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  • 2000-2004  (18)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (18)
  • Population Policies  (18)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use and their living conditions may offer little protection from air, water, and soil pollution. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment at rates that are incompatible with long-term sustainability. In such cases, degraded resources may precipitate a downward spiral, by further reducing the income and livelihoods of the poor. This "poverty/environment nexus" has become a major issue in the recent literature on sustainable development. In regions where the nexus is significant, jointly addressing problems of poverty and environmental degradation may be more cost-effective than addressing them separately. Empirical evidence on the prevalence and importance of the poverty/environment nexus is sparse because the requisite data are often difficult to obtain in developing countries. The authors use newly available spatial and survey data to investigate the spatial dimension of the nexus in Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic. The data enable the authors to quantify several environmental problems at the district and provincial level. In a parallel exercise, they map the provincial distribution of poor households. Merging the geographic information on poverty and the environment, the authors search for the nexus using geo-referenced indicator maps and statistical analysis. The results suggest that the nexus is country-specific: geographical, historical, and institutional factors may all play important roles in determining the relative importance of poverty and environment links in different contexts. Joint implementation of poverty and environment strategies may be cost-effective for some environmental problems, but independent implementation may be preferable in many cases as well. Since the search has not revealed a common nexus, the authors conclude on a cautionary note. The evidence suggests that the nexus concept can provide a useful catalyst for country-specific work, but not a general formula for program design. This paper—a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand poverty/environment links in different contexts
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder : Accounting for Differences in Household Income Distributions across Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Leite develop a microeconometric method to account for differences across distributions of household income. Going beyond the determination of earnings in labor markets, they also estimate statistical models for occupational choice and for conditional distributions of education, fertility, and nonlabor incomes. The authors import combinations of estimated parameters from these models to simulate counterfactual income distributions. This allows them to decompose differences between functionals of two income distributions (such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares because of differences in the structure of labor market returns (price effects), differences in the occupational structure, and differences in the underlying distribution of assets (endowment effects). The authors apply the method to the differences between the Brazilian income distribution and those of Mexico and the United States, and find that most of Brazil's excess income inequality is due to underlying inequalities in the distribution of two key endowments: access to education and to sources of nonlabor income, mainly pensions. This paper is a product of the Research Advisory Staff. The authors may be contacted at fbourguignonworldbank.org, fferreira@econ.puc-rio.br or phil@econ.puc-rio.br
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
    Keywords: 1958-2000 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Armut ; Teilstaat ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Indien ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There has been much debate about how much India's poor have shared in the economic growth unleashed by economic reforms in the 1990s. Datt and Ravallion argue that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, there is considerable diversity in performance across states. This holds some important clues for understanding why economic growth has not done more for India's poor. India's economic growth in the 1990s has not been occurring in the states where it would have the most impact on poverty nationally. If not for the sectoral and geographic imbalance of growth, the national rate of growth would have generated a rate of poverty reduction that was double India's historical trend rate. States with relatively low levels of initial rural development and human capital development were not well-suited to reduce poverty in response to economic growth. The study's results are consistent with the view that achieving higher aggregate economic growth is only one element of an effective strategy for poverty reduction in India. The sectoral and geographic composition of growth is also important, as is the need to redress existing inequalities in human resource development and between rural and urban areas. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand the relationship between economic growth and poverty. The authors may be contacted at gdattworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Options : Empirical Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Limin Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Options
    Keywords: Child Nutrition ; Children ; Health ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; International Organizations ; Knowledge ; Life Expectancy ; Measurement ; Population Policies ; Child Nutrition ; Children ; Health ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; International Organizations ; Knowledge ; Life Expectancy ; Measurement ; Population Policies ; Child Nutrition ; Children ; Health ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; International Organizations ; Knowledge ; Life Expectancy ; Measurement ; Population Policies
    Abstract: Empirical studies on health at a disaggregate level—by socioeconomic group or geographic location—can provide useful information for designing poverty-focused interventions. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, Wang investigates the determinants of health outcomes in low-income countries both at the national level, and for rural and urban areas separately. DHS data from more than 60 low-income countries between 1990 and 1999 reveal two interesting observations. First is the negative association between the level and inequality in child mortality. Second is the significant gap in child mortality between urban and rural areas, with the rural population having a much slower reduction in mortality compared with the urban population. Given that the poor are mainly concentrated in rural areas, the evidence suggests that health interventions implemented in the past decade may not have been as effective as intended in reaching the poor. The empirical findings in this study consolidate results from earlier studies and add new evidence. Wang finds that at the national level access to electricity, vaccination in the first year of life, and public health expenditure can significantly reduce child mortality. The electricity effect is shown to be independent of income. In urban areas only access to electricity has a significant health impact, while in rural areas increasing vaccination coverage is important for mortality reduction. This paper—a product of the Environment Department—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand health-environment linkages. Please contact Limin Wang, room MC5-208, telephone 202-473-7596, fax 202-522-1735, email address lwang1worldbank.org
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  • 8
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    The Epidemiological Impact of an HIV/AIDS Vaccine in Developing Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stover, John The Epidemiological Impact of an HIV/AIDS Vaccine in Developing Countries
    Keywords: AIDS HIV ; Aids Vaccine ; Aids Vaccines ; All ; Clinical Trials ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Effects ; Epidemic ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV/Aids ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infection ; Infections ; Population Policies ; Public Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexually Trade ; AIDS HIV ; Aids Vaccine ; Aids Vaccines ; All ; Clinical Trials ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Effects ; Epidemic ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV/Aids ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infection ; Infections ; Population Policies ; Public Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexually Trade ; AIDS HIV ; Aids Vaccine ; Aids Vaccines ; All ; Clinical Trials ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Effects ; Epidemic ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV/Aids ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infection ; Infections ; Population Policies ; Public Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexually Trade
    Abstract: Many people see an effective preventive AIDS vaccine as the best solution to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Ten years ago many scientists had hoped that a vaccine would be available by now. Most scientists are still optimistic that vaccines will be developed and many candidates are being tested. Strategies to implement HIV/AIDS vaccination need to be developed to be ready when vaccines do become available. The nature of those programs will depend on the characteristics of each vaccine. How much does it cost? How effective is it? How long does protection last? The answers to these and other questions will help determine issues such as: What will be the impact of the vaccine on the epidemic? Who should be vaccinated? Will an AIDS vaccine be more cost-effective than other prevention measures? Will other measures still be necessary? What will happen to the epidemic if vaccination leads to riskier behavior? How much funding will be needed? Stover, Garnett, Seitz, and Forsythe use two computer simulation models to investigate the effects of various vaccine characteristics and implementation strategies on the impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccines in different contexts. A simulation model is applied to data from rural Zimbabwe and the iwgAIDS model is applied to Kampala (Uganda) and Thailand. The models are used to investigate the effects of efficacy, duration, cost, and type of protection on impact and cost-effectiveness. The models also show the merits of targeting public subsidies to various population groups: all adults, teenagers, high-risk groups, and women of reproductive age. The impact of vaccines on the epidemic is compared with the impact of other prevention interventions such as condom use and behavior change. Finally, the models are used to explore the extent with which behavioral reversals may erode the positive benefits of the vaccine. A highly effective, long-lasting, inexpensive vaccine would be ideal and could make a major contribution in controlling the HIV/AIDS pandemic. But vaccines that do not attain this ideal can still be useful. A vaccine with 50 percent efficacy and 10 years duration supplied to 65 percent of all adults could reduce HIV incidence by 25 to 60 percent, depending on the context and stage of the epidemic. Better efficacy and longer duration would provide even more impact. Programs focused on teenagers or high-risk populations have less overall impact but would provide significant benefits at much less cost than those reaching all adults. Behavioral reversals could erode much of the benefits of vaccination programs so it will be important to combine vaccination with continued messages about the importance of safe behaviors. The cost of the vaccines is not known at this time. At a cost of
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  • 9
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    The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting
    Keywords: Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Minot and Baulch combine household survey and census data to construct a provincial poverty map of Vietnam and evaluate the accuracy of geographically targeted antipoverty programs. First, they estimate per capita expenditure as a function of selected household and geographic characteristics using the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey. Next, they combine the results with data on the same household characteristics from the 1999 census to estimate the incidence of poverty in each province. The results show that rural poverty is concentrated in 10 provinces in the Northern Uplands, 2 provinces in the Central Highlands, and 2 provinces in the Central Coast. The authors use Receiver Operating Characteristics curves to evaluate the effectiveness of geographic targeting. The results show that the existing poor communes system excludes large numbers of poor people, but there is potential for sharpening poverty targeting using a small number of easy-to-measure household characteristics. This paper is a joint product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group, and the International Food Policy Research Institute. The authors may be contacted at n.minotcgiar.org or b.baulch@lds.ac.uk
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies
    Abstract: By international standards, and given its relatively low per capita income, Vietnam has achieved substantial reductions in, and low levels of, infant and under-five mortality. Wagstaff and Nguyen review existing evidence and provide new evidence on whether, under the economic liberalization program known as Doi Moi, this reduction in child mortality has been sustained. They conclude that it has, but that the gains have been concentrated among the better-off. As a result, socioeconomic inequalities in child survival are evident in Vietnam—a change from the early 1990s when none were apparent. The authors develop survival models to find the causes of this differential decline in child mortality, and conclude that a number of factors have been at work, including reductions among the poor (but not among the better-off) in coverage of health services and in women's educational attainment. They argue that if the experience of the late 1990s is a guide to the future, the lack of progress among the poor will jeopardize Vietnam's chances of achieving the international development goals for child mortality. The authors examine various policy scenarios, including expanding coverage of health services, water and sanitation, and find that such measures, while useful, will have only a limited effect on the mortality of poor children. They find that programs aimed at narrowing the gap between the poor and better-off may have large beneficial effects on the various determinants of child survival. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the links between health and poverty. The authors may be contacted at awagstaffworldbank.org or nnga@worldbank.org
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  • 11
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    The (Positive) Effect of Macroeconomic Crises on the Schooling and Employment Decisions of Children in a Middle-Income Country (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schady, Norbert The (Positive) Effect of Macroeconomic Crises on the Schooling and Employment Decisions of Children in a Middle-Income Country
    Keywords: Adults ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Education of Parents ; Educational Attainment ; Effective Schools ; Enrollment Rates ; Enrolment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Investments In Education ; Labor Policies ; Parental Education ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adults ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Education of Parents ; Educational Attainment ; Effective Schools ; Enrollment Rates ; Enrolment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Investments In Education ; Labor Policies ; Parental Education ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adults ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Education of Parents ; Educational Attainment ; Effective Schools ; Enrollment Rates ; Enrolment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Investments In Education ; Labor Policies ; Parental Education ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Under some conditions, macroeconomic crises can have a positive effect on the accumulation of human capital because they reduce the opportunity cost of schooling. This has profound implications for the design of appropriate social protection policies. The impact of macroeconomic crises on parents' investments in the human capital of their children is a widely contested issue. Schady analyzes the effects of the profound macroeconomic crisis in Peru in 1988–92 on the schooling and employment decisions made by urban school-age children. He arrives at two basic findings: • First, the crisis had no effect on the attendance rates of school-age children. But the share of children who were both employed and in school fell significantly during the crisis. • Second, mean educational attainment was significantly higher for children who were exposed to the crisis than for those who were not. Schady argues that these findings may be related: children who are not employed have more time available and may therefore put more effort into school. He concludes with a discussion of the implications of his findings for the design of appropriate social protection policies. This paper—a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region—is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the effects of macroeconomic crises on households, and to design appropriate policies to mitigate their costs
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  • 12
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    The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Walle, de van Dominique The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Vietnam's social welfare programs do not adequately protect and promote the poor. Increased spending, with better coverage and targeting, could help poor and vulnerable households. How does Vietnam's public safety net affect outcomes for the poor? Although social welfare programs in Vietnam are centrally mandated, they are locally implemented according to local norms and local poverty standards and often rely heavily on local financing. Van de Walle examines the coverage, incidence, and horizontal equity of the programs that can be identified in the data from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey. She looks at the role of location in determining whether the poor are assisted nationally. And she explores dynamic incidence between 1993 and 1998 and the degree to which programs performed a safety net function. The author's analysis shows that coverage and payments to households are low and have had a negligible impact on poverty. In principle, better targeting could improve the impact of current outlays. The analysis also shows that the system was ineffective in protecting households that were vulnerable to shocks. Finally, the results suggest that although there is a greater concentration of poverty-related programs and greater household participation in poorer communes, the system spends more (absolutely and relatively) on the poor in richer communes. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the delivery and effectiveness of social protection programs. The author may be contacted at dvandewalleworldbank.org
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  • 13
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    Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam : A Socioeconomic Perspective (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam
    Keywords: Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Baulch, Chuyen, Haughton, and Haughton examine the latest quantitative evidence on disparities in living standards between and among different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey and 1999 Census, they show that Kinh and Hoa ("majority") households have substantially higher living standards than "minority" households from Vietnam's other 52 ethnic groups. Subdividing the population into five broad categories, the authors find that while the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, and Northern Highland minorities have benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the growth of Central Highland minorities has stagnated. Disaggregating further, they find that the same ethnic groups whose living standards have risen fastest are those that have the highest school enrollment rates, are most likely to intermarry with Kinh partners, and are the least likely to practice a religion. The authors then estimate and decompose a set of expenditure regressions which show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well with a strategy of assimilating (both culturally and economically) with the Kinh-Hoa majority, other groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities. A third group comprising the Central Highland minorities, including the Hmong, is largely being left behind by the growth process. Such diversity in the socioeconomic development experiences of the different ethnic minorities indicates the need for similar diversity in the policy interventions that are designed to assist them. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Jonathan Haughton may be contacted at jhaughtobeaconhill.org
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  • 14
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    World Development Indicators 2001 (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821348981 , 9780821348987
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (400 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Now in its 5th edition, the World Bank's respected statistical reference publication provides a comprehensive view of the world economy. The print edition contains over 80 tables and 600 indicators for 148 economies and 14 country groups, with basic indicators for a further 59 economies. The book contains new tables on social indicators of poverty and global environmental issues. This year's edition retains the basic thematic presentation with six sections covering World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. World Development Indicators 2001 contains a wealth of information including: A special graphical report on progress toward International Development Goals. The most recent data on poverty, education, health, and the environment from around the world. New data on gender and development drawn from the World Bank's recent policy research report. New data on the digital divide and how Information Communication Technology is changing the process of development. New data on the world economy
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  • 15
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    How Access to Urban Potable Water and Sewerage Connections Affects Child Mortality (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shi, Anqing How Access to Urban Potable Water and Sewerage Connections Affects Child Mortality
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; City Development Strategies ; City Population ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Developing Countries ; Diseases ; Drinking Water ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Settlements ; Infant ; Infant Deaths ; Live Births ; Mortality Differentials ; Nutrition ; Policy ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Rural Areas ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development ; Urban Population ; Urban Population Growth ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; World Health Organization ; Child Mortality ; City Development Strategies ; City Population ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Developing Countries ; Diseases ; Drinking Water ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Settlements ; Infant ; Infant Deaths ; Live Births ; Mortality Differentials ; Nutrition ; Policy ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Rural Areas ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development ; Urban Population ; Urban Population Growth ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; World Health Organization ; Child Mortality ; City Development Strategies ; City Population ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Developing Countries ; Diseases ; Drinking Water ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Settlements ; Infant ; Infant Deaths ; Live Births ; Mortality Differentials ; Nutrition ; Policy ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Rural Areas ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development ; Urban Population ; Urban Population Growth ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; World Health Organization
    Abstract: January 2000 - Lower child mortality is associated with improved access to urban potable water and sewerage connections, government involvement in the provision of local water services, and private or parastatal participation in the provision of sewerage connections. Using a city-level database of Global Urban Indicators, Shi finds that: · Improved access to urban potable water and sewerage connections is consistently associated with low child mortality. · Government involvement in providing water services, especially locally, significantly reduces child mortality. · Private or parastatal participation in providing sewerage connections is associated with low child mortality. · Rapid urban growth and high levels of poverty within the city are correlated with high child mortality. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the relationship between finance and poverty reduction. The author may be contacted at ashiworldbank.org
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  • 16
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    The Structure of Social Disparities in Education : Gender and Wealth (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Filmer, Deon The Structure of Social Disparities in Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Education ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education Variables ; Education for All ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Enrollment Of Children ; Enrollment Of Girls ; Enrollment Rate ; Enrollment Rate Of Boys ; Enrollment Rate Of Children ; Enrollment Rate Of Girls ; Female Disadvantage In Enrollment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Groups ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Rights ; Indexes ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Schooling ; Schools ; Social Protections and Labor ; Universal Primary Education ; Universal Primary Enrollment ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Education ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education Variables ; Education for All ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Enrollment Of Children ; Enrollment Of Girls ; Enrollment Rate ; Enrollment Rate Of Boys ; Enrollment Rate Of Children ; Enrollment Rate Of Girls ; Female Disadvantage In Enrollment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Groups ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Rights ; Indexes ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Schooling ; Schools ; Social Protections and Labor ; Universal Primary Education ; Universal Primary Enrollment ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Education ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education Variables ; Education for All ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Enrollment Of Children ; Enrollment Of Girls ; Enrollment Rate ; Enrollment Rate Of Boys ; Enrollment Rate Of Children ; Enrollment Rate Of Girls ; Female Disadvantage In Enrollment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Groups ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Rights ; Indexes ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Schooling ; Schools ; Social Protections and Labor ; Universal Primary Education ; Universal Primary Enrollment
    Abstract: January 2000 - Wealth gaps in educational outcomes are large in many developing countries. And gender gaps, though absent in many societies, are large in some, particularly in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. In some countries with a female disadvantage, household wealth interacts with gender to create an especially large gender gap among the poor. Using internationally comparable household data sets (Demographic and Health Surveys), Filmer investigates how gender and wealth interact to generate within-country inequalities in educational enrollment and attainment. He carries out multivariate analysis to assess the partial relationship between educational outcomes and gender, wealth, household characteristics (including level of education of adults in the household), and community characteristics (including the presence of schools in the community). He finds that: · Women are at a great educational disadvantage in countries in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. · Gender gaps are large in a subset of countries, but wealth gaps are large in almost all of the countries studied. Moreover, in some countries where there is a heavy female disadvantage in enrollment (Egypt, India, Morocco, Niger, and Pakistan), wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate the gap in educational outcomes. In India, for example, where there is a 2.5 percentage point difference between male and female enrollment for children from the richest households, the difference is 34 percentage points for children from the poorest households. · The education level of adults in the household has a significant impact on the enrollment of children in all the countries studied, even after controlling for wealth. The effect of the education level of adult females is larger than that of the education level of adult males in some, but not all, of the countries studied. · The presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship with enrollment in some countries only (notably in Western and Central Africa). The relationship appears not to systematically differ by children's gender. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - was prepared as background to, and with support from, a World Bank Policy Research Report on gender and development. Part of the study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Educational Enrollment and Dropout (RPO 682-11). The author may be contacted at dfilmerworldbank.org
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  • 17
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    The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tembien, Ethiopia (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (88 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Whittington, Dale The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tembien, Ethiopia
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Children ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Families ; Food Preparation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Leisure Time ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Medical Treatment ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Pill ; Population Policies ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Stroke ; Weight ; Workers ; Adolescent Health ; Children ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Families ; Food Preparation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Leisure Time ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Medical Treatment ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Pill ; Population Policies ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Stroke ; Weight ; Workers ; Adolescent Health ; Children ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Families ; Food Preparation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Leisure Time ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Medical Treatment ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Pill ; Population Policies ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Stroke ; Weight ; Workers
    Abstract: January 2000 - Despite the great benefits from preventing malaria, the fact that vaccine demand is price inelastic suggests that it will be difficult to achieve significant market penetration unless the vaccine is subsidized. The results are similar for bed nets treated with insecticide. Cropper, Haile, Lampietti, Poulos, and Whittington measure the monetary value households place on preventing malaria in Tembien, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. They estimate a household demand function for a hypothetical malaria vaccine and compute the value of preventing malaria as the household's maximum willingness to pay to provide vaccines for all family members. They contrast willingness to pay with the traditional costs of illness (medical costs and time lost because of malaria). Their results indicate that the value of preventing malaria with vaccines is about US
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  • 18
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    Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? : An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glewwe, Paul Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s?
    Keywords: Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators
    Abstract: January 2000 - Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction between 1992 and 1998 were striking, and the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. Households that have benefited most are well-educated, urban, white-collar households, while agricultural workers, ethnic minorities, and those residing in poorer regions have progressed least. Glewwe, Gragnolati, and Zaman assess the extent to which Vietnam's rapid economic growth in the 1990s was accompanied by reductions in poverty. They also investigate factors that contribute to certain households benefiting more than others. Using information from two household surveys, the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys (VNLSS) for 1992-93 and 1997-98, they show that Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction were striking during this period and that the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. After discussing descriptive statistics for both years, the authors examine factors contributing to poverty reduction using both simple decomposition analysis and a multinomial logit model. The results show that: · Returns to education increased significantly during this period, particularly for higher levels of education. · Location significantly affected a household's probability of escaping poverty during this period. Urban households enjoyed a greater reduction in poverty than did rural households, and households residing in the Red River Delta and the southeast were also better able to take advantage of new opportunities. · White-collar households benefited most, and agricultural laborers the least. However, Vietnam cannot afford to be complacent, as nearly half its rural population lives below the poverty line, poverty rates among ethnic minorities remain very high, and natural calamities are a serious impediment to poverty reduction. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the dynamics of poverty. The authors may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu, mgragnolati@worldbank.org, or hzaman@worldbank.org
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