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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1.208)
  • Würzburg UB  (3)
  • 2010-2014  (1.211)
  • Economics  (1.211)
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  • 1
    Buch
    Buch
    Berlin : Dietz
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISBN: 3320007491
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Ausgabe: Separatausgabe
    Schlagwort(e): Capital ; Economics ; Quelle ; Marx, Karl 1818-1883 Das Kapital
    Anmerkung: Ausgabe ist identisch mit Bd. 23 - 25 der Werke von Marx und Engels
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Buch
    Buch
    London : Routledge/Thoemmes
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISBN: 0415153808
    Sprache: Englisch
    DDC: 330.01
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
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  • 3
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Seiten: 25 cm
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Dietl, Clara-Erika, - 1996 Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik
    Schlagwort(e): Recht / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Wirtschaft / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Politik / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Englisch / O.b. Wörterbücher, Fachausdrücke0 ; Law ; Dictionaries ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; Political ; Dictionaries ; English ; Dictionaries ; German ; Law ; Dictionaries ; German ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; German ; Political ; Dictionaries ; German ; German ; Dictionaries ; English ; Mehrsprachiges Wörterbuch ; Wörterbuch ; Deutsch ; Recht ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Politik ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Wirtschaft ; Englisch ; Recht ; Wirtschaft ; Politik
    Anmerkung: Teil 1, 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Erdsiek, Gerhard: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teil 2, 5. Aufl. mit dem Zusatz: Mit Kommentaren in deutscher und englischer Sprache , 1. - 7. Aufl , Ab 2002 parallele CD-ROM-Ausg. u.d.T.: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teilw. außerdem im Bender-Verl., New York, erschienen
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  • 4
    Buch
    Buch
    London [u.a.] : Routledge
    ISBN: 0415222400 , 0415222419 , 0415222427 , 0415222435 , 0415222443
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 24 cm
    Schlagwort(e): Spieltheorie ; Verhandlungstheorie ; Nash-Gleichgewicht ; Auktionstheorie ; Makroökonomik ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Theorie ; Wiederholte Spiele ; Evolutionäre Spieltheorie ; Social sciences ; Mathematical models ; Economics ; Mathematical models ; Social sciences ; Methodology ; Economics ; Methodology ; Game theory ; Bibliografie
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 5
    Sprache: Englisch
    Originaltitel: Das Kapital
    Schlagwort(e): Capital ; Economics
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    s.l. : ANU Press
    ISBN: 9781925021318
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Measuring and promoting wellbeing
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftstheorie ; Einkommen ; Vermögensverteilung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Lebensqualität ; Glücksforschung ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: "Australia continues to be at the forefront of international work on measuring and promoting wellbeing, Ian Castles being a significant contributor over the last forty years as an official and academic. This book combines a selection of Castles’ important work with contemporary research from a range of contributors.The material is in four parts:1. The role of economics in defining and promoting wellbeing2. Measuring real income and wellbeing3. Measuring inequality4. Climate change and the limits to growth.The issues canvassed are both long-standing and current. Does economic growth contribute to wellbeing? How different is income to wellbeing? How do we measure societal wellbeing and take its distribution into account? The book will be of value to all those looking to informed debate on global challenges such as reducing poverty, sustaining the environment and advancing the quality of life, including politicians, commentators, officials and academics
    Anmerkung: English
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319031439
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XII, 287 p. 16 illus., 15 illus. in color, online resource)
    Serie: Public Administration, Governance and Globalization 11
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. Challenges to democratic governance in developing countries
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Comparative politics ; Public administration ; Development economics ; Economics ; Development Economics ; Konferenzschrift 2012 ; Entwicklungsländer ; Governance ; Korruption ; Demokratie ; Entwicklungsländer ; Governance ; Korruption ; Demokratie
    Kurzfassung: Accountability & Transparency: Cornerstones of Democratic Governance -- Will Ghana Avoid the resource Curse? -- Tackling Cultural Corruption -- Perceptions of Societal Corruption and Levels of Trust in Government -- Citizen Engagement in Fostering Democratic Governance in Rwanda -- Organizational Culture and its Influence on Corruption: NGOS in Kenya -- Role of legislation for social accountability: a comparison of South Africa and Zambia -- Prosecute and punish: Attempts by Kenya to curb political and administrative corruption -- Corruption in African Countries: A Symptom of Leadership and Institutional Failure -- Defining corruption in the cultural context of Sub-Saharan Africa -- What are the chances? Post-Qaddafi Libya and processes of democratization/de-democratization -- Investigating the Classical Ombudsman within the Indian Context -- The Imperatives of Democracy, Governance and Leadership in the Fight against Corruption in Africa: A South African Perspective -- The Role of Civil Society in Combating Corruption and Fostering Accountability and Transparency in Uganda -- Public Management Reforms and Prevention of Corruption in Turkey: An Evaluation of the Past Decade -- Democratic Governance: Looking forward.
    Kurzfassung: Despite the large amounts of human and financial resources invested to foster democratic governance in developing countries, statistics show that the majority of these countries have not yet achieved significant improvements in living standards. While some regions make strides towards improving the living conditions of their citizens, Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, is still trapped in poverty with more than 40% of its 600 million people living below the internationally recognized absolute poverty line of one US dollar per day. Poor governance and corruption should be highlighted as the most important systemic factors contributing to poverty in developing countries. As a result the institutional foundations of these countries are weakened, public funds are misappropriated, and policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty and fostering sustainable economic growth are undermined. It is therefore not surprising that a 2008 Transparency International report found a direct link between corruption and the failure of the societal institutions designed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the majority of developing countries. This book investigates the problems of democratic governance, particularly as they relate to corruption, and also whether democracy should be based on universal principles or local context and historical factors. It also analyses the rule of law, in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption and if governmental, non-governmental organizations, and civil societies are effective in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption. This book will go beyond identifying the challenges and offer plausible solutions that could be adapted to various developing countries. It is premised on the importance of bridging theory and practice, which has been lacking in most local and international development publications, making of interest to scholars and policy-makers alike concerned with public administration in developing countries.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Accountability & Transparency: Cornerstones of Democratic GovernanceWill Ghana Avoid the resource Curse? -- Tackling Cultural Corruption -- Perceptions of Societal Corruption and Levels of Trust in Government -- Citizen Engagement in Fostering Democratic Governance in Rwanda -- Organizational Culture and its Influence on Corruption: NGOS in Kenya -- Role of legislation for social accountability: a comparison of South Africa and Zambia -- Prosecute and punish: Attempts by Kenya to curb political and administrative corruption -- Corruption in African Countries: A Symptom of Leadership and Institutional Failure -- Defining corruption in the cultural context of Sub-Saharan Africa -- What are the chances? Post-Qaddafi Libya and processes of democratization/de-democratization -- Investigating the Classical Ombudsman within the Indian Context -- The Imperatives of Democracy, Governance and Leadership in the Fight against Corruption in Africa: A South African Perspective -- The Role of Civil Society in Combating Corruption and Fostering Accountability and Transparency in Uganda -- Public Management Reforms and Prevention of Corruption in Turkey: An Evaluation of the Past Decade -- Democratic Governance: Looking forward.
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400778788
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (X, 163 p, online resource)
    Serie: SpringerBriefs in Population Studies
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. Drolet, Julie L. Social protection and social development
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Human rights ; Climate change ; Sustainable development ; Social policy ; Social work ; Economics ; Climatic changes ; Sustainable development ; Social policy ; Social work ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Internationale Sozialpolitik
    Kurzfassung: Background to the Social Protection Initiative -- International Instruments -- Definition of the Social Protection Floor -- Adaptive Social Protection -- Country Developments and Initiatives -- Appendices.
    Kurzfassung: The Social Protection Floor Initiative promotes universal access to essential social transfers and services. Presently 80% of the global population does not enjoy a set of social guarantees that allows them to deal with life’s risks such as unemployment, ill health, and natural disasters. This book explores the importance and necessity of social protection, including key concepts, universal principles and human rights, the need for context-specific policies, the role of adaptive climate change, and country examples. Social protection refers to a set of essential transfers, services and facilities that all citizens everywhere should enjoy to ensure the realization of the rights embodied in human rights treaties. The Social Protection Floor aims to facilitate and accelerate the introduction or strengthening of sustainable context-specific social protection systems. Experiences from countries around the world that have implemented components of the Social Protection Floor provide evidence of its feasibility, affordability, and impact. The promise and success of social protection is important for transformative change, social inclusion, and alliance building, and raises critical questions about current neoliberal austerity measures. This book calls for a comprehensive, multi-dimensional, integrated and innovative policy mix that recognizes the interdependency between demographic shifts, employment, labour migration, social protection, economic development, and the environment.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Background to the Social Protection InitiativeInternational Instruments -- Definition of the Social Protection Floor -- Adaptive Social Protection -- Country Developments and Initiatives -- Appendices.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658066833
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIX, 178 p. 10 illus, online resource)
    Serie: Familienunternehmen und KMU
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Pijanowski, Thomas, 1985 - Lending behavior toward family firms
    Schlagwort(e): Familienunternehmen ; Kredit ; Conjoint-Analyse ; Entrepreneurship ; Leadership ; Finance ; Economics ; Entrepreneurship ; Hochschulschrift ; Familienbetrieb ; Kreditgewährung ; Conjoint Measurement
    Kurzfassung: Research Regarding Lending Behavior toward Family Firms -- Theoretical Model -- Method, Results and Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: Sufficient capital is the basic requirement necessary to operate the business, to fund innovation, to drive growth and to successfully hand over the business to next generations. Thomas Pijanowski investigates the impact of family firms on bank loan officers’ judgment and decision making in the context of lending. Using an experimental conjoint approach and building upon behavioral economics he examines the question of whether and why loan officers deal heterogeneously with different types of family firms in the context of their credit availability decisions. The outcome of this research project holds some important implications for practitioners. Contents Research Regarding Lending Behavior toward Family Firms Theoretical Model Method, Results and Conclusion Target Groups Researchers and students in the field of business management with a focus on family business research Managers and owners of family firms, banks and bank loan officers The Author Dr. Thomas Pijanowski wrote his dissertation under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Andreas Hack and Prof. Dr. Arist von Schlippe at the Witten Institute for Family Business (WIFU) at Witten/Herdecke University. About the Editors The series Familienunternehmen und KMU is edited by Prof. Dr. Andreas Hack, Prof. Dr. Andrea Calabrò, Prof. Dr. Hermann Frank, Prof. Dr. Franz W. Kellermanns Ph.D. and Prof. Dr. Thomas Zellweger.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Research Regarding Lending Behavior toward Family FirmsTheoretical Model -- Method, Results and Conclusion.
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    ISBN: 9783642395581
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 203 p, online resource)
    Serie: China Academic Library
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. Li, Yining, 1930 - Chinese economy in disequilibrium
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Ungleichgewichtsökonomie ; Ungleichgewichtiges Wachstum ; Systemtransformation ; Sozialistische Marktwirtschaft ; China ; Political economy ; Management science ; Economic policy ; Economics ; Economics ; Economic policy ; China ; Übergangsgesellschaft ; Sozialistische Marktwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Ungleichgewichtstheorie
    Kurzfassung: Preface -- Exploring The Issues In Resource Allocation -- Market Regulation And Resource Allocation -- Government Regulation And Resource Allocation -- The Mechanism Of The Operation Of The Economy -- Rationing Equilibrium Of The Commodity Market -- Easing Supply And Demand Mismatch Under Disequilibrium Economic Conditions -- Industrial Restructuring -- Government Regulation On Agriculture -- Establishing The Order Of The Socialist Commodity Economy -- The Standardization Of Institutional Innovation.
    Kurzfassung: Known internationally as ‘Mr. Shareholding’ economist, Li Yining has had a transformative impact on China's economic transition, most notably as an early advocate of ownership reform and in his promotion of shareholding theory. By examining the interrelationship between the government, enterprises and the market, Chinese Economy in Disequilibrium presents an in-depth discussion on the issues of resource allocation, industrial structure, institutional innovation and economic fluctuation in the current Chinese economy under the condition of disequilibrium. Credited with developing the theory of economic disequilibrium, Professor Li distinguishes two types of disequilibrium on the basis of whether or not the majority of firms in the economy are viable profit-makers. In Chinese Economy in Disequilibrium, Professor Li points out that not only has China’s economy been in a state of disequilibrium, but it also has issues with enterprises not being under budget constraint. Given the limitations of market regulation under economic disequilibrium, Professor Li advocates the reform of the enterprise system and upholds the government’s leading role in the establishment of order in the socialist commodity economy. A number of measures are also proposed with the aim of facilitating the transition of China’s economy from disequilibrium to equilibrium. The central theme is that the reform and transition are means to serve economic growth and social development, which would eventually benefit the ordinary citizens in society. Yining Li is a Professor of Economics and Emeritus Dean of Peking University’s Guanghua School of Management. He is one of China’s foremost economists, and the author of twenty books and numerous articles on a wide range of economic subjects including reform and development in China. He has received a number of prestigious awards and honours for his research. As the leading proponent of a market economy in China, Professor Li has had a tremendous influence on China’s economic reform policy over the last three decades. He has served on the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China and is currently Vice-Chairman of the Economic Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PrefaceExploring The Issues In Resource Allocation -- Market Regulation And Resource Allocation -- Government Regulation And Resource Allocation -- The Mechanism Of The Operation Of The Economy -- Rationing Equilibrium Of The Commodity Market -- Easing Supply And Demand Mismatch Under Disequilibrium Economic Conditions -- Industrial Restructuring -- Government Regulation On Agriculture -- Establishing The Order Of The Socialist Commodity Economy -- The Standardization Of Institutional Innovation.
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    New York, NY : Springer New York
    ISBN: 9781461493631
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVI, 132 p. 1 illus, online resource)
    Serie: SpringerBriefs in Political Science
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Business ; Business and Management ; Globalization ; Markets ; International relations ; Social policy ; Economics ; Social policy
    Kurzfassung: Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Xi Jinping's China -- Chapter 2 The cry for Chinese democratization -- Chapter 3 The 2012-13 generational power transfer and it's perspectives -- Chapter 4 The Ethnonationalism Problem -- Chapter 5 China's new foreign policy and the West -- Chapter 6 China and its neighbors -- Chapter 7 China: The road ahead -- Chapter 8 Perspectives I: Basing China's government on legitimacy and values: An Interview with Peng Bo -- Chapter 9 Perspectives II: Coexistence between Communitarian China and the Individualistic U.S.: An Interview with Robert Martin Less.
    Kurzfassung: This book provides a critical commentary on China's situation and future outlook from the perspective of the 2012-13 generational power transfer. In this power transfer, taking place against the background of an increasingly unstable domestic situation, an apparently outstandingly successful generation of “half-communist” leaders, recently increasingly plagued by scandal, transferred responsibility to a generation confronted by mixed expectations and factional in-fighting. Many international observers doubt that the new leadership will have the will or the power to introduce serious reforms in a country that reports 100,000 riots involving more than 500 persons in public areas per year. The China of 2013 seems to be in the midst of a transition seldom seen since the 1970s. The question is if the resulting hope expressed by Chinese dissidents and Western leaders for a “necessary” development of China's still largely autocratic system towards a kind of context-adequate democracy is plausible or not. Featuring incisive commentary by the authors and interviews with experts on the region’s political economy, the volume addresses such timely questions as: Should “rapid democratization” of China be the strategic goal of the West or rather a step-by-step approach towards the “rule of law“ first, and “illiberal democracy” to follow? Should the West be more worried about a thriving China, or a China in crisis? Will China’s success contribute to the success of the global community and the world order system, or be a threat to it? What can the West do to help China develop more participatory and inclusive approaches in order to secure social stability? And how can the West strengthen its democratic allies on China’s borders? Endorsements “This is a book I recommend to students and teachers around the globe. It provides a concise introduction into present China’s main problems, questions and perspectives. A must for all who try to understand the rising Pacific giant not through short-term answers, but through long-term questions.” Professor Ole Bruun, Institute for Society and Globalization, Roskilde University, Denmark “The rise of China to global superpower calls for clear, condensed, yet comprehensive comments for the broader public. This book accomplishes those goals, providing a quick yet comprehensive introduction into what we may expect as the Middle Kingdom seeks to assert what it increasingly sees as its rightful role as a leading world power.” Professor Richard Appelbaum, MacArthur Foundation Chair in Global & International Studies and Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara “The new constellation between China and the West needs inspiring departure points of discussion, which may be sober or provocative. This booklet is both in one. It should be used as a basis for in-depth discussion and I recommend it for classrooms and the global civil society debate.” Professor Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Mellichamp Professor of Global Studies and Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ForewordPreface -- Chapter 1 Xi Jinping's China -- Chapter 2 The cry for Chinese democratization -- Chapter 3 The 2012-13 generational power transfer and it's perspectives -- Chapter 4 The Ethnonationalism Problem -- Chapter 5 China's new foreign policy and the West -- Chapter 6 China and its neighbors -- Chapter 7 China: The road ahead -- Chapter 8 Perspectives I: Basing China's government on legitimacy and values: An Interview with Peng Bo -- Chapter 9 Perspectives II: Coexistence between Communitarian China and the Individualistic U.S.: An Interview with Robert Martin Less.
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Innsbruck : innsbruck university press
    ISBN: 9783902936424
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 electronic resource (100 p.))
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Regional economic development compared
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Vergleich ; USA (Südstaaten) ; EU-Staaten ; Media studies ; Urban communities ; Economics ; Economic systems & structures ; Finance ; Media, information & communication industries
    Kurzfassung: "Comparing economic development in a regional context both in the South of the United States and in the European Union today raises many fascinating questions. How much money in the form of tax credits and subsidies should communities and states invest to attract foreign investors in the U.S.? Should individual states and communities in the U.S. commit public funds in the form of tax money and tax credits etc. to bring foreign businesses to their shores? Is theargument of bringing “jobs” and more employment home the only argument that should count politically? Or might these generous subsidies doled out to foreign businesses from public funds deprive local populations from improving their infrastructure and public education? What if these foreign investors then locate to other shores if their investments are not profitable enough in the short run?Might foreign investors come to the American South because it has never been unionized like the rest of the country? Is the attraction of the non-union South then only a means to get away from the burdens of stricter worker protection and social programs at home in Germany or Austria or elsewhere?
    Kurzfassung: Der Vergleich zwischen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung im Süden der USA und der EU im regionalen Kontext wirft eine Vielzahl von spannenden Fragen auf. Wie viel Geld sollten Gemeinden und Länder in Form von Förderungen und Steuererleichterungen in die Hand nehmen, um ausländische Investoren in die USA zu ziehen? Sollen die einzelnen amerikanischen Staaten und Gemeinden überhaupt öffentliche Gelder einsetzen, um ausländische Unternehmungen an Land zu ziehen? Genügt das Argument vieler PolitikerInnen, dass damit neue Arbeitsplätze in der Region geschaffen werden, oder ist es nicht vielmehr so, dass diese Mittel dann in anderen Bereichen wie Infrastruktur und Bildung fehlen? Und was geschieht, wenn die Unternehmer ihre Betriebe wieder ins Ausland abziehen, weil sie nicht genug profitieren? Zieht es ausländische Investoren in den Süden der USA, weil es hier im Gegensatz zu den anderen Staaten keine gewerkschaftlichen Organisationen gibt? Und sollen damit lediglich strikter Arbeiterschutz und soziale Unterstützungen, wie sie in Österreich oder Deutschland gang und gäbe sind, umgangen werden?
    Anmerkung: English
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    ISBN: 9783642381577
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 160 p. 56 illus., 46 illus. in color, online resource)
    Serie: Understanding China
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. China cultural and creative industries reports 2013
    Schlagwort(e): Humanities ; Economics ; Applied psychology ; Humanities / Arts ; Humanities ; Economics ; Applied psychology
    Kurzfassung: This newly released set of reports from the PRC is packed with current information and opinions on China’s Cultural and Creative Industries. Written by leading Chinese experts in their respective CCI fields, it is the first publication of its kind prepared for the global market in English. The reports present readers with key facts and figures in a compact format, offering an invaluable resource for potential investors, industry, researchers, government departments, and students who want to inform themselves with ‘insider’ information on the PRC across a range of industries - film, online new media, the performing arts, fine art, news and publishing, broadcasting and TV, advertising, animation and games. In 2013, Mainland China is in the golden age of CCI’s. The world and the PRC are enthusiastic to jointly engage in the CCIs and the associated business developments that are rapidly growing with the new rising ‘suns’ of China
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: IntroductionReport One Film Industry -- Report Two News and Publishing Industry -- Report Three Broadcasting and TV Industry -- Report Four Animation and Games Industry -- Report Five Online New Media Industry -- Report Six Advertising Industry -- Report Seven Fine Art Industry -- Report 8 Development of the Performing Arts -- Index.
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 14
    Buch
    Buch
    Cham [u.a.] : Springer
    ISBN: 9783319049892
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: XV, 193 S. , Ill.
    Serie: SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice 18
    Serie: SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice
    DDC: 301.092
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Beck, Ulrich ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Wirtschaft ; Social sciences ; System safety ; Economics ; Social Sciences ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bibliografie ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bibliografie ; Beck, Ulrich 1944-2015
    URL: Cover
    URL: Cover
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9783709116494
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVI, 298 p. 57 illus, online resource)
    Serie: Yearbook on Space Policy
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Law of the sea ; International law ; Aerospace engineering ; Engineering ; Political science ; Astronautics ; Economic policy ; Engineering ; Astronautics ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: From the Contents: Part I European Space Activities in the Global Context -- Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies throughout the World and in Europe -- Part II The Effect of the Financial Crisis on Political Decision-Making -- The Psychology and Reality of the Financial Crisis in Terms of Space Cooperation -- Part III Chronology: June 2011 - May 2012 -- Bibliography of Space Policy Publications July 2011 - June 2012
    Kurzfassung: The Yearbook on Space Policy is the reference publication analyzing space policy developments. Each year it presents issues and trends in space policy and the space sector as a whole. Its scope is global and its perspective is European. The Yearbook also links space policy with other policy areas. It highlights specific events and issues, and provides useful insights, data and information on space activities. The Yearbook on Space Policy is edited by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) based in Vienna, Austria. It combines in-house research and contributions of members of the European Space Policy Research and Academic Network (ESPRAN), coordinated by ESPI. The Yearbook is designed for government decision-makers and agencies, industry professionals, as well as the service sectors, researchers and scientists and the interested public
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: From the Contents: Part I European Space Activities in the Global ContextDevelopments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies throughout the World and in Europe -- Part II The Effect of the Financial Crisis on Political Decision-Making -- The Psychology and Reality of the Financial Crisis in Terms of Space Cooperation -- Part III Chronology: June 2011 - May 2012 -- Bibliography of Space Policy Publications July 2011 - June 2012.
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Innsbruck : innsbruck university press
    ISBN: 9783902936400
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (252 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Ethnic studies ; Cultural studies ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This volume examines ways of dealing with money as social and cultural forms. Empirical examples from the discipline of European Ethnology encompass modified bank notes, regional monies, Deutschmark-nostalgia, the role of pocket money in parenting, pawned money, money gifts and remittances. In all of them, money can be read as a means of social positioning, as a way of negotiating belonging, as biographical self-emancipation and as social inclusion and exclusion. The case studies share one aim: by deconstructing economic as social practices, the economy as such can be anthropologized (Paul Rabinow), i.e. stripped off its allegedly self-evident universal claim and revealed in its culturally, socially and historically specific functions
    Anmerkung: German
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9781607853060
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 electronic resource (277 p.))
    Schlagwort(e): USA ; Literature & literary studies ; Society & social sciences ; Society & culture: general ; Popular culture ; Economics ; Political economy
    Kurzfassung: Capital at the Brink reveals the pervasiveness, destructiveness, and dominance of neoliberalism within American society and culture. The contributors to this collection also offer points of resistance to an ideology wherein, to borrow Henry Giroux’s comment, “everything either is for sale or is plundered for profit.” The first step in fighting neoliberalism is to make it visible. By discussing various inroads that it has made into political, popular, and literary culture, Capital at the Brink is taking this first step and joining a global resistance that works against neoliberalism by revealing the variety of ways in which it dominates and destroys various dimensions of our social and cultural life.With essays by Paul A. Passavant, Noah De Lissovoy, Robert P. Marzec, Jennifer Wingard, Zahi Zalloua, Jodi Dean, Andrew Baerg, Jeffrey R. Di Leo, Christopher Breu and Uppinder Mehan
    Anmerkung: English
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402068171
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 211 p, online resource)
    Serie: The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology 10
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. In pursuit of nanoethics
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Law ; Economics ; Social sciences ; Nanotechnology ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Law ; Economics ; Social sciences ; Nanotechnology ; Nanotechnology ; Moral and ethical aspects ; Nanotechnology ; Social aspects
    Kurzfassung: This volume assembles an interdisciplinary team of leading academics, industry figures, policymakers and NGO’s to consider the legal, ethical and social issues that are raised by innovations in nanoscience and nanotechnology. By bringing together international experts from a diverse range of fields this volume addresses the implications and impact that nanotechnology has on society. Through the exploration of six key themes the contributors analyse both the impact of nanotechnology and the emergence of the concept of nanoethics. Each section includes authors from both sides of the political and scientific divide - incorporating both positive and negative perspectives on nanotechnology, as well as including discussions of associated concepts such as converging technologies. The result provides for the widest and most balanced discussion of these issues to date
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319017242
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIII, 214 p, online resource)
    Serie: SpringerLink
    Serie: Bücher
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. Al-Ameen, Abayomi Antitrust: the Person-centred approach
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Kartellrecht ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Rechtsprechung ; Capability-Ansatz ; Economics ; Law ; Law ; Economics ; Kartellrecht ; Rechtsnorm ; Durchsetzung ; Rechtsprechung
    Kurzfassung: This book proposes a different approach to theorising and analysing antitrust issues, working on the premise that at present, antitrust is addressed from top-down and narrow perspectives which in effect limit the attention paid to or exclude issues that could otherwise be considered. This reasoning is motivated by the pursuit of inclusiveness and broadness in the antitrust context. The work contends that traditional top-down antitrust theories are weak because they are incomplete and insufficient in their description and analysis of antitrust issues. Thus, it identifies the need to construct a bottom-up approach. Invariably, such an approach would have to avoid ex ante judgments about the suitability of the normative contents of antitrust laws and theories, lest it fall into the same trap that plagues traditional theories. As a possible solution, the author proposes a procedural account referred to as the person-centred approach (built on theories such as Sen’s Capability) and carefully reviews its practicality
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Introduction2. Antitrust - The “Other” Mode of Analysis -- 3. The Person-Centred Approach to Antitrust -- 4. Antitrust Right -- 5. Capability Approach: The Framework for the Person-centred Analysis -- 6. Antitrust Pluralism and Justice -- 7 Person-centred Approach and Antitrust Enforcement -- 8. Conclusion.      .
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    London : Anthem Press
    ISBN: 9781783082407
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 327 Seiten)
    Serie: Anthem Frontiers of Global Political Economy
    Schlagwort(e): Financial crises ; Finance ; Economic development ; Finance ; Economics ; Business & Economics / Development / Economic Development ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Weighing up the costs and benefits of economic interdependence in a finance-driven world, this book argues that globalization, understood and promoted as absolute freedom for all forms of capital, has been oversold to the Global South, and that the South should be as selective about globalization as the North. 'Liberalization, Financial Instability and Economic Development' challenges the orthodoxy on the link between financial deepening and economic growth, as well as that between the efficiency of financial markets and the benefits of liberalization. Ultimately, the author urges developing countries to control capital flows and asset bubbles, preventing financial fragility and crises, and recommends regional policy options for managing capital flows and exchange rates
    URL: Cover  (Thumbnail cover image)
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group
    ISBN: 1464803846 , 9781464803840
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xix, 120 pages) , illustrations , 24 cm
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Streamlined analysis with ADePT software
    Schlagwort(e): ADePT simulation module ; ADePT simulation module ; Business cycles Computer simulation ; Economics Computer simulation ; Economics Simulation methods ; Computer programs ; Income distribution Computer simulation ; Macroeconomics Computer simulation ; Well-being Economic aspects ; Computer simulation ; Business cycles Computer simulation ; Economics Computer simulation ; Economics Simulation methods ; Computer programs ; Income distribution Computer simulation ; Macroeconomics Computer simulation ; Well-being Economic aspects ; Computer simulation ; ADePT simulation module ; Business cycles ; Economics ; Economics ; Income distribution ; Macroeconomics ; Well-being
    Kurzfassung: "Simulating Distributional Impacts of Macro-dynamics: Theory and Practical Applications is a comprehensive guide for analyzing and understanding the effects of macroeconomic shocks on income and consumption distribution, as well as for using the ADePT Simulation Module. Since real-time micro data is rarely available, the Simulation Module (part of the ADePT economic analysis software) takes advantage of historical household surveys to estimate how current or proposed macro changes might impact household and individual welfare"--Back cover
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-113) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 online resource (1 volume)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Economic forecasting ; Electronic books ; Electronic books ; local
    Kurzfassung: Navigate the economy with this insightful new book The world is awash with economic information. Governments release reports. Pundits give their interpretation on television. And the stock market may go its own way, confusing everyone. How can you better understand what it means for you? Big Picture Economics , a new book by award-winning columnist and futurist Joel Naroff and veteran journalist Ron Scherer, says the thread that ties everything together is "context." The authors show how consumers, business, the Federal Reserve, and government take into account what's going on around them to make critical decisions like buying new products, building new factories, changing interest rates, or setting budget goals. The book provides a clear roadmap to understanding the whole story behind the global economy. Big Picture Economics helps readers understand how context impacts decisions and decision makers. The Federal Reserve and Congress in formulating economic policy Consumers in a shopper nation and what makes us buy or not buy Corporations making decisions on whether to build new factories and buy other companies The federal budget that must deal with complex issues, including the reduction of health care spending A simple test for tax cuts or increases: will they help the economy grow? Where to produce and where to sell in a global economy that is more like a Mobius strip than a flat world International events that can ripple through the economy and ultimately affect workers in the Midwest Technology, such as intelligent drones to wearable computers, are changing the future Experts laud the book for its perceptive insights: "It all sounds like common sense, but it is actually based on a close, expert reading of economic history and what that history implies for the future. Read this book to become a more educated judge of economic policy." -Robert Moffitt , Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Economics at Johns Hopkins University "Naroff and Scherer show how seemingly unrelated things like an upgrade of the Panama Canal, a Tex-Mex restaurant's menu change, or how many Americans are overweight turn out to be intricately linked to our daily experiences. What brings the book to life is the authors' focus on these hidden interconnections." -Brendan Conway , blogger and columnist, Barron's
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on online resource; title from title page (Safari, viewed January 21, 2015)
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  • 23
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1142
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow-down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.
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  • 24
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1178
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Environmental policies seek to address market failures related to the protection of the environment. However, they may also increase barriers to entry and distort competition. If stringent environmental policies can be designed in a way that minimises such economic burdens, they can facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental goals and a cleaner growth model. This paper reports evidence on selected competition-relevant aspects of environmental policy design from a cross-country questionnaire. Information on administrative burdens related to environmental licenses, differential treatment among incumbents and new entrants and the procedures to evaluate economic effects of environmental policies are summarised in a set of indicators of the Burden on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP). The indicators allow for a set of tentative conclusions. Firstly, the BEEP captures information on anti-competitive regulations absent from the OECD’s product market regulation indicators (PMR). Secondly, though it is not yet possible to evaluate the economic impact of anti-competitive aspects of environmental policies, it is likely they impact well beyond the sectors directly concerned, hampering productivity growth, as shown for other product market regulations. Finally, the burdens of environmental policies are not related to their actual stringency, indicating that ambitious environmental targets can be pursued in ways that are more (or less) friendly to competition.
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  • 25
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1174
    Schlagwort(e): Taxation ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for European Union (EU) countries. These elasticities are used by the European Commission, as part of the EU fiscal surveillance process, to calculate the semi-elasticity of the budget balance as a percentage of GDP with respect to the output gap. The study updates the earlier 2005 study of OECD economies using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to the 28 EU member states, seven of which are not OECD members. The same basic two-step methodology is retained: revenue and expenditure elasticities with respect to the output gap being defined as the product of, first, the elasticities of individual revenue and expenditure items with respect to their bases and, second, the elasticities of these bases with respect to the output gap. A number of refinements and methodological improvements are made relative to the 2005 study. The revisions to individual elasticities relative to the 2005 vintage are significant in a number of cases but do not follow a clear pattern across countries, except for the elasticities of corporate income tax revenue which are revised up in most cases.
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  • 26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1176
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Environmental policies address wellbeing and sustainability objectives, affecting firm and household behaviour. A newly developed, cross-country composite proxy of environmental policy stringency (EPS) shows that stringency has been increasing across OECD countries over the past two decades. However, the tightening environmental policies have had little effect on aggregate productivity, spurring primarily short-term adjustments. Nevertheless, they have led to various effects within the economy - the most technologically advanced industries and firms have seen a small increase in productivity, possibly being in the best position to adapt. Least productive firms have seen their productivity fall. Part of the effect is likely to have taken place through entry and exit of firms and relocation of activities. Finally, this project provides evidence on the anti-competitive bias of some aspects of environmental policies. The indicator of Burdens on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP) shows that barriers to entry and competition, and the consideration given to economic effects of environmental policies vary notably across countries, but that this variation is not related to the stringency of policies. Hence, to support both economic and environmental outcomes, stringent environmental policies can and should be implemented with minimum barriers to entry and competition.
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : CRC Press | Boston, MA : Safari
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 online resource (258 pages)
    Ausgabe: 1st edition
    Schlagwort(e): Business enterprises ; Finance ; Economics ; Commerce ; Electronic books ; local
    Kurzfassung: Environmental finance is about creating the greatest environmental benefit for the largest number of people at the lowest possible cost. That is the first and most important principle listed in Finance Policy for Renewable Energy and a Sustainable Environment . Focusing on what the author considers to be the 23 principles of environmental finance, this text examines the key financial principles necessary to build strategies and adopt policies to deal effectively with environmental challenges. The text encourages making financial decisions based on science, not politics, and considers what it takes to design and execute environmental finance programs in the most cost-effective way possible. Providing a historical overview of how we got to where we are now, and outlining the 23 principles needed to establish a stronger foundation for the future, this text presents the basic financial tools required to understand the concepts presented. It discusses the proper roles of grants, loans and guaranties, the concept and proper use of affordability, understanding leverage, and generating revenue streams for environmental programs. It also examines subsidies, financial risk reduction strategies, and the challenges posed by alternative energy as well as the next generation of environmental programs. As it relates to how environmental projects and improvements are achieved, Finance Policy for Renewable Energy and a Sustainable Environment outlines the greatest benefits at the lowest possible cost to the public. This text is an ideal resource for upper-level undergraduate students in environmental engineering and business courses, as well as practicing environmental engineers.
    Anmerkung: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed March 18, 2014) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221765
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Economic Globalisation; Origins and consequences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La mondialisation économique ; Origines et conséquences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Globalización económica ; Orígenes y consecuencias
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Es gibt kaum ein Thema, das so kontrovers ist – und gleichzeitig so wenig verstanden wird – wie die Globalisierung. Die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung im weitesten Sinne kann zwar auf eine ebenso lange Geschichte zurückblicken wie der Handel selbst, doch die Komplexität, die sich aus der globalen Vernetzung der Volkswirtschaften ergibt, sowie deren Auswirkungen auf unsere Lebensgrundlagen haben sich durch die globale Finanzkrise noch verstärkt. Diese Publikation beschreibt die entscheidenden Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der wirtschaftlichen Integration und insbesondere die Beschleunigung des Globalisierungsprozesses seit den 1990er Jahren. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung in vier maßgeblichen Bereichen – Beschäftigung, Entwicklung, Umwelt und Finanzstabilität – erörtert: Fördert Globalisierung die Entwicklung oder verstärkt sie die Ungleichheit? Werden durch Globalisierung Arbeitsplätze geschaffen oder vernichtet? Schädigt Globalisierung die Umwelt oder trägt sie zu ihrem Erhalt bei? Steuern wir auf eine Entglobalisierung zu oder kann die Globalisierung sogar die Erholung begünstigen?
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215955
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: This book provides an overview of the key challenges faced by Japan and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of Japan, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264216006
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in Germany and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of Germany, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214637 , 9789264224117
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (520 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Lequiller, François Understanding national accounts
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; International ; Welt ; Economics ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung
    Kurzfassung: This second edition of Understanding National Accounts, that provides a comprehensive explanation of how national accounts are compiled, contains new data and new chapters, and is adapted to the new systems of national accounts, SNA 2008 and ESA 2010, that came into effect in September 2014. It approaches national accounts from a truly global perspective, with special chapters dedicated to international comparisons, globalisation and well-being as well as to the national systems used in major OECD economies, such as the United States. Each chapter of the manual uses practical examples to explain key concepts in national accounts in a clear and accessible way. And, each chapter concludes with a synthesis of key points covered in the chapter, followed by resources for further exploring the topic, and by a set of exercises to test your knowledge. It is an ideal guide to national accounts for students and other interested readers.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264214262
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. How was life?
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): 1820-2010 ; Lebensqualität ; Soziale Lage ; Sozialgeschichte ; Geschichte ; Welt ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Geschichte ; Daten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Erde
    Kurzfassung: How was life in 1820, and how has it improved since then? What are the long-term trends in global well-being? Views on social progress since the Industrial Revolution are largely based on historical national accounting in the tradition of Kuznets and Maddison. But trends in real GDP per capita may not fully re­flect changes in other dimensions of well-being such as life expectancy, education, personal security or gender inequality. Looking at these indicators usually reveals a more equal world than the picture given by incomes alone, but has this always been the case? The new report How Was Life? aims to fill this gap. It presents the first systematic evidence on long-term trends in global well-being since 1820 for 25 major countries and 8 regions in the world covering more than 80% of the world’s population. It not only shows the data but also discusses the underlying sources and their limitations, pays attention to country averages and inequality, and pinpoints avenues for further research. The How Was Life? report is the product of collaboration between the OECD, the OECD Development Centre and the CLIO-INFRA project. It represents the culmination of work by a group of economic historians to systematically chart long-term changes in the dimensions of global well-being and inequality, making use of the most recent research carried out within the discipline. The historical evidence reviewed in the report is organised around 10 different dimensions of well-being that mirror those used by the OECD in its well-being report How’s Life?, and draw on the best sources and expertise currently available for historical perspectives in this field. These dimensions are:per capita GDP, real wages, educational attainment, life expectancy, height, personal security, political institutions, environmental quality, income inequality and gender inequality.
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264175617
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: Esenciales OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: En la actualidad oímos por doquier la expresión “desarrollo sostenible”, pero ¿qué significa realmente? ¿De qué manera la producción y el consumo lo afectan?¿La globalización de la economía la está ayudando u obstaculizando? ¿Se puede medir la sostenibilidad a través de las herramientas tradicionales del análisis económico? ¿Qué pueden hacer los gobiernos, las empresas y las personas para fomentarla? La OCDE genera información, investigación y recomendaciones de políticas sobre muchos temas relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible, incluidos el cambio climático, la cooperación con los países en desarrollo y la responsabilidad social corporativa. Esenciales OCDE: Desarrollo sostenible se basa en esa experiencia. Señala que, para ser sostenible, el desarrollo debe basarse en el avance simultáneo de tres áreas: la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente.
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215962
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This book provides an overview of the key challenges faced by China and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of China, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Warszawa : Ministry of Economy, Poland
    ISBN: 9789264216051
    Sprache: Polnisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (153 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Poland 2014
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: OECD Economic Surveys: Poland 2014
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Poland
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Seoul : OECD/Korea Policy Centre, Korea
    ISBN: 9789264216068
    Sprache: Koreanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (242 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. How's Life? 2013; Measuring Well-being
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: How's Life? 2013: Measuring Well-being
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: 모든 사람은 좋은 삶을 살기를 원하다. 그러나 “좋거나 더 나은 삶”은 무엇을 의미하는가? How’s Life? 제 2판은 사람들의 삶과 웰빙을 결정하는 중요한 측면 -소득, 직업, 주거, 건강, 일과 삶의 균형, 교육, 사회적 관계, 시민참여와 거버넌스, 환경, 개인적 안전, 주관적 웰빙- 들에 대한 업데이트를 제공한다 . 이 책은 사람들의 물질적 삶의 조건과 인구 전체의 삶의 질을 살펴봄으로써 OECD 국가들과 기타 주요 국가들의 웰빙에 대한 포괄적인 상황을 보여준다. 폭넓은 범위의 비교 가능한 웰빙 지표들을 통하여 이 보고서는 다양한 웰빙 영역에서 국가들이 다른 수행도를 보여줌을 나타낸다. 예를 들면 OECD 지역 내 저소득 국가들은 주관적 웰빙과 일과 삶의 균형에서 매우 좋은 성과를 보이는 경향이 있다. 이 보고서는 웰빙에 대한 더 나은 정보에 대한 시민들의 욕구에 부응하고 사회적 진보에 대한 좀 더 정확한 상황을 얻기를 위하는 정책 입안가들의 필요에 부응한다. 또한 본 보고서는 특히 중요한 웰빙 영역에서 분야를 초월한 4가지 핵심 이슈에 대한 심층 연구결과를 제시한다. 첫째, 본 보고서는 어떻게 웰빙이 글로벌 금융위기 동안에 변화했는지를 분석한다. 글로벌 금융위기의 어떤 영향은 장기적으로만 나타나지만 본 보고서는 위기가 사람들의 웰빙의 경제적인 그리고 비 경제적인 측면에서 커다란 영향을 끼침을 발견한다. 둘째, 본 보고서는 웰빙에서의 양성격차를 관찰하는데 남성에게 유리한 전통적 성별격차가 줄었지만 여전히 사라지지 않았음을 보인다. 또한 여성과 남성이 웰빙 성과가 좋은 영역은 서로 다르며 과제와 역할을 더 많이 공유하게 되었음을 발견한다. 셋째, 본 보고서는 고용의 질과 직장 내에서의 웰빙을 관찰한다. 본 보고서는 직장에서 사람들의 헌신을 이끌어내고 어려운 일을 처리할 능력을 강화하는 주요 요소들에 대한 증거를 제시한다. 마지막으로 본 보고서의 마지막 장은 현재 웰빙과 미래 웰빙 사이의 관계를 연구한다. 즉, 시간의 경과에 따른 웰빙에 대한 정의를 내리고 측정을 하는 방법을 고찰한다. How’s Life?는 2011년에 OECD 창설 50주년을 기념하여 착수된 OECD 더 나은 삶 이니셔티브의 일환이다. OECD 더 나은 삶 이니셔티브는 OECD 의 가장 중요한 임무와 맥을 함께 하는 “더 나은 삶을 위한 더 나은 정책(Better Policies for Better Lives)”을 권장하는 것이 목적이다. OECD 더 나은 삶 이니셔티브의 또 다른 주요 내용은 시민들을 사회적 진보에 관한 토론에 참여시키는 것을 목적으로 하는 쌍방향 웰빙 종합 지표인 더 나은 삶 지표 ( www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org ), 이다.
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  • 37
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2014/03
    Schlagwort(e): Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Messung ; Regionalwissenschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on “Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking”. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1143
    Schlagwort(e): Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Binnenwanderung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Kanada ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Skills shortages have developed in certain fields and regions in recent years. Earnings premiums for people in some professions, notably health, engineering and skilled trades have increased. And vacancy rates have risen for skilled trades, with the increase being particularly large in Alberta and Saskatchewan. While reforms have been implemented to strengthen adjustment so as to overcome these shortages, there is still room to go further by improving labour market information, increasing responsiveness of the education and training system to labour market demand, making the immigration system more reactive to current labour market conditions and reducing regulatory barriers to inter-provincial labour mobility. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm).
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1144
    Schlagwort(e): Frauen ; Lohnstruktur ; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung ; Bildung ; Personalführung ; Schweiz ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Swiss women are now as well educated as their male counterparts. However, progress remains to be made in the job market where both the supply and price of female labour are below that of men. While the participation rate for women is high and rising, it is offset by a heavy incidence of part-time work, reflecting both personal preferences and factors that limit their labour supply. The lack and high cost of childcare options for parents, as well as burdensome marginal income tax rates for second earners, create disincentives to work more. A falling but persistent net (i.e. unexplained) wage gap of about 7% in favour of men, coupled with under-representation of women as managers and entrepreneurs, further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital. Priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and out-of-school-hours care at the cantonal and municipal levels. Existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible. The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market. Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the “Comply or Explain” practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Switzerland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Switzerland).
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  • 40
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (17 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1151
    Schlagwort(e): 2008 - 2013 ; Risiko ; Privater Konsum ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Simulation ; Vergleich ; VAR-Modell ; Griechenland ; Portugal ; Irland ; Economics ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Uncertainty faced by households and firms affects economic activity. The rise in uncertainty since the beginning of the sovereign debt crisis in Greece could be one factor that has contributed to the steep and long-lasting recession. This paper presents a brief empirical analysis quantifying this phenomenon and compares it with developments in Ireland and Portugal. Overall, this analysis shows that the uncertainty impact on growth has been relatively small in Greece between 2008 and 2013, although stronger than in Ireland or Portugal. This quantification appears to be robust to various specification changes of the vector auto regressive models developed for this exercise. This working paper relates to the 2013 Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/greece)
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1153
    Schlagwort(e): Altersarmut ; Soziale Mobilität ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Altersvorsorge ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: To strengthen social cohesion, a top government priority, it is essential to address the labour market roots of inequality by breaking down dualism to reduce the share of non-regular workers and to boost the employment ratio toward the government’s 70% target. Education reforms are also important to enhance social mobility. Social welfare programmes should be improved to make them more effective, especially among the elderly, where the relative poverty rate is 49%. In addition, reforms are needed now to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme, company pensions and individual savings. High household debt also has adverse implications for equity, as well as for growth, as individuals with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. Policies to offer credit to such households and restructure their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending, are essential. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1162
    Schlagwort(e): KMU ; Kreativsektor ; Unternehmensgründung ; Risikokapital ; Crowdfunding ; Business Angels ; Börsengang ; Entrepreneurship ; Übernahme ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The Korean government has made fostering a “creative economy” a top priority. The goal is to shift Korea's economic paradigm to one based on innovation in which new start-ups and venture businesses play a key role. However, the venture capital market is still at an early stage of development. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-andacquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. The productivity gap between large firms and SMEs, which benefit from a wide range of public support, is widening. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs.
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  • 43
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1167
    Schlagwort(e): 1970 - 2014 ; Zins ; Öffentliche Anleihe ; Kapitaleinkommen ; Währungsreserven ; Geldpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper describes developments in real long-term interest rates in the main OECD economies and surveys their various determinants. Real long-term government bond yields declined from the 1980s to very low levels in the recent period, though they have not reached the historical lows of the 1970s. The decline in real interest rates has been driven by a combination of factors whose importance has varied over time. In the 1990s, the decline in inflation levels and in volatility was key. In the 2000s, purchases of US government bonds by official investors in emerging market economies, played an important role. More recently, quantitative easing and other unconventional monetary policy action, and possibly the Basel-III-induced increase in bank demand for safe assets, have been main drivers. Higher perceptions of risks after the last crisis do not seem to have put lasting downward pressures on government bond yields.
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  • 44
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1170
    Schlagwort(e): Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienfinanzierung ; Miete ; Wohnungsmarkt ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Deutschland ; Finnland ; Tschechien ; Niederlande ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Finland ; Germany ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This Working Paper studies ways to stimulate the private rental sector (PRS) of the housing market – and compares experiences with policies and reforms in Germany, the Netherlands, Finland and the Czech Republic. Although in many countries the PRS has decreased in importance since the Second World War, there are signs of a growing importance and possible ‘revival’ of the PRS. A well-functioning PRS and neutrality in housing policies can improve the functioning of the housing market – by promoting residential mobility, increasing housing options for households and generating competitive supply and affordable prices. The PRS can have positive effects on the economy and labour mobility and reduce inefficiencies and risks of owner-occupied and social housing. Trade-offs between goals in housing policies, and regulatory impediments to a level playing field between segments of the housing market (owner-occupancy, social rental, private rental) are analysed. The article outlines policy options in promoting a well-functioning PRS: lessons are drawn on tenancy security, rent-setting regulations, social housing, demand subsidies, fiscal measures for rental and owner-occupied housing and barriers for PRS supply. Experiences from the countries show that it is hard to create a level playing field – there are inefficiencies in all four countries. Nonetheless, there are many positive experiences of stimulating the PRS: reforms in Finland and the Czech Republic stimulated the PRS to become a competitive and important part of the housing market, and Dutch policies are adapted to stimulate a level playing field. The ‘resilience’ of the German housing system during the economic crisis shows that the large PRS and tenure neutrality have important stabilising effects on the German economy.
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  • 45
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1172
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Tarifverhandlungen ; Bildungspolitik ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Produktivität ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Familienpolitik ; Wassermangel ; Klimawandel ; Ökosteuer ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Structural transformation towards a more knowledge-based economy will strengthen Spain’s medium-term growth prospects. To deal with long standing impediments to higher growth the government has a substantial structural reform programme touching on education, the labour market and the business environment. Areas of particular weakness to be tackled include the high number of poorly qualified long-term unemployed, skills mismatches and a high school drop-out rate, and insufficient innovation. Spain has done well in reducing the carbon emissions intensity of GDP growth but will need to do more to meet future targets and manage its scarce water resources. The resolution of acute banking and fiscal problems, and the cyclical upswing, provide a more solid platform for sustained growth. Raising trend growth will boost job creation, which is the most effective antidote to the strong rise in poverty and inequality that accompanied the sharp deterioration in the labour market during the crisis.
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  • 46
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 155-185 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:155-185
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 155-185
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:155-185
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The economic effects of environmental policies are of central interest to policymakers. The traditional approach sees environmental policies as a burden on economic activity, at least in the short to medium term, as they raise costs without increasing output and restrict the set of production technologies and outputs. At the same time, the Porter Hypothesis claims that well-designed environmental policies can provide a “free lunch” – encouraging innovation, bringing about gains in profitability and productivity that can outweigh the costs of the policy. This paper reviews the empirical evidence on the link between environmental policy stringency and productivity growth, and the various channels through which such effects can take place. The results are ambiguous, in particular as many of the studies are fragile and context-specific, impeding the generalisation of conclusions. Practical problems related to data, measurement and estimation strategies are discussed, leading to suggestions as to how they can be addressed in future research. These include: improving the measurement of environmental policy stringency; investigating effects of different types of instruments and details of instrument design; exploiting cross-country variation; and the complementary use of different levels of aggregation.
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  • 47
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 235-268 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:235-268
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 235-268
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:235-268
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this paper is to examine the welfare effects of birth-related leave (BRL) in terms of life satisfaction. To do so, we exploit variations in BRL policies to assess their impact on life satisfaction. The paper adds to the existing literature in various ways. First, it uses new data collected by Baldi et al. (2011) and Baldi and Chapple (2010) to describe how life satisfaction moves around the date of the reforms over time and in a number of EU countries covered in the Eurobarometer surveys. Second, the paper analyses the relation between life satisfaction and BRL in Germany and the United Kingdom with long individual panel data collected with the GSOEP and the BHPS survey. The potential endogeneity bias of the treatment effect is addressed by building a quasi-natural experiment using policy changes as the assignment rule. The results from a variety of different methods suggest that BRL polices generally have a significant positive effect on life satisfaction. Women on BRL have higher life satisfaction, controlling for observable and unobservable personal characteristics. This result is robust to alternative specifications. JEL classification: H53, I16, J38 Keywords: Welfare, subjective well-being, difference-in-difference, birth-related leaves
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  • 48
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 109-127 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:109-127
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 109-127
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:109-127
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Despite the increased importance of cyclically-adjusted measures of labour market slack for policymaking, estimates of the NAIRU have become increasingly fragile. Particularly for euro area countries, NAIRU estimates represent a crucial input to compute cyclically-adjusted budget balances adopted to formulate medium-term fiscal objectives under the EU fiscal surveillance framework. However, the apparent reduced sensitivity of inflation to labour market dynamics and unemployment gaps seriously undermines the use of Phillips curve equations in estimating the NAIRU. Estimates of the NAIRU are particularly problematic when changes in unemployment are both very large and rapid as in the aftermath of the global crisis. This paper proposes a refinement to the standard OECD approach of using a Kalman filter to estimate the NAIRU in the context of the Phillips curve. The proposed refinement strengthens the relationship between inflation and labour market developments by considering the risk of hysteresis effects associated with changes in long-term unemployment. Testing the revised methodology on a broad selection of OECD countries gives mixed results. For a group of countries in the euro area periphery (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) there is an increase in the magnitude and statistical significance of the unemployment gap, with the NAIRU revised upward by on average 1¾ percentage points. However, the revised methodology provides less improvement to the standard OECD methodology for a second set of countries considered, namely the G7 excluding Italy. The United States is an interesting intermediate case as the statistical evidence for the proposed methodology is marginal, but the policy implications of the revised point estimate of the NAIRU are major. JEL classification: C32, E24, E31, E32, J64. Keywords: Long-term unemployment, flattening Phillips curve, NAIRU, euro area periphery, Kalman filter.
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  • 49
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 129-153 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:129-153
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 129-153
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:129-153
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The paper analyses the “feedback effect” of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth in emerging economies via technology spillovers across borders. We study the effect of R–D spillovers resulting from outward FDI flows from 18 emerging economies into 34 OECD countries over the 1990-2010 period, comparing the impact with that of spillovers resulting from inward FDI flows. The result confirms that FDI enhances productivity growth; however the impact is much larger when R-D-intensive developed countries invest in the emerging economies than the other way round. Country-specific bilateral elasticities also support this outcome. JEL classification: F210, F430, F620, O470. Keywords: Outward FDI, Inward FDI, Reverse technology spillovers, Total factor productivity.
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  • 50
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (73 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1106
    Schlagwort(e): Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Steuervermeidung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsschutz ; Armut ; Verteilungswirkung ; Griechenland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Poverty and income inequality have worsened since the onset of the crisis. While the design of fiscal measures has mitigated the burden sharing of fiscal adjustment, as the recession has deepened unemployment has risen, earnings have declined and social tensions have increased. Getting people back to work and supporting the most vulnerable remain priorities for inclusive growth and distributing the costs of adjustment equitably. Within the limited fiscal space this calls for continued reforms in targeting social support, especially housing benefits, extending unemployment insurance and introducing a means-tested minimum income. Sustaining universal access to good health care is also essential. Well-designed activation policies are important to bring the unemployed, especially the young, to work. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the effectiveness of the labour inspection to ensure full enforcement of the labour code. Decisive steps to contain tax evasion are also critical to social fairness. Reforms by the government in many of these areas are welcome and need to continue.
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
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  • 52
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Schlagwort(e): Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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  • 53
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1109
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftswachstum ; Prognoseverfahren ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; G7-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper extends the OECD Economics Department’s suite of short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth, which currently cover only the G7 countries, to the BRIICS countries. Reflecting the relative scarcity of high-quality macroeconomic time series, the paper adopts a small-scale bridge model approach. The results suggest that in terms of short-term forecast accuracy for the first and second quarter following the most recent GDP release these models outperform simple autoregressive or constant growth benchmarks. The small-scale indicator models would have allowed the identification of the growth slowdown during the global crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent rebound several months ahead of official GDP releases. Overall, forecast accuracy appears to be similar to that of the existing indicator model suite for the G7 countries, especially once the higher GDP growth volatility in most BRIICS is accounted for.
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  • 54
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (83 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1111
    Schlagwort(e): Mittelschicht ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an assessment of how households’ income has fared compared with GDP. While the prime focus is on incomes around the median, attention is paid also to the bottom of the income distribution. Thus, one contribution of the paper is to deliver a fresh assessment of the evolution of inequality and poverty across OECD countries over the last fifteen years. The analysis relies on a rich array of indicators, producing new evidence of the various patterns of differences in income distributions across countries and over time. For example, it assesses the extent to which stability in overall income inequality masks compensating changes between the lower and upper halves of the income distribution. Also, it explores whether contracting inequalities coexist with increasing poverty. The paper adds to previous studies by introducing, measuring and analysing income polarisation in a cross-country comparative perspective. Distinguishing polarisation from inequality and comparing their evolution over time provides new policy-relevant perspectives on the nature of the changing income distribution.
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1123
    Schlagwort(e): Steuer ; Produktivität ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; Institutioneller Wandel ; Ungarn ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Over the past decade, the growth potential of the Hungarian economy has declined substantially. Trend productivity has ceased to increase, and investment has fallen to historically low levels. To an important extent, the explanation lies in a business environment characterised by high administrative burdens, regulatory volatility, barriers to growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurship, and limited competition in major non-tradable sectors, problems which have sometimes become worse in recent years. Under these conditions, many SMEs find it hard to leave semi-informality and grow. Large multinational firms operating in manufacturing often have supplier networks weakly anchored in Hungary, while those in the non-tradable sectors sometimes face little competitive pressure; in both cases, positive spillovers to the domestic economy remain limited. Steps should be taken both at the economy-wide level and in specific sectors to increase investment and restore productivity growth. Such measures must include fostering greater regulatory stability, inter alia by reducing the flow of new regulation and improving its quality, not least in taxation. Investor confidence would benefit from promoting trust and transparency in public institutions. Apart from vigorous competition enforcement across the economy, it is essential to remove sector-specific obstacles to competition, such as barriers to entry of different types, lock-in effects and distortive regulated prices, in retail, professional services, energy, and telecommunications. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-hungary.htm).
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1125
    Schlagwort(e): Wettbewerbsaufsicht ; Deregulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivität ; Polen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Poland’s productivity has grown strongly over the past decade, and efforts to reduce the regulatory burden have been significant. Despite impressive progress, product market regulation remains more burdensome than in most OECD countries, partly due to the importance of red tape and the level of state involvement in the economy. Further reduction in red tape and pursuing privatisation in competitive markets would increase competitive pressures and ensure neutrality, notably in public procurement processes. Economic rents in many sectors seem high, as stringent entry regulations, regulatory barriers and inefficient bankruptcy procedures induce significant resource misallocation. A welcome deregulation of professional services is ongoing, and the government plans to further ease firm registrations and reform bankruptcy procedures. The independence of the sector regulators in network industries and the powers of the Competition Authority can still be enhanced, as the reform efforts in these sectors remain patchy. The dominant positions of the incumbents and the failure of network sector regulators to introduce a level playing field in order to secure third-party access to the sectoral infrastructure and allow new entry in the competitive segments are another main issue. The advantages of being considered a farmer are also slowing the consolidation process in the agricultural sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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  • 57
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1127
    Schlagwort(e): 2003 - 2010 ; Innovation ; Patent ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper exploits longitudinal data on firm performance and patenting activity for 23 OECD countries over the period 2003-2010 to explore the extent to which changes in the patent stock are associated with flows of capital and labour to patenting firms. While the finding that patenting is associated with real changes in economic activity at the firm level is in line with recent literature, new empirical evidence presented suggests that the impact of patenting on firm size is likely to be causal. Moreover, these data reveal important differences across OECD countries in the extent to which innovative firms can attract the complementary tangible resources that are required to implement and commercialise new ideas. In turn, the contribution of framework policies to explaining the observed cross-country differences in the magnitude of these flows is explored. While further research is required to establish causality, the results are consistent with the idea that well-functioning product, labour and capital markets; efficient judicial systems and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the returns to innovative activity. The paper also investigates the heterogeneous impacts of policies and finds that young firms – which are more likely to experiment with disruptive technologies and rely on external financing to implement and commercialise their ideas – disproportionately benefit from reforms to labour markets and more developed markets for credit and seed and early stage finance.
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1129
    Schlagwort(e): Außenhandel ; Außenhandelselastizität ; Prognoseverfahren ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; Argentinien ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a detailed description of recent research to re-estimate and re-specify the international trade volume and price equations that are used in the OECD Economics Department to analyse and project international trade developments. The set of countries covered by the estimations has been significantly enlarged, with estimates of the factors affecting export performance, import penetration and trade prices presented for 41 countries, including countries that have recently joined the OECD (Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia) and major emerging countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Reflecting the heterogeneity of countries included in the estimations, procedures for grouping them have been modified to allow for country specifics as much as possible. Structural breaks over the estimation period – which now typically covers the mid-1980s to 2012 and includes the global trade collapse of 2009 – are dealt with by the flexible modelling of deterministic trends, including the allowance for several rather than single trend reversals.
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Schlagwort(e): Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1136
    Schlagwort(e): 2060 ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Produktion ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Szenariotechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The paper highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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  • 61
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Beijing : Ministry of Science and Technology, China
    ISBN: 9789264213081
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel d'Oslo ; Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation, 3e édition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de Oslo ; Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Manual de Oslo: Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Manuel d'Oslo: Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation, 3e édition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: 在全球经济一体化时代,激烈的竞争无处不在,创新日益成为产 出和生产率增长的核心动力。明确创新的性质和影响并形成支持创新 的适当政策和环境有利于国家和企业更好地创新,因此有效地测度创 新就显得尤为重要。《奥斯陆手册》已经成为国际认可的创新调查指南,是世界各国 测度创新必备的指导书。所涉内容包括创新的定义、类型、数据收集 及创新调查的方法与程序等。本书是《奥斯陆手册》的第3版,是OECD目前出版的最新版本,已经随着科技和创新的发展扩展了创新的定义,新增了有关非技术创 新和非OECD国家的创新调查等方面的内容。
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1137
    Schlagwort(e): Management ; Produktivität ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Forschung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores the role of managerial capital and business research and development (R&D) in fostering multifactor productivity (MFP) convergence in a panel of 42 countries. The OECD long-term growth model is augmented to show that, in addition to trade openness, an economy’s speed of convergence to its long-run steady state level of MFP is an increasing function of the quality of its managerial capital and the size of its domestic R&D sector. The economic importance of these two enabling factors are examined in the context of a scenario, whereby MFP growth at the technological frontier is ½ percentage point higher (than in the baseline projection) per annum until 2060. This exercise shows that some countries benefit significantly more from higher frontier growth than could be expected based on their trade openness alone. In turn, evidence on the policy determinants of managerial capital and business R&D is reviewed, which highlights the importance of structural reforms and carefully-designed innovation policies.
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1140
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Migration ; Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; Migrationspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Unfavourable demographic trends in many OECD countries threaten the sustainability of potential labour resources, GDP growth and fiscal positions. One factor that is expected to mitigate these trends is continued inflows of migrant workers from low income economies. However, a rapid catch-up in productivity and wages in these traditional source countries vis-à-vis the OECD may weaken economic incentives for migration and imply a transition away from current migration patterns. This paper uses data of the high-skilled and low-skilled migrant stock between 92 origin and 44 destination countries to highlight the relationship between economic factors and migration. The paper also attempts to uncover links with policy and demographic factors prevailing in the origin and destination countries. The analysis suggests that higher skill-specific wages in the destination country are associated with more migration. This relationship appears to be particularly strong for migrants from middle-income countries, supporting theories of an inverted-U relationship between origin country economic development and the propensity to migrate. Policy differences between the destination and origin also appear important, for example in terms of regulations on businesses and labour markets, along with the relative quality of institutions. In some instances, the effects on high-skilled and low-skilled migrants differ markedly. Combining the estimated coefficients from the model with the skill-specific wage profile from the OECD long-term growth projections highlights the potential for weaker future migrant flows to OECD countries than implied by past trends and embedded in official projections.
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1145
    Schlagwort(e): Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt ; Hypothek ; Verbriefung ; Landnutzung ; Subprime-Krise ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Private Verschuldung ; Vermögensteuer ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienpreis ; Kanada ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: House prices have increased significantly in Canada over the past decade, driving household debt and residential construction activity to historical highs. Although macro-prudential tightening has slowed the pace of household borrowing in the last few years, house prices have continued to trend higher, and affordability remains a major challenge in urban centres. First-time home buyers must therefore spend more of their incomes to purchase a house and are vulnerable to future interest rate hikes. Overbuilding in the condominium sectors of some cities appears to be a source of risk, especially if a major price correction in these segments spills over into other markets. The country benefits from a sound and effective housing finance system, which performed well throughout the global financial crisis thanks to strong regulatory oversight and explicit government backing of the mortgage market. Nonetheless, the dominance of the crown corporation CMHC in the mortgage insurance market concentrates a significant amount of risk in public finances. Improving competitive conditions in the mortgage insurance market could help diversify these risks and reduce taxpayer contingent liabilities, while introducing coverage limits on loan losses would better align private and social interests. There may be a shortage of rental housing in several cities, especially in the range that low-income households can afford. Urban planning policies have resulted in low-density residential development which contributes to relatively high transport-related carbon emissions. Addressing these externalities requires stronger pricing signals for land development, road use, congestion and parking, combined with better integration of public transit planning. To prevent the marginalisation of low-income households, planning policies should support social mix and increase incentives for private-sector development of affordable housing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Schlagwort(e): Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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  • 66
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1155
    Schlagwort(e): Zins ; Börsenkurs ; Wechselkurssystem ; Kapitalimport ; USA ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Following Chairman Ben Bernanke’s comments before Congress that the FOMC may ‘take a step down in the pace of asset purchases if economic improvement appears to be sustained’, US 10-year interest rates picked up sharply and gross capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs) reversed. These events raised concerns that further increases in US interest rates could trigger sharp changes of capital flows that would be followed by financial crises in EMEs. To assess this possibility, this paper studies the association between US long term interest rates and cycles of capital flows to EMEs. It finds that, indeed, cycles in capital flows to EMEs are linked to global conditions, including global risk aversion and long term interest rates in the United States. In particular, higher US long term interest rates are associated with lower levels of gross capital flows to EMEs, and to a higher probability of observing sharp reversals in those flows. Episodes of net capital inflows, on the other hand, are mostly associated with domestic macroeconomic conditions. In particular, economies with relatively low levels of gross outflows, with a high ratio of short-term debt to international reserves or with weak domestic fundamentals are more vulnerable to the risk of a classic sudden stop à la Calvo. This Working Paper relates to the OECD Economic Survey of the United States 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-unitedstates. htm)
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1158
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzkrise ; Lebensqualität ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Bildung ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses data from the American Life Panel to understand the determinants of well-being in the United States during the Great Recession. It investigates how various dimensions of subjective wellbeing reflected in the OECD Better Life Framework impact subjective well-being. The results show that income is an important determinant of subjective well-being. The unemployed and the disabled are significantly less satisfied with their lives than the working population, while the retired and the homemakers are more satisfied. The paper expands the existing evidence by showing that homeowners, registered voters and those with access to health insurance have higher levels of subjective well-being. Time spent walking or exercising is positively correlated with happiness, while working more than 50 hours per week or spending time on health-related activities is negatively correlated with subjective well-being, and higher levels of anxiety. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-united-states.htm)
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  • 68
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1161
    Schlagwort(e): Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Informelle Wirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Strukturwandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Türkei ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Turkey’s business sector dynamism has underpinned broad-based and inclusive growth in the 2000s. However, the business sector is highly segmented, with a relatively small core of modern high-productivity corporations, and myriad small, less formal and low-productivity entities. This hampers efficient resource allocation and tends to entrench social inequalities. It also makes it difficult to build on-the-job human capital for the large number of low-skilled. This segmentation needs to be overcome to raise productivity in the informal, low-skill and low-productivity sector, and to facilitate resource transfers from low to higher productivity businesses. This ought to be achieved by aligning Turkey’s formal regulatory and tax framework with OECD best practice, rather than through “second-best” arrangements where noncompliance with rules co-exists with selective subsidies to parts of the formal sector. Labour market and business taxation reforms are particularly important to enable all categories of enterprises to operate flexibly on a rule-based, level playing field and to achieve productivity enhancing and socially inclusive restructuring.
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  • 69
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    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1166
    Schlagwort(e): 2007 - 2011 ; Finanzkrise ; Produktionspotenzial ; Schätzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates potential output losses from the global financial crisis by comparing recent OECD published projections with a counter-factual assuming a continuation of pre-crisis productivity trends and a trend employment rate which is sensitive to demographic trends. Among the 19 OECD countries which experienced a banking crisis over the period 2007-11, the median loss in potential output in 2014 is estimated to be 3¾ per cent, compared to 2¾ per cent among all OECD countries. The crisis hit does, however, vary widely across countries, being more than 10% for several smaller European, mainly euro area, countries. The largest adverse effects come from lower trend productivity, which is a combination of both lower total factor productivity and lower capital per worker. Despite large increases in structural unemployment in some countries, the contribution of lower potential employment to the crisis hit is limited because the adverse effect on labour force participation is generally much less than might have been expected on the basis of previous severe downturns. This may partly reflect pension reforms and a tightening up of early retirement pathways. Pre-crisis conditions relating to over-heating and financial excesses, including high inflation, high investment, large current account deficits, low real interest rates, high total economy indebtedness and more rapid growth in capital-per-worker are all correlated with larger post-crisis potential output losses. This suggests that underlying the potential output losses was a substantial misallocation of resources, especially of capital, in the pre-crisis boom period. On the other hand, more competition-friendly product market regulation is associated with smaller crisis-related losses of potential output, suggesting it facilitates a reallocation of resources across firms and sectors in the aftermath of an adverse shock and so helps to mitigate its consequences.
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  • 70
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1169
    Schlagwort(e): Stagnation ; Zins ; Produktionspotenzial ; Geldpolitik ; Inflation ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates whether OECD countries are facing secular stagnation. Secular stagnation is defined as a situation when policy interest rates bounded at zero fail to stimulate demand sufficiently, due to low or negative neutral real interest rates and low inflation, and when ensuing prolonged and subdued growth undermines potential growth via labour hysteresis and discouraged investment. Obtaining firm evidence is complicated by considerable uncertainties surrounding estimates of economic slack and its impact on inflation, crisis-related hit to potential output and neutral interest rates. However, signs of secular stagnation are most evident in the euro area, particularly in the vulnerable members, in contrast to the United States and the United Kingdom, where evidence is less firm. Japan is arguably in the advanced stage of secular stagnation that started almost two decades ago. In countries with symptoms of secular stagnation, more monetary and fiscal stimulus should be accompanied by structural reforms to boost potential growth and neutral rates. Evidence on hysteresis effects strengthens the case for accommodative policies. In general, the large uncertainty about the size and persistence of hysteresis and risks associated with certain measures pose policy dilemmas and call for a comprehensive policy response.
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  • 71
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1180
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wachstumspolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on GDP per capita and household income distribution. Pro-growth reforms can be distinguished according to whether they are found to generate an increase or a reduction in household disposable income inequality. Those that contribute to reduce inequality include the reduction in regulatory barriers to competition, trade and FDI, as well as the stepping-up in job search assistance and training programmes. Conversely, a tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed is found to lift mean household income but to lower income among poorer households, thus raising inequality. Several other reforms have no significant impact on income distribution.
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  • 72
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215894
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Slovenia
    Kurzfassung: This book reviews recent work related to Slovenia and summarised key findings and recommendations in such areas as unemployment and the labour market, skills and productivity, product market competition, corporate governance, boosting innovation and moving up the value chain, public finances, the tax system, the financial system, and greening the economy.
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  • 73
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    Zagreb : OKSIMORON, Center for foreign languages, education and translation
    ISBN: 9789264208575
    Sprache: Kroatisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les TIC et la croissance économique : Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe ICT and Economic Growth: Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 74
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1144
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Women's Role in the Swiss Economy
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: En Suisse, les femmes ont désormais un niveau de formation égal à celui des hommes. Néanmoins, des progrès restent à accomplir sur le marché du travail où l’offre de main-d’oeuvre féminine et sa rémunération sont inférieures à celles des hommes. Le taux d’activité des femmes est élevé et ne cesse de croître, ce qui est contrebalancé toutefois par une forte incidence du travail à temps partiel, reflet de préférences individuelles et de facteurs qui restreignent le travail des femmes. L’insuffisance et le coût élevé des solutions de garde d’enfants, conjugués à un taux marginal d’imposition important pour les deuxièmes pourvoyeurs de revenus, dissuadent les femmes de travailler plus. L’écart net (c’est-à-dire inexpliqué) de rémunération de 7 % environ en faveur des hommes, persistant quoique en baisse, ainsi que la non-représentation des femmes parmi les dirigeants et chefs d’entreprise n’incite pas non plus ces dernières à tirer pleinement profit de leur niveau de formation élevé. Il faut donc éliminer ces obstacles en priorité, en augmentant les dépenses publiques consacrées aux structures de garde d’enfants et d’accueil parascolaire à l’échelon des cantons et des communes. Il faudrait aussi étudier la réglementation existante relative aux services de garde d’enfants pour voir s’il est possible d’élargir la gamme des prestations offertes, en termes de rapport qualité-prix. Il convient également de supprimer l’effet pénalisant implicite du mariage sur le plan fiscal, comme cela est actuellement envisagé par le Conseil fédéral. Une plus grande flexibilité dans l’aménagement du temps de travail pourrait également permettre aux femmes de réduire le coût de la conciliation entre travail et vie de famille. Ainsi, offrir aux femmes comme aux hommes la possibilité d’opter plus facilement pour des solutions comme les horaires de travail flexibles, l’annualisation des horaires, le partage de poste, le temps partiel ou le télétravail, et instituer un congé paternité et/ou un congé parental consécutif unique et non transférable pourraient aider les femmes à intégrer le marché du travail et à en sortir plus aisément. Le renforcement de la concurrence sur les marchés de produits devrait contribuer à combler l’écart de rémunération entre hommes et femmes, en remplaçant notamment certaines pratiques discriminatoires par la recherche des meilleurs talents, indépendamment du sexe. Enfin, un code de gouvernement d’entreprise en faveur d’une représentation plus égalitaire des femmes aux postes de direction et la fixation d’objectifs ambitieux pour accroître la proportion de femmes dans les conseils d’administrations, conjugués à l’adoption de la pratique « appliquer ou expliquer », ou encore l’instauration de quotas, devraient contribuer à la disparition du « plafond de verre ». Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Suisse 2013 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Suisse).
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  • 75
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1143
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Overcoming Skills Shortages in Canada
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada
    Kurzfassung: Les pénuries de compétences ont progressé dans certains secteurs et régions au cours des dernières années. L’avantage salarial s’accroît dans certaines professions, notamment la santé, l’ingénierie et les métiers spécialisés. Et les taux de postes vacants augmentent également dans les métiers spécialisés, en particulier en Alberta et dans la Saskatchewan. Des réformes ont été mises en oeuvre pour renforcer le processus d’ajustement afin de combler ces pénuries, mais il est possible d’aller plus loin en améliorant l’information sur le marché du travail, en renforçant la réactivité du système d’enseignement et de formation et du système d’immigration face aux attentes du marché du travail, et en réduisant les obstacles à la mobilité interprovinciale de la main-d’oeuvre. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-canada.htm).
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  • 76
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 209-234 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:209-234
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 209-234
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:209-234
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Emissions trading systems (ETS) can play a major role in a cost-effective climate policy framework. Both direct linking of ETSs and indirect linking through a common crediting mechanism can reduce costs of action.We use a global recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model to assess the effects of direct and indirect linking of ETS systems across world regions. Linking of domestic Annex I ETSs leads to moderate aggregate cost savings, as differences in domestic permit prices are limited. Countries benefit directly from linking by either buying permits and avoiding investing in highcost mitigation options, or by exploiting relatively cheap mitigation options and selling permits at a higher price. Although the economy of the main permit sellers, such as Russia, is negatively affected by the real exchange rate appreciation that is induced by the large export of permits, on balance they also still benefit from linking. The costsaving potential for developed countries of well-functioning crediting mechanisms appears to be very large. Even limited use of credits would nearly halve mitigation costs; cost savings would be largest for carbon-intensive economies. However, one open issue iswhether these gains can be fully reaped in reality, given that direct linking and the use of crediting mechanisms both raise complex system design and implementation issues. The analysis in this paper shows, however, that the potential gains to be reaped are so large, that substantial efforts in this domain are warranted. JEL classification: H23, O41, Q54 Keywords: Climate mitigation policy, emissions trading systems, general equilibrium models, linking carbon markets
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  • 77
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 1-26 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:1-26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 1-26
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-26
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This report investigates the predictability of cyclical turning points in Russia. For years, anyone interested in Russia had access to a full set of common tools for business cycle analysis, such as several composite leading indicators, a purchasing managers’ index, enterprise and consumer sentiment indexes, and so on. However, the 2008-09 world financial crisis spread throughout Russia quite unexpectedly for most politicians, businessmen and experts alike. Is it possible that none of existing indexes were able to say anything about the approaching decline? Using a simple “rule of thumb” proposed in this report one may easily see that that in reality this was not the case. So then why did a more or less definite forecast provided by some indexes have no consequences for common economic sentiments in Russia? This report gives some answers to this question. Keywords: recession; growth cycles; cyclical indicators; leading indicators; turning points; Russia JEL classification: E32
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  • 78
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 51-71 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:51-71
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 51-71
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:51-71
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: We develop monthly indicators for tracking short-run trends in real GDP growth in 32 advanced and emerging-market economies. We test the historical performance of our indicators and find that they do a good job at describing the business cycle. In a recursive out-of-sample forecasting exercise, we find that the indicators generally produce good real GDP growth forecasts relative to a range of time series models.
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  • 79
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 9-39 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:9-39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 9-39
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-39
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the OECD’s projections for GDP growth and inflation during the global financial crisis and recovery, focusing on lessons that can be learned. Growth was repeatedly overestimated in the projections, which failed to anticipate the extent of the slowdown and later the weak pace of the recovery. Similar errors were made by many other forecasters. At the same time, inflation was stronger than expected on average. Analysis of the growth errors shows that the OECD projections in the crisis years were larger in countries with more international trade openness and greater presence of foreign banks. In the recovery, there is little evidence that an underestimate of the impact of fiscal consolidation contributed significantly to forecast errors. Instead, the repeated conditioning assumption that the euro area crisis would stabilise or ease played an important role, with growth weaker than projected in European countries where bond spreads were higher than had been assumed. But placing these errors in a historical context illustrates that the errors were not without precedent: similar-sized errors were made in the first oil price shock of the 1970s. In response to the challenges encountered in forecasting in recent years and the lessons learnt, the OECD and other international organisations have sought to improve their forecasting techniques and procedures, to improve their ability to monitor near-term developments and to better account for international linkages and financial market developments. JEL classification: E17, E27, E32, E37, E62, E66, F47, G01 Keywords: Forecasting, economic outlook, economic fluctuations, fiscal policy
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  • 80
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 61-96 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:61-96
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 61-96
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:61-96
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper proposes a new set of public health and long-term care expenditure projections until 2060, following up on the previous set of projections published in 2006. It disentangles health from long-term care expenditure as well as the demographic from the non-demographic drivers, and refines the previous methodology, in particular by better identifying the underlying determinants of health and long-term care spending and by extending the country coverage to include BRIICS countries. A cost-containment and a cost-pressure scenario are provided together with sensitivity analysis. On average across OECD countries, total health and long-term care expenditure is projected to increase by 3.3 and 7.7 percentage points of GDP between 2010 and 2060 in the cost-containment and the cost-pressure scenarios, respectively. For the BRIICS over the same period, it is projected to increase by 2.8 and 7.3 percentage points of GDP in the costcontainment and the cost-pressure scenarios, respectively.
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  • 81
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 11-50 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:11-50
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 11-50
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:11-50
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In recent years, central banks and international organisations have been making ever greater use of factor models to forecast macroeconomic variables. We examine the performance of these models in forecasting French GDP growth over short horizons. The factors are extracted from a large data set of around one hundred variables including survey balances and real, financial, and international variables. An out-of-sample pseudo real-time evaluation over the past decade shows that factor models provide a gain in accuracy relative to the usual benchmarks. However, the forecasts remain inaccurate before the start of the quarter. We also show that the inclusion of international and financial variables can improve forecasts at the longest horizons.
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  • 82
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Schlagwort(e): Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
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  • 83
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    Paris : OECD
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
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  • 84
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (53 S.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1108
    Schlagwort(e): Bankenregulierung ; Finanzkrise ; Soziale Kosten ; Globalisierung ; G20-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: It is now six years since a devastating financial and economic crisis rocked the global economy. Supported strongly by the G20 process, international regulators led by the Financial Stability Board have been working hard ever since to develop new regulatory standards designed to prevent a recurrence of these events. These international standards are intended to provide guidance for the drawing up of national legislation and regulation, and have already had a pervasive influence around the world. This paper surveys recent international developments concerning the prudential regulation of financial institutions: banks, the shadow banking system and insurance companies. It concludes that, while substantial progress has been made, the global economy nevertheless remains vulnerable to possible future financial instability. This possibility reflects three sets of concerns. First, measures taken to manage the crisis to date have actually made the prevention of future crises more difficult. Second, the continuing active debate over virtually every aspect of the new regulatory guidelines indicates that the analytical foundations of what is being proposed remain highly contestable. Third, implementation of the new proposals could suffer from different practices across regions. Looking forward, the financial sector will undoubtedly continue to innovate in response to competitive pressures and in an attempt to circumvent whatever regulations do come into effect. If we view the financial sector as a complex adaptive system, continuous innovation would only be expected. This perspective also provides a number of insights as to how regulators should respond in turn. Not least, it suggests that attempts to reduce complexity would not be misguided and that complex behavior need not necessarily be accompanied by still more complex regulation. Removing impediments to more effective self-discipline and market discipline in the financial sector would also seem recommended.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1113
    Schlagwort(e): Steuervermeidung ; Ökosteuer ; Sozialstaat ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Subvention ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Israel ; Taxation ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm).
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1114
    Schlagwort(e): Basisgesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Sterblichkeit ; Israel ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Israelis enjoy higher life expectancy and have a much younger demographic profile than most OECD countries. However, the demand for health care is expanding rapidly due to population growth and ageing. Also, the country’s wide socio-economic divides are reflected in differences in health outcomes. To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket of services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance. Although the quality of care is generally good, in hospital care there is room to improve data and concern that overcrowding may become chronic. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- israel.htm).
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1117
    Schlagwort(e): Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Ungelernte Arbeitskräfte ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Chile ; Employment ; Economics ; Chile ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Economic growth and recent policy reforms have increased employment and reduced overall poverty in Chile. Yet there are some groups that remain at the margins of the labour market and could benefit from and contribute more to growth. Women and young people have entered the labour force in greater numbers, but their participation rates remain low compared to most OECD and Latin American countries. The participation of women in the labour market is held down by economic, cultural and regulatory barriers. For youth, poor basic skills acquired through compulsory education and the weak linkages between secondary education and job related skills often limit their employment prospects. Among lowskilled workers, a high minimum wage and strict employment protection pose a barrier to employment. At the same time, education and training policies do not sufficiently reach those with poor skills and the public employment services lack the capacity to deliver high quality job-search services. The paper discusses a number of policies that could help to make the Chilean labour market more inclusive and broaden the benefits of growth. These include expanding childcare, promoting a more flexible labour market and strengthening education and skills policies, among others. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-chile.htm).
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1118
    Schlagwort(e): KMU ; Produktivität ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationaler Markt ; Marktanteil ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Regulierung ; Innovation ; Dänemark ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Danish productivity has grown only weakly over the past two decades, both historically and in relation to other countries, despite sound policies and institutions. At the same time, the country has lost export market shares. Denmark needs to continue its efforts to reap the benefits of globalisation, which would contribute to invigorating productivity growth. Fostering competition by removing regulatory barriers and improving public procurement would help. In addition, innovation policy needs to become more efficient and more in line with the growing importance of the service sector and knowledge-based capital. Small and medium-sized enterprises could be better integrated into global markets by improving their access to finance and developing the entrepreneurship culture. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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  • 89
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1120
    Schlagwort(e): Gesundheit ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Finland’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This will put pressure on public finances, while shrinking labour resources. Nonetheless, solutions exist to alleviate those pressures. Adjusting the pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and increase older workers’ employment, provided it is accompanied by the removal of the pathways to early retirement. In order to allow people to work longer, labour market flexibility should be enhanced and lifelong training promoted further. Active labour market policies should be strengthened so as to increase the labour force participation of youth, childbearing age women and the long-term unemployed. Finally, ageing should not only be seen as a burden as it can also create opportunities for innovation and new markets and industries. Information and communications technologies, where Finland has a strong knowledge base, can help the elderly stay as autonomous as possible, which would contain long-term care costs and improve well-being. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1121
    Schlagwort(e): Gemeindesteuer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Dezentralisierung ; Gebietsreform ; Effizienzlohn ; Finnland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Finnish municipalities enjoy ample fiscal autonomy and provide or arrange the provision of a large share of public services. In recent years, their spending and debt has been increasing steadily, especially because of population ageing and increases in the cost of health care and social services. Furthermore, small municipalities are often struggling to align service provision with national standards. The government has launched a reform to create more efficient municipalities through voluntary mergers. Both international experience and costs per capita across Finnish municipalities suggest an optimal size for municipalities of over 20 000 inhabitants, at least outside remote areas. As mergers are to be voluntary, the outcome of the reform remains uncertain. If merger plans prove insufficient to achieve efficient public service provision, the government could impose mergers on smaller municipalities, especially around the main urban areas. Responsibilities of smaller municipalities could be scaled back in all functions where economies of scale and scope can be achieved. Policies also need to be flexible enough to allow restructuring of services after mergers. Partnerships between public or private entities to provide services could be developed further in some areas. Finally, the tax structure and fiscal rules should be enhanced to ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1124
    Schlagwort(e): Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Rentenpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Bildung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Polen ; Employment ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Poor labour-market outcomes remain one of Poland’s major structural weaknesses, impeding firms’ competitiveness and the nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace. Despite long working hours, labour utilisation is only average due to structurally low employment rates, particularly at both ends of the age spectrum, with some marked regional differences. The female employment rate is especially low, in part due to poorly designed family and pension policies. Insufficient product-market competition and obstacles to internal mobility induce significant resource misallocation. Employment protection is not particularly stringent, but the labour market is nonetheless heavily segmented. This is likely to weigh on economic performance by limiting investment in human capital and making some specific groups bear a large share of adjustment costs. Public employment services suffer from a lack of resources and function inefficiently. Local labour offices have limited incentives to adopt best practices; the government plans to start benchmarking them. There is ample scope to tighten jobseeker obligations and reform social and tax policies to make work pay. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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  • 92
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
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  • 93
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1128
    Schlagwort(e): Außenhandel ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Faktorproportionentheorem ; Empirische Methode ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper quantifies the importance of different determinants of trade at the industry level using a sample of 54 OECD and non-OECD economies. The empirical methodology extends the approach of previous empirical studies to explicitly quantify the impact that trading partners’ factor endowments and policies have on bilateral trade, and to analyse the effect of tariffs on the volume and composition of trade. We find that distance, common language, common border and regional trade agreements are important determinants of overall trade, and that factor endowments, policies and institutions, of both the exporter and its trading partners, are main determinants of what and where a country exports. By contrast, we find that trade policies based on tariffs on imported goods not only generate negative spillovers to trading partners by reducing their exports, but they are also likely to reduce exports of countries that impose the tariffs, in particular in industries that rely more on intermediate goods.
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  • 94
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Schlagwort(e): 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1131
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Unemployment insurance is a key tool for risk sharing and redistribution and also a prominent automatic stabiliser. It is a volatile spending item by design, which can lead to vulnerabilities. This paper explores various shocks and sources of vulnerability of the unemployment insurance schemes of OECD and BRIICS countries. Policies that boost both financial resilience and benefit adequacy as well as policy trade-offs are explored. Four country clusters are identified with key similarities in the overall policy mix that can shed light on why some countries boast generous benefits and at the same time display high economic efficiency, while other countries face a much more pronounced trade-off.
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Schlagwort(e): Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214279
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in the Euro Area and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of the Euro Area, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1141
    Schlagwort(e): 1995-2008 ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Außenhandel ; Lieferkette ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Welt ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: We propose a new method to analyse the changing skills structure of employment in countries based on the input-output structure of the world economy. Demand for jobs, characterized by skill type and industry of employment, is driven by changes in technology, trade and consumption. Using structural decomposition analysis, we study the relative importance of these drivers for the period 1995-2008. In doing so, we derive a new measure of technological change in vertically integrated production chains and show that it has been skill-biased. We find that skill-biased technological change has played the most important role in the different employment growth rates of high-skilled, medium-skilled and low-skilled labour in advanced countries. For emerging countries, the patterns of employment growth are very heterogeneous.
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1146
    Schlagwort(e): Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Bildung ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Lebensqualität ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Life is quite good in the United States compared to other OECD countries, thanks to strong economic growth and technological progress having lifted average income to high levels. Nonetheless, there is evidence that the benefits from growth have not been sufficiently broad based. Self-reported happiness increases with income, an issue particularly resonant in a country with among the highest levels of income inequality in the OECD and a pattern of inequality that appears to be moving toward even more concentration at the very top at the expense of the middle class and the poor. Working hours that remain among the longest in the OECD are also creating challenges for work-life balances, child education, personal care and leisure. These pressures are contributing to higher job strain and work-related stress with unhealthy consequences, including for mental health, and a detrimental impact on employability and medical costs. While these trends cannot be easily reversed, a number of policy options are being usefully rolled out and other initiatives are being considered: federal-level policies improving access to health care and early-childhood education, state-level initiatives favouring workplace flexibility, firm-level investments in job quality and greater attention to the health consequences of job-stress. If successfully adopted, they would go a long way toward improving the well-being of American working families. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers 1149
    Schlagwort(e): Rohstoff ; Ökonomische Rente ; Verzerrende Steuer ; Erschöpfbare Ressourcen ; Steuereinnahmen ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This study analyses the economic rent generated by the exploitation of a non-renewable resource, and the taxation of this rent. We present a synthetic model of a non-renewable-resource sector where deposits must be costly developed before they are exploited; the analysis emphasizes the effect of resource taxation on the discouragement to the development of new reserves. We discuss the limitations of neutral profit-taxation schemes and examine the distortions caused by various resource-taxation systems on the rent and its allocation: tax evasion, royalty-induced distortions, imperfect tax commitment, agency issues... We also discuss the measurement of resource rents for taxation purposes, and issues with the management of the resource tax income.
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