plane; 3.5.3 Experiments, Instruments and Technological Devices; 3.5.3.1 The Inclined Plane Experiment; 3.5.3.2 The Parabolic Path of Trajectories and the Law of Free Fall; 3.5.3.3 Newton's Colliding Pendulums
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.5.4 Anecdotes, Vignettes and Stories
    Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION, MICHAEL R. MATTHEWSPart I: PEDAGOGICAL STUDIES -- Physics -- MICHAEL R. MATTHEWS, Pendulum Motion: A Case Study in How History and Philosophy can Contribute to Science Education -- COLIN F. GAULD, Using History to Teach Mechanics -- IGAL GALILI , Teaching Optics: A Historico-Philosophical Perspective -- JENARO GUISASOLA, Teaching and Learning Electricity: The Relations between Macroscopic Level Observations and Microscopic Level Theories -- OLIVIA LEVRINI, The Role of History and Philosophy in Research on Teaching and Learning of Relativity -- ILEANA M. GRECA & OLIVAL FREIRE Jr, Meeting the Challenge: Quantum Physics in Introductory Physics Courses -- MANUEL BÄCHTOLD & MURIEL GUEDJ, Teaching Energy Informed by the History and Epistemology of the Concept with Implications for Teacher Education -- UGO BESSON, Teaching about Thermal Phenomena and Thermodynamics: The Contribution of History and Philosophy of Science -- Chemistry -- SIBEL ERDURAN & EBRU MUGALOGLU, Philosophy of Chemistry in Chemical Education: Recent Trends and Future Directions -- KEVIN C. DE BERG, The Place of the History of Chemistry in the Teaching and Learning of Chemistry -- JOSÉ ANTONIO CHAMIZO & ANDONI GARRITZ, Historical Teaching of Atomic and Molecular Structure -- Biology -- KOSTAS KAMPOURAKIS & ROSS NEHM, History and Philosophy of Science and the Teaching of Evolution: Students' Conceptions and Explanations -- ROSS NEHM & KOSTAS KAMPOURAKIS, History and Philosophy of Science and the Teaching of Macroevolution -- NIKLAS M. GERICKE & MIKE U. SMITH, 21st Century Genetics and Genomics: Contributions of HPS -Informed Research and Pedagogy -- CHARBEL N. EL-HANI, ANA MARIA R. DE ALMEIDA, GILBERTO C. BOMFIM, LEYLA M. JOAQUIM, JOÃO CARLOS M. MAGALHÃES, LIA M. N. MEYER, MAIANA A. PITOMBO & VANESSA C. DOS SANTOS, The Contribution of History  and Philosophy to the Problem of Hybrid Views about Genes in Genetics Teaching -- Ecology -- AGELIKI LEFKADITI, KOSTAS KORFIATIS, & TASOS HOVARDAS, Contextualizing the Teaching and Learning of Ecology: Historical and Philosophical Considerations -- Earth Sciences -- GLENN DOLPHIN & JEFF DODICK, Teaching Controversies in Earth Science: The Role of History and Philosophy of Science -- Astronomy -- HORACIO TIGNANELLI  & YANN BENÉTREAU-DUPIN, Perspectives of History and Philosophy on Teaching Astronomy   -- Cosmology -- HELGE KRAGH, The Science of the Universe: Cosmology and Science Education -- Mathematics -- MICHAEL N. FRIED, History of Mathematics in Mathematics Education -- STUART ROWLANDS, Philosophy and the Secondary School Mathematics Classroom -- EDUARD GLAS, A Role for Quasi-Empiricism in Mathematics Education -- KATHLEEN MICHELLE CLARK, History of Mathematics in Teacher Education -- JUDITH V. GRABINER, The Role of Mathematics in Liberal Arts Education -- TINNE HOFF KJELDSEN & JESSICA CARTER, The Role of History and Philosophy in University Mathematics Education -- UFFE THOMAS JANKVIST, Use of Primary Sources in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics -- Part II: THEORETICAL STUDIES -- (a) Features of Science and Education -- DEREK HODSON, Nature of Science in the Science Curriculum: Origin, Development and Shifting Emphases -- NORMAN G. LEDERMAN, STEPHEN A. BARTOS & JUDITH S. LEDERMAN, The Development, Use, and Interpretation of Nature of Science Assessments -- GÜROL IRZIK & ROBERT NOLA, New Directions for Nature of Science Research -- PETER SLEZAK, Constructivism in Science Education -- JIM MACKENZIE, RON GOOD & JAMES ROBERT BROWN, Postmodernism and Science Education: An Appraisal -- ANA C. COULÓ, Philosophical Dimensions of Social and Ethical Issues in School Science Education: Values in Science and in Science Classrooms -- GÁBOR ZEMPLÉN & GÁBOR KUTROVÁTZ, Social Studies of Science and Science Teaching -- ISMO KOPONEN & SUVI TALA, Generative Modeling in Physics and in Physics Education: From Aspects of Research Practices to Suggestions for Education -- CYNTHIA PASSMORE, JULIA SVOBODA GOUVEA & RONALD GIERE, Models in Science and in Learning Science: Focusing Scientific Practice on Sense-making  -- ZOUBEIDA R. DAGHER & SIBEL ERDURAN, Laws and Explanations in Biology and Chemistry: Philosophical Perspectives and Educational Implications -- MERVI A ASIKAINEN & PEKKA E HIRVONEN, Thought Experiments in Science and in Science Education -- (b) Teaching, Learning and Understanding Science -- ROLAND M SCHULZ, Philosophy of Education and Science Education: An Underdeveloped but Vital Relationship -- STEPHEN P. NORRIS, LINDA M. PHILLIPS & DAVID P. BURNS, Conceptions of Scientific Literacy: Identifying and Evaluating their Programmatic Elements -- BRIAN DUNST & ALEX LEVINE, Conceptual Change:  Analogies Great and Small, and the Quest for Coherence -- GREGORY J. KELLY, Inquiry Teaching and Learning: Philosophical Considerations -- WENDY SHERMAN HECKLER, Research on Student Learning in Science: A Wittgensteinian Perspective -- MANSOOR NIAZ / Science Textbooks: The Role of History and Philosophy of Science -- AGUSTÍN ADÚRIZ-BRAVO, Revisiting School Scientific Argumentation from the Perspective of the History and Philosophy of Science -- PETER HEERING & DIETMAR HÖTTECKE, Historical-Investigative Approaches in Science Teaching -- STEPHEN KLASSEN & CATHRINE FROESE KLASSEN, Science Teaching with Historically Based Stories: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives -- TIM SPROD, Philosophical Inquiry and Critical Thinking in Primary and Secondary Science Education -- ANASTASIA FILIPPOUPOLITI & DIMITRIS KOLIOPOULOS, Informal and Non-formal Education: History of Science in Museums -- (c) Science, Culture and Society -- MICHAEL R. MATTHEWS, Science, Worldviews and Education -- MICHAEL J. REISS, What Significance does Christianity have for Science Education? -- TANER EDIS & SAOUMA BOUJAOUDE, Rejecting Materialism: Responses to Modern Science in the Muslim Middle East -- SUNDAR SARUKKAI, Indian Experiences with Science: Considerations for History, Philosophy and Science Education -- JEFF DODICK & RAPHAEL SHUCHAT, Historical Interactions between Judaism and Science and their Influence on Science Teaching and Learning -- KAI HORSTHEMKE & LARRY YORE, Challenges of Multiculturalism in Science Education: Indigenisation, Internationalisation, and Transkulturalität -- MARTIN MAHNER, Science, Religion, and Naturalism: Metaphysical and Methodological Incompatibilities -- (d) Science Education Research -- KEITH S TABER, Methodological Issues in Science Education Research: A Perspective from the Philosophy of Science -- VELI-MATTI VESTERINEN, MARÍA ANTONIA MANASSERO-MAS & ÁNGEL VÁZQUEZ-ALONSO, History and Philosophy of Science and Science, Technology and Society Traditions in Science Education: Their Continuities and Discontinuities -- CHRISTINE L. MCCARTHY, Cultural Studies in Science Education: Philosophical Considerations -- KATHRYN M. OLESKO, Science Education in the Historical Study of the Sciences -- Part 111: REGIONAL STUDIES -- WILLIAM F. MCCOMAS, Nature of Science in the Science Curriculum and in Teacher Education Programmes in the United States -- DON METZ, The History and Philosophy of Science in Science Curricula and Teacher Education in Canada -- JOHN L. TAYLOR & ANDREW HUNT, History and Philosophy of Science and the Teaching of Science in England -- LIBORIO DIBATTISTA & FRANCESCA MORGESE, Incorporation of History and Philosophy of Science and Nature of Science Content in School and Teacher Education Programmes in Europe -- JOSIP SLISKO & ZALKIDA HADZIBEGOVIC, History in Bosnia and Herzegovina Physics Textbooks for Primary School - Historical Accuracy and Cognitive Adequacy -- SIU LING WONG, ZHI HONG WAN & KA LOK CHENG, One Country Two Systems: Nature of Science (NOS) Education in Mainland China and Hong Kong -- JINWOONG SONG & YONG JAE JOUNG, Trends in History and Philosophy of  Science and Nature of Science Research in Korean Science Education -- YUKO MURAKAMI & MANABU SUMIDA, History and Philosophy of Science and Nature of Science Research in Japan: A Historical Overview -- ANA BARAHONA, ANDONI GARRITZ, JOSÉ ANTONIO CHAMIZO & JOSIP SLISKO, The History and Philosophy of Science and Science Teaching in Mexico -- ROBERTO DE ANDRADE MARTINS, CIBELLE CELESTINO SILVA, & MARIA ELICE BRZEZINSKI PRESTES, History and Philosophy of Science in Science Education, in Brazil -- IRENE ARRIASSECQ & ALCIRA RIVAROSA, Science Teaching and Research in Argentina: The Contribution of History and Philosophy of Science -- Part 1V: BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES -- HAYO SIEMSEN, Ernst Mach: A Genetic Introduction to His Educational Theory and Pedagogy -- WILLIAM H. BROCK & EDGAR W. JENKINS, Frederick W. Westaway and Science Education: An Endless Quest -- EDGAR W. JENKINS, E. J. Holmyard (1891-1959) and the Historical Approach to Science Teaching -- JAMES SCOTT JOHNSTON, John Dewey and Science Education -- GEORGE DEBOER, Joseph Schwab: His Work and His Legacy.
    Note: Includes indexes
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400770584
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 291 p. 16 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science 32
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Friend, Michèle Pluralism in mathematics
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Pluralismus ; Mathematik
    Abstract: This book is about philosophy, mathematics and logic, giving a philosophical account of Pluralism which is a family of positions in the philosophy of mathematics. There are four parts to this book, beginning with a look at motivations for Pluralism by way of Realism, Maddy’s Naturalism, Shapiro’s Structuralism and Formalism. In the second part of this book the author covers: the philosophical presentation of Pluralism; using a formal theory of logic metaphorically; rigour and proof for the Pluralist; and mathematical fixtures. In the third part the author goes on to focus on the transcendental presentation of Pluralism, and in part four looks at applications of Pluralism, such as a Pluralist approach to proof in mathematics and how Pluralism works in regard to together-inconsistent philosophies of mathematics. The book finishes with suggestions for further Pluralist enquiry. In this work the author takes a deeply radical approach in developing a new position that will either convert readers, or act as a strong warning to treat the word ‘pluralism’ with care.
    Description / Table of Contents: IntroductionPart I. Motivating the Pluralist Position from Familiar Positions -- Chapter 1. Introduction. The Journey from Realism to Pluralism -- Chapter 2. Motivating Pluralism. Starting from Maddy’s Naturalism -- Chapter 3. From Structuralism to Pluralism -- Chapter 4. Formalism and Pluralism Co-written with Andrea Pedeferri -- Part II. Initial Presentation of Pluralism.- Chapter 5. Philosophical Presentation of Pluralism -- Chapter 6. Using a Formal Theory of Logic Metaphorically -- Chapter 7. Rigour in Proof Co-written with Andrea Pedeferri -- Chapter 8. Mathematical Fixtures -- Part III. Transcendental Presentation of Pluralism -- Chapter 9. The Paradoxes of Tolerance and the Transcendental Paradoxes -- Chapter 10. Pluralism Towards Pluralism -- Part IV. Putting Pluralism to Work. Applications -- Chapter 11. A Pluralist Approach to Proof in Mathematics -- Chapter 12. Pluralism and Together-Inconsistent Philosophies of Mathematics -- Chapter 13. Suggestions for Further Pluralist Enquiry -- Conclusion.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400775541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 241 p. 2 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Philosophy of Engineering and Technology 14
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Sharon, Tamar Human nature in an age of biotechnology
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Anthropology ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Anthropology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Biotechnologie ; Philosophische Anthropologie ; Technikphilosophie
    Abstract: New biotechnologies have propelled the question of what it means to be human - or posthuman - to the forefront of societal and scientific consideration. This volume provides an accessible, critical overview of the main approaches in the debate on posthumanism, and argues that they do not adequately address the question of what it means to be human in an age of biotechnology. Not because they belong to rival political camps, but because they are grounded in a humanist ontology that presupposes a radical separation between human subjects and technological objects. The volume offers a comprehensive mapping of posthumanist discourse divided into four broad approaches-two humanist-based approaches: dystopic and liberal posthumanism, and two non-humanist approaches: radical and methodological posthumanism. The author compares and contrasts these models via an exploration of key issues, from human enhancement, to eugenics, to new configurations of biopower, questioning what role technology plays in defining the boundaries of the human, the subject and nature for each. Building on the contributions and limitations of radical and methodological posthumanism, the author develops a novel perspective, mediated posthumanism, that brings together insights in the philosophy of technology, the sociology of biomedicine, and Michel Foucault’s work on ethical subject constitution. In this framework, technology is neither a neutral tool nor a force that alienates humanity from itself, but something that is always already part of the experience of being human, and subjectivity is viewed as an emergent property that is constantly being shaped and transformed by its engagements with biotechnologies. Mediated posthumanism becomes a tool for identifying novel ethical modes of human experience that are richer and more multifaceted than current posthumanist perspectives allow for. The book will be essential reading for students and scholars working on ethics and technology, philosophy of technology, poststructuralism, technology and the body, and medical ethics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. IntroductionChapter 2. A Cartography of the Posthuman -- Chapter 3. The Human Enhancement Debate: For, Against and from Human Nature -- Chapter 4. Towards a Non-Humanist Posthumanism: The Originary Prostheticity of Radical and Methodological Posthumanism -- Chapter 5. From Molar to Molecular Bodies: Posthumanist Frameworks in Contemporary Biology -- Chapter 6. Posthuman Subjectivity: Beyond Modern Metaphysics -- Chapter 7. Technologically Produced Nature: Nature Beyond Schizophrenia and Paranoia -- Chapter 8. New Modes of Ethical Selfhood: Geneticization and Genetically Responsible Subjectivity -- Chapter 9. Conclusion.             .
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400769991
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 189 p. 30 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Archimedes, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 35
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Niazi, Kaveh Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī and the configuration of the heavens
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Niazi, Kaveh Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī and the configuration of the heavens
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy ; Quelle ; Astronomie ; Vergleichende Ideengeschichte
    Abstract: As a leading scientist of the 13th century C. E. Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī wrote three substantial works on hay’a (or the configuration of the celestial orbs): Nihāyat al-idrāk fī dirāyat al-aflāk (“The Limits of Attainment in the Understanding of the Heavens”), al-Tuḥfa al-shāhīya fī ‘ilm al-hay’a (“The Royal Offering Regarding the Knowledge of the Configuration of the Heavens”), and Ikhtīyārāt-i Muẓaffarī (“The Muẓaffarī Elections”). Completed in less than four years and written in two of the classical languages of the Islamic world, Arabic and Persian, these works provide a fascinating window to the astronomical research carried out in Ilkhanid Persia. Shīrāzī and his colleagues were driven by their desire to rid Ptolemaic astronomy from its perceived shortcomings. An intriguing trail of revisions and emendations in Shīrāzī’s hay’a texts serves to highlight both those features of Shīrāzī's astronomy that were inherited from his predecessors, as well as his original contributions to this branch of astronomical research. As a renowned savant, Shīrāzī spent a large portion of his career near centers of political power in Persia and Anatolia. A study of his scientific output and career as a scholar is an opportunity, therefore, for an examination of the patronage of science and of scientific works within the Ilkhanid realms. Not only was this patronage important to the work of scholars such as Shīrāzī but it was critical to the founding and operation of one of the foremost scientific institutions of the medieval Islamic world, the Marāgha observatory. The astronomical tradition in which Shīrāzī carried out his research has many links, as well, to the astronomy of Early Modern Europe, as can be seen in the astronomical models of Copernicus
    Description / Table of Contents: AcknowledgementNote on Transliteration -- Chapter 1. Purpose and Background of Study -- Chapter 2. The Mongols in Iran -- Chapter 3. Shīrazī's Life -- Chapter 4. The Principal Astronomical Sources -- Chapter 5. Persian vs. Arabic: Language as a Determinant of Content -- Chapter 6. Conclusion -- Figures- Bibliography -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Appendix D -- Appendix E -- Index.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789400775633
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 366 p. 25 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 367
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Explanation in the special sciences
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Biologie ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Interdisziplinarität
    Abstract: Biology and history are often viewed as closely related disciplines, with biology informed by history, especially in its task of charting our evolutionary past. Maximizing the opportunities for cross-fertilization in these two fields requires an accurate reckoning of their commonalities and differences-precisely what this volume sets out to achieve. Specially commissioned essays by a team of recognized international researchers cover the full panoply of topics in these fields and include notable contributions on the correlativity of evolutionary and historical explanations, applying to history the latest causal-mechanical approach in the philosophy of biology, and the question of generalized laws that might pertain across the two subjects. The collection opens with a vital interrogation of general issues on explanation that apart from potentially fruitful areas of interaction (could the etiology of the causal-mechanical perspective in biology account for the historical trajectory of the Roman Empire?) this volume also seeks to chart relative certainties distinguishing explanations in biology and history. It also assesses techniques such as the use of probabilities in biological reconstruction, deployed to overcome the inevitable gaps in physical evidence on early evolution. Methodologies such as causal graphs and semantic explanation receive in-depth analysis. Contributions from a host of prominent and widely read philosophers ensure that this new volume has the stature of a major addition to the literature
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction - Points of Contact between Biology and History; Marie I. Kaiser and Daniel PlengePart I. General Issues on Explanation -- 2. The Ontic Account of Scientific Explanation; Carl F. Craver -- Part II Explanation in the Biological Sciences -- 3. Causal Graphs and Biological Mechanisms; Alexander Gebharter and Marie I. Kaiser -- 4. Semiotic Explanation in the Biological Sciences; Ulrich Krohs -- 5. Mechanisms, Pathomechanisms, and Disease in Scientific Clinical Medicine; Gerhard Müller-Strahl -- 6. The Generalizations of Biology: Historical and Contingent?; Alexander Reutlinger -- 7. Evolutionary Explanations and the Role of Mechanisms; Gerhard Schurz -- Part III Explanation in the Historical Sciences -- 8. Explaining Roman History - A Case Study; Stephan Berry -- 9. Causal Explanation and Historical Meaning: How to Solve the Problem of the Specific Historical Relation between Events; Doris Gerber -- 10. Do Historians Study the Mechanisms of History? A Sketch; Daniel Plenge -- 11. Philosophy of History - Metaphysics and Epistemology; Oliver R. Scholz -- 12. Causal Explanations of Historical Trends; Derek D. Turner -- Part IV Bridging the Two Disciplines -- 13. Aspects of Human Historiographic Explanation: A View from the Philosophy of Science; Stuart Glennan -- 14. History and the Sciences; Philip Kitcher and Daniel Immerwahr -- 15 Explanation and Intervention in Coupled Human and Natural Systems; Daniel Steel -- 16. Biology and Natural History: What Makes the Difference; Aviezer Tucker.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789400751224
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 334 p. 227 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 301
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Scientific sources and teaching contexts throughout history
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science History ; Genetic epistemology ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science, general ; Science History ; Genetic epistemology ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Education Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science, general ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Wissenschaftslehre ; Wissenschaft ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie ; Geschichte
    Abstract: Making clear the meaning of "context" and highlighting the complexity hidden in the words "teaching" and "learning", this book presents comparatist approaches and emphasizes the notion of teaching as projects embedded in coherent treatises or productions
    Abstract: This book examines the textual, social, cultural, practical and institutional environments to which the expression “teaching and learning contexts” refers. It reflects on the extent to which studying such environments helps us to better understand ancient or modern sources, and how notions of “teaching” and “learning” are to be understood. Tackling two problems: the first, is that of certain sources of scientific knowledge being studied without taking into account the various “contexts” of transmission that gave this knowledge a long-lasting meaning. The second is that other sources are related to teaching and learning activities, but without being too precise and demonstrative about the existence and nature of this “teaching context”. In other words, this book makes clear what is meant by “context” and highlights the complexity of the practice hidden by the words “teaching” and “learning”. Divided into three parts, the book makes accessible teaching and learning situations, presents comparatist approaches, and emphasizes the notion of teaching as projects embedded in coherent treatises or productions.
    Description / Table of Contents: ContributorsGeneral Introduction; Alain Bernard and Christine Proust -- Part I: Holistic Approach -- The teaching context and reading from the 16th to the 19th centuries: The role of the memorization of texts in learning; Anne-Marie Chartier -- Teaching and learning medicine and exorcism at Uruk during the Hellenistic period; Philippe Clancier -- Part II: Critical Approach -- Does a master always write for his students? Some evidence from Old Babylonian scribal schools; Christine Proust -- In what sense did Theon’s commentary on the Almagest have a didactic purpose?; Alain Bernard -- Part III: Comparative Approach -- Relationships between French “practical arithmetics” and teaching?; Stéphane Lamassé -- On the transmission of mathematical knowledge in versified form in China; Andrea Bréard -- Mathematical Progress or Mathematical Teaching? Bilingualism and Printing In European Renaissance Mathematics; Giovanna C. Cifoletti -- Part IV: Zooming Approach.- Leonardo of Pisa and the Liber Abaci. Biographical elements and the project of the work; Eva Caianiello -- Didactical Dimensions of Mathematical Problems: Weighted Distribution in a Vietnamese Mathematical Treatise; Alexei Volkov -- Learning and Teaching Medicine in Late Imperial China; Florence Bretelle-Establet -- Post Face -- On the sources of the historian of science from the perspective of a history of education; Karine Chemla -- Index.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400739321 , 1280798904 , 9781280798900
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 316 p. 29 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 293
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Chang, Hasok, 1967 - Is water H2O?
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science History ; Chemistry ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Science, general ; Science History ; Chemistry ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Wissenschaftsgeschichte ; Chemie ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie ; Chemie ; Wasser ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie
    Abstract: Annotation, This book exhibits deep philosophical quandaries and intricacies of the historical development of science lying behind a simple and fundamental item of common sense in modern science, namely the composition of water as H2O. Three main phases of development are critically re-examined, covering the historical period from the 1760s to the 1860s: the Chemical Revolution (through which water first became recognized as a compound, not an element), early electrochemistry (by which waters compound nature was confirmed), and early atomic chemistry (in which water started out as HO and became H2O). In each case, the author concludes that the empirical evidence available at the time was not decisive in settling the central debates, and therefore the consensus that was reached was unjustified, or at least premature. This leads to a significant re-examination of the realism question in the philosophy of science, and a unique new advocacy for pluralism in science. Each chapter contains three layers, allowing readers to follow various parts of the book at their chosen level of depth and detail. The second major study in "complementary science", this book offers a rare combination of philosophy, history and science in a bid to improve scientific knowledge through history and philosophy of science
    Abstract: This book exhibits deep philosophical quandaries and intricacies of the historical development of science lying behind a simple and fundamental item of common sense in modern science, namely the composition of water as H2O. Three main phases of development are critically re-examined, covering the historical period from the 1760s to the 1860s: the Chemical Revolution (through which water first became recognized as a compound, not an element), early electrochemistry (by which waters compound nature was confirmed), and early atomic chemistry (in which water started out as HO and became H2O). In each case, the author concludes that the empirical evidence available at the time was not decisive in settling the central debates, and therefore the consensus that was reached was unjustified, or at least premature. This leads to a significant re-examination of the realism question in the philosophy of science, and a unique new advocacy for pluralism in science. Each chapter contains three layers, allowing readers to follow various parts of the book at their chosen level of depth and detail. The second major study in 'complementary science', this book offers a rare combination of philosophy, history and science in a bid to improve scientific knowledge through history and philosophy of science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Is Water H2O?; Acknowledgments; Contents; Introduction; References; Chapter 1: Water and the Chemical Revolution; 1.1 The Premature Death of Phlogiston; 1.1.1 Joseph Priestley; 1.1.2 Water; 1.1.3 The Trouble with Lavoisier; 1.1.4 Could Water Be an Element?; 1.2 Why Phlogiston Should Have Lived; 1.2.1 Phlogiston vs. Oxygen; 1.2.1.1 Evaluating Systems of Practice; 1.2.1.2 Problem-Fields; 1.2.1.3 Divergent Epistemic Values; 1.2.1.4 Divergent Instantiations of the Same Value; 1.2.2 What Really Happened in the Chemical Revolution?; 1.2.3 Weights, Composition, and Chemical Practice
    Description / Table of Contents: 1.2.3.1 The Importance of Weight1.2.3.2 Compositionism vs. Principlism; 1.2.4 What Good Is Phlogiston?; 1.2.4.1 Benefits of Phlogiston; 1.2.4.2 Benefits of Phlogiston-Oxygen Interaction; 1.3 Choice, Rationality, and Alternatives; 1.3.1 Rationality; 1.3.2 Social Explanations of the Chemical Revolution; 1.3.3 Incommensurability; 1.3.4 Between Principlism and Compositionism; 1.3.5 Counterfactual History; References; Chapter 2: Electrolysis: Piles of Confusion and Poles of Attraction; 2.1 Electrolysis and Its Discontents; 2.1.1 The Distance Problem; 2.1.2 Electrolysis as Synthesis
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.1.3 Lavoisierian Rescue-Hypotheses2.1.4 "No Winner" Is Not "No Win"; 2.2 Electrochemistry Undeterred; 2.2.1 How the Synthesis View Was Eliminated; 2.2.2 How the Lavoisierian Rescue-Hypotheses Fared; 2.2.3 The Character of Compound-Water Electrochemistry; 2.2.3.1 The Stabilization of Experiment; 2.2.3.2 The Diversification of Theory; 2.2.3.3 Pluralism: Benefits of Toleration and Interaction; 2.3 In the Depths of Electrolytic Solutions; 2.3.1 The Value of Studying Messy Science; 2.3.2 Was Priestley Deluded? A View from the Laboratory; 2.3.3 The Intricacies of Ion-Transport
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.3.4 Disputes on How the Battery Works2.3.5 Ritter and Romanticism; References; Chapter 3: HO or H2O? How Chemists Learned to Count Atoms; 3.1 How Do We Count What We Can't See?; 3.1.1 Unobservability and Circularity; 3.1.2 The Avogadro-Cannizzaro Myth; 3.1.3 Operationalism and Pragmatism in Atomic Chemistry; 3.1.4 From Underdetermination to Pluralism; 3.2 Variety and Convergence in Atomic Chemistry; 3.2.1 Operationalizing the Concept of the Chemical Atom; 3.2.1.1 Weighing by Equivalence; 3.2.1.2 Weighing by Combination; 3.2.1.3 Counting by Volumes; 3.2.1.4 Counting by Specific Heat
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.2.1.5 Sorting by Electric Charge3.2.2 Competing Systems of Atomic Chemistry; 3.2.2.1 The Weight-Only System; 3.2.2.2 The Electrochemical Dualistic System; 3.2.2.3 The Physical Volume-Weight System; 3.2.2.4 The Substitution-Type System; 3.2.2.5 The Geometric-Structural System; 3.2.3 The H2O Consensus; 3.2.3.1 Chlorine-Substitution; 3.2.3.2 Atom-Fixing Power; 3.2.3.3 Valency, Realism and Compositionism; 3.2.4 Beyond Consensus; 3.3 From Chemical Complexity to Philosophical Subtlety; 3.3.1 Operationalism; 3.3.2 Realism; 3.3.3 Pragmatism; References
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 4: Active Realism and the Reality of H2O
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400739833 , 1280798971 , 9781280798979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 298p. 17 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 28
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Erkenntnistheorie ; Logik ; Wissenschaft ; Metaphysik
    Abstract: James Maclaurin
    Abstract: Rationis Defensor is to be a volume of previously unpublished essays celebrating the life and work of Colin Cheyne. Colin was until recently Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Otago, a department that can boast of many famous philosophers among its past and present faculty and which has twice been judged as the strongest research department across all disciplines in governmental research assessments. Colin is the immediate past President of the Australasian Association for Philosophy (New Zealand Division). He is the author of Knowledge, Cause, and Abstract Objects: Causal Objections to Platonism (Springer, 2001) and the editor, with Vladimir Svoboda and Bjorn Jespersen, of Pavel Tichy's Collected Papers in Logic and Philosophy (University of Otago Press, 2005) and, with John Worrall, of Rationality and Reality: Conversations with Alan Musgrave (Springer, 2006). This volume celebrates the dedication to rational enquiry and the philosophical style of Colin Cheyne. It also celebrates the distinctive brand of naturalistic philosophy for which Otago has become known. Contributors to the volume include a wide variety of philosophers, all with a personal connection to Colin, and all of whom are, in their own way, defenders of rationality.
    Description / Table of Contents: Rationis Defensor; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Part I: In Epistemology; Chapter 1: Getting Over Gettier; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Gettier Problem; 1.3 Externalism; References; Chapter 2: Justified Believing: Avoiding the Paradox; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Cheyne´s Alleged Paradox; 2.3 Two Internalist Conceptions of Justification; 2.3.1 Subjectively Justified Acts of Believing; 2.3.2 Objectively Justified Acts of Believing; 2.3.3 Related Distinctions; 2.4 Internalism and the Paradox; 2.4.1 Subjective (Deontological) Justification; 2.4.2 Objective Justification
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.5 ConclusionReferences; Chapter 3: Literature and Truthfulness; References; Chapter 4: The Buck-Passing Stops Here; 4.1 Scanlon´s Buck-Passing Arguments; 4.2 Extensions of Scanlon´s Arguments; 4.3 Reversals of Scanlon´s Arguments; 4.4 Further Extensions and Reversals; 4.5 Options for Scanlon; 4.6 Wide Issues; References; Part II: In Science; Chapter 5: Universal Darwinism: Its Scope and Limits; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Part One: The Paradox of Selection; 5.2.1 A Red Herring; 5.3 Part Two: A Profusion of Evolutionary Analyses; 5.3.1 The Problem of Non-genetic Inheritance
    Description / Table of Contents: 5.3.2 Approach One: The Extended Phenotype5.3.3 Approach Two: Memes; 5.3.4 Approach Three: Dual Inheritance; 5.3.5 Approach Four: Developmental Systems Theory; 5.3.6 Approach Five: Extended Replicator Theory; 5.3.7 Why Are There So Many Approaches?; 5.4 Part Three: Natural Selection Meets Functionalism; 5.4.1 Evolution´s Turing Test; 5.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 6: The Future of Utilitarianism; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 The Broken World; 6.3 Two Models of Intergenerational Justice; 6.4 Towards Moderate Consequentialism; 6.4.1 Hooker´s Rule Consequentialism; 6.5 The Lexical Threshold
    Description / Table of Contents: 6.5.1 Ollie and the Oyster6.6 Lexical Thresholds in a Broken World; 6.7 Three Moderate Consequentialist Tricks; 6.7.1 First Trick. A Background of Innocence; 6.7.2 Second Trick. A Background of Entitlement; 6.7.3 Third Trick. A Liberal Ideal Code; References; Chapter 7: Kant on Experiment; 7.1 Bacon, Boyle, and Hooke; 7.2 Experiments and Hypotheses; 7.2.1 Experiments, Hypotheses, and Preliminary Judgements; 7.2.2 Hypotheses and Induction; 7.2.3 Hypotheses, Certainty, and Probability; 7.2.4 The Three Requirements for a Good Hypothesis; 7.3 Experiments and the Laws of Nature
    Description / Table of Contents: 7.4 Experiments and Heuristic Principles7.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 8: Did Newton Feign the Corpuscular Hypothesis?; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Experimental Philosophy and the Royal Society; 8.3 Newton´s First Optical Paper; 8.4 Newton´s Method of Hypotheses; 8.5 Newton´s Corpuscular Hypothesis; 8.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 9: The Progress of Scotland and the Experimental Method; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 The Experimental/Speculative Distinction; 9.3 Bacon´s New Atlantis and Philosophical Societies; 9.4 The Evidence; 9.5 The Progress of Scotland; References; Part III: In Metaphysics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 10: Propositions: Truth vs. Existence
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400724044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 457p. 16 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: The European Philosophy of Science Association Proceedings 1
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. European Philosophy of Science Association EPSA philosophy of science
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science ; Philosophy ; Congresse ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie ; Amsterdam
    Abstract: This is a collection of high-quality research papers in the philosophy of science, deriving from papers presented at the second meeting of the European Philosophy of Science Association in Amsterdam, October 2009
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction; Contents; Contributors; 1 Modeling Strategies for Measuring Phenomena In- and Outside the Laboratory; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Reliability of Measurement; 1.2.1 Inside the Laboratory; 1.2.2 Outside the Laboratory; 1.3 Calibration; 1.4 Gray-Box Models; 1.5 Conclusions; References; 2 Mating Intelligence, Moral Virtues, and Methodological Vices; 2.1 Introduction: Mating Intelligence Theory of the Evolution of Morality; 2.2 Evolutionary Psychology, Moral Psychology, and Sex Differences; 2.3 Two Explanatory Frameworks of the Mating Intelligence Theory; 2.4 Concluding Remarks
    Description / Table of Contents: References3 Rejected Posits, Realism, and the History of Science; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Fresnel on the Ether; 3.3 Refining the Concept; 3.4 An Entrenched Conception; 3.5 Excising the Ether Took Time; 3.6 Concluding Remarks; References; 4 Explanation and Modelization in a Comprehensive Inferential Account; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 An Inferential Approach to Scientific Discourse and Inquiry; 4.3 Explanation as a Speech Act; 4.4 Explanation in Scientific Dialogues: Credibility vs Enlightening; 4.5 Conclusion; References; 5 Standards in History: Evaluating Success in Stem Cell Experiments
    Description / Table of Contents: 5.1 Introduction5.2 Stem Cells and Gold Standards; 5.3 History in the Blood; 5.4 Establishing Standards; 5.5 Evaluating Experiments; 5.6 Conclusion; References; 6 Modeling Scientific Evidence: The Challenge of Specifying Likelihoods; 6.1 The Foundation Challenge; 6.2 The Specification Challenge; 6.2.1 Broad Specification; 6.2.2 Narrow Specification; 6.2.3 Formal Problems with Substantive Implications; 6.3 Specification and Epistemic Foundations; References; 7 Persistence in Minkowski Space-Time; 7.1 Persistence of Spatially Extended Objects
    Description / Table of Contents: 7.1.1 The Argument from 0Explanatory Deficiency0 in Balashov ( 2000a )7.1.2 The Problem of Criss-Crossing Hyperplanes in Gilmore ( 2006 ); References; 8 Genuine versus Deceptive Emotional Displays; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 The Prisoners Dilemma, Positive Assortment and Signalling; 8.3 Emotional Displays as Signals; 8.4 Detection of Deception and Cooperation; 8.5 Proximate Mechanisms for Securing Emotional Translucency; 8.6 Emotions and Common-Interest Interactions; 8.7 Balancing Pressures: Age-Dependent Intensity of Selection; 8.8 Conflicting and Common-Interests Across a Lifetime
    Description / Table of Contents: 8.9 Plasticity of Displays8.10 Conclusion; References; 9 Tales of Tools and Trees: Phylogenetic Analysis and Explanation in Evolutionary Archaeology; 9.1 Introduction: Darwinizing Culture; 9.2 Trees of Tools: How Phylogenetics Came to Archaeology; 9.3 Cladograms in Classification and Explanation; 9.4 Tales of Tools; 9.5 Conclusions and Outlook; References; 10 Sustaining a Rational Disagreement; 10.1 Scientific Disagreements; 10.2 The Dynamic Approach; 10.3 Objections and Replies; 10.4 Other Types of Disagreement; References
    Description / Table of Contents: 11 Philosophical Accounts of Causal Explanation and the Scientific Practice of Psychophysics
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789400727595 , 1280798602 , 9781280798603
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 372p. 34 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 292
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Characterizing the robustness of science
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science (General) ; Science History ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science (General) ; Science History ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science ; Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Wissenschaft ; Robustheit ; Reliabilität ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie
    Abstract: William Wimsatt
    Abstract: Mature sciences have been long been characterized in terms of the 'successfulness', 'reliability' or 'trustworthiness' of their theoretical, experimental or technical accomplishments. Today many philosophers of science talk of 'robustness', often without specifying in a precise way the meaning of this term. This lack of clarity is the cause of frequent misunderstandings, since all these notions, and that of robustness in particular, are connected to fundamental issues, which concern nothing less than the very nature of science and its specificity with respect to other human practices, the nature of rationality and of scientific progress; and science's claim to be a truth-conducive activity. This book offers for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the problem of robustness, and in general, that of the reliability of science, based on several detailed case studies and on philosophical essays inspired by the so-called practical turn in philosophy of science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents; Contributors; 1 Introduction: The Solidity of Scientific Achievements: Structure of the Problem, Difficulties, Philosophical Implications; 1.1 Robustness. . . That Is to Say?; 1.2 Solidity, a Relational Status: Between Holism and Modularity; 1.3 Counting and Weighing the Arrows of a Solidity Scheme; 1.4 Solidity, a Status That Comes in Degrees; 1.5 Arrows-Node Schemes of Solidity and Scientific Practices; 1.6 1.6 About the Nature of the X Appearing in the Judgment 'X Is Solid'; 1.6.1 Solidity of the Nodes; 1.6.2 Solidity of the Arrows
    Description / Table of Contents: 1.7 From the Pyramidal-Foundational Model to the Holistic-Symbiotic Model, and Back1.7.1 A Thought Experiment Playing with the Solidity Values of the Elements of a Robustness Scheme; 1.7.2 What Hides the Holistic-Symbiotic Working of a Robustness Scheme in a Given Historical Configuration; 1.7.3 Structural Homologies and Substantial Differences Between the Robustness Analysis of Real-Time Scientific Practices and Retrospective Consideration of Past Science; 1.8 Independent Derivations . . . In What Sense?; 1.8.1 Content (or Logico-semantic) Independence; 1.8.2 Building an Independence Scale
    Description / Table of Contents: 1.8.3 Historical (or Empirico-genetic) Independence1.8.4 Robustness, Historical Dependency, Scientific Realism and Contingentism; 1.9 Sequential Overview of the Contents of This Book; 1.9.1 Chapters 2 and 3: Wimsatt on Robustness, Past and Present; 1.9.2 Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8: Case Studies of the Robustness of a Single Node; 1.9.3 Chapter 9: A Systematic Panoramic Analysis of the Robustness Notion; 1.9.4 Chapters 10 and 11: The Solidity of Derivations; 1.9.5 Chapters 12, 13 and 14: Robustness, Scope, and Realism; References; 2 Robustness, Reliability, and Overdetermination (1981)
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.1 Common Features of Concepts of Robustness2.2 Robustness and the Structure of Theories; 2.3 Robustness, Testability, and the Nature of Theoretical Terms; 2.4 Robustness, Redundancy, and Discovery; 2.5 Robustness, Objectification, and Realism; 2.6 Robustness and Levels of Organization; 2.7 Heuristics and Robustness; 2.8 Robustness, Independence, and Pseudorobustness: A Case Study; References; 3 Robustness: Material, and Inferential, in the Natural and Human Sciences; 3.1 Robustness Introduced: Historical Background and Stage Setting; 3.2 Material Robustness
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.3 A Central Biological Example: How Is Sex Possible?3.4 Qualifications on Robustness; 3.5 Robustness and Entrenchment; References; 4 Achieving Robustness to Confirm Controversial Hypotheses: A Case Study in Cell Biology; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Theoretical Background of Endocytosis; 4.3 Some Recent Findings Concerning Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and the Conflict with the Dominant Views; 4.4 The Experimental Strategies Implemented to Achieve Robustness: A Type of Robustness Scheme and Its Peculiar Features; 4.5 Conclusions: Robustness As a Methodological Attractor; References
    Description / Table of Contents: 5 Multiple Derivability and the Reliability and Stabilization of Theories
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789400743960 , 1280799161 , 9781280799167
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 46p, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Education
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Education ; Education ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching
    Abstract: Cecilia Marcano
    Abstract: It goes without saying that atomic structure, including its dual wave-particle nature, cannot be demonstrated in the classroom. Thus, for most science teachers, especially those in physics and chemistry, the textbook is their key resource and their students' core source of information. Science education historiography recognizes the role played by the history and philosophy of science in developing the content of our textbooks, and with this in mind, the authors analyze more than 120 general chemistry textbooks published in the USA, based on criteria derived from a historical reconstruction of wave-particle duality. They come to some revealing conclusions, including the fact that very few textbooks discussed issues such as the suggestion, by both Einstein and de Broglie, and before conclusive experimental evidence was available, that wave-particle duality existed. Other large-scale omissions included de Broglie's prescription for observing this duality, and the importance of the Davisson-Germer experiments, as well as the struggle to interpret the experimental data they were collecting. Also untouched was the background to the role played by Schrödinger in developing de Broglie's ideas. The authors argue that rectifying these deficiencies will arouse students' curiosity by giving them the opportunity to engage creatively with the content of science curricula. They also assert that it isn't just the experimental data in science that matters, but the theoretical insights and unwonted inspirations, too. In addition, the controversies and discrepancies in the theoretical and experimental record are key drivers in understanding the development of science as we know it today.
    Description / Table of Contents: Reconstruction of Wave-Particle Dualityand its Implications for General ChemistryTextbooks; Acknowledgments; Contents; 1 Reconstruction of Wave-Particle Duality and its Implications for General Chemistry Textbooks; Abstract; Introduction; A Brief Review of Textbook Analyses Based on a History and Philosophy of Science Perspective; Historical Reconstruction of Wave-Particle Duality; Wave-Particle Duality and its Origins; Experimental Evidence to Support de Broglie's Theory; De Broglie's Reputation as an Obstacle in the Acceptance of his Theory; Einstein's Support of de Broglie's Ideas
    Description / Table of Contents: Why was it Schrödinger who Developed de Broglie's Ideas?Criteria for Evaluation of General Chemistry Textbooks; Procedure for Applying the Criteria; Criteria for Selection of Textbooks; Evaluation of General Chemistry Textbooks: Results and Discussion; Comparison of Textbooks Published in Different Time Periods; Conclusions and Educational Implications; Narrative in Future General Chemistry Textbooks; Uncertainty in Scientific Progress; Role of Historical Reconstructions; Classroom Activities: Going Beyond the Historical Reconstruction
    Description / Table of Contents: Appendix A ist of General Chemistry Textbooks Analyzed in this Study (n = 128)Appendix B Reliability of Evaluation of General Chemistry Text books Basedon Inter-Rater Agreement; References;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789400725829
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 267p. 11 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 78
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Philosophy
    URL: Cover
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789400730304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 512p. 15 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective 3
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Probabilities, laws, and structures
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Biology Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400739291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 203p, digital)
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institut `Wiener Kreis' Society for the Advancement of the Scientific World Conception 16
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Creath, Richard, 1947 - Rudolf Carnap and the legacy of logical empiricism
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Pragmatism ; Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Carnap, Rudolf 1891-1970 ; Neopositivismus
    URL: Cover
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400719200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 43p, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Education 2
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Education ; Education ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching
    Abstract: Arelys Maza
    Abstract: Research in science education has recognized the importance of history and philosophy of science (HPS). Nature of science (NOS) is considered to be an essential part of HPS with important implications for teaching science. The role played by textbooks in developing students' informed conceptions of NOS has been a source of considerable interest for science educators. In some parts of the world, textbooks become the curriculum and determine to a great extent what is taught and learned in the classroom. Given this background and interest, this monograph has evaluated NOS in university level gene
    Description / Table of Contents: Nature of Science in GeneralChemistry Textbooks; Acknowledgments; Contents; 1 Nature of Science in General Chemistry Textbooks; Appendix B; Appendix A;
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789048192281 , 9781282995635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 200p, digital)
    Series Statement: Archimedes, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 26
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Wüthrich, Adrian The genesis of Feynman diagrams
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Physics ; Science Philosophy ; Physics ; Feynman-Graph ; Entwicklung ; Feynman-Graph ; Entwicklung
    Abstract: Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Origin, use and interpretation of Feynman diagrams -- 2. Quantum electrodynamics without Feynman diagrams -- 3. Quantum mechanics without a Hamiltonian operator -- 4. The Dirac equation: Feynman’s great struggle -- 5. Free propagation and successive scattering -- 6. The held theoretical systematization of Feynman’s theory -- 7. The development of a new means of representation -- Appendix A Diagrammatic induction -- Appendix B Synopsis of manuscripts and principal publications -- List of figures -- Bibliography
    Abstract: In a detailed reconstruction of the genesis of Feynman diagrams the author reveals that their development was constantly driven by the attempt to resolve fundamental problems concerning the uninterpretable infinities that arose in quantum as well as classical theories of electrodynamic phenomena. Accordingly, as a comparison with the graphical representations that were in use before Feynman diagrams shows, the resulting theory of quantum electrodynamics, featuring Feynman diagrams, differed significantly from earlier versions of the theory in the way in which the relevant phenomena were conceptualized and modelled. The author traces the development of Feynman diagrams from Feynman's "struggle with the Dirac equation" in unpublished manuscripts to the two of Freeman Dyson's publications which put Feynman diagrams into a field theoretic context. The author brings to the fore that Feynman and Dyson not only created a powerful computational device but, above all, a new conceptual framework in which the uninterpretable infinities that had arisen in the old form of the theory could be precisely identified and subsequently removed in a justifiable manner
    Description / Table of Contents: Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Figures; 1 Introduction: Origin, Use and Interpretation of Feynman Diagrams; 2 Quantum Electrodynamics Without Feynman Diagrams; 3 Quantum Mechanics Without a Hamiltonian Operator; 4 The Dirac Equation: Feynman's Great Struggle; 5 Free Propagation and Successive Scattering; 6 The Field Theoretical Systematization of Feynman's Theory; 7 The Development of a New Means of Representation: Goals and Milestones; Appendix A Diagrammatic Induction; Appendix B Synopsis of Manuscripts and Principal Publications; References; Index;
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400712201
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 202p, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Humanities / Arts / Design ; Regional planning ; Sustainable development ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Foreword -- 1. Introduction: Technicians and humanists in the environmentalist debate on mobility and the city -- 2. Sustainable development: From fallacy to fraud -- 3. Technologies, problems, solutions -- 4. Mobility and the corporatist society -- 5. Traffic planning critique -- 6. Urban space and mobility policies in Europe and in North America -- 7. Northern Virginia Transport Authority ‘Trans-Action 2010’ Plan. A case study -- 8. Ethical aspects in traffic planning -- 9. Education and training of traffic professionals -- 10 Planning approaches -- 11. Some procedures and some content -- 12. What to do? -- 13. Between private and public: mutual transportation -- Bibliography -- Index
    Abstract: The transportation revolution does not simply mean taking a bus instead of a car. It means centering the political debate on the necessity to shift dramatically from a technical to a political culture, and from an economic development oriented policy to an environment centered one. A radical proposal to transform the currently existing thought on cities, traffic, planning and environment,. Innovative, provocative and best of all ironic. Richard Peet, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA Mobility and Environment is quite an unusual and refreshing contribution to the literature. Through the analysis of urban traffic problems the book deconstructs the present paradigm of urban development, highlights its deficiencies and proposes alternative solutions. The volume would definitely be of interest to geographers and planners, while it also addresses issues that concern sociology, government, philosophy and communication. Antònia Casellas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Our cities have to cope every day with traffic problems. Corrado Poli’s, Mobility and Environment, introduces an innovative perspective on mobility planning by applying environmental policy tools. Francesco Musco, University IUAV of Venice, Italy
    URL: Cover
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789048199020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100p, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Darwinism, philosophy, and experimental biology
    Keywords: Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Science, general ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Darwinismus ; Philosophie ; Experimentelle Biologie ; Geschichte
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400702141
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 486p, digital)
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 75
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Philosophy
    Abstract: The volume includes twenty-five research papers presented as gifts to John L. Bell to celebrate his 60th birthday by colleagues, former students, friends and admirers. Like Bell's own work, the contributions cross boundaries into several inter-related fields. The contributions are new work by highly respected figures, several of whom are among the key figures in their fields. Some examples: in foundations of maths and logic (William Lawvere, Peter Aczel, Graham Priest, Giovanni Sambin), analytical philosophy (Michael Dummett, William Demopoulos), philosophy of science (Michael Redhead, Frank Arntzenius), philosophy of mathematics (Michael Hallett, John Mayberry, Daniel Isaacson) and decision theory and foundations of ecomonics (Ken Bimore). Most articles are contributions to current philosophical debates, but contributions also include some new mathematical results, important historical surveys, and a translation by Wilfrid Hodges of a key work of arabic logic.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789048128341 , 9789048128334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 314p, digital)
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 27
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Governing future technologies
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Science History ; Ethics ; Science Philosophy ; Sociology ; Social Sciences ; Science History ; Ethics ; Science Philosophy ; Sociology ; Social sciences ; Nanotechnologie ; Steuerung ; Technikbewertung ; Nanotechnologie ; Steuerung ; Technikbewertung
    Abstract: 〈P〉A multiplicity of stakeholders have begun to analyze the implications of nanotechnology. In the course of these efforts, a social phenomenon has emerged, one defined in this book as assessment regime, which explores and critically analyses this regime.〈/P〉
    Description / Table of Contents: Acknowledgments; Contents; List of Contributors; Introduction: Governing Future Technologies; Part I Going Nano: Opportunities and Risks; Reinventing a Laboratory: Nanotechnology as a Resource for Organizational Change; 1 Introduction: Scientific Fields and Organizations; 2 Formation and Crises: History of a Testing Institute; 3 Shift: Addressing the Nano-Scale; 3.1 Economy of Promises and Performance Indicators; 3.2 Organizational Alignment: Recruitment, NANO 1 and NANO 2; 4 Differentiation: Strategies to Rethink Testing; 4.1 Reduction and Devaluation of Testing
    Description / Table of Contents: 4.2 Reinterpretation and Repositioning of Testing4.3 Re-Valorization of Service; 5 Integration: Shaping the Contours of Nanotechnology; 5.1 ELSI, EHS, and Finance: The Case of the NanoConvention; 5.2 Public Understanding of Science: The Case of NanoPubli; 6 Conclusions; 7 Epilogue; References; Negotiating Nano: From Assessing Risks to Disciplinary Transformations; 1 Introduction: Identity Discourses and Assessment Dilemmas; 2 Strategies, Facing Problematic Identities; 2.1 Relegation to the Future; 2.2 Evading the Problem by Definitions and Representations
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.3 Self-Reflection in the Social Sciences and Ethics2.4 Asking the Public; 2.5 Delegation to Toxicological Risk Research; 3 Transformation Processes in Toxicology; 3.1 The Significance of Doing ''Nano'': Negotiating Novelty; 3.2 The Significance of Being ''nano'': Reflections on Function and Expectations; 4 Assessment Transforming Disciplines?; 4.1 Toxicology as a Nanoscience?; 4.2 Disciplines Assessed; References; Nanoscience is 100 Years Old. The Defensive Appropriation of the Nanotechnology Discourse within the Disciplinary Boundaries of Crystallography
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Strong Traditions and Weak Positions in Crystallography2 Discursive Limits at the Nanoscale; 3 Networking a New Identity; 4 Conclusions; References; Part II Making Sense: Visions, Images, and Video Games; From Nano-Convergence to NBIC-Convergence: The Best Way to Predict the Future is to Create it; 1 Introduction; 2 The Rhetoric of Nano-Convergence; 2.1 Convergence-as-Fact; 2.2 Convergence-by-Higher-Necessity; 2.3 Convergence-as-Opportunity; 3 NBIC-Convergence; 3.1 From Nano-Convergence to NBIC-Convergence; 3.2 The Ideas and Articulations of NBIC-Convergence
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.3 The Friends of NBIC-Convergence4 Analysis: Convergence as a Teleological Concept; 5 Conclusion: New Challenges for STS; References; Deliberating Visions: The Case of Human Enhancement in the Discourse on Nanotechnology and Convergence; 1 Nanotechnology and the Convergence of Visions; 2 Aprs La Lutte: The Return of Posthumanism; 3 The Politics of Nanoconvergence and Human Enhancement; 4 Shortcomings and Obstacles in the Deliberation of Visions; References; Visual Dynamics: The Defuturization of the Popular Nano-Discourse as an Effect of Increasing Economization; 1 Introduction
    Description / Table of Contents: 2 Futuristic Images and Contemporary Images of the Future
    Note: Includes index
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789048132638
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 341p. 10 illus., 5 illus. in color, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789048134212 , 9789048134205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 249p, digital)
    Series Statement: Origins: Studies in the Sources of Scientific Creativity 3
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Since the origin of the modern sciences, our views on discovery and creativity had a remarkable history. Originally, discovery was seen as an integral part of methodology and the logic of discovery as algorithmic or nearly algorithmic. During the nineteenth century, conceptions in line with romanticism led to the famous opposition between the context of discovery and the context of justification, culminating in a view that banned discovery from methodology. The revival of the methodological investigation of discovery, which started some thirty years ago, derived its major impetus from historical and sociological studies of the sciences and from developments within cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. Today, a large majority of philosophers of science agrees that the classical conception as well as the romantic conception are mistaken. Against the classical conception, it is generally accepted that truly novel discoveries are not the result of simply applying some standardized procedure. Against the romantic conception, it is rejected that discoveries are produced by unstructured flashes of insight. An especially important result of the contemporary study concerns the availability of (descriptive and normative) models for explaining discoveries and creative processes. Descriptive models mainly aim at explaining the origin of novel products, normative models moreover address the question how rational researchers should proceed when confronted with problems for which a standard procedure is missing. The present book provides an overview of these models and of the important changes they induced within methodology. As appears from several papers, the methodological study of discovery and creativity led to profound changes in our conceptions of justification and acceptance, of rationality, of scientific change, and of conceptual change. The book contains contributions from both historians and philosophers of science. All of them, however, are methodological in the contemporary sense of the term. The central values of this methodology are empirical accurateness, clarity and precision, and rationality. The different contributions realize these values by their interdisciplinary nature. Some philosophically oriented papers rely on historical case studies and results from the cognitive sciences, others on recent results from the computer sciences and/or non-standard logics. The historically oriented papers address central philosophical questions and hypotheses.
    Description / Table of Contents: Models of Discoveryand Creativity; Contents; Foreword; Preface; UNEXPECTED DISCOVERIES,GRADED STRUCTURES,AND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEENACCEPTANCE AND NEGLECT; CONCEPTUAL COMPARISON ANDCONCEPTUAL INNOVATION; DISCOVERING MECHANISMS INMOLECULAR BIOLOGY; ON THE ROLE OF THOUGHT-EXPERIMENTS INMATHEMATICAL DISCOVERY; EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS,INVESTIGATIVE PATHWAYS,AND THE NATURE OF DISCOVERY; ABDUCTION AS A HEURISTIC CONSTRAINT; CREATIVE ABDUCTION ANDHYPOTHESIS WITHDRAWAL; CONCEPTUAL CHANGE:CREATIVITY, COGNITION, AND CULTURE; THESTRANGESTORYOFSCIENTIFICMETHOD
    Description / Table of Contents: TRADITION AND INNOVATION:EXPLORING AND TRANSFORMINGCONCEPTUAL STRUCTURESA PURPOSEFUL ALLIANCE IN THE SERVICE OFCREATIVE RESEARCH; Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789048124794 , 9789048124787
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVIII, 256p, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic engineering ; Ethics ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy ; Ethics ; Genetic engineering ; Humanities ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: "Leonardo s Choice: Genetic Technologies and Animals is an edited collection of twelve essays and one dialogue focusing on the profound affect the use of animals in biotechnology is having on both humans and other species. Communicating crucial understandings of the integrated nature of the human and non-human world, these essays, unlike the majority of discussions of biotechnology, take seriously the impact of these technologies on animals themselves. This collection s central questions revolve around the disassociation Western ideas of creative freedom have from the impacts those ideas and practices have on the non-human world. This transdisciplinary collection includes perspectives from the disciplines of philosophy, cultural theory, art and literary theory, history and theory of science, environmental studies, law, landscape architecture, history, and geography. Included authors span three continents and four countries. Included essays contribute significantly to a growing scholarship surrounding ""the question of the animal"" emanating from philosophical, cultural and activist discourses. Its authors are at the forefront of the growing number of theorists and practioners across the disciplines concerned with the impact of new technologies on the more-than-human world. Both a wide-ranging discussion of animals and biotechnology in science and culture, and a bracing call to action regarding animal exploitation, Leonardo s Choice intervenes thoughtfully, yet forcefully, in one of the most pressing issues of our time. Cary Wolfe, Author of Animal Rites (Chicago, 2003) when artists are entering the lab, and scientists are collaborating in bio-art, this book satisfies the need to interrogate the meanings of such boundary challenges - around both the dangers of capture and complicity, and the promises of critical scientific endeavour. Dr. Richard Twine, ESRC Centre for Economic and Social Aspects of Genomics, Lancaster University, UK. "
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface; Contents; Contributors; Introduction; Part I; Genetic Science, Animal Exploitation, and the Challengefor Democracy; Darwins Progeny: Eugenics, Genetics and Animal Rights; Intimate Strife: The Unbearable Intimacy of Human--AnimalRelations; Part II; Leonardos Choice: The Ethics of Artists Working with Genetic Technologies; We Have Always Been Transgenic: A Dialogue; Negotiating the Hybrid: Art, Theory and Genetic Technologies; Meddling with Medusa: On Genetic Manipulation, Art and Animals; Transgenic Bioart, Animals, and the Law; Part III
    Description / Table of Contents: Dis/Integrating Animals: Ethical Dimensions of the Genetic Engineering of Animals for Human ConsumptionThe Call of the Other 0.1: Genetic Aesthetics and the New Moreaus; Landseers Ethics: The Campaign to End Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs in Australasia; Adoration of the Mystic Lamb; Ending Extinction: The Quagga, the Thylacine,and the ``Smart Human''
    Note: Includes bibliographic references
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789048124039 , 9789048124022
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Edition: 1
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Riggs, Peter J. Quantum causality
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Quantum theory ; Science Philosophy ; Quantenmechanik ; Kausalität ; Philosophie
    Abstract: This is a treatise devoted to the foundations of quantum physics and the role that causality plays in the microscopic world governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. There is no sharp dividing line between physics and philosophy of physics. This is especially true for quantum physics where debate on its interpretation and the status of the various entities postulated has raged in both the scientific and philosophical communities since the 1920s and continues to this day. Although it is readily granted that quantum mechanics produces some strange and counter-intuitive results, it is argued in Quantum Causality that quantum mechanics is not as weird as we might have been led to believe. The dominant theory of quantum mechanics is called Orthodox Quantum Theory (also known as the Copenhagen Interpretation). Orthodox Quantum Theory is a ‘theoretical tool’ for making predictions for the possible results of experiments on quantum systems and requires the intervention of an observer or an observer’s proxy (e.g. a measuring apparatus) in order to produce predictions. Orthodox Quantum Theory does away with the notion of causality and denies the existence of an underlying quantum realm. The Causal Theory is not well known within the physics community and many physicists who do know of it are generally dismissive in their attitudes. This is a historical legacy inherited by the majority of the physics community from the most influential founders of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. They both denied the independent existence of a quantum level of reality and declared that causality does not apply to quantum events. Quantum Causality shows that the Causal Theory of Quantum Mechanics is a viable physical theory that provides realistic explanations for quantum phenomena. Much of what is argued for in this book will be controversial but, at the very least, these arguments will likely engender some lively debate on the various issues raised.
    Description / Table of Contents: General Introduction; Preliminaries; The Causal Theory of Quantum Mechanics; Energy and the Wave Field; Energy-Momentum Transfer and the Quantum Potential; The Exclusion Principle
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9781402093685
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Boston Studies In The Philosophy Of Science 276
    DDC: 501
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Frankreich ; Naturwissenschaften ; Philosophie
    Abstract: Having examined previous volumes of the Boston Studies series devoted to different countries, and having discussed the best way to present contemporary research in France, we have arrived at a careful selection of 15 participants, including the organizers. Our aim is to bring together philosophers and practicing scientist from the major institutions of the country, both universities and research centers. The areas of research represented here cover a wide spectrum of sciences, from mathematics and physics to the life sciences, as well as linguistics and economics. This selection is a showcase of French philosophy of science, illustrating the different methods employed: logico-linguistic analysis, rational reconstruction and historical inquiry. These participants have the ability to relate their research both to the French tradition and current discussions on the international scene. Also included is a substantial historical introduction, explaining the development of philosophy of science in France, the various schools of thought and methods as well as the major concepts and their significance.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Legend of Philosophy's Striptease (Trends in Philosophy of Science); French Philosophy of Technology; A Problem in General Philosophy of Science: The Rational Criteria of Choice; Science and Realism: The Legacy of Duhem and Meyerson in Contemporary American Philosophy of Science; Philosophy and 20th Century Physics; Foundations of Physics: The Empirical Blindness; Philosophy of Chemistry; Pharmacology as a Physical Object; Philosophy of Biology: An Historico-Critical Characterization; Philosophy and Contemporary Biological Research; What is a Mental Function?
    Description / Table of Contents: Philosophy of Cognitive ScienceDuhemian Themes in Expected Utility Theory
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9781402096044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 278
    DDC: 001
    Keywords: Physics History ; Science (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy
    Abstract: Peter McLaughlin
    Abstract: Collects classics of Marxist historiography of science, including a translation of Boris Hessen's "The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's Principia" (1931), Henryk Grossmann's "The Social Foundation of Mechanistic Philosophy and Manufacture" (1935) and Descartes' "New Ideal of Science&quot
    Description / Table of Contents: Classical Marxist Historiography of Science: The Hessen-Grossmann-Thesis; The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's Principia; The Social Foundations of the Mechanistic Philosophy and Manufacture; Descartes and the Social Origins of the Mechanistic Concept of the World; Additional Texts on Mechanism; Henryk Grossman: A Biographical Sketch; Boris Hessen: In Lieu of a Biography
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9781402097911
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 257
    Keywords: History ; Philosophy (General) ; Science (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: There are two main contributions in this book: Firstly, to make the founding and evolution of the Western thought accessible to the reflective man of our day, since the spirit of the Presocratics – although it is considered to constitute a true intellectual revolution – remains unknown to the broader community and secondly to shed greater light – probably for the first time – on the scientific dimension of the Presocratics’ work, and show its timeless value. This book is a balanced interdisciplinary philosophic-scientific presentation of the evolution of Western thought through the presocratic tradition, where the synthesis of rationality and intuition – rather than their opposition – is the key to answering all questions of science, as we now understand the them. It is a book that investigates the roots of Western science and philosophy, where probably for the first time a coherent interrelation is shown between Presocratics’ thought and classical, as well as modern physical sciences.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction; The Juncture; Introduction to the Presocratics; Thales of Miletus (ca. 625-546 B.C.); Anaximander of Miletus (ca. 610-546 B.C.); Anaximenes of Miletus (ca. 585-525 B.C.); Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 570-496 B.C.); Xenophanes of Colophon (ca. 570-470, B.C.; Heraclitus of Ephesus (ca. 540-480 B.C.); Parmenides of Elea (ca. 515-450 B.C.); Empedocles of Acragas (ca. 494-434 B.C.); Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (ca. 500-428 B.C.); Democritus of Abdera (ca. 460-360 B.C.); Epilogue;
    Note: "Translated from the original Greek version into English by Professor Robert Crist of the University of Athens, Greece , Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789048123629
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2009 Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: Boston studies in the philosophy of science 279
    Series Statement: Boston studies in the philosophy of science
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Chalmers, Alan The scientist's atom and the philosopher's stone
    DDC: 541.22
    RVK:
    Keywords: Metaphysics ; Philosophy (General) ; Physics History ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Atomistik ; Naturwissenschaften ; Naturphilosophie ; Geschichte
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Keywords: Medicine ; Neurosciences ; Science History ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Due to the current revolution in brain research the search for the 'moral brain' became a serious endeavour. Nowadays, neural circuits that are indispensable for moral and social behaviour are discovered and the brains of psychopaths and criminals - the classical anti-heroes of morality - are scanned with curiosity, even enthusiasm. How revolutionary this current research might be, the quest for a localisable ethical centre or moral organ is far from new. The moral brain was a recurrent theme in the works of neuroscientists during the 19th and 20th century. From the phrenology era to the encephalitis pandemic in the 1920s a wide range of European and American scientists (neurologists, psychiatrists, anthropologists and criminologists) speculated about and discussed the location of a moral sense in the human cortex. Encouraged by medical discoveries and concerned by terrifying phenomena like crime or 'moral insanity' (psychopathy) even renowned and outstanding neurologists, including Moritz Benedikt, Paul Flechsig, Arthur Van Gehuchten, Oskar Vogt or Constantin von Monakow, had the nerve to make their speculations public. This book presents the first overview of believers and disbelievers in a cerebral seat of human morality, their positions and arguments and offers an explanation for these historical attempts to localise our moral sense, in spite of the massive disapproving commentary launched by colleagues.
    Note: Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9781402088933
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Boston Studies In The Philosophy Of Science 267
    DDC: 500
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General)
    Abstract: " Like any goal-oriented procedure, experiment is subject to many kinds of failures. These failures have a variety of features, depending on the particulars of their sources. For the experimenter these pitfalls should be avoided and their effects minimized. For the historian-philosopher of science and the science educator, on the other hand, they are instructive starting points for reflecting on science in general and scientific method and practice in particular. Often more is learned from failure than from confirmation and successful application. The identification of error, its source, its context, and its treatment shed light on both practices and epistemic claims. This book shows that it is fruitful to bring to light forgotten and lost failures, subject them to analysis and learn from their moral. The study of failures, errors, pitfalls and mistakes helps us understand the way knowledge is pursued and indeed generated. The book presents both historical accounts and philosophical analyses of failures in experimental practice. It covers topics such as ""error as an object of study"", ""learning from error"", ""concepts and dead ends"", ""instrumental artifacts"", and ""surprise and puzzlement"". This book will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science as well as to practicing scientists and science educators. "
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: Mapping "Going Amiss"; Error: The Long Neglect, the One-Sided View, and a Typology; Error as Historiographical Challenge: The Infamous Globule Hypothesis; Learning Without Error; Living Extremely Flat: The Life of an Automaton; John von Neumann's Conception of Error of (in)Animate Systems; Experimental Reorientations; Concepts from the Bench: Hans Krebs, Kurt Henseleit and the Urea Cycle; How Experiments Make Concepts Fail: Faraday and Magnetic Curves; A Pioneer Who Never Got It Right: James Dewar and the Elusive Phenomena of Cold
    Description / Table of Contents: Distinguishing Real Results from Instrumental Artifacts: The Case of the Missing RainGoing Right and Making It Wrong: The Reception of Fizeau's Ether-Drift Experiment of 1859; The Spectrum of ß Decay: Continuous or Discrete? A Variety of Errors in Experimental Investigation; The Scent of Filth: Experiments, Waste, and the Set-Up; In the Thick of Organic Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9781402091988
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 342
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Computer science ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General)
    Abstract: The idea that belief comes in degrees is based on the observation that we are more certain of some things than of others. Various theories try to give accounts of how measures of this confidence do or ought to behave, both as far as the internal mental consistency of the agent as well as his betting, or other, behaviour is concerned. This anthology is the first book to give a balanced overview of these theories. It also explicitly relates these debates to more traditional concerns of the philosophy of language and mind, and epistemic logic, namely how belief simpliciter does or ought to behave. The paradigmatic theory, probabilism (which holds that degrees of belief ought to satisfy the axioms of probability theory) is given most attention, but competing theories, such as Dempster-Shafer theory, possibility theory, and AGM belief revision theory are also considered. Each of these approaches is represented by one of its major proponents. The papers are specifically written to target advanced undergraduate students with a background in formal methods and beginning graduate students, but they will also serve as first point of reference for academics new to the area.
    Description / Table of Contents: Belief and Degrees of Belief; Beliefs, Degrees of Belief, and the Lockean Thesis; The Lockean Thesis and the Logic of Belief; Partial Belief and Flat-Out Belief; Epistemic Probability and Coherent Degrees of Belief; Non-Additive Degrees of Belief; Accepted Beliefs, Revision and Bipolarity in the Possibilistic Framework; A Survey of Ranking Theory; Arguments For-Or Against-Probabilism?; Diachronic Coherence and Radical Probabilism; Accuracy and Coherence: Prospects for an Alethic Epistemology of Partial Belief; Degrees All the Way Down: Beliefs, Non-Beliefs and Disbeliefs
    Description / Table of Contents: Levels of Belief in Nonmonotonic Reasoning
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9781402056307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Archimedes 17
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy of nature ; Physics History ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Helmholtz, Hermann von 1821-1894 ; Naturwissenschaften ; Mechanismus ; Rezeption
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402093388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in The Philosophy of Science 272
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.: Rethinking Popper
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    Keywords: Ethics ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Popper, Karl R. 1902-1994
    Note: In: Springer-Online
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9781402095672
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 112
    DDC: 120
    Keywords: Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind ; Science Philosophy
    Note: In: Springer-Online
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9781402096365
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 266
    DDC: 570.1
    Keywords: Biology Philosophy ; Developmental biology ; Evolution (Biology) ; Life sciences ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Note: In: Springer-Online
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9781402095108
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series In Philosophy of Science 74
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.: Constituting objectivity
    DDC: 517.38
    RVK:
    Keywords: Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Physics History ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Physik ; Objektivität ; Transzendentalphilosophie
    Note: In: Springer-Online
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402054747
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 386 p, online resource)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 256
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Spohn, Wolfgang, 1950 - Causation, coherence and concepts
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Metaphysics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Theoretische Philosophie ; Erkenntnistheorie ; Sprachphilosophie
    URL: Cover
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789048124015
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science 16
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. The Golden Age of Polish Philosophy
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Konferenzschrift ; Warschauer Schule
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9781402088667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DDC: 570.1
    Keywords: Science Science_xHistory ; Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Biologie ; Leben ; Philosophie ; Biologie ; Leben ; Geschichte
    Abstract: Denys N. Wheatley
    Abstract: Surveys the nature of science and its emergence in post-Renaissance Europe. This book investigates the similarities and differences between biology and other sciences. It considers topics in the philosophy of biology (for example evolutionary theory, vitalism/mechanism, reductionism/holism, and spontaneous generation)
    Description / Table of Contents: What is Science?; Culture, Technology and Knowledge; Classical Roots; Mediaeval Views of the World; The Scientific Revolution; The 'Scientific Revolution' in Biology; Aristotle's Biology; How Different Are Organisms from Inanimate Objects?; Cell Theory and Experimental Physiology: New Ideas in a Changing Society; Embryos and Entelechy; Spontaneous Generation; The Evolution of Darwinism; The Great Heredity Debate; Evolutionary Theory Attains Maturity; The Problem of Purpose; The Scientific Status of Biology;
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and indexes , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402088001
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (online resource)
    Series Statement: Studies in German Idealism 8
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Limnatis, Nectarios G. German idealism and the problem of knowledge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy of mind ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 ; Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 1762-1814 ; Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 1775-1854 ; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831 ; Idealism, German ; Knowledge, Theory of ; Germany ; Deutscher Idealismus ; Erkenntnis ; Kant, Immanuel 1724-1804 ; Erkenntnis ; Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 1762-1814 ; Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von 1775-1854 ; Erkenntnis ; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 1770-1831 ; Erkenntnis
    Abstract: The problem of knowledge in German Idealism has drawn increasing attention in recent years. This is the first attempt at a systematic critique that covers all four major figures, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. In examining the evolution of the German idealist discussion with respect to a broad array of concepts (epistemology, metaphysics, logic, dialectic, contradiction, totality, and several others), the author draws from a wide variety of sources in several languages, employs lucid and engaging language, and offers a fresh, incisive and challenging critique. Limnatis contrasts Kant’s epistemological assertiveness with his ontological scepticism as a critical issue in the development of the discourse in German Idealism, and argues that Fichte’s phenomenological demarche only amplifies the Kantian impasse, but allows him to launch a path-breaking critique of formal logic, and to press forward the dialectic. Schelling’s later restoration of metaphysics aims exactly at overcoming the Fichtean conflict between epistemological monism and ontological dualism. And it is Hegel who synthesizes the preceding discussion and unambiguously addresses the need for a new philosophical logic, the dialectical logic. Limnatis scrutinizes Hegel’s deduction in the Phenomenology, invokes modern genetic epistemology, and advances a non-metaphysical reading of the Science of Logic as a genetic theory of systematic knowledge and as circular epistemology. Emphasizing the unity between the logical and the historical, the distinction between intellectual (verständlich) and rational (vernünftig) explanation, and the cognitive importance of contradiction, the author argues for the prospect of an evolving totality of reflective reason.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9781402062797
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 255
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Rethinking scientific change and theory comparison
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Wissenschaftsentwicklung ; Erkenntnistheorie
    URL: Cover
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9781402069215
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 97
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Altering nature ; Vol. 1: Concepts of "nature" and "the natural" in biotechnology debates
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; medicine Philosophy ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402059674
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 306 p, online resource)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 254
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Mechanics and natural philosophy before the scientific revolution
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, medieval ; Science Philosophy ; Mathematics_$xHistory ; Physics History ; Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Mechanik ; Geschichte Anfänge-1740 ; Naturphilosophie ; Geschichte Anfänge-1740
    Abstract: This volume deals with a variety of moments in the history of mechanics when conflicts arose within one textual tradition, between different traditions, or between textual traditions and the wider world of practice. Its purpose is to show how the accommodations sometimes made in the course of these conflicts ultimately contributed to the emergence of modern mechanics.
    Abstract: Modern mechanics was forged in the seventeenth century from materials inherited from Antiquity and transformed in the period from the Middle Ages through to the sixteenth century. These materials were transmitted through a number of textual traditions and within several disciplines and practices, including ancient and medieval natural philosophy, statics, the theory and design of machines, and mathematics. This volume deals with a variety of moments in the history of mechanics when conflicts arose within one textual tradition, between different traditions, or between textual traditions and the wider world of practice. Its purpose is to show how the accommodations sometimes made in the course of these conflicts ultimately contributed to the emergence of modern mechanics. The first part of the volume is concerned with ancient mechanics and its transformations in the Middle Ages, the second part with the reappropriation of ancient mechanics and especially with the reception of the Pseudo-Aristotelian Mechanica in the Renaissance, and the third and final part, with early-modern mechanics in specific social, national, and institutional contexts.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402082375
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 217 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 258
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Futch, Michael J. Leibniz's metaphysics of time and space
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 1646-1716 ; Metaphysik ; Raum ; Zeit
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9781402069239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 98
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Altering nature ; Vol. 2: Religion, biotechnology, and public policy
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; medicine Philosophy ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Natur ; Biotechnologie ; Religion ; Öffentliche Ordnung
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9781402054990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 268
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Schemmel, Matthias The English Galileo
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Harriot, Thomas 1560-1621 ; Bewegung ; Mechanik ; Geschichte
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402086991
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 44
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Computer science ; Mathematics ; Economics, Mathematical ; Philosophy
    URL: Cover
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9781402058813
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 393 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica 182
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Rediscovering phenomenology
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Neurosciences ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Consciousness ; Philosophy ; Neurosciences ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Consciousness ; Phenomenology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Phänomenologie ; Exakte Wissenschaften ; Erkenntnis ; Husserl, Edmund 1859-1938 ; Transzendentale Phänomenologie ; Mathematik ; Logik ; Physik ; Wahrnehmung ; Phänomenologie
    Abstract: This book proposes a new phenomenological analysis of the questions of perception and cognition which are of paramount importance for a better understanding of those processes which underlies the formation of knowledge and consciousness. It presents many clear arguments showing how a phenomenological perspective helps to deeply interpret most fundamental findings of current research in neurosciences and also in mathematical and physical sciences.
    Abstract: Beyond their remarkable technical accomplishments, the new directions taken by the sciences in recent decades call for renewal of their epistemological basis. The purpose of this book is to show that Husserl s transcendental phenomenology, if properly re-examined, provides the required framework for such an epistemology. This re-examination is both critical and constructive. (i) The absolute subjectivization or the full naturalization of consciousness must be rejected. (ii) The necessarily transcendental character of phenomenology is put to work in the search for a systematic connection between the modes of theoretical objectivation and the apprehension of the phenomenal world by intentional consciousness. A new look at some of the fundamental issues opened up by Husserl is thus suggested by recent advances in the theory of perception, attention, and the will, foundations of mathematics and formal logic, space-time or quantum physics.
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; Husserl and the Phenomenology of Attention; Phénoménologie et méréologie de la perception spatiale, de Husserl aux théoriciens de la Gestalt; On the Relationship between Parts and Wholes in Husserl's Phenomenology; Space and Movement. On Husserl's Geometry of the Visual Field; On Naturalizing Free; Perseverance and Adjustment: On Weyl's Phenomenological Philosophy of Nature; Mathematical Concepts and Physical Objects; Understanding Quantum Mechanics with Bohr and Husserl; Husserl between Formalism and Intuitionism
    Description / Table of Contents: The Two-Sidedness and the Rationalistic Ideal of Formal Logic: Husserl and GödelMettre les structures en mouvement: La phénoménologie et la dynamique de l'intuition conceptuelle. Sur la pertinence phénoménologique de la théorie des catégories; Pourquoi les nombres sont-ils «naturels»?; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Cover
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9781402051951
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 326 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 251
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Science History ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Mathematics_$xHistory ; Physics History ; Science, general ; Science History ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Mathematics_$xHistory ; Physics History ; Konferenzschrift 2002 ; Mathematik ; Philosophie ; Physik ; Geschichte 1860-1930 ; Mathematik ; Physik ; Wissenschaftsentwicklung ; Geschichte 1860-1930 ; Mathematik ; Physik ; Philosophie
    Abstract: The main theme of this anthology is the unique interaction between mathematics, physics and philosophy during the beginning of the 20th century. Seminal theories of modern physics and new fundamental mathematical structures were discovered or formed in this period. Significant physicists such as Lorentz and Einstein as well as mathematicians such as Poincaré, Minkowski, Hilbert and Weyl contributed to this development. They created the new physical theories and the mathematical disciplines that play such paramount roles in their mathematical formulations. These physicists and mathematicians were also key figures in the philosophical discussions of nature and science from philosophical tendencies like logical empiricism via critical rationalism to various neo-Kantian trends.
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS; Preface; Contributing Authors; DAVID HYDER / Kant, Helmholtz and the Determinacy of Physical Theory; JESPER LÜTZEN / A Mechanical Image: Heinrich Hertz's Principles of Mechanics; MICHEL JANSSEN AND MATTHEW MECKLENBURG / From Classical to Relativistic Mechanics: Electromagnetic Models of the Electron; JEREMY GRAY / Enriques: Popularising Science and the Problems of Geometry; ULRICH MAJER / Hilbert's Axiomatic Approach to the Foundations of Science-a Failed Research Program?
    Description / Table of Contents: HELMUT PULTE / The Space between Helmholtz and Einstein: Moritz Schlick on Spatial Intuition and the Foundations of GeometryROBERT DISALLE / Mathematical Structure, "World Structure," and the Philosophical Turning-point in Modern Physics; DAVID E. ROWE / Einstein's Allies and Enemies: Debating Relativity in Germany, 1916-1920; ERHARD SCHOLZ / The Changing Concept of Matter in H. Weyl's Thought, 1918-1930; LAWRENCE SKLAR / Why Does the Standard Measure Work in Statistical Mechanics?; Index
    Note: Contributing authors, David Hyder ... [et al.] , Includes bibliographical references and index , Some contributions include an abstract
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402021961
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 359 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2004.
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy. ; Logic. ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Induction and Deduction in the Philosophy of Science: a Critical Account since the Methodenstreit -- Historicizing Deduction: Scientific Method, Critical Debate, and the Historian -- Inference to the Best Theory, rather than Inference to the Best Explanation — Kinds of Abduction and Induction -- The Significance of Explanatory Considerations -- Truth-seeking by Abduction -- Inference to the Best Explanation and Bayesianism -- Adaptive Logics and the Integration of Induction and Deduction -- Argument, Inference and Reasoning — Integrating Induction and Deduction -- Laws are Persistent Inductive Schemes -- Physical Intuition as Inductive Support -- Frege, Neo-Logicism and Applied Mathematics -- Remarks About a “General Science of Reasoning” -- Two Questions About the Revival of Frege’s Programme -- Handling Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, and the Bayesian Controversy -- Artificial Intelligence and Its Methodological Implications -- Supplying Planks for Neurath’s Boat: Can Economists Meet the Demands of the Dynamics of Scientific Theories? -- Informational Economy and Creativity -- The Place of the Notion of Corroboration in Karl Popper’s Philosophy of Science -- How can a Falsified Theory Remain Corroborated ? -- Inductivism in 19th Century German Economics -- The Uniformity of Nature: What Purpose does it Serve? -- Planning, Democratization and Popularization with ISOTYPE, ca. 1945: a Study of Otto Neurath’s Pictorial Statistics with the Example of Bilston, England -- Reviews -- Activities 2003 -- Preview 2004 -- Remembering Dick Jeffrey (1926-2002) (Maria Carla Galavotti) -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The articles in this volume deal with the main inferential methods that can be applied to different kinds of experimental evidence. These contributions - accompanied with critical comments - by renowned scholars in the field of philosophy of science aim at removing the traditional opposition between inductivists and deductivists. They explore the different methods of explanation and justification in the sciences in different contexts and with different objectives. The volume contains contributions on methods of the sciences, especially on induction, deduction, abduction, laws, probability and explanation, ranging from logic, mathematics, natural to the social sciences. They present a highly topical pluralist re-evaluation of methodological and foundational procedures and reasoning, e.g. focusing in Bayesianism and Artificial Intelligence. They document the second international conference in Vienna on "Induction and Deduction in the Sciences" as part of the Scientific Network on "Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of Philosophy of Science in Europe", funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF).
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS; A Critical Account since the Methodenstreit
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9780306480171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer-11648 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library 161
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy. ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Frau ; Wissenschaftstheorie ; Frau ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie
    Abstract: Woman is Not a Rational Animal: On Aristotle’S Biology of Reproduction -- Aristotle and the Politicization of the Soul -- The Unit of Political Analysis: Our Aristotelian Hangover -- Have Only Men Evolved? -- Evolution and Patriarchal Myths of Scarcity and Competition -- Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science -- The Trivialization of the Notion of Equality -- How Can Language be Sexist? -- A Paradigm of Philosophy: The Adversary Method -- The Man of Professional Wisdom -- Gender and Science -- The Mind’S Eye -- Individualism and the Objects of Psychology -- Political Philosophy and the Patriarchal Unconscious: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Epistemology and Metaphysics -- The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism -- Why Has the Sex/Gender System Become Visible Only Now?.
    Abstract: Are Western epistemology, metaphysics, methodology and the philosophy of science grounded only in men's distinctive understandings of themselves, others, and nature? Does this less than human understanding distort our models of reason and of scientific inquiry? In different ways, the papers in this collection explore the evidence for these increasingly reasonable and intriguing questions. They identify how it is distinctively masculine perspectives on masculine experience which have shaped the most fundamental and formal aspects of systematic thought in philosophy and the natural and social sciences - precisely the aspects of thought believed most gender-neutral. They show how these understandings ground Aristotle's biology and metaphysics; the very definition of the problems of philosophy in Plato, Descartes, Hobbes and Rousseau; the `adversary method' which is the paradigm of philosophic and scientific reasoning; principles of individuation in philosophical ontology and the philosophy of language; individualistic assumptions in psychology; functionalism in sociological and biological theory; evolutionary theory; the methodology of political science; Marxist political economy; and conceptions of `objective inquiry' in the social and natural sciences. These essays also begin to identify for us the distictive aspects of women's experience which can provide the resources needed for the creation of a truly human understanding. Audience: The book will be of interest to those involved in epistemology, and philosophy of the natural and social sciences, as well as feminist scholars in philosophy. The work will also be of value for theorists, methodologists, and feminist scholars in the natural and social sciences.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789401704854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 278 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, modern ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: -Selected papers on Renaissance philosophy and on Thomas Hobbes offers the best work in these fields by the acclaimed historian of philosophy, Karl Schuhmann (1941-2003), displaying the extraordinary range and depth of his unique scholarship, -Topics covered include Renaissance philosophy of nature; the development of the notion of time in early modern philosophy; Telesio's concept of space; Hermetic influences on Pico, Patrizi and Hobbes; Hobbes's Short Tract; Spinoza and Hobbes; Hobbes's political philosophy, -This book brings together, in chronological arrangement, twelve papers. Though these were published before in some form, several were not easily accessible so far, -All articles have been edited in accordance with the author's wishes, and incorporate his later additions and corrections
    Description / Table of Contents: Francis Bacon und Hobbes’ Widmungsbrief zu De CiveGedankenschnelle und Himmelsflug: einige hermetische Motive bei Hobbes -- Methodenfragen bei Spinoza und Hobbes: zum Problem des Einflusses -- Zur Entstehung des neuzeitlichen Zeitbegriffs: Telesio, Patrizi, Gassendi -- Telesio’s Concept of Matter -- Le concept de l’espace chez Telesio -- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola und der Hermetismus: Vom Mitstreiter zum Gegner -- Francesco Patrizi und die hermetische Philosophie -- La notion de loi chez Hobbes -- Hobbes and the Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle -- Hobbes und Gassendi -- Le Short Tract, première œuvre philosophique de Hobbes -- Karl Schuhmann - Bibliography (December 2003).
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306482144
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXIII, 427 p. 6 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2003.
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy of nature. ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy—History. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy of Nature ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy ; Konferenzschrift 2001 ; Wiener Kreis ; Neopositivismus
    Abstract: What is the Vienna Circle? -- What is the Vienna Circle? -- Origins and History -- Pluralism of Tenable World Views -- On the Formation of Logical Empiricism -- Bolzano’s Account of Justification -- Kantian Metaphysics and Hertzian Mechanics -- Moritz Schlick -- Moritz Schlick’s Idea of Non-territorial States -- An Unknown Side of Moritz Schlick’s Intellectual Biography: The Reviews for the “Vierteljahrschrift Für Wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Soziologie” (1911–1916) -- Between Meaning and Demarcation -- “Let’s Talk about Flourishing!” — Moritz Schlick and the Non-cognitive Foundation of Virtue Ethics -- Hans Reichenbach -- Coordination and Convention in Hans Reichenbach’s Philosophy of Space -- Reichenbach’s ?-Definition of Simultaneity in Historical and Philosophical Perspective -- Other Proponents and Periphery -- Towards a Physicalistic Attitude -- Logical Empiricism and Phenomenology: Felix Kaufmann -- Béla von Juhos and the Concept of “Konstatierungen” -- Wittgenstein’s Constructivization of Euler’s Proof of the Infinity of Primes -- Quine’S Historical Argument for Epistemology Naturalized -- Unity and Plurality -- Two Uses of Unification -- Unity and Plurality in the Concept of Causation -- Edgar Zilsel’s Research Programme: Unity of Science as an Empirical Problem -- Contexts of Science -- Criticizing a Difference of Contexts — On Reichenbach’S Distincition Between “Context of Discovery” and “Context of Justification” -- Contextualizing an Epistemological Issue: The Case of Error in Experiment -- The Contexts of Scientific Justification. Some Reflections on the Relation Between Epistemological Contextualism and Philosophy of Science -- Epistemology -- Modal Skepticism. Philosophical Thought Experiments and Modal Epistemology -- Structure and Heuristic: In Praise of Structural Reallism in the Case of Niels Bohr -- Ethics -- The Neutrality of Meta-Ethics Revisited — How to Draw on Einstein and the Vienna Circle in Developing an Adequate Account of Morals -- Women of Logical Empiricism -- No Woman, No Try? — Else Frenkel-Brunswik and the Project of Integrating Psychoanalysis into the Unity of Science -- Susan Stebbing on Cambridge and Vienna Analysis -- Susan Stebbing’s Criticism of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus -- Rose Rand: a Woman in Logic -- Report — Documentation -- Logical Positivism in Russia.
    Abstract: The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism is for scholars, researchers and students in history and philosophy of science focusing on Logical Empiricism and analytic philosophy (of science). This volume features recent work from international research and historiography on the Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism and their influence. It is unique in that it: -provides historical and systematic research; -deals with the influence and impact of the Vienna Circle/Logical Empiricism on today's philosophy of science; -explores the intellectual context of this scientific philosophy; -unites contributions by renowned scholars and a younger generation of philosophers; -focuses on main figures and peripheral adherents; -features crucial issues of Logical Empiricism; -documents the activities of the Vienna Circle Institute; -includes reviews on related topics.
    Note: Includes papers from a symposium held July 12-14, 2001 at the University of Vienna , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 62
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401002233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 342 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Humanities ; Science education. ; Philosophy and science. ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: Semiotic and Activity-Theoretic Perspectives presents the results of several studies involving scientists and technicians. In Part One of the book, "Graphing in Captivity", the author describes and analyses the interpretation scientists volunteered given graphs that had been culled from an introductory course and textbook in ecology. Surprisingly, the scientists were not the experts that the author expected them to be on the basis of the existing expert-novice literature. The section ends with the analysis of graphs that the scientists had culled from their own work. Here, they articulated a tremendous amount of background understanding before talking about the content of their graphs. In Part Two, "Graphing in the Wild", the author reports on graph usage in three different workplaces based on his ethnographic research among scientists and technicians. Based on these data, the author concludes that graphs and graphing are meaningful to the extent that they are deeply embedded in and connected to the familiarity with the workplace
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: An Introduction1.1 Graphing is Pervasive -- 1.2 Nature of Practice -- 1.3 Reading Graphs as Semiotic Practice -- 1.4 Graphs as Sign Objects -- 1.5 Graphing as Rhetorical Practice -- 1.6 Graphs as Conscription Devices -- 1.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- One: Graphing in Captivity -- 2 From ‘Expertise’ to Situated Reason: The Role of Experience, Familiarity, and Usefulness -- 3 Unfolding Interpretations: Graph Interpretation as Abduction -- 4 Problematic Readings: Case Studies of Scientists Struggling with Graph Interpretation -- 5 Articulating Background: Scientists Explain Graphs of their Own Making -- Two: Graphing in the Wild -- 6 Reading Graphs: Transparent Use of Graphs in Everyday Activity -- 7 From Writhing Lizards to Graphs: The Development of Embodied Graphing Competence -- 8 Fusion of Sign and Referent: From Interpreting to Reading of Graphs -- Appendix: The Tasks -- A.1 Plant Distributions -- A.2 Population Dynamics -- A.3 Isoclines -- A.4 Scientists’ Graphs -- Notes -- References.
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  • 63
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400710443
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 336 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Semantics ; Management science. ; Philosophy and science. ; Ontology ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Economics. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Processes constitute the world of human experience - from nature to cognition to social reality. Yet our philosophical and scientific theories of nature and experience have traditionally prioritized concepts for static objects and structures. The essays collected here call for a review of the role of dynamic categories in the language of theories. They present old and new descriptive tools for the modelling of dynamic domains, and argue for the merits of process-based explanations in ontology, cognitive science, semiotics, linguistics, philosophy of mind, robotics, theoretical biology, music theory, and philosophy of chemistry and physics. The collection is of interest to professional researchers in any of these fields; it establishes - for the very first time - crossdisciplinary contact among recent process-based research movements and might witness a conceptual paradigm shift in the making
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Analysis of Dynamic CategoriesAristotle’s Distinction between Change and Activity -- Free Process Theory: Towards a Typology of Occurrings -- Ontological Categories in GOL -- The Conceptualization of Processes -- Overt and Hidden Processes in 20th Century Music -- II: Applications of Process-Based Theories -- Process and Emergence: Normative Function and Representation -- Self-Directedness: A Process Approach to Cognition -- The Pattern and Process of Language in Use: A Test Case -- A Process-Ontological Account of Work -- Continuants and Processes in Macroscopic Chemistry -- The EPR-Experiment and Free Process Theory -- A Process-Based Architecture for an Artificial Conscious Being -- Causal Processes, Semiosis, and Consciousness.
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  • 64
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401715218
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 321 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 312
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical physics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: In this book, Veikko Rantala makes a systematic attempt to understand cognitive characteristics of translation by bringing its logical, pragmatic and hermeneutic features together and examining a number of scientific, logical, and philosophical applications. The notion of translation investigated here is called explanatory, but it is not a translation in the standard sense of the word since it admits of conceptual change. Such translations can take various degrees of precision, and therefore they can occur in contexts of different kinds: from everyday discourse to literary texts to scientific change. The book generalizes some earlier approaches to translation, especially the one presented in David Pearce's monograph Roads to Commensurability. Rantala argues that the notion has something in common with Thomas Kuhn's earlier conception of scientific change and his views of language learning, but it can be used to go beyond Kuhn's well-known ideas and challenge his criticism concerning the import of the correspondence relation
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface. IntroductionPart One: The Pragmatics and Hermeneutics of Conceptual Change. 1. Prologue: The Correspondence Principle. 2. Translation. 3. Examples and Applications of Local Translation. 4. Global Translation -- Part Two: The Logic and Pragmatics of Scientific Change. 5. The Correspondence Relation. 6. Intertheoretic Explanation. 7. Case Studies -- Part Three: The Formal Basis of the Correspondence Relation. 8. Theories and Logics. 9. A Formal Treatment of Case Studies -- Appendix: Definability. Notes. Bibliography. Name Index. Subject Index.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789401722230
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 251 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 229
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 229
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Physics. ; Observations, Astronomical. ; Philosophy. ; History ; Astronomy—Observations. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This book is a historical-epistemological study of one the most consequential idea of early modern celestial mechanics: Robert Hooke's proposal to "compoun[d] the celestial motions of the planets of a direct motion by the tangent & an attractive motion towards a central body," a proposal which Isaac Newton adopted and realized in his Principia. Hooke's Programme was revolutionary both cosmologically and mathematically. It presented "the celestial motions," the proverbial symbol of stability and immutability, as a process of continuous change, and prescribed only parameters of rectilinear motions and rectilinear attractions for calculating their closed curved orbits. Yet the traces of Hooke's construction of his Programme for the heavens lead through his investigations in such earthly disciplines as microscopy, practical optics and horology, and the mathematical tools developed by Newton to accomplish it appear no less local and goal-oriented than Hooke's lenses and springs. This transgression of the boundaries between the theoretical, experimental and technological realms is reminiscent of Hooke's own free excursions in and out of the circles occupied by gentlemen-philosophers, university mathematicians, instrument makers, technicians and servants. It presents an opportunity to examine the social and epistemological distinctions, relations and hierarchies between those realms and their inhabitants, and compels a critical assessment of the philosophical categories they embody
    Description / Table of Contents: IntroductionPart A: The Historical Question. 1. Gallileo's Challenge. 2. The Correspondence. 3. Hooke's Programme -- Part B: The Historiographic Difficulty. 4. Hooke vs. Newton. 5. The Genius vs. The Mechanic. 1. Inflection. Introduction: The Bad Ending -- Part A: The Novelty. 1. Hooke's Programme. 2. Setting the Question Right -- Part B: Employing Inflection. 3. Inflection. 4. Application as Manipulation.-- Part C: Producing Inflection in the Workshop. 5. Construction. 6. Implementation. 7. Tentative Conclusion -- 1.st Interlude: Practice. 1. Introduction - Methodological Lessons. 2. Hacking. 3. The Realism Snare. 2. Power -- Part A: 1. Introduction. 2. De Potentia Restitutiva, or: Of Spring -- Part B: 3. Horology. 4. The Spring Watch. 5. Springs and Forces -- Part C: 6. The Origins of the Vibration Theory. 7. Of Spring again. 8. Springs as a Topos. 9. A Clockwork Theory of Matter and Power -- 2.nd Interlude: Representation. 1. Rorty. 2. 'Knowledge Of and 'Knowledge That'. 3. Hacking and Rorty. 3. Newton's Synthesis. 1. Introduction. 2. Newton Before and After. 3. Hooke's Programme. Notes. Introduction. 1. Inflection. 1st Interlude: Practice. 2. Clocks, Pendulums and Springs -- 2.nd Interlude: Representation. 3. Newton's Synthesis -- Bibliography -- Index.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9781402046766
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 309 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Methodos Series 1
    Series Statement: Methodos Series, Methodological Prospects in the Social Sciences 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Science Philosophy ; Population ; Social sciences Methodology ; Philosophy and science. ; Population—Economic aspects. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Empirical research often lacks theory. This book progressively works out a method of constructing models which can bridge the gap between empirical and theoretical research in the social sciences. This might improve the explanatory power of models. The issue is quite novel, and it benefited from a thorough examination of statistical and mathematical models, conceptual models, diagrams and maps, machines, computer simulations, and artificial neural networks. These modelling practices have been approached through different disciplines. The proposed method is partly inspired by reverse engineering. The standard covering law approach is abandoned, and classical induction restored to its rightful place. It helps to solve several difficulties which impact upon the social sciences today, for example how to extend an explanatory model to new phenomena, how to establish laws, and how to guide the choice of a conceptual structure. The book can be used for advanced courses in research methods in the social sciences and in philosophy of science
    Description / Table of Contents: List of AuthorsGeneral Introduction -- Part I: Statistical Modelling and the Need for Theory. Introduction to Part I. 1. The determinants of infant mortality: how far are conceptual frameworks really modelled?. 2. The role of statistical and formal techniques in experimental psychology. 3. Explanatory models in suicide research: explaining relationships. 4. Attitudes towards ethnic minorities and support for ethnic discrimination, A test of complementary models -- Part II: Computer Simulation and the Reverse Engineering Method. Introduction to Part II. 5. Computer simulation methods to model macroeconomics. 6. The explanatory power of Artificial Neural Networks. Conclusions of Part II -- Part III: Models and Theory. Introduction to Part III. 7. On modelling in human geography. 8. The explanatory power of migration models. 9. The role of models in comparative politics. 10. Elementary mathematical modelization of games and sports. Conclusions of Part III -- Part IV: Epistemological Landmarks. Introduction to Part IV. 11. Computer modelling of theory, explanation for the 21st century. 12. The logistic analysis of explanatory theories in archaeology. Conclusions of Part IV. General Conclusion -- Subject Index -- Name Index.
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  • 67
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    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306476532
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVI, 207 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Innovations in Science Education and Technology 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy and social sciences. ; Philosophy and science. ; History. ; Education—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; History ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht ; Audiovisuelles Unterrichtsmittel ; Schreib- und Lesefähigkeit
    Abstract: Science Education -- The Moiton Picture -- Radio in the Science Classroom -- Instructional Television -- The Computer -- Perspective.
    Abstract: This book deals with the use of technology in science teaching. The author is not, nor has ever had an intention of being a “techie. ” Rather, I spent the first decade of my professional life as a high school physics teacher, making occasional uses of technology to further student understanding and to automate my own teaching practices. During my graduate work, my interest in the use of technology continued. Catalyzed, to some extent by the increasing availability of graphical interfaces for computers, the realization struck that the computer was more and more becoming a tool that all teachers could use to support their teaching practice—not simply those with a passion for the technology itself. The rapid changes in the hardware and software available, however, frequently caused me to reflect on the usefulness of technology—if it were to change at such a rapid pace, would anyone, save for those who diligently focused on the development of these tools, be able to effectively use technology in science teaching? Was change to rapid to yield a useful tool for teachers? To address this interest, I examined the nature of science teaching during this century—using the equally fluid notion of “scientific literacy”—which formed the organizing principle for this study. The result is a examination of how technology was used to accomplishing this goal of producing scientifically literate citizens. What was observed is that technology, indeed, consistently came to the service of teachers as they attempted to achieve this goal.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-195) and index
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  • 68
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    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306476235
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 300 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Innovations in Science Education and Technology 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Physics. ; Philosophy and science. ; History. ; Religion. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Education ; History ; Science Study and teaching ; Physics History ; Science Philosophy ; Religion (General) ; Naturwissenschaften ; Philosophie ; Soziologie
    Abstract: The World of Values and Facts -- Modern People and the State of Their Societies -- The Way Science Works and Evolves -- Science: The Penetrator of the Physical Universe -- Distinct Characteristics and Principles of Science -- The Scientist and the Science Worker -- From Basic Research to Application (Science and Technology) -- The Cultural and Educational Value of Science -- Where Science Meets Religion -- Limits of and to Science -- The Future of and in Science.
    Abstract: This is an engrossing book. It is also an unusual book: it is written by a scientist who is quite willing to talk about the softer side of life, about things such as love and respect and responsibility, and to try and position them in the context of his science. He is also willing to talk about religion, the manner in which it relates to science and science to it, and to attempt reconciliation of both. He sets himself a tough task, to tread the narrow path between the maudlin and the severely sober. In this, he is eminently successful. He is successful not because he aims at any grand synthesis, but because he has chosen the more modest path of simply laying out the cards on the table. This work is also unusual for another reason. The majority of books that attempt to explain science to a lay public, that try to describe its workings, its raison d'être, its hidden contents, its societal impact, its implications for our future, etc. , are written by theorists. This is hardly surprising. The theoretician, after all, is expected to think deeply, to be the great unifier, to be concernedwith meaning. Very few books about science are written by scientists, ones who spend their time in a working experimental laboratory. This is such a book. And because it is, it is also a very different book.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 69
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401717151
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 321 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Those who think about time are thinking deeply. Those who think about God are thinking even more deeply still. To try to think about both at once is to press the very limits of human understanding. Undeterred, this is precisely the project which William Lane Craig sets for himself in this study: to try to grasp the nature of divine eternity, to understand what is meant by the affirmation that God is eternal, to formulate a coherent doctrine of God's relationship with time. In this highly original and ground-breaking work, Craig brings together discussions in the philosophy of time and space, philosophy of language, phenomenology, philosophy of science, Special and General Relativity, classical cosmology, quantum mechanics, and so forth, with the concerns of philosophy of religion and theology, in order to craft a philosophically informed and scientifically tenable doctrine of divine eternity and God's relationship to time
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The Case for Divine Timelessness2 Timelessness and Personhood -- 3 Timelessness and Divine Action -- 4 Timelessness and Divine Knowledge -- 5 The Classical Concept of Time -- 6 God’s Time and Relativistic Time -- 7 God, Time, and Relativity -- 8 Creatio ex nihilo -- 9 God and the Beginning of Time -- Proper Name Index.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789401007306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 376 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Science education. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; History ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This anthology contains 21 papers by prominent historians and philosophers of science, philosophers of education, science educators and science teachers. It is expansive in its subject matter, and detailed in its analysis. The common thread in all papers is the contribution that the history and philosophy of science makes to theoretical, curricular, and pedagogical issues in science education. This is a timely focus as, worldwide, there are increasing demands made on science curriculum writers and teachers to ensure that students come to know something of the `nature of science', or something about the `big picture' of science. This means knowing something of the history and methodology of science, its relations with world views, and how science articulates with social and cultural values and interests. The contributions show how historically and philosophically informed teaching of science can create this `big picture' knowledge about science, which in turn allows science to inform culture and social life
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  • 71
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401735322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 284 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 84
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The larger project of which this volume forms part is an attempt to craft a coherent doctrine of divine eternity and God's relationship to time. Central to this project is the integration of the concerns of theology with the concept of time in relativity theory. Unfortunately, theologians and philosophers of religion do not in general understand Einstein's theories, whereas physicists and philosophers of science, under the influence of verificationism, have largely focused philosophical reflection on spatiotemporal concepts given by physics. There is thus a paucity of integrative literature dealing with God and relativity theory. The collapse of positivism and the rejuvenation of metaphysics have led to a renewed scrutiny of the metaphysical foundations of relativity theory and the concept(s) time found therein. This volume provides an accessible and philosophically informed examination of the concept of time in relativity, the ultimate aim being the achievement of a tenable theological synthesis
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface1. The Historical Background of Special Relativity -- 2. Einstein's Special Theory -- 3. Time Dilation and Length Contraction -- 4. Empirical Confirmation of Special Relativity -- 5. Two Relativistic Interpretations -- 6. The Classical Concept of Time -- 7. The Positivistic Foundations of Relativity Theory -- 8. The Elimination of Absolute Time -- 9. Absolute Time and Relativistic Time -- 10. God, Time, and Relativity -- 11. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Subject Index -- Proper Name Index.
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  • 72
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401728706
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 263 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 307
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This monograph is unique in its kind, giving as it does an independent and self-contained introduction to the eight prominent verisimilitude proposals that make up the verisimilitude literature after the breakdown of Popper's definition in 1974. The author brings them together by comparing the ways in which they order propositional formulae. Using this method, he shows that the distinction of content and likeness definitions partitions the entire field of investigation. In addition, it is shown that the weak content definitions can be strengthened by incorporating considerations of similarity between possible worlds. The resulting refined verisimilitude definition has many desirable properties. For instance, it is the first qualitative proposal that evades the problem of truth-value dependence. In addition, in chapter five the often discussed and misunderstood problem of "language dependency" is solved. The book will be of interest to those working in the fields of logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, and (computational) linguistics
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    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401141604
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XI, 228 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2000.
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 63
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Medical ethics. ; Philosophy and science. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Ethics. ; Bioethics. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; medicine Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Medical ethics
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Social Constructivism Vs. Scientific Realism -- 3. Fact Vs. Value -- 4. The Concept of Disease -- 5. The Classification of Diseases -- 6. The Elements of Diagnosis -- 7. The Process of Diagnosis -- 8. Conclusion -- Notes.
    Abstract: The germs of the ideas in this book became implanted in me during my experience as a resident in clinical pathology at Boston University Medical Center. At the time, I had inklings that the test results churned out by our laboratories were more than scientific facts. As a philosophically unsophisticated young physician, however, I had no language or framework to analyze what I saw as a deep philosophical problem, a problem largely unrecognized by most physicians. The test results provided by our laboratories were accurate and of great practical importance for patient care. However, most of the physicians who relied on our test results to diagnose and treat their patients either did not have the time or interest to consider the philosophical issues inherent in diagnosis, or, like me, had inadequate means to further analyze them. It was more than ten years later that I began doctoral studies in philosophy, and I was fortunate to find a faculty that was supportive of my efforts to address the problem. This book began as my doctoral dissertation in the Department of Philosophy at Georgetown University. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of my mentor, Robert Veatch, Ph. D. Our conversations during my Georgetown years led me in new and often fascinating directions. I would also like to acknowledge the help of Kenneth Schaffner, M. D. , Ph. D.
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  • 74
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    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401140362
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXI, 492 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2000.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy of mind. ; Cognitive psychology. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of mind ; Science Philosophy ; Consciousness
    Abstract: I: The Development of a Science of Psychology -- 1 Introduction to Assumptions and Arguments -- 2 Alternative Assumptions and Principles -- 3 Problems of Explanations and Theories of Visual Perception -- 4 Consequences for Perception Psychology and Epistemology -- II: The Relation Between Language, Cognition and Reality -- 5 The Relation Between Language and Reality -- 6 Language, Concepts and Reality -- 7 Situations, Action and Knowledge -- 8 Scientific and Other Descriptions of Reality -- 9 Physicalism and Psychology -- 10 Context, Content and Reference- the Case for Beliefs and Intentionality -- 11 Propositions about Real as Opposed to Fictitious Things -- 12 Why There Still Cannot be a Causal Theory of Content -- 13 The Relation Between Language, Cognition and Reality I -- 14 The Relation Between Language, Cognition and Reality II -- 15 The Relation Between Language, Cognition and Reality III -- III: Identity -- 16 Identity and Identification - Same and Different -- IV: Persons -- 17 Some Consequences of Epistemological Idealism -- 18 Wittgenstein’s Theories of Language -- 19 The External World and the Internal -- 20 The Inter-Subjectivity of Knowledge and Language -- 21 The Conditions for People to be and Function as Persons: Summary and Consequences -- References.
    Abstract: This book addresses a growing concern as to why Psychology, now more than a hundred years after becoming an independent research area, does not yet meet the basic requirements of a scientific discipline on a par with other sciences such as physics and biology. These requirements include: agree­ ment on definition and delimitation of the range of features and properties of the phenomena or subject matter to be investigated; secondly, the development of concepts and methods which unambiguously specify the phenomena and systematic investigation of their features and properties. A third equally important requirement, implicit in the first two, is exclusion from enquiry of all other mattes with which the discipline is not concerned. To these requirements must then be added the development of basic assumptions about the nature of what is under investigation, and of principles to account for its properties and to serve as a guide as to what are relevant questions to ask and theories to develop about them.
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  • 75
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401009461
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXXVII, 684 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2000.
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 70
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Modern philosophy. ; Phenomenology . ; Philosophy. ; Metaphysics. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Foreground Following the Logos through the Labyrinth of Life -- One From The Elusive Primeval Logos to the Open-Ended Great Plan of Life -- One The Primeval Logos -- Two Life and Non-Life -- Three Life in Its Specifics -- Tying Point One The Manifestation of Life Through the Nature-Life Complex and Its Radius -- Nature -Life -- Two Embodiment And the Transformation of Sense -- One The Embodiment of the Logoic Lifedynamics and The Phases of the Conversion of Sense -- Two The Gathering of the Dynamic Logoic Threads -- Three The Embodiment of the Logos in the Second Phase: Transformation of Sense -- Four Voluminosity Crystalizing the Vital Dimension of Beingness -- Five The Differentiation of the Logos in Constitutive and Intelligible Expression -- Tying Point Two Anticipating the Manifestation of the Logos of Life -- One Metaphysics of Manifestation Logos in the Individualization of Life, Sociability, and Culture -- Two Spontaneity, Constructive Dynamism, and Ciphering in the Human Condition -- Three Manifestation and Differentiation -- One The Surging Manifestation of Life -- Two The Strategies of Differentiation and Harmony in the Self-Individualizing Life Process -- Three Ontopoietic Diversity and the Unity of Apperception -- Tying Point Three The Great Plan of Life — Anticipating the Triadic Logos -- One The esoteric Logos -- Two The Great Plan of Life, the Esoteric Passion of the Mind -- Four The Emergence of the Triadic Logos: The Turning Point -- One The Manifestation of the Intellection in the Universe in the Triadic Logos: The Turning Point -- Two Knowledge and Cognition in the Self-Individualizing Progress of Life -- Three The Creative Rise of the Human Spirit -- Tying Point Four The Logos of Subliminal Passions — Their Crucial Role in Human Self-Interpretation in Existence -- One The Passionfor Place as the Thread Leading out of the Labyrinth of Life -- Two Spacing/Scanning as the Foundational Function of Individualization Within The Territory of Life -- Three The Release of Subliminal Yearnings -- five The Promethean Direction of the Logos of Life In Quest of Accomplishment The Dialectic of Embodiment and Freedom -- One The Human Self in the Communal Fabric -- Two From Husserl’s Formulation of the Soul-Body Problem to the Differentiation of Faculties -- Three Telos and Destiny -- Tying Point Five Introducing the Measure: Chronos and Kairos -- Life’s Timing Itself vs. The Human Esoteric Passion For Accomplishment -- One Chronos and Kairos: Ordering on the One Side and Radiating on the Other -- Two Chronos and Kairos Seen in Their Ontopoietic Roles -- Six The Strategies of Impetusiequipoise in Communal Sharing-In-Life -- One The Fulguration of the Logos in the “overt” Strategies of the Existential Interaction the Communal Significance of Life -- Two The Dialectic Junction In The Logoic Strategies: Moral Law Vs. Commitment -- Three The Creative Forge of the Logos within the Human Condition The Twilight of Consciousness and the Human Virtues -- Four Moral and Civic Virtue as the Bedrock of the Manifest Game of Life, the Cornerstone of Dynamic Social Equipoise -- Tying Point Six -- The Golden Measure: Toward a New Enlightenment -- The Meta-Ontopoietic Closure -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Employing her original concept of the ontopoiesis of life, the author uncovers the intrinsic law of the primogenital logos - that which operates in the working of the indivisible dyad of impetus and equipoise. This is the crucial, intrinsically motivated device of logoic constructivism. This key instrument is engaged - is at play - at every stage of the advance of life. In a feat unprecedented in the history of western philosophy, the emergence and unfolding of the entire orbit of the human universe is shown to bear out this insight. Furthermore, the intrinsic rhythms of impetus and equipoise are taken as a guide in uncovering the workings of the logos all at once, in contrast to the piecemeal exposition of a single line of argument. In a schema covering the entire career of beingness-in-becoming between the infinities of origin and destiny, an historically unprecedented harmonizing all sectors of rationality is accomplished in a span of reflection comparable to Spinoza's Ethics. The work draws on interdisciplinary investigations in both science and the arts. All of the history of Occidental philosophy finds summary in it, even as feelers, guidelines, leitmotifs are thrown out for its future development. A landmark of Occidental philosophy at the turn of the millennium.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789401720816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 324 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 64
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Medicine's crucial concern with health is perennial, but its reflection, concepts, means change with the advance of science and social life. We present here a fascinating panorama of current medical discussions with their philosophical underpinnings, and queries as they have evolved from the past. The role of Tymieniecka's phenomenology of life is brought forth as the system of philosophical reference
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  • 77
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401008761
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 387 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Consciousness ; Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Philosophy and science. ; Cognitive psychology. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Models and modelling play a central role in the nature of science, in its conduct, in the accreditation and dissemination of its outcomes, as well as forming a bridge to technology. They therefore have an important place in both the formal and informal science education provision made for people of all ages. This book is a product of five years collaborative work by eighteen researchers from four countries. It addresses four key issues: the roles of models in science and their implications for science education; the place of models in curricula for major science subjects; the ways that models can be presented to, are learned about, and can be produced by, individuals; the implications of all these for research and for science teacher education. The work draws on insights from the history and philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, sociology, linguistics, and classroom research, to establish what may be done and what is done. The book will be of interest to researchers in science education and to those taking courses of advanced study throughout the world
    Description / Table of Contents: Section One: On the Nature and Significance of Models1. Positioning Models in Science Education and in Design and Technology Education -- 2. Science and Education: Notions of Reality, Theory and Model -- 3. Constructing a Typology of Models for Science Education -- 4. Mathematical Models in Science -- Section Two: The Development of Mental Models -- 5. Grasping Mental Models -- 6. Investigating the Role of Representations and Expressed Models in Building Mental Models -- 7. Modelling and Creativity in Design and Technology Education -- 8. Thought Experiments and Embodied Cognition -- 9. Computers and the Development of Mental Models -- Section Three: Teaching and Learning Consensus Models -- 10. Explanations with Models in Science Education -- 11. Teaching with Historical Models -- 12. Models in Explanations of Chemistry: The Case of Acidity -- 13. Models in the Explanations of Physics: The Case of Light -- 14. The Role of Models in Biotechnology Education: An Analysis of Teaching Models -- 15. Language, Models and Modelling in the Primary Science Classroom -- 16. Teaching and Learning about Chemistry and Modelling with a Computer Managed Modelling System -- 17. The Structure and Development of Science Teachers’ Pedagogical Models: Implications for Teacher Education -- 18 Challenges and Opportunities -- References.
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  • 78
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401144711
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 420 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 209
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 209
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Physics. ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy.
    Abstract: As the only book-length general history and defense of energetics, Georg Helm's Energetik is a unique and important work. Conceived in the strife of the great debate on energetics at the Lübeck Naturforscherversammlung, Helm's book seeks to achieve several distinct, although often closely related, objectives. It tries to revise, clarify and defend Helm's own development of energetic theory in order to rebut critics, especially Boltzmann and Planck. It also seeks to defend and promote a phenomenalist conception of energetics and thus a view of the history, nature and goal of physical theory that both responds to criticism and separates Helm's vision of a science of energy from those of others, notably Ostwald. Finally, it presents and defends energetics, despite its fitful development, as `a unified development of thought', which must be `understood as a whole', since it amounts to nothing less than a `great reorientation in the human understanding of natural events'. This book provides the first English translation of Helm's seminal work and offers an introduction to its contours and content
    Description / Table of Contents: Georg Helm: The Historical Development of EnergeticsOne: The Establishment of the First Law -- Two: Preparation for the Second Law -- Three: Classical Thermodynamics -- Four: New Initiatives, Disputes and Misplaced Efforts -- Five: The Energetic Treatment of Chemistry -- Six: The Energetic Foundation of Mechanics -- Seven: Energy Factors -- Eight: The Mechanical Approach to Energetics and Mechanical Pictures.
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  • 79
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401593854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 349 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 291
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; History ; Mathematics. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Modern mathematical logic would not exist without the analytical tools first developed by George Boole in The Mathematical Analysis of Logic and The Laws of Thought. The influence of the Boolean school on the development of logic, always recognised but long underestimated, has recently become a major research topic. This collection is the first anthology of works on Boole. It contains two works published in 1865, the year of Boole's death, but never reprinted, as well as several classic studies of recent decades and ten original contributions appearing here for the first time. From the programme of the English Algebraic School to Boole's use of operator methods, from the problem of interpretability to that of psychologism, a full range of issues is covered. The Boole Anthology is indispensable to Boole studies and will remain so for years to come
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789401594783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 405 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Religion (General) ; Philosophy and science. ; History ; Library science. ; Religion. ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The focus of this volume, the Proto-Scientific Revolution, is that distinctive period, essentially High Renaissance in character, which paved the way for the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. The epicentre of this important period is 1543, the annus mirabilis which saw the publication, amongst other seminal works, of Copernicus' On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, and Vesalius' magnificently illustrated On the Fabric of the Human Body. A substantial literature exists on the Copernican Revolution, but the present original collection of papers, accessible to the non-specialist reader, breaks new ground, not only in bringing the works of Copernicus and Vesalius together, but by placing them within the context of the Proto-Scientific Revolution as a whole, the Renaissance of the arts, and the Reformation. In addition, the book, while noting discontinuities, pin-points linkages between the Proto-Scientific Revolution and the periods preceding and following it. As the volume focuses on an age which experienced the impact of both linear perspective and movable type printing, emphasis is placed upon the changing nature and roles of both image and word
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  • 81
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401147088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiii, 370 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Einstein Meets Magritte: An Interdisciplinary Reflection on Science, Nature, Art, Human Action and Society 4
    Keywords: Humanities ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Logic. ; Metaphysics.
    Abstract: This book considers philosophy to be more than mere reflection. Through philosophy, humankind can give meaning to the world. In part, this book re-evaluates the philosophy of Leo Apostel, who dedicated his life to the investigation of the use of philosophy in everyday life. But it is also a presentation of international research carried out along the lines of the worldviews project. The contributions address not only professional philosophers, but also students, teachers, academics and everyone interested in the relationship between philosophy and the world
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789401722452
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 310 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: EINSTEIN MEETS MAGRITTE: An Interdisciplinary Reflection on Science, Nature, Art, Human Action and Society 6
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Quantum physics.
    Abstract: How do scientists approach science? Scientists, sociologists and philosophers were asked to write on this intriguing problem and to display their results at the International Congress `Einstein Meets Magritte'. The outcome of their effort can be found in this rather unique book, presenting all kinds of different views on science. Quantum mechanics is a discipline which deserves and receives special attention in this book, mainly because it is fascinating and, hence, appeals to the general public. This book not only contains articles on the introductory level, it also provides new insights and bold, even provocative proposals. That way, the reader gets acquainted with `science in the making', sitting in the front row. The contributions have been written for a broad interdisciplinary audience of scholars and students
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  • 83
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401150323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 234 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Science Philosophy ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Mathematics—Study and teaching .
    Abstract: Constructivism is one of the most influential theories in contemporary education and learning theory. It has had great influence in science education. The papers in this collection represent, arguably, the most sustained examination of the theoretical and philosophical foundations of constructivism yet published. Topics covered include: orthodox epistemology and the philosophical traditions of constructivism; the relationship of epistemology to learning theory; the connection between philosophy and pedagogy in constructivist practice; the difference between radical and social constructivism, and an appraisal of their epistemology; the strengths and weaknesses of the Strong Programme in the sociology of science and implications for science education. The book contains an extensive bibliography. Contributors include philosophers of science, philosophers of education, science educators, and cognitive scientists. The book is noteworthy for bringing this diverse range of disciplines together in the examination of a central educational topic
    Description / Table of Contents: Introductory Comments on Philosophy and Constructivism in Science EducationCognition, Construction of Knowledge, and Teaching -- Constructivism in Science and in Science Education: A Philosophical Critique -- Constructivism Deconstructed -- Constructivism Reconstructed: A Reply to Suchting -- Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper’s Guid -- Constructivisms and Objectivity: Disentangling Metaphysics from Pedagog -- Social Constructivism, the Gospel of Science, and the Teaching of Physics -- Coming to Terms with Radical Social Constructivisms -- Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Science Educatio -- Reflections on Peter Slezak and the’ sociology of Scientific Knowledge’ -- Educational Constructivism and Philosophy: Some References -- NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS -- NAME INDEX.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789401154284
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 227 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Quantum theory ; Religion (General) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Quantum physics. ; Mathematical logic. ; Religion.
    Abstract: This book offers a series of contributions written by scientists interested in a philosophical reflection on recent advances of science. Profound scientific theorems in modern mathematics and physics shed new light on two fundamental questions often only implicitly dealt with: is mathematical truth a purely man-made construction and is the physical reality behind the phenomena at least in principle always observable? The answers to both questions are closely related to the possible existence of an omniscient and omnipotent being. In this sense mathematical undecidability and quantum nonlocality are proposed as a possible road to metaphysical principles and eventually to God. The reader will find generally understandable presentations of recent results from mathematics, like the theorems of Gödel and Turing, and physics, mostly related to EPR Gedanken experiments and Bell's theorem. In the case of physics special attention is directed to old and new experiments supporting a nonlocal approach. Especially worth mentioning is the until now unedited contribution of the late John Bell on Bell's theorem held on 22 January 1990 in a Seminar at CERN
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Mathematics and Undecidability1. How can or should the recent developments in mathematics influence the philosophy of mathematics? -- 2. Number and randomness: algorithmic information theory - new results on the foundations of mathematics -- 3. Meaning, reality and algorithms: implications of the Turing theorem -- 4. The limits of mathematical reasoning: in arithmetic there will always be unsolved solvable problems -- 5. Mathematics: a pointer to an independent realityPenrose’s interpretation of the Gödel and Turing theorems -- II: Physics and Nonlocality -- 6. A critical approach to complexity and self organization -- 7. Indeterminism and nonlocality -- 8. Nonlocality and the principle of free experimentation -- 9. Optical tests of Bell’s theorem -- 10. Nonlocal phenomena: physical explanation and philosophical implications -- 11. Quantum theory: a pointer to an independent reality. Adiscussion of Bernard d’Espagna’s “veiled reality”〉 -- III: Science, Meta-Science and the Existence of God -- 12. Scientism and scientific knowledge of things and God -- 13. Physics and the mind of God -- 14. The question of the existence of God in the book of Stephen Hawking: A brief history of time -- 15. Final remarks: becoming aware of our fundamental limits in knowing and doing, implications for the question of the existence of God -- Notes on Contributors.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789401139793
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 318 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica 144
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 144
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Religion (General) ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Religion.
    Abstract: What is scientific about the natural and human sciences? Precisely this: the legibility of our worlds and the distinctive reading strategies that they provoke. That proposal comes from Edith Stein, who as Husserl's assistant 1916-1918 labored in vain to bring his massive Ideen to publication. She argued that human bodily life itself affords direct access to the interplay of natural causality, cultural motivation, and personal initiative. This study explores the hermeneutical background of Stein's phenomenology and shows that she composed crucial passages of the Ideen manuscripts. Stein's own works on empathy and on psychology establish that natural science is a cultural achievement, resting on the ability to isolate caused data by recognizing and subtracting motivated data from raw data. This subtractive literacy is the most basic scientific competence, and it is fundamentally interpersonal. The reality of the illegible causal remainder overcomes the critiques of science recently offered by psychoanalytic and standpoint feminisms
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  • 86
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401721240
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IV, 148 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Cognitive psychology. ; Artificial intelligence. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Human and machine discovery are gradual problem-solving processes of searching large problem spaces for incompletely defined goal objects. Research on problem solving has usually focused on searching an `instance space' (empirical exploration) and a `hypothesis space' (generation of theories). In scientific discovery, searching must often extend to other spaces as well: spaces of possible problems, of new or improved scientific instruments, of new problem representations, of new concepts, and others. This book focuses especially on the processes for finding new problem representations and new concepts, which are relatively new domains for research on discovery. Scientific discovery has usually been studied as an activity of individual investigators, but these individuals are positioned in a larger social structure of science, being linked by the `blackboard' of open publication (as well as by direct collaboration). Even while an investigator is working alone, the process is strongly influenced by knowledge and skills stored in memory as a result of previous social interactions. In this sense, all research on discovery, including the investigations on individual processes discussed in this book, is social psychology, or even sociology
    Description / Table of Contents: Machine DiscoveryMachine Discovery -- Comments -- Machine Discovery: Replay to Comments -- The Process of Discovery -- Creating a Discoverer: Autonomous Knowledge Seeking Agent -- Varia -- Are Dinosaurus Extinct? -- Poincaré’s Conventionalism and the Logical Positivists -- Biographical Notes -- Some facts on AFOS.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789401714167
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (LIV, 1117 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Encyclopaedia fills a gap in both the history of science and in cultural stud­ ies. Reference works on other cultures tend either to omit science completely or pay little attention to it, and those on the history of science almost always start with the Greeks, with perhaps a mention of the Islamic world as a trans­ lator of Greek scientific works. The purpose of the Encyclopaedia is to bring together knowledge of many disparate fields in one place and to legitimize the study of other cultures' science. Our aim is not to claim the superiority of other cultures, but to engage in a mutual exchange of ideas. The Western aca­ demic divisions of science, technology, and medicine have been united in the Encyclopaedia because in ancient cultures these disciplines were connected. This work contributes to redressing the balance in the number of reference works devoted to the study of Western science, and encourages awareness of cultural diversity. The Encyclopaedia is the first compilation of this sort, and it is testimony both to the earlier Eurocentric view of academia as well as to the widened vision of today. There is nothing that crosses disciplinary and geographic boundaries, dealing with both scientific and philosophical issues, to the extent that this work does. xi PERSONAL NOTE FROM THE EDITOR Many years ago I taught African history at a secondary school in Central Africa.
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  • 88
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401587884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 151 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 258
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This is a volume on the concepts, theories, models and social consequences of creativity. It contains articles by well-known cognitive scientists, economists, mathematicians, philosophers and psychologists
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  • 89
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401586566
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 243 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 57
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 57
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics. ; Physics—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The contributors to this volume, most of them well-known for their writings in philosophy and physics, tackle the conceptual problems of quantum mechanics from a variety of mathematical and philosophical angles. Almost half the papers focus on the largely uncharted territory of relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. These papers include: two opposing analyses of the puzzles surrounding particle localization; studies of the problems encountered in relativistically generalizing spontaneous wave packet reduction and the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics; a look at the status of locality in algebraic relativistic quantum field theory; and an attempt to clarify the tangled relation between wave and particle concepts in the context of quantum fields. The remainder of the papers present new and innovative approaches to long standing problems in the foundations of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics - problems about measurement, irreversibility, nonlocality, contextualism, and the classical limit of quantum mechanics. Audience: Theoretical physicists and philosophers of science, as well as graduate students in these disciplines
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789401106733
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 356 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences, A Yearbook - 1994 18
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The disciplines of biology and the social sciences share common roots in history and yet have drifted so far apart that the demarcation line between them has become a contested boundary. The boundary shift between the `natural' and the `social' is becoming permanent: moves in either direction are subject to ideological rhetoric. Yet there is continual exchange across the line: metaphors are moving freely between biology and the social sciences. As messengers of meaning they become agents of change, forever undermining any attempt at fixing similarities and differences. Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors offers a unique look at the function of metaphors in mediating between two disciplinary cultures which represent and mold our views about nature and society, and the boundary between them. For professionals and students of history, philosophy and sociology of science, biology, and literary science alike
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: Metaphors: Is There a Bridge over Troubled Waters?I: Metaphors Revalued -- Who is Afraid of Metaphors? -- How Nature Became the Other: Anthropomorphism and Anthropocentrism in Early Modern Natural Philosophy -- The Manifest and the Scientific -- The Nexus of Animal and Rational: Sociobiology, Language, and the Enlightenment Study of Apes -- II: “Struggle” -- Social Metaphors in Evolutionary Biology, 1870-1930: The Wider Dimension of Social Darwinism -- “Struggle for Existence”: Selection and Retention of a Metaphor -- III: “Evolution” and “Organism” -- The Importance of the Concepts of “Organism” and “Evolution” in Emile Durkheim’s Division of Social Labor and the Influence of Herbert Spencer -- Herbert Spencer: Biology, Sociology, and Cosmic Evolution -- The Superorganism Metaphor: Then and Now -- Defining the Organism in the Welfare State: The Politics of Individuality in American Culture, 1890-1950 -- IV: Economics -- A Plague Upon Your House: Commercial Crisis and Epidemic Disease in Victorian England -- Evolutionary Metaphors in Explanations of American Industrial Competition -- Biological and Physical Metaphors in Economics.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401120104
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 394 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 137
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy, Modern. ; History. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Astronomy—Observations.
    Abstract: Otto von Guericke has been called a neglected genius, overlooked by most modern scholars, scientists, and laymen. He wrote his Experimenta Nova in the seventeenth century in Latin, a dead language for the most part inaccessible to contemporary scientists. Thus isolated by the remoteness of his time and his means of communication, von Guericke has for many years been denied the recognition he deserves in the English speaking world. Indeed, the century in which he lived witnessed the invention of six important and valuable scientific instruments -- the microscope, the telescope, the pendulum clock, the barometer, the thermometer, and the air pump. Von Guericke was associated with the development of the last three of these; he also experimented with a rudimentary electric machine. Thus his Experimenta Nova was an important work, heralding the emerging empiricism of seventeenth century science, and merits this first English translation of von Guericke's magnus opus
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401109147
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242 p) , 1 ill
    Edition: Third Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 153
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Metaphysics ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Metaphysics.
    Abstract: Featuring the Gestalt Model and the Perspectivist conception of science, this book is unique in its non-relativistic development of the idea that successive scientific theories are logically incommensurable. This edition includes four new appendices in which the central ideas of the book are applied to subatomic physics, the distinction between laws and theories, the relation between absolute and relative conceptions of space, and the environmental issue of sustainable development
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789401118446
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 213 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Semantics ; Aesthetics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Metaphor lies at the heart of the contemporary debate in aesthetics, semantics and the philosophy of science. It is generally recognised now that metaphor is not an obfuscation of the truth (as so many philosophers since Plato have argued); on the contrary, it is essential that we consider metaphor if we strive for an optimal understanding of how truth is gained both in science and in our everyday dealings with reality. Hence, metaphor is not of interest only for the literary theorists, but for all those who wish to understand science and how to grasp the structure of our social world. This volume presents eleven essays on the role of metaphor in philosophy, poetry, semiotics, art, literary criticism, economics, medical science and in political theory. Through the use of metaphor, the contributors provide a unique and exciting picture of these disciplines
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Metaphor and TruthMetaphor and Cognition -- Truth and Metaphor -- Models, Metaphors and Truth -- Metaphor and Truth: A Liberal Approach -- Poetry, Knowledge, and Metaphor -- On the Way to Conceptual and Perceptual Knowledge -- II: The Uses of Metaphor -- Metaphor and Painting -- The Confused God: About a Metaphor in Literary Semiotics -- Economics and Language -- Metaphor in 19th-Century Medicine -- Metaphor in Political Theory -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789401734677
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 352 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 135
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 135
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, medieval ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The attribution of the Speculum Astronomiae to Albertus Magnus became a controversial issue only recently, when the great neo-Thomist historian Pierre Mandonnet suggested -- without any antecedents -- that the author was Roger Bacon rather than Albert. Mandonnet's theses were refuted by Lynn Thorndike and have since then been the subject of widespread discussion. The present historiographical case-study considers this debate in the light of an analysis of texts by Albert himself, as well as other important authors, such as Bacon, Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas, Witelo, Campanus of Novara, and others, which shows how widespread the general concept of the influence of the stars and other astrological ideas to be found in the Speculum were. Most of the scientific ideas of the Middle Ages were based on principles derived from the notion of celestial influence and its consequences. The Speculum drew the fundamental outlines of this discipline into a theoretical and bibliographical introduction -- no small achievement -- and was consequently greeted with great interest and used as a standard reference book for many centuries. Set against the background of discussions taking place in the 1260s, within the Dominican Order as well as in the Faculties of Arts, Zambelli removes all doubt that the Speculum was written by Albert, possibly with some collaboration
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401129442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 202 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Mathematics ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Science—Philosophy. ; History.
    Abstract: This is the first book by a sociologist devoted exclusively to a general sociology of mathematics. The author provides examples of different ways of thinking about mathematics sociologically. The survey of mathematical traditions covers ancient China, the Arabic-Islamic world, India, and Europe. Following the leads of classical social theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Restivo develops the idea that mathematical concepts and ideas are collective representations, and that it is mathematical communities that create mathematics, not individual mathematicians. The implications of the sociology of mathematics, and especially of pure mathematics, for a sociology of mind are also explored. In general, the author's objective is to explore, conjecture, suggest, and stimulate in order to introduce the sociological perspective on mathematics, and to broaden and deepen the still narrow, shallow path that today carries the sociology of mathematics. This book will interest specialists in the philosophy, history, and sociology of mathematics, persons interested in mathematics education, students of science and society, and people interested in current developments in the social and cultural analysis of science and mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: I. Introduction1: Mathematics and Culture -- 2: Mathematics from the Ground Up -- II. Mathematical Traditions -- 3: The Mathematics of Survival in China -- 4: Mathematics in Context: The Arabic-Islamic Golden Age -- 5: Indian Mathematics: A History of Episodes -- 6: Mathematics and Renaissance in Japan -- 7: Conflict, Social Change, and Mathematics in Europe -- III: Math Worlds -- 8: Mathematics as Representation -- 9: Foundations of the Sociology of Pure Mathematics -- 10: The Social Relations of Pure Mathematics -- Bibliographic Epilogue -- Notes To Chapter 7 -- Name Index.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401126205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 201 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 50
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 50
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Galileo is revered as one of the founders of modern science primarily because of such discoveries as the law of falling bodies and the moons of Jupiter. In addition to his scientific achievements, Professor Pitt argues that Galileo deserves increased attention for his contributions to the methodology of the new science and that his method retains its value even today. In a detailed analysis of Galileo's mature works, Pitt reconstructs crucial features of Galileo's epistemology. He shows how Galileo's methodological insights grow out of an appreciation of the limits of human knowledge and he brings fresh insight to our concept of Galileo's methodology and its implications for contemporary debates. Working from Galileo's insistence on the contrast between the number of things that can be known and the limited abilities of human knowers, Pitt shows how Galileo's common sense approach to rationality permits the development of a robust scientific method. At the same time, Pitt argues that we should correct our picture of Galileo, the culture hero. Instead of seeing him as a martyr to the cause of truth, Galileo is best understood as a man of his times who was responding to a variety of social pressures during a period of intellectual and political turmoil. This book will be of interest to philosophers and to historians and sociologists of science as well as to a general readership interested in the scientific revolution
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  • 97
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401125949
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 411 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 136
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy. ; History.
    Abstract: Sciences et Empires: un thème promètteur, des enjeux cruciaux -- Welcome Address -- For a New Historiographical Approach of the So-called “Traditional Knowledge” -- Science classique et science moderne à l’époque de l’expansion de la science européenne -- Integration Problems: Introductory Report -- Ottomans and European Science -- The “Oriental-Occidental Controversy” of 1839 and its Impact on Indian Science -- The Colonial “Model” and the Emergence of National Science in India: 1876–1920 -- Integration Problems: Discussion -- Western Mathematics in China, Seventeenth Century and Nineteenth Century -- The Reception of Western Medicine in China: Examples from Yunnan -- Du “zira” au “mètre”: une transformation métrologique dans l’Empire Ottoman -- Models of European Scientific Expansion: a Comparative Description of “Classical” Medical Science at the Time of Introduction of European Medical Science to Sri Lanka, and Subsequent Development to Present -- Technical Content and Social Context: Locating Technical Institutes. The First Two Decades in the History of the Kala Bhavan, Baroda (1890–1910) -- The First Chair of Chemistry in Mexico (1796–1810) -- Trade and the Natural Sciences in the United States of Columbia -- Science et pouvoir au XIXe siècle: la France et le Mexique en perspective -- Le positivisme et la science au Brésil -- Les débuts de la physique mathématique et théorique au Brésil et 1’influence de la tradition française -- Brazilian Museums of Natural History and International Exchanges in the Transition to the 20th Century -- The Pan American Experiment in Eugenics -- Typologie des stratégies d’expansion en sciences exactes -- Sciences exactes et politique extérieure -- World-Science: How Is the History of World-Science to Be Written? -- Science and the Japanese Empire 1868–1945: An Overview -- Science and Nationalism in New Granada on the Eve of the Revolution of Independence -- Models of European Scientific Expansion: the Ottoman Empire as a Source of Evidence -- Problems in Science Administration: a Study of the Scientific Surveys in British India 1757–1900 -- Natural History in Colonial Context: Profit or Pursuit? British Botanical Enterprise in India 1778–1820 -- The Société Zoologique d’Acclimatation and the New French Empire: Science and Political Economy -- Patriarchal Science: the Network of the Overseas Pasteur Institutes -- Géographie et colonisation en France durant la Troisième République (1870–1940) -- La France et l’émergence des sciences modernes au Canada français (1900–1940) -- Autour de la mission française pour la création de l’Université de São Paulo (1934) -- Yvon Chatelin -- José Leite Lopes -- Abdur Rahman -- Nakayama Shigeru -- Juan-José Saldaña -- Jean-Jacques Salomon -- José Israël Vargas -- Unpublished Communications.
    Abstract: SCIENCE AND EMPIRES: FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM TO THE BOOK Patrick PETITJEAN, Catherine JAMI and Anne Marie MOULIN The International Colloquium "Science and Empires - Historical Studies about Scientific De­ velopment and European Expansion" is the product of an International Colloquium, "Sciences and Empires - A Comparative History of Scien­ tific Exchanges: European Expansion and Scientific Development in Asian, African, American and Oceanian Countries". Organized by the REHSEIS group (Research on Epistemology and History of Exact Sciences and Scientific Institutions) of CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), the colloquium was held from 3 to 6 April 1990 in the UNESCO building in Paris. This colloquium was an idea of Professor Roshdi Rashed who initiated this field of studies in France some years ago, and proposed "Sciences and Empires" as one of the main research programmes for the The project to organize such a colloquium was a bit REHSEIS group. of a gamble. Its subject, reflected in the title "Sciences and Empires", is not a currently-accepted sub-discipline of the history of science; rather, it refers to a set of questions which found autonomy only recently. The terminology was strongly debated by the participants and, as is frequently suggested in this book, awaits fuller clarification.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789401134927
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 214 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 18
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Philosophy of nature ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Logic. ; Philosophy of nature. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Reductionism as Negation of the Scientific Spirit -- The Power and Limits of Reduction -- Theory of Antireductionist Arguments:The Bohr Case Study -- A Short History of Emergence and Reductionism -- The Technical Problem of “Full Abstractness” as a Model for an Issue in Reductionism -- A Neutral Reduction: Analytical Method and Positivism -- Reductionism and Reduction in Logic and in Mathematics -- Reductionism in Biology -- Reductionism: Palaver without Precedent -- Must a Science of Artificial Intelligence be Necessarily Reductionist? -- Can Psychological Software be Reduced to Physiological Hardware? -- On the Problem of Reducing Value-Components in Epistemology -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: The topic to which this book is devoted is reductionism, and not reduction. The difference in the adoption of these two denominations is not, contrary to what might appear at first sight, just a matter of preference between a more abstract (reductionism) or a more concrete (reduction) terminology for indicating the same sUbject matter. In fact, the difference is that between a philosophical doctrine (or, perhaps, simply a philosophical tenet or claim) and a scientific procedure. Of course, this does not mean that these two fields are separated; they are only distinct, and this already means that they are also likely to be interrelated. However it is useful to consider them separately, if at least to better understand how and why they are interconnected. Just to give a first example of difference, we can remark that a philosophical doctrine is something which makes a claim and, as such, invites controversy and should, in a way, be challenged. A scientific procedure, on the other hand, is something which concretely exists, and as such must be first of all described, interpreted, understood, defined precisely and analyzed critically; this work may well lead to uncovering limitations of this procedure, or of certain ways of conceiving or defining it, but it does not lead to really challenging it.
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  • 99
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401134903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IV, 471 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Hans Reichenbach Remembered -- Die vergessene Rezension der “allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre” Moritz Schlicks durch Hans Reichenbach — Ein Stück Philosophiegeschichte -- The Space Problem in the New Quantum Mechanics -- The Causal Relation as the Most Fundamental Fact of the World. Comments on Hans Reichenbach’s Paper: The Space Problem in the New Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach’s Metaphysical Picture -- Equivalent Descriptions -- Hans Reichenbach’s Vindication of Induction -- Reichenbach, Induction, and Discovery -- Causal Inference -- Causation and the Direction of Time -- How to Hunt Quantum Causes -- Creation as a Pseudo-Explanation in Current Physical Cosmology -- After Carnap -- Making Sense of Carnap’s “Aufbau” -- Die Konstruktion der Erfahrungswelt: Carnap und Husserl -- Carnap und der Physikalismus -- Carnap, the Universality of Language and Extremality Axioms -- A Theory about Logical Theories of “Expressions of the Form ‘The So and So’, where ‘The’ is in the Singular” -- Every Dogma Has Its Day -- Relevant Deduction: From Solving Paradoxes Towards a General Theory -- Carnapian Inductive Logic for Markov Chains -- Zur Geschichte der ‘Erkenntnis’.
    Abstract: Rudolf Carnap was born on May 18, 1891, and Hans Reichenbach on September 26 in the same year. They are two of the greatest philosophers of this century, and they are eminent representatives of what is perhaps the most powerful contemporary philosophical movement. Moreover, they founded the journal Erkenntnis. This is ample reason for presenting, on behalf of Erkenntnis, a collection of essays in honor of them and their philosophical work. I am less sure, however, whether it is a good time for resuming their philosophical impact; their work still is rather part than historical basis of the present philosophical melting-pot. Their basic philosophical theses have currently, it may seem, not so high a standing, but their impact can be seen in numerous detailed issues; they have opened or pushed forward lively fields of research which are still very actively pursued not only within philosophy, but also in many neighboring disciplines. Whatever the present balance of opinions about their philosophical ideas, there is something even more basic in their philosophy than their tenets which is as fresh, as stimulating, as exemplary as ever. I have in mind their way of philosophizing, their conception of how to do philosophy. It is always a good time for reinforcing that conception; and if this volume would manage to do so, it would fully serve its purpose.
    Description / Table of Contents: Hans Reichenbach RememberedDie vergessene Rezension der “allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre” Moritz Schlicks durch Hans Reichenbach - Ein Stück Philosophiegeschichte -- The Space Problem in the New Quantum Mechanics -- The Causal Relation as the Most Fundamental Fact of the World. Comments on Hans Reichenbach’s Paper: The Space Problem in the New Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach’s Metaphysical Picture -- Equivalent Descriptions -- Hans Reichenbach’s Vindication of Induction -- Reichenbach, Induction, and Discovery -- Causal Inference -- Causation and the Direction of Time -- How to Hunt Quantum Causes -- Creation as a Pseudo-Explanation in Current Physical Cosmology -- After Carnap -- Making Sense of Carnap’s “Aufbau” -- Die Konstruktion der Erfahrungswelt: Carnap und Husserl -- Carnap und der Physikalismus -- Carnap, the Universality of Language and Extremality Axioms -- A Theory about Logical Theories of “Expressions of the Form ‘The So and So’, where ‘The’ is in the Singular” -- Every Dogma Has Its Day -- Relevant Deduction: From Solving Paradoxes Towards a General Theory -- Carnapian Inductive Logic for Markov Chains -- Zur Geschichte der ‘Erkenntnis’.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400904736
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 210
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Political science—Philosophy.
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