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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,353)
  • 2010-2014  (1,353)
  • Economics  (1,208)
  • Political science
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Year
  • 1
    ISBN: 0415153808
    Language: English
    DDC: 330.01
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 cm
    DDC: 320.09
    Keywords: Political science ; Comparative government ; Regierung ; Geschichte ; Staat ; Politisches System
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    London [u.a.] : Routledge
    Language: English
    Keywords: Philosophy ; Critical theory ; Sociology ; Philosophy ; Political science ; Philosophy
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Uniform Title: Das Kapital
    Keywords: Capital ; Economics
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  • 5
    ISBN: 0415222400 , 0415222419 , 0415222427 , 0415222435 , 0415222443
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Keywords: Spieltheorie ; Verhandlungstheorie ; Nash-Gleichgewicht ; Auktionstheorie ; Makroökonomik ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Theorie ; Wiederholte Spiele ; Evolutionäre Spieltheorie ; Social sciences ; Mathematical models ; Economics ; Mathematical models ; Social sciences ; Methodology ; Economics ; Methodology ; Game theory ; Bibliografie
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 6
    ISBN: 3320007491
    Language: German
    Edition: Separatausgabe
    Keywords: Capital ; Economics ; Quelle ; Marx, Karl 1818-1883 Das Kapital
    Note: Ausgabe ist identisch mit Bd. 23 - 25 der Werke von Marx und Engels
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  • 7
    ISBN: 3608915001 , 9783608915006
    Language: German
    Pages: 23 cm
    DDC: 430
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte ; Geschichte ; History ; Dictionaries ; German ; Political science ; Dictionaries ; German ; Germany ; History ; Dictionaries ; German ; Wörterbuch
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  • 8
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 25 cm
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dietl, Clara-Erika, - 1996 Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik
    Keywords: Recht / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Wirtschaft / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Politik / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Englisch / O.b. Wörterbücher, Fachausdrücke0 ; Law ; Dictionaries ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; Political ; Dictionaries ; English ; Dictionaries ; German ; Law ; Dictionaries ; German ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; German ; Political ; Dictionaries ; German ; German ; Dictionaries ; English ; Mehrsprachiges Wörterbuch ; Wörterbuch ; Deutsch ; Recht ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Politik ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Wirtschaft ; Englisch ; Recht ; Wirtschaft ; Politik
    Note: Teil 1, 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Erdsiek, Gerhard: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teil 2, 5. Aufl. mit dem Zusatz: Mit Kommentaren in deutscher und englischer Sprache , 1. - 7. Aufl , Ab 2002 parallele CD-ROM-Ausg. u.d.T.: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teilw. außerdem im Bender-Verl., New York, erschienen
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ithaca : Cornell University Press
    ISBN: 9780801454912 , 0801454913 , 9780801453274 , 0801453275
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    DDC: 381.3
    RVK:
    Keywords: BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Commerce ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Marketing / General ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Sales & Selling / General ; Corruption ; Economic history ; Political corruption ; Political science ; Post-communism / Economic aspects ; Politische Wissenschaft ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaft. Geschichte ; Corruption ; Political corruption ; Post-communism Economic aspects ; Korruption ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Zentralasien ; Mittelasien ; Mittelasien ; Korruption ; Wirtschaftsreform
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , An absence of alternatives : a new framework for understanding corruption -- Alternatives to corruption and the impact of market reform : the arguments and their theoretical implications -- Bribery, favoritism, and clientelism : evidence from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan -- Market actors as an unrealized alternative : the impact of market reforms -- Islamic institutions and secular charities : obstacles to providing substitute resources -- Families : the uneven impact of market reforms -- Reducing corruption : policy recommendations -- Appendix : statistical analysis
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400707535
    Language: English
    Pages: MMLXIV, 7561 p. 661 illus., 368 illus. in color. eReference
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Quality of Life ; Economics ; Quality of Life Research
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    ISBN: 9781315776736 , 9781317691365 , 9781138023000 , 9781138282162
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (314 p.)
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: Austrian Economics Re-examined: The Economics of Time and Ignorance is an expanded version of the 1996 edition of The Economics of Time and Ignorance. This work is a classic statement of the role of subjectivism, radical uncertainty and change through real time in Austrian economics specifically, and in modern economics more generally. The new book contains the full text and Introductions of the earlier edition as well as the comprehensive previously-unpublished essay "What is Austrian Economics?" and a new Introduction. The essay is a comprehensive overview of the central themes of the book from a somewhat different perspective than in the book itself. It supplements the analysis in the book. The new Introduction explains that the 2007-8 financial crisis and recent developments in behavioural economics have made the book more relevant than ever before. Austrian Economic Re-examined develops and systematizes the fundamental principles of the Austrian tradition to the analysis of rational expectations, business cycles, monetary theory competition and monopoly, and capital theory
    Note: English
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    ISBN: 9780203722084
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This book combines the human development approach and innovation economics in order to explore the effects that structural economic change has on human development. The author discusses how innovation, social networks, economic dynamics and human development are interlinked, and provides several practical examples of social and micro-entrepreneurship in contexts as diverse as Peruvian rural villages and Brazil's urban areas
    Note: English
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9780833084323 , 9780833084293
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Family & relationships ; African history
    Abstract: Navy analysts are struggling to keep pace with the growing flood of data collected by intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance sensors. This challenge is sure to intensify as the Navy continues to field new and additional sensors. The authors explore options for solving the Navy’s “big data" challenge, considering changes across four dimensions: people, tools and technology, data and data architectures, and demand and demand management
    Note: English
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9780833086709
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Family & relationships ; African history ; Population & demography ; Development studies
    Abstract: The RAND Corporation evaluated the Population and Poverty Research Initiative (PopPov) and its progress in achieving its goals of building and advancing the field of economic demography, orienting the work toward policy-relevant research, increasing economic policymakers’ recognition of the value of lowering population growth rates and investing in family planning, and strengthening research capacity in sub-Saharan Africa
    Note: English
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9781137403605 , 1137403608
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 237 Seiten)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink: Springer e-Books
    DDC: 305.80095
    Keywords: Political science ; International relations ; Educational policy ; ducation and state ; Language and education ; Language and languages Study and teaching ; Ethnicity ; Electronic books. ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Cover
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Cover
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Florence : Firenze University Press
    ISBN: 9788866556701 , 9788855189378 , 9788866556695 , 9788866556718
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (174 p.)
    Series Statement: Strumenti per la didattica e la ricerca
    Keywords: Sociology ; Economics
    Abstract: The issue of the middle class has seen a recovery of interest in public opinion in the last decade, especially in light of the problems connected with the transition to flexible capitalism and the advent of the economic crisis. In the scientific debate, it has been present since the dawn of modern sociology as a phenomenon difficult to frame from the theoretical point of view and even more difficult to empirically investigate. Starting from these premises, the volume offers a critical reinterpretation of classic and contemporary authors and contributions, focusing its analysis on the role played by the middle classes themselves in the process of change, trying to identify and highlight the inter-connections between the size of structure, identity and action
    Note: Italian
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9782271128713 , 9782271076540
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (374 p.)
    Series Statement: CNRS Alpha
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: En 2008, le gouvernement français lance sa réforme de libéralisation des activités portuaires. Celle-ci impose la concession des terminaux au secteur privé et transforme profondément le rôle joué par les anciens ports autonomes dans leur territoire d'insertion. La France s'inscrit ainsi dans un processus de diffusion d'un modèle de gestion portuaire à l'échelle mondiale, initié dans l'Angleterre de Margaret Thatcher ou le Chili des Chicago boys dès le début des années 1980. Ce qui se joue sur les quais depuis trente ans s'inscrit dans un mouvement global de redéfinition du rôle des États dans les affaires économiques du monde. La réflexion proposée dans cet ouvrage est le fruit d'un travail d'enquêtes menées auprès des acteurs entrepreneuriaux et institutionnels, entre 2009 et 2012, dans une dizaine de ports du sud de l'Europe occidentale (France, Italie, Espagne). Cette analyse interdisciplinaire en sciences humaines et sociales propose un éclairage sur les grands principes politiques et économiques ayant conduit à ces transformations et s'interroge sur I évolution des conditions d'exercice des activités portuaires que 1ère libérale engage
    Note: French
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Florence : Firenze University Press
    ISBN: 9788866555926 , 9788855189330 , 9788866555841 , 9788866555940
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: Lectio Magistralis
    Keywords: Sociology ; Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 30 years, all European countries have been affected by reorganization processes concerning their higher education systems. In this volume, two aspects of this type of reorganization are discussed: changes in governance models and differentiation processes within the various higher education systems. The new governance models of higher education systems are based on three pillars: autonomy, evaluation and competition. Everywhere, universities were managed in a more business-like fashion, strengthening the central leadership and reducing the power of the collective bodies. In Italy, autonomy has developed in a distorted way, and for a long time has not been accompanied by evaluation and competition. In addition to reforming governance, European governments have responded to the students' mass demand for university access with different backgrounds and ambitions, differentiating the higher education systems in the concerned countries. There was a first surge of differentiation in the 1960s and 1970s, and a second one took place in the late 1990s. Italy was an exception, and in this lies the origin of most of the problems of Italian universities, which the volume discusses while also offering possible solutions
    Note: Italian
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9783319044804
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 533 p. 2 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Preventing corporate corruption
    DDC: 364.168
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Economics ; Criminology ; Social Sciences ; Social sciences ; Economics ; Criminology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Korruption ; Prävention ; Unternehmen ; Korruption ; Prävention ; Compliance-System
    Abstract: This book presents the results of a two-year international research project conducted for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC) to investigate and provide solutions for reducing bribery and corruption in corporations and institutions. It starts with an empirical case study on the effectiveness of a set of self-regulation rules adopted by multinational companies in the energy sector. Second, it explores the context and factors leading to corruption internationally (and the relationships between domestic criminal law and self-regulation). Third, it examines guidelines for the adoption of compliance programs developed by international institutions, to serve as models for the future. The principle result of the book is a three-pronged Anti-Bribery Corruption Model (so called ABC Model), endorsed by the United Nations, intended as a corruption prevention tool intended to be adopted by private corporations. This work provides a common, research-based standard for anti-bribery compliance programs, with international applications. This work will be of interest to researchers studying Criminology and Criminal Justice, particularly in the areas of organized crime and corruption, as well as related areas like Business Ethics and Comparative International Law.
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface ; Contents; Contributors; Part I ; Moving Towards the ABC Model: A General Overview; Towards an Anti-Bribery Compliance Model: Methods and Strategies for a "Hybrid Normativity"; Chapter-1; 1.1 Introduction: Meaning and Purposes of an Anti-Bribery Compliance Model; 1.2 A New Step in International Criminal-Policy Responses Against Corruption?; 1.3 The Current Picture: An "Integrated Criminal Policy" Against Corruption; 1.3.1 Hard-Law Versus Soft-Law Sources; 1.3.1.1 Review Mechanisms; 1.3.1.2 Guidelines; 1.3.2 Public Versus Private Initiatives; 1.3.3 Preventive Versus Punitive Measures
    Description / Table of Contents: 1.3.3.1 Civil Remedies1.3.3.2 Administrative and Criminal Measures; 1.4 One Step Further: The ABC Model as "Normative Hybridization"; 1.4.1 Combining Hetero-Regulation and Self-Regulation; 1.4.2 Integrating Hard Law and Soft Law; 1.4.3 Merging Preventive and Punitive Measures; 1.5 Drafting the ABC Model: Coordinated Self-Regulation; 1.6 Implementing the ABC Model: "A Double Track" for States and Corporations; 1.7 Enforcing the ABC Model: Incentives and Criminal Law Responses; 1.8 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The Universal Approach of the United Nations Convention Against CorruptionChapter-3; The Private Sector Role in the Fight Against Corruption; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Internal Anti-bribery Compliance Programs: General; 3.3 The Requirements for Anti-bribery Compliance Models: Red Flags and the Internal Anti-bribery Unit; 3.4 The Growing Importance of Best Practice and International Comparison; 3.5 Collective Action; 3.6 Cooperation with the Authorities; References; Chapter-4; Public-Private Partnerships and Agency Problems: The Use of Incentives in Strategies to Combat Corruption
    Description / Table of Contents: 4.1 Public-Private Partnerships and the Delegation of Corruption Prevention Tasks to Entities4.2 Instrumental Motivations and Relational Incentives; 4.3 The Efficacy of Compliance Programs in Crime Prevention and the Reasons Why Organizations Choose Cooperation; 4.4 "Carrots versus Sticks" in the Public-Private Partnership: Source, Form, and Purpose of the Incentives; 4.5 The Institutional Perspective: Incentives to the Entity; 4.5.1 Compliance Incentives and the Entity's Residual Liability Risk; 4.5.2 Self-Reporting Incentives: The Individual and the Organization
    Description / Table of Contents: 4.5.3 Disincentives to Compliance and Reporting: The Problem of International Double Jeopardy4.6 The Entity's Perspective: Incentives to Individuals in the Organization.; References; Chapter-5; Internal Investigations, Whistle-Blowing, and Cooperation: The Struggle for Information in the Criminal Process; 5.1 The Criminal Process as a Struggle for Information; 5.2 Whistle-Blowing Channels and Internal Amnesty Programs; 5.3 The Ombudsman and Self-Auditing Privileges; 5.4 Internal Investigations and the Criminal Process; 5.5 Internal Investigation and the Corporation's Right of Defense
    Description / Table of Contents: 5.6 Internal Investigations and the Employees' Right to Defense
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Cover
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1175
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: While past labour market reforms have been successful in terms of employment, the relative poverty risk and income inequality have remained broadly unchanged in recent years. Some social groups remain particularly vulnerable, including individuals in non-regular employment, the unemployed and the low skilled. If in employment, their jobs tend to be unstable and wages and income mobility low. Continued efforts are needed to foster economic growth in a more inclusive manner, such that the most vulnerable groups benefit from and contribute to economic growth more strongly and such that the gaps between the rich and the poor in terms of income and wellbeing are reduced. These efforts should include enhancing the labour market outcomes of the most vulnerable and increase upward income mobility among disadvantaged individuals; strengthening skills at the lower end of the skills distribution; revising the tax and benefit system to improve incentives and to ensure efficient and well-targeted redistribution; and to make health and old-age pension insurance more inclusive. This working paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Germany (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-germany.htm).
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264220676
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (450 p.)
    Edition: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Europäische Kommission. Statistisches Amt Eurostat-OECD methodological guide for developing producer price indices for services
    Keywords: Erzeugerpreisindex ; Dienstleistungssektor ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; OECD ; Erzeugerpreis ; Preisindex ; Dienstleistungssektor
    Abstract: The International Producer Price Index Manual, Theory and Practice (PPI Manual) published by the IMF in 2004 consituted a landmark for international standards on price measurement and contains detailed, comprehensive information for the compilation of producer price indices as well as an extensive coverage of the conceptual and theoretical issues. This second edition of the Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services (SPPI Guide) is a complement to the PPI Manual in two ways: it focuses on service-specific aspects in the PPI compilation by developing further the conceptual framework and it adds detailed descriptions of PPI measurement for a wide range of individual service industries. This second edition of the SPPI Guide has been jointly produced by the OECD, Eurostat, the members of a task Force with deleguates from 14 OECD/EU members countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States)and in synergy with the Voorburg Group. Several countries contributed to the Guide by providing descriptions of service PPIs for individual industries, other countries were represented by national experts in at least one meeting of the Task Force.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1142
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow-down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1178
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies seek to address market failures related to the protection of the environment. However, they may also increase barriers to entry and distort competition. If stringent environmental policies can be designed in a way that minimises such economic burdens, they can facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental goals and a cleaner growth model. This paper reports evidence on selected competition-relevant aspects of environmental policy design from a cross-country questionnaire. Information on administrative burdens related to environmental licenses, differential treatment among incumbents and new entrants and the procedures to evaluate economic effects of environmental policies are summarised in a set of indicators of the Burden on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP). The indicators allow for a set of tentative conclusions. Firstly, the BEEP captures information on anti-competitive regulations absent from the OECD’s product market regulation indicators (PMR). Secondly, though it is not yet possible to evaluate the economic impact of anti-competitive aspects of environmental policies, it is likely they impact well beyond the sectors directly concerned, hampering productivity growth, as shown for other product market regulations. Finally, the burdens of environmental policies are not related to their actual stringency, indicating that ambitious environmental targets can be pursued in ways that are more (or less) friendly to competition.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221765
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Globalisation; Origins and consequences
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mondialisation économique ; Origines et conséquences
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Globalización económica ; Orígenes y consecuencias
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Es gibt kaum ein Thema, das so kontrovers ist – und gleichzeitig so wenig verstanden wird – wie die Globalisierung. Die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung im weitesten Sinne kann zwar auf eine ebenso lange Geschichte zurückblicken wie der Handel selbst, doch die Komplexität, die sich aus der globalen Vernetzung der Volkswirtschaften ergibt, sowie deren Auswirkungen auf unsere Lebensgrundlagen haben sich durch die globale Finanzkrise noch verstärkt. Diese Publikation beschreibt die entscheidenden Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der wirtschaftlichen Integration und insbesondere die Beschleunigung des Globalisierungsprozesses seit den 1990er Jahren. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung in vier maßgeblichen Bereichen – Beschäftigung, Entwicklung, Umwelt und Finanzstabilität – erörtert: Fördert Globalisierung die Entwicklung oder verstärkt sie die Ungleichheit? Werden durch Globalisierung Arbeitsplätze geschaffen oder vernichtet? Schädigt Globalisierung die Umwelt oder trägt sie zu ihrem Erhalt bei? Steuern wir auf eine Entglobalisierung zu oder kann die Globalisierung sogar die Erholung begünstigen?
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1177
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Cross-country analysis of the economic effects of environmental policies is limited by the lack of reliable, comparable measures of the stringency of environmental policies. This paper attempts to fill this gap, by constructing new quantitative indexes of environmental policy stringency (EPS). Selected environmental policy instruments, primarily related to climate and air pollution, are scored and aggregated into composite EPS indexes. Two EPS indexes are proposed – one for the energy sector, and an extended one to proxy for the broader economy (“economy-wide”). They cover most OECD countries over 1990s-2012. While a simplification of the multidimensional reality of environmental policies, the EPS indicators are a first tangible effort to measure environmental policy stringency internationally over a relatively long time horizon. They show relatively high and significant correlations with alternative proxies of EPS used in the literature, such as measures of perceived stringency based on surveys, measures based on environmental outcomes and a composite policy-based measure with no time series. The paper describes some additional features of the EPS indicators and sketches out possible future extensions.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1176
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies address wellbeing and sustainability objectives, affecting firm and household behaviour. A newly developed, cross-country composite proxy of environmental policy stringency (EPS) shows that stringency has been increasing across OECD countries over the past two decades. However, the tightening environmental policies have had little effect on aggregate productivity, spurring primarily short-term adjustments. Nevertheless, they have led to various effects within the economy - the most technologically advanced industries and firms have seen a small increase in productivity, possibly being in the best position to adapt. Least productive firms have seen their productivity fall. Part of the effect is likely to have taken place through entry and exit of firms and relocation of activities. Finally, this project provides evidence on the anti-competitive bias of some aspects of environmental policies. The indicator of Burdens on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP) shows that barriers to entry and competition, and the consideration given to economic effects of environmental policies vary notably across countries, but that this variation is not related to the stringency of policies. Hence, to support both economic and environmental outcomes, stringent environmental policies can and should be implemented with minimum barriers to entry and competition.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214637 , 9789264224117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (520 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lequiller, François Understanding national accounts
    RVK:
    Keywords: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; International ; Welt ; Economics ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung
    Abstract: This second edition of Understanding National Accounts, that provides a comprehensive explanation of how national accounts are compiled, contains new data and new chapters, and is adapted to the new systems of national accounts, SNA 2008 and ESA 2010, that came into effect in September 2014. It approaches national accounts from a truly global perspective, with special chapters dedicated to international comparisons, globalisation and well-being as well as to the national systems used in major OECD economies, such as the United States. Each chapter of the manual uses practical examples to explain key concepts in national accounts in a clear and accessible way. And, each chapter concludes with a synthesis of key points covered in the chapter, followed by resources for further exploring the topic, and by a set of exercises to test your knowledge. It is an ideal guide to national accounts for students and other interested readers.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264216006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in Germany and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of Germany, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264175617
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: En la actualidad oímos por doquier la expresión “desarrollo sostenible”, pero ¿qué significa realmente? ¿De qué manera la producción y el consumo lo afectan?¿La globalización de la economía la está ayudando u obstaculizando? ¿Se puede medir la sostenibilidad a través de las herramientas tradicionales del análisis económico? ¿Qué pueden hacer los gobiernos, las empresas y las personas para fomentarla? La OCDE genera información, investigación y recomendaciones de políticas sobre muchos temas relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible, incluidos el cambio climático, la cooperación con los países en desarrollo y la responsabilidad social corporativa. Esenciales OCDE: Desarrollo sostenible se basa en esa experiencia. Señala que, para ser sostenible, el desarrollo debe basarse en el avance simultáneo de tres áreas: la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1179
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of changes in the stringency of environmental policies on productivity growth in OECD countries. Using a new environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it estimates a reduced-form model of multi-factor productivity growth, where the effect of countries' environmental policies varies with pollution intensity of the industry and technological advancement. A multi-layer analysis provides insights at the aggregate economy, the industry and the firm level. At the aggregate economy level, a negative effect on productivity growth is found one year ahead of the policy change. This negative “announcement effect” is offset within three years after the implementation. At the industry level, a tightening of environmental policy is associated with a short-term increase in industry-level productivity growth, for the most technologically advanced country-industry pairs. This effect diminishes with the distance to the global productivity frontier, becoming insignificant at larger distances. At the firm level, only the technologically most advanced firms show a positive effect on productivity growth from a tightening of environmental policies, while a third of firms, the less productive ones, experience a productivity slowdown.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1174
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for European Union (EU) countries. These elasticities are used by the European Commission, as part of the EU fiscal surveillance process, to calculate the semi-elasticity of the budget balance as a percentage of GDP with respect to the output gap. The study updates the earlier 2005 study of OECD economies using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to the 28 EU member states, seven of which are not OECD members. The same basic two-step methodology is retained: revenue and expenditure elasticities with respect to the output gap being defined as the product of, first, the elasticities of individual revenue and expenditure items with respect to their bases and, second, the elasticities of these bases with respect to the output gap. A number of refinements and methodological improvements are made relative to the 2005 study. The revisions to individual elasticities relative to the 2005 vintage are significant in a number of cases but do not follow a clear pattern across countries, except for the elasticities of corporate income tax revenue which are revised up in most cases.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (73 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1106
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Steuervermeidung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsschutz ; Armut ; Verteilungswirkung ; Griechenland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poverty and income inequality have worsened since the onset of the crisis. While the design of fiscal measures has mitigated the burden sharing of fiscal adjustment, as the recession has deepened unemployment has risen, earnings have declined and social tensions have increased. Getting people back to work and supporting the most vulnerable remain priorities for inclusive growth and distributing the costs of adjustment equitably. Within the limited fiscal space this calls for continued reforms in targeting social support, especially housing benefits, extending unemployment insurance and introducing a means-tested minimum income. Sustaining universal access to good health care is also essential. Well-designed activation policies are important to bring the unemployed, especially the young, to work. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the effectiveness of the labour inspection to ensure full enforcement of the labour code. Decisive steps to contain tax evasion are also critical to social fairness. Reforms by the government in many of these areas are welcome and need to continue.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 11
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Altersvorsorge ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social institutions face many challenges. The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test as it has left a legacy of high unemployment and high government debt in many countries. It also lowered potential output and thus the revenue base for social protection schemes. At the same time, ageing and other secular trends raise long-term sustainability issues. The design of social institutions determines their capacity to deal with shocks and trend changes and the way risks are shared between the institutions and their stakeholders. They also circumscribe the scope for automatic or discretionary adjustments, when trade-offs between sustainability, adequacy and efficiency arise. This report examines the sustainability of social institutions and their ability to absorb and cope with short-term shocks and longer-term trends by providing risk sharing and expenditure smoothing, focusing on pension, health care and unemployment insurance schemes.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1107
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Inflation ; Prognoseverfahren ; Finanzpolitik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the OECD’s projections for GDP growth and inflation during the global financial crisis and recovery, focussing on lessons that can be learned. The projections repeatedly over-estimated growth, failing to anticipate the extent of the slowdown and later the weak pace of the recovery – errors made by many other forecasters. At the same time, inflation was stronger than expected on average. Analysis of the growth errors shows that the OECD projections in the crisis years were larger in countries with more international trade openness and greater presence of foreign banks. In the recovery, there is little evidence that an underestimate of the impact of fiscal consolidation contributed significantly to forecast errors. Instead, the repeated conditioning assumption that the euro area crisis would stabilise or ease played an important role, with growth weaker than projected in European countries where bond spreads were higher than had been assumed. But placing these errors in a historical context illustrates that the errors were not without precedent: similar-sized errors were made in the first oil price shock of the 1970s. In response to the challenges encountered in forecasting in recent years and the lessons learnt, the OECD and other international organisations have sought to improve their forecasting techniques and procedures, to improve their ability to monitor near-term developments and to better account for international linkages and financial market developments.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1111
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of how households’ income has fared compared with GDP. While the prime focus is on incomes around the median, attention is paid also to the bottom of the income distribution. Thus, one contribution of the paper is to deliver a fresh assessment of the evolution of inequality and poverty across OECD countries over the last fifteen years. The analysis relies on a rich array of indicators, producing new evidence of the various patterns of differences in income distributions across countries and over time. For example, it assesses the extent to which stability in overall income inequality masks compensating changes between the lower and upper halves of the income distribution. Also, it explores whether contracting inequalities coexist with increasing poverty. The paper adds to previous studies by introducing, measuring and analysing income polarisation in a cross-country comparative perspective. Distinguishing polarisation from inequality and comparing their evolution over time provides new policy-relevant perspectives on the nature of the changing income distribution.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1115
    Keywords: 1980 - 2013 ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Volatilität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The decline in macroeconomic volatility from the 1980s to the onset of the Great Recession did not, in general, translate into more microeconomic stability. While microeconomic volatility can reflect growth-generating processes, such as creative destruction and re-allocation of resources, consumption growth volatility weighs on households’ welfare. This study reviews the existing literature on the link between economic policies and economic stability at the firm and household level. Based on firm-level and household-level data for a wide range of OECD countries, it also provides preliminary results on sources and patterns of microeconomic volatility.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1119
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Qualifikation ; Berufsbildung ; Lohnbildung ; Hochschule ; Einwanderung ; Behinderte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Dänemark ; Education ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Surveys suggest that Denmark ranks close to or slightly above the OECD average in terms of student and adult skills, even though Denmark spends more than many OECD countries on education, labour market policies and adult learning. Sluggish productivity growth over the past two decades raises the question of how to develop better skills and use them more efficiently to achieve stronger and more inclusive growth. Improving the performance of compulsory and tertiary education would help all students acquire the right skills. Ensuring adults upgrade their skills is another key challenge, which involves strengthening the adult learning system. Reforms of taxation and of the wage setting system in the public sector would promote a better allocation of skills economy-wide. Finally, to activate skills more broadly, reforms to raise labour market participation should continue and the efficiency of active labour market policies will have to be increased further. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1120
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finland’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This will put pressure on public finances, while shrinking labour resources. Nonetheless, solutions exist to alleviate those pressures. Adjusting the pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and increase older workers’ employment, provided it is accompanied by the removal of the pathways to early retirement. In order to allow people to work longer, labour market flexibility should be enhanced and lifelong training promoted further. Active labour market policies should be strengthened so as to increase the labour force participation of youth, childbearing age women and the long-term unemployed. Finally, ageing should not only be seen as a burden as it can also create opportunities for innovation and new markets and industries. Information and communications technologies, where Finland has a strong knowledge base, can help the elderly stay as autonomous as possible, which would contain long-term care costs and improve well-being. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1127
    Keywords: 2003 - 2010 ; Innovation ; Patent ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper exploits longitudinal data on firm performance and patenting activity for 23 OECD countries over the period 2003-2010 to explore the extent to which changes in the patent stock are associated with flows of capital and labour to patenting firms. While the finding that patenting is associated with real changes in economic activity at the firm level is in line with recent literature, new empirical evidence presented suggests that the impact of patenting on firm size is likely to be causal. Moreover, these data reveal important differences across OECD countries in the extent to which innovative firms can attract the complementary tangible resources that are required to implement and commercialise new ideas. In turn, the contribution of framework policies to explaining the observed cross-country differences in the magnitude of these flows is explored. While further research is required to establish causality, the results are consistent with the idea that well-functioning product, labour and capital markets; efficient judicial systems and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the returns to innovative activity. The paper also investigates the heterogeneous impacts of policies and finds that young firms – which are more likely to experiment with disruptive technologies and rely on external financing to implement and commercialise their ideas – disproportionately benefit from reforms to labour markets and more developed markets for credit and seed and early stage finance.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1129
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Außenhandelselastizität ; Prognoseverfahren ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; Argentinien ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of recent research to re-estimate and re-specify the international trade volume and price equations that are used in the OECD Economics Department to analyse and project international trade developments. The set of countries covered by the estimations has been significantly enlarged, with estimates of the factors affecting export performance, import penetration and trade prices presented for 41 countries, including countries that have recently joined the OECD (Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia) and major emerging countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Reflecting the heterogeneity of countries included in the estimations, procedures for grouping them have been modified to allow for country specifics as much as possible. Structural breaks over the estimation period – which now typically covers the mid-1980s to 2012 and includes the global trade collapse of 2009 – are dealt with by the flexible modelling of deterministic trends, including the allowance for several rather than single trend reversals.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1131
    Keywords: Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unemployment insurance is a key tool for risk sharing and redistribution and also a prominent automatic stabiliser. It is a volatile spending item by design, which can lead to vulnerabilities. This paper explores various shocks and sources of vulnerability of the unemployment insurance schemes of OECD and BRIICS countries. Policies that boost both financial resilience and benefit adequacy as well as policy trade-offs are explored. Four country clusters are identified with key similarities in the overall policy mix that can shed light on why some countries boast generous benefits and at the same time display high economic efficiency, while other countries face a much more pronounced trade-off.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1133
    Keywords: Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Rentenreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Demographic developments are unfavourable for the financing of pension schemes in most OECD countries, implying continued growth in pension expenditure in virtually all OECD countries. This paper examines the vulnerability of pension systems, with an emphasis on financial sustainability and adequacy. Policy trade-offs and complementarities are reviewed and flanking policies which could underpin successful pension reforms are examined. Automatic adjustment mechanisms are highlighted, as are the roles of prudential regulation and buffer or reserve funds in the case of shocks. Pension system vulnerability indicators are presented for all OECD countries, and the challenges and vulnerabilities of pensions systems in the BRIICS countries are reviewed.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1136
    Keywords: 2060 ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Produktion ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Szenariotechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The paper highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seoul : OECD/Korea Policy Centre, Korea
    ISBN: 9789264216068
    Language: Korean
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How's Life? 2013; Measuring Well-being
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: How's Life? 2013: Measuring Well-being
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: 모든 사람은 좋은 삶을 살기를 원하다. 그러나 “좋거나 더 나은 삶”은 무엇을 의미하는가? How’s Life? 제 2판은 사람들의 삶과 웰빙을 결정하는 중요한 측면 -소득, 직업, 주거, 건강, 일과 삶의 균형, 교육, 사회적 관계, 시민참여와 거버넌스, 환경, 개인적 안전, 주관적 웰빙- 들에 대한 업데이트를 제공한다 . 이 책은 사람들의 물질적 삶의 조건과 인구 전체의 삶의 질을 살펴봄으로써 OECD 국가들과 기타 주요 국가들의 웰빙에 대한 포괄적인 상황을 보여준다. 폭넓은 범위의 비교 가능한 웰빙 지표들을 통하여 이 보고서는 다양한 웰빙 영역에서 국가들이 다른 수행도를 보여줌을 나타낸다. 예를 들면 OECD 지역 내 저소득 국가들은 주관적 웰빙과 일과 삶의 균형에서 매우 좋은 성과를 보이는 경향이 있다. 이 보고서는 웰빙에 대한 더 나은 정보에 대한 시민들의 욕구에 부응하고 사회적 진보에 대한 좀 더 정확한 상황을 얻기를 위하는 정책 입안가들의 필요에 부응한다. 또한 본 보고서는 특히 중요한 웰빙 영역에서 분야를 초월한 4가지 핵심 이슈에 대한 심층 연구결과를 제시한다. 첫째, 본 보고서는 어떻게 웰빙이 글로벌 금융위기 동안에 변화했는지를 분석한다. 글로벌 금융위기의 어떤 영향은 장기적으로만 나타나지만 본 보고서는 위기가 사람들의 웰빙의 경제적인 그리고 비 경제적인 측면에서 커다란 영향을 끼침을 발견한다. 둘째, 본 보고서는 웰빙에서의 양성격차를 관찰하는데 남성에게 유리한 전통적 성별격차가 줄었지만 여전히 사라지지 않았음을 보인다. 또한 여성과 남성이 웰빙 성과가 좋은 영역은 서로 다르며 과제와 역할을 더 많이 공유하게 되었음을 발견한다. 셋째, 본 보고서는 고용의 질과 직장 내에서의 웰빙을 관찰한다. 본 보고서는 직장에서 사람들의 헌신을 이끌어내고 어려운 일을 처리할 능력을 강화하는 주요 요소들에 대한 증거를 제시한다. 마지막으로 본 보고서의 마지막 장은 현재 웰빙과 미래 웰빙 사이의 관계를 연구한다. 즉, 시간의 경과에 따른 웰빙에 대한 정의를 내리고 측정을 하는 방법을 고찰한다. How’s Life?는 2011년에 OECD 창설 50주년을 기념하여 착수된 OECD 더 나은 삶 이니셔티브의 일환이다. OECD 더 나은 삶 이니셔티브는 OECD 의 가장 중요한 임무와 맥을 함께 하는 “더 나은 삶을 위한 더 나은 정책(Better Policies for Better Lives)”을 권장하는 것이 목적이다. OECD 더 나은 삶 이니셔티브의 또 다른 주요 내용은 시민들을 사회적 진보에 관한 토론에 참여시키는 것을 목적으로 하는 쌍방향 웰빙 종합 지표인 더 나은 삶 지표 ( www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org ), 이다.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1143
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Binnenwanderung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Kanada ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills shortages have developed in certain fields and regions in recent years. Earnings premiums for people in some professions, notably health, engineering and skilled trades have increased. And vacancy rates have risen for skilled trades, with the increase being particularly large in Alberta and Saskatchewan. While reforms have been implemented to strengthen adjustment so as to overcome these shortages, there is still room to go further by improving labour market information, increasing responsiveness of the education and training system to labour market demand, making the immigration system more reactive to current labour market conditions and reducing regulatory barriers to inter-provincial labour mobility. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm).
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1151
    Keywords: 2008 - 2013 ; Risiko ; Privater Konsum ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Simulation ; Vergleich ; VAR-Modell ; Griechenland ; Portugal ; Irland ; Economics ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Uncertainty faced by households and firms affects economic activity. The rise in uncertainty since the beginning of the sovereign debt crisis in Greece could be one factor that has contributed to the steep and long-lasting recession. This paper presents a brief empirical analysis quantifying this phenomenon and compares it with developments in Ireland and Portugal. Overall, this analysis shows that the uncertainty impact on growth has been relatively small in Greece between 2008 and 2013, although stronger than in Ireland or Portugal. This quantification appears to be robust to various specification changes of the vector auto regressive models developed for this exercise. This working paper relates to the 2013 Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/greece)
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1156
    Keywords: Bank ; Eigenkapital ; Notleidender Kredit ; Immobilienpreis ; Hypothek ; Niederlande ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Dutch banks were put under heavy strains early in the global downturn and have comparatively weak financial buffers to cope with new shocks. Falling house prices have increased the share of households with negative home equity to nearly 35% for home-owning households and 40% for mortgage holders. Even though defaults have so far been limited, mortgage amortisation is low and risks are concentrated among younger borrowers who often do not have sufficient resources to cope with adverse shocks. Banks are very large relative to the size of the domestic economy, have sizeable cross-border exposures and rely significantly on wholesale funding. Resolution procedures should be strengthened to reduce the potential cost for the taxpayer and the regulator’s tools available to reduce risks should be expanded. In particular, banks should set aside sufficient provisions for expected losses and problem loans, which requires some harmonisation of the definition of non-performing loans across banks. Higher capital buffers would bolster financial stability and help ensure access to market funding while lowering its cost. Welcome measures have been taken to encourage household deleveraging, but deeper and broader steps are needed to bolster financial stability and improve consumer protection when the housing market starts to recover durably and over the medium term. The stock of existing mortgages should be gradually converted into amortising mortgages, the cap on the loanto- value ratio reduced significantly below 100% and housing subsidies to homeownership cut more decisively. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-netherlands.htm).
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1161
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Informelle Wirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Strukturwandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Türkei ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Turkey’s business sector dynamism has underpinned broad-based and inclusive growth in the 2000s. However, the business sector is highly segmented, with a relatively small core of modern high-productivity corporations, and myriad small, less formal and low-productivity entities. This hampers efficient resource allocation and tends to entrench social inequalities. It also makes it difficult to build on-the-job human capital for the large number of low-skilled. This segmentation needs to be overcome to raise productivity in the informal, low-skill and low-productivity sector, and to facilitate resource transfers from low to higher productivity businesses. This ought to be achieved by aligning Turkey’s formal regulatory and tax framework with OECD best practice, rather than through “second-best” arrangements where noncompliance with rules co-exists with selective subsidies to parts of the formal sector. Labour market and business taxation reforms are particularly important to enable all categories of enterprises to operate flexibly on a rule-based, level playing field and to achieve productivity enhancing and socially inclusive restructuring.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1165
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Diskrete Entscheidung ; Energieeinsparung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Innovationsakzeptanz ; Haushaltsstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many studies on household energy efficiency investments suggest that a wide range of seemingly profitable investments are not taken up. This paper provides novel evidence on the main factors behind consumer choices using the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of binary logit regression models. Empirical results suggest that households’ propensity to invest in clean energy technologies depends mainly on home ownership, income, social context and households’ information. Indeed, home owners and high-income households are more likely to invest than renters and low-income households. On the other hand, social context, such as membership in an environmental non-governmental organisation, and households’ knowledge about their energy spending and use may play a relevant role in technology adoption.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1160
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Wettbewerb ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Leistungsbilanz ; Geldpolitik ; Sparen ; Türkei ; Economics ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Turkey recovered swiftly from the global financial crisis but sizeable macroeconomic imbalances arose in the process. High consumer price inflation and a wide current account deficit are sources of vulnerability. Even though below-potential growth helps rebalancing and disinflation, these imbalances endure. The financial sector still looks resilient thanks to buffers built up mainly prior to the financial crisis. However, private sector balance sheet risks have gained prominence as leverage increased. Macroeconomic and structural policy levers need to steer a passage between robust but externally unsustainable growth and externally viable but low growth. Monetary policy needs to bring inflation and inflation expectations closer to target. Macroprudential policies could more systematically lean against capital inflows and credit cycles to reduce private sector balance sheet vulnerabilities. The fiscal stance is broadly appropriate, but compliance with a multi-year general government spending ceiling would help avoid pro-cyclical loosening in case of revenue surprises and help boost domestic saving. Overall, policies should help reduce the risk of disruptions in capital flows as monetary policy stimulus is being withdrawn in the United States.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1162
    Keywords: KMU ; Kreativsektor ; Unternehmensgründung ; Risikokapital ; Crowdfunding ; Business Angels ; Börsengang ; Entrepreneurship ; Übernahme ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Korean government has made fostering a “creative economy” a top priority. The goal is to shift Korea's economic paradigm to one based on innovation in which new start-ups and venture businesses play a key role. However, the venture capital market is still at an early stage of development. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-andacquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. The productivity gap between large firms and SMEs, which benefit from a wide range of public support, is widening. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1169
    Keywords: Stagnation ; Zins ; Produktionspotenzial ; Geldpolitik ; Inflation ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether OECD countries are facing secular stagnation. Secular stagnation is defined as a situation when policy interest rates bounded at zero fail to stimulate demand sufficiently, due to low or negative neutral real interest rates and low inflation, and when ensuing prolonged and subdued growth undermines potential growth via labour hysteresis and discouraged investment. Obtaining firm evidence is complicated by considerable uncertainties surrounding estimates of economic slack and its impact on inflation, crisis-related hit to potential output and neutral interest rates. However, signs of secular stagnation are most evident in the euro area, particularly in the vulnerable members, in contrast to the United States and the United Kingdom, where evidence is less firm. Japan is arguably in the advanced stage of secular stagnation that started almost two decades ago. In countries with symptoms of secular stagnation, more monetary and fiscal stimulus should be accompanied by structural reforms to boost potential growth and neutral rates. Evidence on hysteresis effects strengthens the case for accommodative policies. In general, the large uncertainty about the size and persistence of hysteresis and risks associated with certain measures pose policy dilemmas and call for a comprehensive policy response.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1166
    Keywords: 2007 - 2011 ; Finanzkrise ; Produktionspotenzial ; Schätzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates potential output losses from the global financial crisis by comparing recent OECD published projections with a counter-factual assuming a continuation of pre-crisis productivity trends and a trend employment rate which is sensitive to demographic trends. Among the 19 OECD countries which experienced a banking crisis over the period 2007-11, the median loss in potential output in 2014 is estimated to be 3¾ per cent, compared to 2¾ per cent among all OECD countries. The crisis hit does, however, vary widely across countries, being more than 10% for several smaller European, mainly euro area, countries. The largest adverse effects come from lower trend productivity, which is a combination of both lower total factor productivity and lower capital per worker. Despite large increases in structural unemployment in some countries, the contribution of lower potential employment to the crisis hit is limited because the adverse effect on labour force participation is generally much less than might have been expected on the basis of previous severe downturns. This may partly reflect pension reforms and a tightening up of early retirement pathways. Pre-crisis conditions relating to over-heating and financial excesses, including high inflation, high investment, large current account deficits, low real interest rates, high total economy indebtedness and more rapid growth in capital-per-worker are all correlated with larger post-crisis potential output losses. This suggests that underlying the potential output losses was a substantial misallocation of resources, especially of capital, in the pre-crisis boom period. On the other hand, more competition-friendly product market regulation is associated with smaller crisis-related losses of potential output, suggesting it facilitates a reallocation of resources across firms and sectors in the aftermath of an adverse shock and so helps to mitigate its consequences.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1171
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Regulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Verbraucherschutz ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Internet has become an integral part of the everyday life of households, firms and governments. Its proper functioning over the long run is therefore crucial for economic growth and people’s wellbeing more generally. The success of the Internet depends on its openness and the confidence of users. Designing policies that protect society while allowing for Internet’s great economic potential to be fulfilled, is a difficult task. This paper investigates this challenge and takes stock of existing regulations in OECD and selected non-OECD countries in specific areas related to the digital economy. It finds that despite the regulatory difficulties, the Internet is far from being a “regulation-free” space as there are various industry standards, co-regulatory agreements between industry and the government, and in some cases also state regulation. Most of them aim at protecting personal data and consumers more generally. In many cases generally applicable laws and regulations exist that address privacy, security and consumer protection issues both in the traditional and the digital economy.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent; in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth. In particular, what matters most is the gap between low income households and the rest of the population. In contrast, no evidence is found that those with high incomes pulling away from the rest of the population harms growth. The paper also evaluates the “human capital accumulation theory” finding evidence for human capital as a channel through which inequality may affect growth. Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. It follows that policies to reduce income inequalities should not only be pursued to improve social outcomes but also to sustain long-term growth. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education. This implies a focus on families with children and youths – as this is when decisions about human capital accumulation are made -- promoting employment for disadvantaged groups through active labour market policies, childcare supports and in-work benefits.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This book reviews recent work related to Slovenia and summarised key findings and recommendations in such areas as unemployment and the labour market, skills and productivity, product market competition, corporate governance, boosting innovation and moving up the value chain, public finances, the tax system, the financial system, and greening the economy.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1144
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Women's Role in the Swiss Economy
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: En Suisse, les femmes ont désormais un niveau de formation égal à celui des hommes. Néanmoins, des progrès restent à accomplir sur le marché du travail où l’offre de main-d’oeuvre féminine et sa rémunération sont inférieures à celles des hommes. Le taux d’activité des femmes est élevé et ne cesse de croître, ce qui est contrebalancé toutefois par une forte incidence du travail à temps partiel, reflet de préférences individuelles et de facteurs qui restreignent le travail des femmes. L’insuffisance et le coût élevé des solutions de garde d’enfants, conjugués à un taux marginal d’imposition important pour les deuxièmes pourvoyeurs de revenus, dissuadent les femmes de travailler plus. L’écart net (c’est-à-dire inexpliqué) de rémunération de 7 % environ en faveur des hommes, persistant quoique en baisse, ainsi que la non-représentation des femmes parmi les dirigeants et chefs d’entreprise n’incite pas non plus ces dernières à tirer pleinement profit de leur niveau de formation élevé. Il faut donc éliminer ces obstacles en priorité, en augmentant les dépenses publiques consacrées aux structures de garde d’enfants et d’accueil parascolaire à l’échelon des cantons et des communes. Il faudrait aussi étudier la réglementation existante relative aux services de garde d’enfants pour voir s’il est possible d’élargir la gamme des prestations offertes, en termes de rapport qualité-prix. Il convient également de supprimer l’effet pénalisant implicite du mariage sur le plan fiscal, comme cela est actuellement envisagé par le Conseil fédéral. Une plus grande flexibilité dans l’aménagement du temps de travail pourrait également permettre aux femmes de réduire le coût de la conciliation entre travail et vie de famille. Ainsi, offrir aux femmes comme aux hommes la possibilité d’opter plus facilement pour des solutions comme les horaires de travail flexibles, l’annualisation des horaires, le partage de poste, le temps partiel ou le télétravail, et instituer un congé paternité et/ou un congé parental consécutif unique et non transférable pourraient aider les femmes à intégrer le marché du travail et à en sortir plus aisément. Le renforcement de la concurrence sur les marchés de produits devrait contribuer à combler l’écart de rémunération entre hommes et femmes, en remplaçant notamment certaines pratiques discriminatoires par la recherche des meilleurs talents, indépendamment du sexe. Enfin, un code de gouvernement d’entreprise en faveur d’une représentation plus égalitaire des femmes aux postes de direction et la fixation d’objectifs ambitieux pour accroître la proportion de femmes dans les conseils d’administrations, conjugués à l’adoption de la pratique « appliquer ou expliquer », ou encore l’instauration de quotas, devraient contribuer à la disparition du « plafond de verre ». Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Suisse 2013 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Suisse).
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 1-21 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:1-21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 1-21
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-21
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper proposes a novel wavelet-based approach for constructing composite indicators. The wavelet-based methodology exploits the ability of wavelet analysis to analyse the relationships between variables on a scale-by-scale, rather than aggregate, basis. A wavelet-based index which combines several scale-based subindexes is constructed by using a scale-by-scale selection of the components included in the OECD composite leading indicator (CLI) for the US. The comparison with the CLI and its derived measures indicate that the wavelet-based composite index tends to provide early signals of business cycle turning points well in advance of the OECD CLI. Moreover we find that the reliability of the signals tends to increase considerably when the sub-index obtained from the time scale components corresponding to minor cycles, that is, 2-4 years, is removed from the overall wavelet-based index. Keywords: wavelets; composite leading indicators; early warning signals JEL classification: C1; C3; C5; E3
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 9-39 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:9-39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 9-39
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-39
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the OECD’s projections for GDP growth and inflation during the global financial crisis and recovery, focusing on lessons that can be learned. Growth was repeatedly overestimated in the projections, which failed to anticipate the extent of the slowdown and later the weak pace of the recovery. Similar errors were made by many other forecasters. At the same time, inflation was stronger than expected on average. Analysis of the growth errors shows that the OECD projections in the crisis years were larger in countries with more international trade openness and greater presence of foreign banks. In the recovery, there is little evidence that an underestimate of the impact of fiscal consolidation contributed significantly to forecast errors. Instead, the repeated conditioning assumption that the euro area crisis would stabilise or ease played an important role, with growth weaker than projected in European countries where bond spreads were higher than had been assumed. But placing these errors in a historical context illustrates that the errors were not without precedent: similar-sized errors were made in the first oil price shock of the 1970s. In response to the challenges encountered in forecasting in recent years and the lessons learnt, the OECD and other international organisations have sought to improve their forecasting techniques and procedures, to improve their ability to monitor near-term developments and to better account for international linkages and financial market developments. JEL classification: E17, E27, E32, E37, E62, E66, F47, G01 Keywords: Forecasting, economic outlook, economic fluctuations, fiscal policy
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 109-127 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:109-127
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 109-127
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:109-127
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite the increased importance of cyclically-adjusted measures of labour market slack for policymaking, estimates of the NAIRU have become increasingly fragile. Particularly for euro area countries, NAIRU estimates represent a crucial input to compute cyclically-adjusted budget balances adopted to formulate medium-term fiscal objectives under the EU fiscal surveillance framework. However, the apparent reduced sensitivity of inflation to labour market dynamics and unemployment gaps seriously undermines the use of Phillips curve equations in estimating the NAIRU. Estimates of the NAIRU are particularly problematic when changes in unemployment are both very large and rapid as in the aftermath of the global crisis. This paper proposes a refinement to the standard OECD approach of using a Kalman filter to estimate the NAIRU in the context of the Phillips curve. The proposed refinement strengthens the relationship between inflation and labour market developments by considering the risk of hysteresis effects associated with changes in long-term unemployment. Testing the revised methodology on a broad selection of OECD countries gives mixed results. For a group of countries in the euro area periphery (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) there is an increase in the magnitude and statistical significance of the unemployment gap, with the NAIRU revised upward by on average 1¾ percentage points. However, the revised methodology provides less improvement to the standard OECD methodology for a second set of countries considered, namely the G7 excluding Italy. The United States is an interesting intermediate case as the statistical evidence for the proposed methodology is marginal, but the policy implications of the revised point estimate of the NAIRU are major. JEL classification: C32, E24, E31, E32, J64. Keywords: Long-term unemployment, flattening Phillips curve, NAIRU, euro area periphery, Kalman filter.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 61-96 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:61-96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 61-96
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:61-96
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new set of public health and long-term care expenditure projections until 2060, following up on the previous set of projections published in 2006. It disentangles health from long-term care expenditure as well as the demographic from the non-demographic drivers, and refines the previous methodology, in particular by better identifying the underlying determinants of health and long-term care spending and by extending the country coverage to include BRIICS countries. A cost-containment and a cost-pressure scenario are provided together with sensitivity analysis. On average across OECD countries, total health and long-term care expenditure is projected to increase by 3.3 and 7.7 percentage points of GDP between 2010 and 2060 in the cost-containment and the cost-pressure scenarios, respectively. For the BRIICS over the same period, it is projected to increase by 2.8 and 7.3 percentage points of GDP in the costcontainment and the cost-pressure scenarios, respectively.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Keywords: Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1109
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Prognoseverfahren ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; G7-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper extends the OECD Economics Department’s suite of short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth, which currently cover only the G7 countries, to the BRIICS countries. Reflecting the relative scarcity of high-quality macroeconomic time series, the paper adopts a small-scale bridge model approach. The results suggest that in terms of short-term forecast accuracy for the first and second quarter following the most recent GDP release these models outperform simple autoregressive or constant growth benchmarks. The small-scale indicator models would have allowed the identification of the growth slowdown during the global crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent rebound several months ahead of official GDP releases. Overall, forecast accuracy appears to be similar to that of the existing indicator model suite for the G7 countries, especially once the higher GDP growth volatility in most BRIICS is accounted for.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1113
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Ökosteuer ; Sozialstaat ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Subvention ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Israel ; Taxation ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm).
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1118
    Keywords: KMU ; Produktivität ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationaler Markt ; Marktanteil ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Regulierung ; Innovation ; Dänemark ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Danish productivity has grown only weakly over the past two decades, both historically and in relation to other countries, despite sound policies and institutions. At the same time, the country has lost export market shares. Denmark needs to continue its efforts to reap the benefits of globalisation, which would contribute to invigorating productivity growth. Fostering competition by removing regulatory barriers and improving public procurement would help. In addition, innovation policy needs to become more efficient and more in line with the growing importance of the service sector and knowledge-based capital. Small and medium-sized enterprises could be better integrated into global markets by improving their access to finance and developing the entrepreneurship culture. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1122
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Steuer ; Zweiter Arbeitsmarkt ; Bildung ; Wohnung ; Verkehr ; Ungarn ; Employment ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Significant labour market mismatches and insufficient mobility penalise employment and productivity. Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt. To facilitate good matching and enhance sectoral mobility, a somewhat longer duration of unemployment benefits and an upscaled Public Employment Service would be of value, as well as greater focus on reintegration in the public works programme and more efficient and developed lifelong learning. Besides skills mismatches, important geographic mismatches are illustrated by high and persistent regional disparities in the unemployment rate. Mobility is hampered by the underdevelopment of the rental housing market, while there is room to enhance the efficiency of public transport to further support commuting.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1125
    Keywords: Wettbewerbsaufsicht ; Deregulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivität ; Polen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland’s productivity has grown strongly over the past decade, and efforts to reduce the regulatory burden have been significant. Despite impressive progress, product market regulation remains more burdensome than in most OECD countries, partly due to the importance of red tape and the level of state involvement in the economy. Further reduction in red tape and pursuing privatisation in competitive markets would increase competitive pressures and ensure neutrality, notably in public procurement processes. Economic rents in many sectors seem high, as stringent entry regulations, regulatory barriers and inefficient bankruptcy procedures induce significant resource misallocation. A welcome deregulation of professional services is ongoing, and the government plans to further ease firm registrations and reform bankruptcy procedures. The independence of the sector regulators in network industries and the powers of the Competition Authority can still be enhanced, as the reform efforts in these sectors remain patchy. The dominant positions of the incumbents and the failure of network sector regulators to introduce a level playing field in order to secure third-party access to the sectoral infrastructure and allow new entry in the competitive segments are another main issue. The advantages of being considered a farmer are also slowing the consolidation process in the agricultural sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1128
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Faktorproportionentheorem ; Empirische Methode ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the importance of different determinants of trade at the industry level using a sample of 54 OECD and non-OECD economies. The empirical methodology extends the approach of previous empirical studies to explicitly quantify the impact that trading partners’ factor endowments and policies have on bilateral trade, and to analyse the effect of tariffs on the volume and composition of trade. We find that distance, common language, common border and regional trade agreements are important determinants of overall trade, and that factor endowments, policies and institutions, of both the exporter and its trading partners, are main determinants of what and where a country exports. By contrast, we find that trade policies based on tariffs on imported goods not only generate negative spillovers to trading partners by reducing their exports, but they are also likely to reduce exports of countries that impose the tariffs, in particular in industries that rely more on intermediate goods.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 159
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The shares of top income recipients in total pre-tax income have increased in OECD countries in the past three decades, particularly in most of the English-speaking countries but also in some Nordic (from low levels) and Southern European countries. Today, the richest one percent receives between 7% of all pre-tax income in Denmark and the Netherlands up to almost 20% in the United States. This increase is the result of the top 1% capturing a disproportionate share of overall income growth over the past thirty years: around 20 – 25% in Australia and the United Kingdom, up to 37% in Canada and even 47% in the United States. At the same time, tax reforms in almost all OECD countries reduced top personal income tax rates as well as rates of other taxes affecting the highest income earners. Indeed, while top tax rates were equal to or above 70% in half of the countries in the mid-1970s, this rate has been halved in many countries by 2013.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264213081
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel d'Oslo ; Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation, 3e édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Oslo ; Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Manual de Oslo: Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Manuel d'Oslo: Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation, 3e édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: 在全球经济一体化时代,激烈的竞争无处不在,创新日益成为产 出和生产率增长的核心动力。明确创新的性质和影响并形成支持创新 的适当政策和环境有利于国家和企业更好地创新,因此有效地测度创 新就显得尤为重要。《奥斯陆手册》已经成为国际认可的创新调查指南,是世界各国 测度创新必备的指导书。所涉内容包括创新的定义、类型、数据收集 及创新调查的方法与程序等。本书是《奥斯陆手册》的第3版,是OECD目前出版的最新版本,已经随着科技和创新的发展扩展了创新的定义,新增了有关非技术创 新和非OECD国家的创新调查等方面的内容。
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Warszawa : Ministry of Economy, Poland
    ISBN: 9789264216051
    Language: Polish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (153 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Poland 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: OECD Economic Surveys: Poland 2014
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in the Euro Area and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of the Euro Area, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264218482
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264217270
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Having been hit hard by the global crisis, the Portuguese government has taken action to put its economy back on track, and to correct external and budgetary imbalances. Public finances have strengthened, and the current account deficit has closed on the back of gains in competitiveness and improvements in export performance. Portugal has also been able to reduce income inequality and relative poverty, a major accomplishment during a severe crisis with record levels of unemployment. As Portugal successfully exits the EU-IMF-ECB-supported programme and emerges from recession, it is more important than ever to build on these achievements. At the request of the Portuguese authorities, the OECD has carried out an assessment of the impact of the reforms implemented to date on the economy’s longer-term growth outlook. The analysis is based on OECD indicators of the restrictiveness of Product Market Regulation (PMR) and the strictness of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). It updates the OECD report Portugal: Reforming the State to Promote Growth, published in 2013. According to the OECD’s Going for Growth exercise, Portugal is among the OECD countries with the best recent track record of responsiveness to structural reform recommendations. The reforms undertaken since 2009 to promote competition in product markets and enhance the dynamism of the labour market are expected to raise productivity and potential GDP by at least 3.5% by 2020.
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Messung ; Regionalwissenschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on “Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking”. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1141
    Keywords: 1995-2008 ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Außenhandel ; Lieferkette ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Welt ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We propose a new method to analyse the changing skills structure of employment in countries based on the input-output structure of the world economy. Demand for jobs, characterized by skill type and industry of employment, is driven by changes in technology, trade and consumption. Using structural decomposition analysis, we study the relative importance of these drivers for the period 1995-2008. In doing so, we derive a new measure of technological change in vertically integrated production chains and show that it has been skill-biased. We find that skill-biased technological change has played the most important role in the different employment growth rates of high-skilled, medium-skilled and low-skilled labour in advanced countries. For emerging countries, the patterns of employment growth are very heterogeneous.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1146
    Keywords: Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Bildung ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Lebensqualität ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Life is quite good in the United States compared to other OECD countries, thanks to strong economic growth and technological progress having lifted average income to high levels. Nonetheless, there is evidence that the benefits from growth have not been sufficiently broad based. Self-reported happiness increases with income, an issue particularly resonant in a country with among the highest levels of income inequality in the OECD and a pattern of inequality that appears to be moving toward even more concentration at the very top at the expense of the middle class and the poor. Working hours that remain among the longest in the OECD are also creating challenges for work-life balances, child education, personal care and leisure. These pressures are contributing to higher job strain and work-related stress with unhealthy consequences, including for mental health, and a detrimental impact on employability and medical costs. While these trends cannot be easily reversed, a number of policy options are being usefully rolled out and other initiatives are being considered: federal-level policies improving access to health care and early-childhood education, state-level initiatives favouring workplace flexibility, firm-level investments in job quality and greater attention to the health consequences of job-stress. If successfully adopted, they would go a long way toward improving the well-being of American working families. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1147
    Keywords: 2007 - 2014 ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Energiereserven ; Bergbauerzeugnis ; Umweltbelastung ; Rohstoffsteuer ; USA ; Energy ; Taxation ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since around 2007, the country has been enjoying an “energy renaissance” thanks to its abundant stocks of shale oil and gas. The resurgence in oil and gas production is beginning to create discernible economic impacts and has changed the landscape for natural gas prices in the United States, boosting competitiveness. In order to reap the benefits fully, significant investment is needed. Federal and state governments capture some of the resource rents, but there are potential opportunities to increase taxation and use the revenues to support future well-being. Taxing natural resource rents with profit taxes can be less distortionary than other forms of taxation, though only one state uses this form of tax. Production of shale resources, like other forms of resource extraction, poses a number of challenges for the environment. Respecting demands on water resources requires adequate water rights are in place while state and federal regulators need to monitor the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing closely and strengthen regulations as needed. Natural gas is a potential “bridge fuel” towards a lower carbon economy, helping to reduce emissions by leading to a substitution away from coal. Flanking measures are desirable to counter natural gas hindering renewables and low prices stymieing innovation. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1159
    Keywords: EU-Binnenmarkt ; Markteintritt ; Netzwerkökonomik ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Wirtschaftsintegration ; EU-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The EU Single Market remains fragmented by complex and heterogeneous rules at the EU and national levels affecting trade, capital, including foreign direct investment, and labour mobility. Further development of the Single Market and removing barriers to external trade would bring substantial growth and employment gains by enhancing resource allocation in Europe, by generating economies of scale and by strengthening competition and hence incentives to innovate. Reforming regulation and other implicit barriers can also yield a double dividend: it would stimulate cross-border activities and support the necessary reallocation process within countries. Such reallocation can cause hardships, especially for the less-skilled workers who may not be able to compete. To deal with such problems, it is important to enhance active labour market policies and training. The Single Market would also benefit from better networks between countries that can be supported by a well-targeted infrastructure policy. New digital networks can be promoted by an appropriate regulatory framework to strengthen confidence and to promote fair competition. Regarding external trade, the first-best solution is clearly multilateral trade negotiations, but short of that external trade and investment barriers can be reduced with Free Trade Agreement negotiations with the United States and other partners. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the European Union (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-european-union.htm).
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1172
    Keywords: Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Tarifverhandlungen ; Bildungspolitik ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Produktivität ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Familienpolitik ; Wassermangel ; Klimawandel ; Ökosteuer ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Structural transformation towards a more knowledge-based economy will strengthen Spain’s medium-term growth prospects. To deal with long standing impediments to higher growth the government has a substantial structural reform programme touching on education, the labour market and the business environment. Areas of particular weakness to be tackled include the high number of poorly qualified long-term unemployed, skills mismatches and a high school drop-out rate, and insufficient innovation. Spain has done well in reducing the carbon emissions intensity of GDP growth but will need to do more to meet future targets and manage its scarce water resources. The resolution of acute banking and fiscal problems, and the cyclical upswing, provide a more solid platform for sustained growth. Raising trend growth will boost job creation, which is the most effective antidote to the strong rise in poverty and inequality that accompanied the sharp deterioration in the labour market during the crisis.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1158
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Lebensqualität ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Bildung ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses data from the American Life Panel to understand the determinants of well-being in the United States during the Great Recession. It investigates how various dimensions of subjective wellbeing reflected in the OECD Better Life Framework impact subjective well-being. The results show that income is an important determinant of subjective well-being. The unemployed and the disabled are significantly less satisfied with their lives than the working population, while the retired and the homemakers are more satisfied. The paper expands the existing evidence by showing that homeowners, registered voters and those with access to health insurance have higher levels of subjective well-being. Time spent walking or exercising is positively correlated with happiness, while working more than 50 hours per week or spending time on health-related activities is negatively correlated with subjective well-being, and higher levels of anxiety. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-united-states.htm)
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1170
    Keywords: Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienfinanzierung ; Miete ; Wohnungsmarkt ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Deutschland ; Finnland ; Tschechien ; Niederlande ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Finland ; Germany ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper studies ways to stimulate the private rental sector (PRS) of the housing market – and compares experiences with policies and reforms in Germany, the Netherlands, Finland and the Czech Republic. Although in many countries the PRS has decreased in importance since the Second World War, there are signs of a growing importance and possible ‘revival’ of the PRS. A well-functioning PRS and neutrality in housing policies can improve the functioning of the housing market – by promoting residential mobility, increasing housing options for households and generating competitive supply and affordable prices. The PRS can have positive effects on the economy and labour mobility and reduce inefficiencies and risks of owner-occupied and social housing. Trade-offs between goals in housing policies, and regulatory impediments to a level playing field between segments of the housing market (owner-occupancy, social rental, private rental) are analysed. The article outlines policy options in promoting a well-functioning PRS: lessons are drawn on tenancy security, rent-setting regulations, social housing, demand subsidies, fiscal measures for rental and owner-occupied housing and barriers for PRS supply. Experiences from the countries show that it is hard to create a level playing field – there are inefficiencies in all four countries. Nonetheless, there are many positive experiences of stimulating the PRS: reforms in Finland and the Czech Republic stimulated the PRS to become a competitive and important part of the housing market, and Dutch policies are adapted to stimulate a level playing field. The ‘resilience’ of the German housing system during the economic crisis shows that the large PRS and tenure neutrality have important stabilising effects on the German economy.
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  • 86
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1145
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Deconstructing Canada's Housing Markets: Finance, Affordability and Urban Sprawl
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Les prix des logements ont sensiblement augmenté au Canada au cours des dix dernières années, portant la dette des ménages et la construction de logements à des points hauts historiques. Bien que le durcissement de la politique macroprudentielle ait ralenti la croissance des emprunts des ménages ces dernières années, l’évolution à la hausse des prix de l’immobilier d’habitation s’est poursuivie, et l’accessibilité financière du logement demeure un problème majeur dans les centres urbains. Les primo-accédants doivent par conséquent consacrer une part plus importante de leurs revenus à l’achat de leur logement et sont exposés à de futures hausses des taux d’intérêt. La construction excessive de logements en copropriété dans quelques grandes villes semble constituer un facteur de risque, en particulier s’il y avait une correction majeure des prix sur ce segment qui se répercuterait sur d’autres compartiments du marché. Le pays bénéficie d’un système de financement du logement efficace et sain, qui a bien fonctionné tout au long de la crise financière mondiale grâce à un cadre solide de surveillance financière et à la garantie explicite de l’État dont bénéficie le marché hypothécaire. Néanmoins, la position dominante occupée par la Société canadienne d’hypothèques et de logement (SCHL), une société d’État, sur le marché de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire se traduit par la concentration d’un volume de risques important au niveau des finances publiques. Une amélioration des conditions de concurrence sur le marché de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire pourrait contribuer à une diversification de ces risques et à une réduction des éléments de passif éventuel assumés par les contribuables, tandis qu’une limitation de la couverture des pertes sur prêts permettrait d’obtenir un meilleur équilibre entre les intérêts individuels et collectifs. Il est possible que plusieurs villes pâtissent d’une pénurie de logements locatifs, en particulier dans la gamme des biens immobiliers accessibles pour les ménages à faibles revenus. Les politiques d’urbanisme se sont traduites par des zones d’habitation peu denses qui contribuent au niveau relativement élevé des émissions de carbone liées aux transports. Pour remédier à ces externalités, il faut renforcer les signaux-prix en matière d’aménagement foncier, d’utilisation des routes, de congestion et de stationnement, tout en intégrant mieux la planification des transports en commun. Pour empêcher que les ménages à faibles revenus ne soient marginalisés, il faudrait que les politiques d’aménagement favorisent la mixité sociale et incitent davantage le secteur privé à construire des logements abordables. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Canada).
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 269-315 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:269-315
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 269-315
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:269-315
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article explores country-by-country differences in academic performance and attitudes towards school between students who repeated a grade in primary school, in secondary school or never repeated a grade. The analyses use PISA 2009 for 30 countries in which a relatively high proportion of students repeated a grade before the age of 15. The comparisons across countries and the examination of models of both academic and non-academic performance contribute to shed some light on the consequences of repeating a grade for students. The estimated associations suggest that in most countries examined, at the age of 15, students who repeated a grade in secondary school tend to perform better academically than do students who repeated a grade in primary school, but worse than non-repeaters. In terms of the measure of behavioural performance chosen for this analysis, attitudes towards school, in the majority of countries, non-repeaters tend to report more positive attitudes towards schools than primary and secondary-school repeaters, but the comparison between repeaters in primary and secondary schools shows less consistent patterns across countries. These differences are observed after accounting for background characteristics of the students and exploring some differential relationships between grade repetition and education outcomes according to student characteristics. The achievement and behavioural gaps among groups of repeaters may reflect differences in the development of academic and behavioural skills over the school years, as well as differences in the way these groups of students are treated across different educational systems.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 51-71 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:51-71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 51-71
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:51-71
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We develop monthly indicators for tracking short-run trends in real GDP growth in 32 advanced and emerging-market economies. We test the historical performance of our indicators and find that they do a good job at describing the business cycle. In a recursive out-of-sample forecasting exercise, we find that the indicators generally produce good real GDP growth forecasts relative to a range of time series models.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 97-108 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:97-108
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 97-108
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:97-108
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: A small simulation model is used to evaluate the contribution that the three arrows of the government’s strategy – bold monetary policy to achieve higher inflation, flexible fiscal policy and growth-boosting structural reforms – could make to reversing the rise in Japan’s public debt ratio, currently about 230% of GDP. The findings indicate that with fiscal consolidation amounting to around 7½ percentage points of GDP by 2020, modestly higher growth coming from increased female labour force participation and higher productivity growth, as well as inflation gradually rising to 2% thanks to unconventional monetary policy measures, the debt ratio could be put on a downward trajectory by the end of this decade, although it is likely to remain above 200% of GDP in 2035. Among the many uncertainties surrounding this scenario, the risk of a larger-than-projected increase in interest rates stands prominently and could prevent the turnaround in debt dynamics. JEL classification codes: E63; H68. Keywords: Japan; debt; deficit; fiscal; budget; projection; simulation; arrow; consolidation; growth; inflation; reform.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Beijing : Ministry of Science and Technology, China
    ISBN: 9789264208612
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: 专利数据是研究技术变化的重要资源。连同其他科学和技术指标如研发支出、研发 人员或创新调查数据,专利数据提供了详细的有关发明活动及发明过程多个方面(如地 理位置、技术和机构来源、个人和研究网络等)的信息来源。此外,专利数据还构成跨 时间及国家间进行比较的一个一致性的基础。不过,专利数据十分繁杂,必须谨慎小心 地设计和解释专利指标。从1994年经合组织的第1本专利手册《测度科学技术活动:用作 科技指标的专利数据》)出版以来,在数据提供和基于专利数据的统计分析方面都已取 得了长足进步。 OECD 2009年出版的《专利统计手册》汇集了本领域的近期进展状况。它为使用专利 数据来测度科技活动的范围提供了指导准则,并提出了编制和解释专利指标的建议。《专利统计手册》旨在显示专利统计数据可用于哪些用途,又不可用于哪些用途,以及 该如何进行专利统计确保可以在最大程度地提供有关科技活动的信息同时又将统计“争 议”和偏差减到最小。最后,本书描述了如何使用专利数据来分析与技术变化和专利申 请活动有关的很多问题,包括产业和科学的联系、公司的专利申请策略、研究的国际化 以及专利价值的指标等。
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1110
    Keywords: 2010 - 2012 ; Außenhandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Spillover-Effekt ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) is set to durably slow from the rates observed over 2010-12 as cyclical effects fade, potential growth declines and external financing conditions tighten. Large negative current account balances make some EMEs vulnerable to sudden reversals in capital flows while exceptionally rapid credit expansions, as those observed in Brazil, China, Poland and Turkey over the past years, may have raised financial risk. This paper assesses recent developments and vulnerabilities in EMEs and uses macroeconometric model simulations to provide quantitative estimates of spillovers to highincome countries. The results suggest that for each slowdown of 2 percentage points in EMEs, highincome countries’ growth could be around ⅔ percentage points lower on average, with around ½ percentage point accounted for by trade. Experience with past EME crises suggests that this could be exacerbated by effects from exchange rates and by financial market turbulence. OECD countries which would be hit hardest include Belgium, Japan and the Netherlands, reflecting mainly strong trade linkages with EMEs.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1112
    Keywords: Faktorproportionentheorem ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Industrieproduktion ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Welt ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial specialization has important implications for economic performance; therefore, understanding its determinants is of key policy relevance. This paper quantifies the relationship between factor endowments, policies and institutions and patterns of industrial specialisation in production using a new cross-country dataset compiled by WIOD that includes 37 OECD and non-OECD countries and 26 sectors. An advantage of this database –as compared with those used by previous studies- is that makes it possible to look at industrial specialization in terms of value added instead of gross exports, covering both services and manufactures in a panel of advanced and developing economies. The empirical methodology is based on the idea that industries vary in the conditions that they need for production, and countries differ in their ability to provide for these industry-specific requirements. We find that not only cross-country differences in factor endowments, such as capital and labour, but also differences in investment in R&D and policies or institutions, such as financial development, tariffs and taxes, and product and labour market regulation, can explain cross-country differences in industrial structure.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1117
    Keywords: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Ungelernte Arbeitskräfte ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Chile ; Employment ; Economics ; Chile ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic growth and recent policy reforms have increased employment and reduced overall poverty in Chile. Yet there are some groups that remain at the margins of the labour market and could benefit from and contribute more to growth. Women and young people have entered the labour force in greater numbers, but their participation rates remain low compared to most OECD and Latin American countries. The participation of women in the labour market is held down by economic, cultural and regulatory barriers. For youth, poor basic skills acquired through compulsory education and the weak linkages between secondary education and job related skills often limit their employment prospects. Among lowskilled workers, a high minimum wage and strict employment protection pose a barrier to employment. At the same time, education and training policies do not sufficiently reach those with poor skills and the public employment services lack the capacity to deliver high quality job-search services. The paper discusses a number of policies that could help to make the Chilean labour market more inclusive and broaden the benefits of growth. These include expanding childcare, promoting a more flexible labour market and strengthening education and skills policies, among others. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-chile.htm).
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1121
    Keywords: Gemeindesteuer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Dezentralisierung ; Gebietsreform ; Effizienzlohn ; Finnland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finnish municipalities enjoy ample fiscal autonomy and provide or arrange the provision of a large share of public services. In recent years, their spending and debt has been increasing steadily, especially because of population ageing and increases in the cost of health care and social services. Furthermore, small municipalities are often struggling to align service provision with national standards. The government has launched a reform to create more efficient municipalities through voluntary mergers. Both international experience and costs per capita across Finnish municipalities suggest an optimal size for municipalities of over 20 000 inhabitants, at least outside remote areas. As mergers are to be voluntary, the outcome of the reform remains uncertain. If merger plans prove insufficient to achieve efficient public service provision, the government could impose mergers on smaller municipalities, especially around the main urban areas. Responsibilities of smaller municipalities could be scaled back in all functions where economies of scale and scope can be achieved. Policies also need to be flexible enough to allow restructuring of services after mergers. Partnerships between public or private entities to provide services could be developed further in some areas. Finally, the tax structure and fiscal rules should be enhanced to ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1135
    Keywords: 2060 ; Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; CGE-Modell ; Szenariotechnik ; Welt ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD’s dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1140
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; Migrationspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unfavourable demographic trends in many OECD countries threaten the sustainability of potential labour resources, GDP growth and fiscal positions. One factor that is expected to mitigate these trends is continued inflows of migrant workers from low income economies. However, a rapid catch-up in productivity and wages in these traditional source countries vis-à-vis the OECD may weaken economic incentives for migration and imply a transition away from current migration patterns. This paper uses data of the high-skilled and low-skilled migrant stock between 92 origin and 44 destination countries to highlight the relationship between economic factors and migration. The paper also attempts to uncover links with policy and demographic factors prevailing in the origin and destination countries. The analysis suggests that higher skill-specific wages in the destination country are associated with more migration. This relationship appears to be particularly strong for migrants from middle-income countries, supporting theories of an inverted-U relationship between origin country economic development and the propensity to migrate. Policy differences between the destination and origin also appear important, for example in terms of regulations on businesses and labour markets, along with the relative quality of institutions. In some instances, the effects on high-skilled and low-skilled migrants differ markedly. Combining the estimated coefficients from the model with the skill-specific wage profile from the OECD long-term growth projections highlights the potential for weaker future migrant flows to OECD countries than implied by past trends and embedded in official projections.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1145
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt ; Hypothek ; Verbriefung ; Landnutzung ; Subprime-Krise ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Private Verschuldung ; Vermögensteuer ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienpreis ; Kanada ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: House prices have increased significantly in Canada over the past decade, driving household debt and residential construction activity to historical highs. Although macro-prudential tightening has slowed the pace of household borrowing in the last few years, house prices have continued to trend higher, and affordability remains a major challenge in urban centres. First-time home buyers must therefore spend more of their incomes to purchase a house and are vulnerable to future interest rate hikes. Overbuilding in the condominium sectors of some cities appears to be a source of risk, especially if a major price correction in these segments spills over into other markets. The country benefits from a sound and effective housing finance system, which performed well throughout the global financial crisis thanks to strong regulatory oversight and explicit government backing of the mortgage market. Nonetheless, the dominance of the crown corporation CMHC in the mortgage insurance market concentrates a significant amount of risk in public finances. Improving competitive conditions in the mortgage insurance market could help diversify these risks and reduce taxpayer contingent liabilities, while introducing coverage limits on loan losses would better align private and social interests. There may be a shortage of rental housing in several cities, especially in the range that low-income households can afford. Urban planning policies have resulted in low-density residential development which contributes to relatively high transport-related carbon emissions. Addressing these externalities requires stronger pricing signals for land development, road use, congestion and parking, combined with better integration of public transit planning. To prevent the marginalisation of low-income households, planning policies should support social mix and increase incentives for private-sector development of affordable housing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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