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  • Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice  (33)
  • Graue Literatur  (33)
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  • Graue Literatur  (33)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inequality of access to opportunities and socioeconomic mobility : evidence from the Life in Transition Survey (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8725
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cojocaru, Alexandru Inequality of Access to Opportunities and Socioeconomic Mobility: Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Expectations of future socioeconomic mobility are an important determinant of current policy preferences. But how may these expectations be formed? Using Life in Transition survey data for a large set of transition economies and several Western European countries, this paper examines the link between beliefs about the importance of personal connections for getting access to opportunities, such as a good job or university education, and expectations of future socioeconomic mobility. The analysis of survey data finds evidence that: (i) lack of connections is associated with expectations of a lower position on the future social ladder; and (ii) when informal connections are unavailable, it matters for your aspirations whether you perceive connections to be vital or not. There is also some evidence that in the European Union, where formal institutions are stronger, individuals are less likely to resort to informal institutions such as personal connections, even when these are available. Perceptions of unequal access to opportunities are also linked with stronger redistributive preferences. Finally, there is some evidence that unequal access to opportunities is associated not only with lower intragenerational mobility, but also with lower intergenerational mobility
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8725
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Famine and the aid response : evidence from the announcement of famine-like conditions in the Republic of Yemen (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8812
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tandon, Sharad Alan Famine and the Aid Response: Evidence from the Announcement of Famine-Like Conditions in the Republic of Yemen
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using a high-frequency mobile phone survey of food security conducted by the World Food Programme, this paper investigates how food assistance and access to food changed following the announcement of famine-like conditions in the Republic of Yemen. Among the mobile phone-using population, the share of households receiving food assistance more than doubled following the announcement. The increases were largely targeted at regions identified in the announcement as being closer to famine in the original announcement, and there was improvement in access to food in regions that received the most food assistance relative to the rest of the country. Although the survey misses struggling households that do not have access to a mobile phone and are potentially more at risk of famine, the results raise questions about the need for better quality data in food emergencies that are updated more regularly for better targeting of food assistance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8812
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Distributional effects of competition : a simulation approach (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8838
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos Distributional Effects of Competition: A Simulation Approach
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Understanding the economic and social effects of the recent global trends of rising market concentration and market power has become a policy priority, particularly in developing countries where markets are often more concentrated. In this context, since the poor are typically the most affected by lack of competition, new analytical tools to assess the distributional effects of variations in market concentration in a rapid and cost-efficient manner are required. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper introduces a simple simulation method, the Welfare and Competition tool (WELCOM), to estimate with minimum data requirements the direct distributional effects of market concentration through the price channel. Using this simple yet novel tool, this paper also illustrates the simulated distributional effects of reducing concentration in two markets in Mexico that are known for their high level of concentration: mobile telecommunications and corn products. The results show that increasing competition from four to 12 firms in the mobile telecommunications industry and reducing the market share of the oligopoly in corn products from 31.2 percent to 7.8 percent would achieve a combined reduction of 0.8 percentage points in the poverty headcount as well as a decline of 0.32 points in the Gini coefficient
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8838
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Impact of the West African Ebola epidemic on agricultural production and rural welfare : evidence from Liberia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8880
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De La Fuente, Alejandro Impact of the West African Ebola Epidemic on Agricultural Production and Rural Welfare: Evidence from Liberia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2014-15 Ebola epidemic took a devastating human and economic toll on three West African countries, of which Liberia was perhaps the hardest hit. The pathways through which the crisis affected economic activity in these largely agrarian societies remain poorly understood. To study these mechanisms in the context of rural Liberia, this paper links a geographically disaggregated indicator of Ebola disease mortality to nationally representative household survey data on agricultural production and consumption. The paper finds that higher Ebola prevalence (as proxied by local mortality) led to greater disruption of group labor mobilization for planting and harvest, thereby reducing rice area planted as well as rice yields. Household welfare, measured by per capita expenditures spanning two points before and after the crisis, fell by more in Ebola prevalent areas with more intensive rice farming, precisely those areas that were more adversely affected by agricultural labor shortages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8880
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Measuring the full extent of fiscal losses and gains (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8886
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Coulibaly, Mohamed Measuring the Full Extent of Fiscal Losses and Gains
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Current measures of fiscal impoverishment and gains are not consistent with the law of diminishing returns. This paper proposes new measures of fiscal impoverishment and gains that are consistent with the law of diminishing returns, based on a methodology that gives more significance to greater income gaps, and more importance to the experience of the poorest individuals within the fiscal system. The new indicators are decomposable and cover the incidence, intensity, and severity of fiscal impoverishment and gains. An empirical illustration using the 2014 household consumption data reveals that, overall, in Niger the fiscal system is improving the welfare of the population: only 33.2 percent of the population has become poorer due to the fiscal system, while the remaining 66.8 percent has become richer because of it. Moreover, the mean relative fiscal loss (0.014), is 11 percent lower than the mean relative fiscal gain (0.126)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8886
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
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    Online Resource
    International migration and household well-being : evidence from Uzbekistan (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8910
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William International Migration and Household Well-Being: Evidence from Uzbekistan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As one of the most pivotal ways that labor markets adjust to changing economic conditions, international migration is never far from the center of the national discussion in Uzbekistan. This paper summarizes the relationship between recent international migration trends and household well-being using a combination of administrative records and unique panel survey data from the Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan study. The panel design provides data on changes in well-being leading up to and following a migrants' departure. This feature enables analysis that controls for unobserved time-invariant respondent and location characteristics. The findings show that weak local labor markets drive labor migration from Uzbekistan. Beginning to consider migration is associated with low life satisfaction, job loss, and unemployment. In contrast, actually migrating is associated with a remarkable improvement in labor market outcomes, alongside strong recovery in subjective and monetary measures of household welfare. The results further show that current migrants are more likely to send remittance payments when household members have deteriorating life satisfaction and/or subjective reports of worsening economic conditions at home. In the absence of remittance income, the poverty rate in Uzbekistan (measured at 3.2 dollar/day purchasing power parity) would be expected to rise from 9.6 to 16.8 percent, or to about 12.2 percent assuming (implausibly) that all current migrants were to find formal employment at the local prevailing median wage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8910
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Unfortunate moms and unfortunate children : impact of the Nepali civil war on women's stature and intergenerational health (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8927
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Phadera, Lokendra Unfortunate Moms and Unfortunate Children: Impact of the Nepali Civil War on Women's Stature and Intergenerational Health
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the long-term health impacts of Nepal's 1996-2006 civil conflict. It exploits the heterogeneity in conflict intensity across villages and birth cohorts to document long-term health and intergenerational impacts. The analysis finds that childhood exposure to conflict and, in particular, exposure starting in infancy, negatively impacts attained adult height. Each additional month of exposure decreases a women's adult height by 1.36 millimeters. The impacts are not limited to first-generation. The analysis also finds that a mother's exposure to conflict in her childhood is detrimental to her child's health. Mothers exposed to conflict during their childhood have more children and live in less wealthy households, likely reducing their ability to invest during their children's critical period of physical development. The finding points to a potential trade-off between the quantity and quality of children. The paper uses information on monthly conflict incidents at the village level, which allows identifying identify the effects of exposure to conflict more accurately than prior studies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8927
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
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    Housing, imputed rent, and households’ welfare (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8955
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ceriani, Lidia Housing, Imputed Rent, and Households' Welfare
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing is the largest durable good consumed by households. As such, any consumption-based measure of welfare, to be comprehensive, must include the value of the flow of services households derive from their dwellings, the so-called imputed rent. However, estimating imputed rents is a daunting task, which researchers and practitioners tend to overlook. This paper is the first attempt to assess the distributional impact of including housing in the welfare aggregate; the paper tests two estimation methods and analyzes four developing countries. The distributional impact cannot be predicted a priori, and evidence suggests it is context and method specific. Although changes in poverty and inequality are always statistically significant, they are only occasionally larger than one percentage point. By contrast, shared prosperity exhibits sizable changes, which might also determine international re-rankings. Albeit the inclusion of imputed rents reshuffles the set of poor households, observed changes in the socioeconomic profiling of the poor are unlikely to affect pro-poor policy design
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8955
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Estimating small area population density using survey data and satellite imagery : an application to Sri Lanka (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8776
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Engstrom, Ryan Estimating Small Area Population Density Using Survey Data and Satellite Imagery: An Application to Sri Lanka
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Country-level census data are typically collected once every 10 years. However, conflict, migration, urbanization, and natural disasters can cause rapid shifts in local population patterns. This study uses Sri Lankan data to demonstrate the feasibility of a bottom-up method that combines household survey data with contemporaneous satellite imagery to track frequent changes in local population density. A Poisson regression model based on indicators derived from satellite data, selected using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, accurately predicts village-level population density. The model is estimated in villages sampled in the 2012/13 Household Income and Expenditure Survey to obtain out-of-sample density predictions in the nonsurveyed villages. The predictions approximate the 2012 census density well and are more accurate than other bottom-up studies based on lower-resolution satellite data. The predictions are also more accurate than most publicly available population products, which rely on areal interpolation of census data to redistribute population at the local level. The accuracies are similar when estimated using a random forest model, and when density estimates are expressed in terms of population counts. The collective evidence suggests that combining surveys with satellite data is a cost-effective method to track local population changes at more frequent intervals
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8776
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Rural roads, poverty, and resilience : evidence from Ethiopia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8800
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Rural Roads, Poverty, and Resilience: Evidence from Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study analyzes the impacts of the recent rural road development in Ethiopia on welfare and economic outcomes. The identification of the impacts relies on a difference-in-differences matching approach, taking advantage of the nationally representative household survey and the original road database, both of which are panel data spanning between 2012 and 2016. The results of the econometric analysis overall suggest that Ethiopia's recent rural road development has substantially increased household welfare and supported households in coping with the recent severe droughts. This study estimates that rural roads increased, on average, household consumption by 16.1 percent between 2012 and 2016 (or 3.8 percent per year). The effects of rural road development were largest in the most remote communities, as it increased household consumption by 27.9 percent. Furthermore, in the communities most affected by the El Nino drought, the likelihood of falling into poverty was 14.4 percent lower between 2012 and 2016 if the community was connected by a rural road. Taken together, the results suggest that, by connecting remote communities to markets, rural roads have substantially increased the welfare and resilience of rural households in shock-prone environments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8800
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Evolution of poor food access over the course of the conflict in the Republic of Yemen (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8813
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tandon, Sharad Alan Evolution of Poor Food Access over the Course of the Conflict in the Republic of Yemen
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Republic of Yemen has undergone a profound transformation following the escalation of conflict in March 2015. There has been an increase in violence, a disruption in supply chains due to a tightening of the ports, and a decline in the general economic climate that has left a large share of the population without the income to support their basic needs. These transformations have resulted in widespread food insecurity, where nearly half the population is under the threat of a potential famine. Although the violence has undeniably had a significant impact on the population and local outcomes, the temporal and regional distribution of poor food access suggest that food insecurity of the mobile phone-using population has been primarily driven by factors aside from the localized effects of violence alone. The lack of a strong relationship between violence and poor welfare outcomes contrasts with evidence from other conflict settings, and further contrasts with the rationale underpinning much of the humanitarian and development assistance currently being delivered in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8813
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty in the Arab Republic of Egypt (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8824
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in the arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study assesses the redistributive impact of fiscal policy -- including expenditures and taxation -- in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Using a broadly applied methodology, a fiscal incidence analysis is conducted using survey and government data for fiscal year 2015. Evidence shows that Egyptian fiscal policy reduces income inequality, and that among individual fiscal programs, the largest reduction is due to public expenditures on the primary education system. Compared with similar countries, Egypt's overall fiscal policy placed it in the median of the distribution of inequality reduction. Fiscal policies in Egypt also led to a decrease in poverty, mostly from the flagship Tamween program. Poverty and inequality could be reduced more effectively if the country would shift away from spending on untargeted energy subsidies to more targeted transfers. The large gap between the government's expenditures and revenues helps explain the positive outcomes on poverty and inequality but poses challenges in the long term
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8824
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Impact of drought on poverty in Somalia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8698
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Impact of Drought on Poverty in Somalia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Understanding the magnitude and importance of income shocks, such as drought or conflict, in causing and perpetuating poverty is critical to designing policies aimed at building resilience and contributing toward the goal of ending poverty. This paper uses micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey to assess the impact of the severe drought that Somalia experienced in 2016/17 on poverty, hunger, and consumption. The analysis uses a regression framework to quantify the effects of the drought, relying on spatial variation in drought exposure and the timing of data collection, which took place before and during the drought, for identification. The drought is found to have a sizable effect on poverty, consumption, and hunger in rural areas, where agricultural households and those lacking access to infrastructure and basic services are most severely affected. A renewed drought shock could lead to an increase in poverty of 9 percentage points. The findings underscore the importance of investing in rural resilience, especially among agricultural households
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8698
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  • 14
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    Fiscal incidence in Ukraine : a commitment to equity analysis (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8765
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bornukova, Kateryna Fiscal Incidence in Ukraine: A Commitment to Equity Analysis
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper employs the Commitment to Equity framework to present a first attempt at a comprehensive fiscal incidence analysis for Ukraine, encompassing the revenue and expenditures components of the fiscal system, including direct and indirect taxes, as well as direct, indirect, and in-kind transfers. The fiscal system in Ukraine has high redistribution effects, decreasing the Gini inequality index by 21 percentage points, and the official measure of poverty incidence by 27.6 percentage points (considering all fiscal interventions including in-kind transfers). As in many other countries in the region, pensions are the main contributor to the redistribution effect of fiscal policy. However, Ukraine stands out due to the relatively high equalizing effect of direct transfers. Fiscal policy in Ukraine is pro-poor, with the lowest income decile benefiting the most. Overall, 60 percent of the population of Ukraine are net recipients from the fiscal system, the main categories of recipients being households with two or more children, single-parent households, and retirees
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8765
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  • 15
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    Distributional effects of tobacco taxation : a comparative analysis (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8805
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fuchs, Alan Distributional Effects of Tobacco Taxation: A Comparative Analysis
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tobacco taxes have positive impacts on health outcomes. However, policy makers often hesitate to use them because of the perception that poorer households are affected disproportionally more than richer households. This study compares the simulated distributional effects of tobacco tax increases in eight low- and middle-income countries. It applies a standardized extended cost-benefit analysis methodology and relies on comparable data sources across countries. The net effect of raising taxes on cigarettes encompasses the direct negative price shock to household budgets and the long-term benefits of improved health outcomes. The distributional incidence is assessed by estimating decile-specific behavioral responses and relative income gains. The comparative results do not support the claim that tobacco taxes are necessarily regressive. Although welfare losses from the first-order price shock disproportionally affect the poor, these negative shocks are attenuated by greater price-responsiveness among lower-income groups and further offset by higher long-term relative gains through reduced medical expenditures and additional years of productive life as taxes dissuade smoking. In several countries, increasing the price of cigarettes is pro-poor and welfare improving for a large share of the population. Along with raising taxes, policy should aim at encouraging responsiveness to price changes and target tobacco-related medical expenses that disproportionally burden the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8805
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  • 16
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    Estimating poverty in India without expenditure data : a survey-to-survey imputation approach (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8878
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Newhouse, David Locke Estimating Poverty in India without Expenditure Data: A Survey-to-Survey Imputation Approach
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper applies an innovative method to estimate poverty in India in the absence of recent expenditure data. The method utilizes expenditure data from 2004-05, 2009-10, and 2011-12 to impute household expenditure into a survey of durable goods expenditure conducted in 2014-15. At the USD 1.90 per day international poverty line, the preferred model predicts a 2014-15 head-count poverty rate of 10 percent in urban areas and 16.4 percent in rural areas, implying a poverty rate of 14.6 percent nationally. The implied poverty elasticity with respect to growth in per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is within the range of past experience, and states with higher gross domestic product growth saw greater predicted poverty reductions. In validation tests, the model's predictions perform comparably to the World Bank's current adjustment method when predicting for 2011-12 but they are far more accurate when predicting for 2004-05. Three alternative specifications give moderately higher estimates of poverty. The results indicate that survey-to-survey imputation, when feasible, is a preferable alternative to the current method used to adjust survey-based poverty estimates to later years
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8878
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 17
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    The redistributive effects of fiscal policy in Mali and Niger (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8887
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hounsa, Thierry The Redistributive Effects of Fiscal Policy in Mali and Niger
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study assesses the redistributive effects of fiscal policy in Mali and Niger. Fiscal policy is poverty increasing in Mali (by 2.4 percentage points) and Niger (2.5 percentage points). This is a result of primarily two factors: indirect taxes (value-added taxes and import duties) and direct fiscal transfers. Although the richest people in Mali and Niger pay the majority of indirect taxes, the poorest people pay a nonnegligible amount (more than 8 and 10 percent for the bottom three deciles, respectively). Although existing direct fiscal transfers have poverty-reducing effects, they are too small (Mali) or not well targeted (Niger)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8887
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  • 18
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    Welfare impact of value-added tax reform : the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8923
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adoho, Franck M Welfare Impact of Value-Added Tax Reform: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The adoption of the value-added tax the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2012 led to price increases that are thought to adversely affect the welfare of most Congolese households. To date, research has not yet examined the poverty and distributional impacts of this tax reform. Using data from the 2012 Living Standards Measurement Survey, this paper investigates whether the current value-added tax regime, with its exemptions, is progressive. Relying on the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System and several welfare measures, the analysis finds that the adoption of the value-added tax erodes the purchasing power of all Congolese households by a factor of 10 to 12 percent. Yet, the value-added tax appears to be highly progressive. Households in the top food expenditure quintile bears approximately 40 percent of the welfare loss compared with less than 10 percent among households in the bottom food expenditure quintile. Other inequality measures, such as the Gini coefficient, further support this finding that the value-added tax is progressive. Finally, the study finds that the adoption of the value-added tax leads to a worsening of the food poverty headcount by approximately 1.2 percentage points
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8923
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 19
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    Estimating poverty in a fragile context : the high frequency survey in South Sudan (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8722
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Johann Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context: The High Frequency Survey in South Sudan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The High Frequency South Sudan Survey, implemented by the South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the World Bank, conducted several waves of representative surveys across seven of the ten former states between 2015 and 2017. These surveys provided a long overdue update to poverty numbers in South Sudan, with the previous national poverty estimates dating as far back as 2009. The escalation and expansion of the civil conflict posed severe challenges to the planning and implementation of fieldwork. The surveys therefore capitalized on several technological and methodological innovations to establish a reliable system of data collection and obtain valid poverty estimates. Focusing on the 2016 urban-rural wave, this paper describes the design and analysis of the survey to arrive at reliable poverty estimates for South Sudan, utilizing the Rapid Consumption Methodology combined with geo-spatial data for inaccessible survey areas
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8722
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 20
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    Estimation of poverty in Somalia using innovative methodologies (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8735
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Johann Estimation of Poverty in Somalia Using Innovative Methodologies
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Somalia is highly data-deprived, leaving policy makers to operate in a statistical vacuum. To overcome this challenge, the World Bank implemented wave 2 of the Somali High Frequency Survey to better understand livelihoods and vulnerabilities and, especially, to estimate national poverty indicators. The specific context of insecurity and lack of statistical infrastructure in Somalia posed several challenges for implementing a household survey and measuring poverty. This paper outlines how these challenges were overcome in wave 2 of the Somali High Frequency Survey through methodological and technological adaptations in four areas. First, in the absence of a recent census, no exhaustive lists of census enumeration areas along with population estimates existed, creating challenges to derive a probability-based representative sample. Therefore, geospatial techniques and high-resolution imagery were used to model the spatial population distribution, build a probability-based population sampling frame, and generate enumeration areas to overcome the lack of a recent population census. Second, although some areas remained completely inaccessible due to insecurity, even most accessible areas held potential risks to the safety of field staff and survey respondents, so that time spent in these areas had to be minimized. To address security concerns, the survey adapted logistical arrangements, sampling strategy using micro-listing, and questionnaire design to limit time on the ground based on the Rapid Consumption Methodology. Third, poverty in completely inaccessible areas had to be estimated by other means. Therefore, the Somali High Frequency Survey relies on correlates derived from satellite imagery and other geo-spatial data to estimate poverty in such areas. Finally, the nonstationary nature of the nomadic population required special sampling strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8735
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 21
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    E-commerce development and household consumption growth in China (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8810
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Luo, Xubei E-Commerce Development and Household Consumption Growth in China
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: China has quickly become the largest e-commerce market in the world. By matching a nationally representative China Family Panel Studies survey with county-level e-commerce information obtained from Alibaba, this paper examines how e-commerce development has shaped household consumption growth in China. The paper presents three major findings. First, e-commerce development is associated with higher consumption growth. Second, the relationship is stronger for the rural sample, inland regions, and poor households, suggesting that e-commerce development helps reduce spatial inequality in consumption. Third, the consumption of durable goods and in-style goods has grown faster than the consumption of local services
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8810
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 22
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    E-commerce participation and household income growth in taobao villages (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8811
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Luo, Xubei E-Commerce Participation and Household Income Growth in Taobao Villages
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: E-commerce has developed rapidly in China, and Taobao Villages, which are villages significantly engaged in e-commerce, are prospering in rural areas. E-commerce is fostering entrepreneurship and creating flexible and inclusive employment opportunities, including for women and youth. This paper examines the role of e-commerce participation in household income growth, drawing from a survey of representative Taobao Villages in 2017. The paper presents three main findings. First, e-commerce participation is not random: participation is higher among the households with younger household heads, with secondary education, particularly those with technical and vocational education, urban work experience, and knowledge of e-commerce. Second, e-commerce participation is associated with higher household income, with some indications that participation has a strong positive effect on household incomes. Third, e-commerce appears to yield benefits that are broadly shared among participants in an equitable way in Taobao Villages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8811
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 23
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    Identifying the vulnerable to poverty from natural disasters : the case of typhoons in the Philippines (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8857
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skoufias, Emmanuel Identifying the Vulnerable to Poverty from Natural Disasters: The Case of Typhoons in the Philippines
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds on the existing literature assessing retrospectively the quantitative effects of natural disasters on different dimensions of household welfare, to make progress toward the ex ante identification of households that are vulnerable to poverty due to natural disasters, especially typhoons. A wind field model for the Philippines is employed to estimate local wind speeds at any locality where a tropical typhoon directly passes over or nearby. The estimated wind speeds are merged with the household Family Income and Expenditure Surveys at the barangay level, and consumption expenditures are then regressed against wind speed (or a related damage index) and household socioeconomic characteristics. The estimated coefficients from the regression model are then used to estimate ex ante household vulnerability to poverty (the likelihood that household consumption falls below the poverty line) in the event of future natural disasters of different intensities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8857
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 24
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    Where they live : district-level measures of poverty, average consumption, and the middle class in Central Asia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8940
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William Where They Live: District-Level Measures of Poverty, Average Consumption, and the Middle Class in Central Asia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rapid economic growth over the past two decades lifted millions of people out of poverty in Central Asia. But the uneven spread of prosperity left many communities struggling to catch up. To support lagging regions within countries, each of the region's five national governments has made convergence a pillar of their development strategies. An imperfect patchwork of household surveys allows policy makers to monitor progress and identify some spatial disparities. But these share an important weakness: none of the official surveys in the region is representative when disaggregated to the level of districts. Islands of poverty and prosperity are thus lost in the averages-leading to targeting inaccuracies that can slow the pace of poverty reduction. This study partially addresses the challenge. The accuracy of key welfare indicators is sharpened well beyond what could be achieved for any country alone by: i) unifying survey data from across the region and ii) applying the techniques of small-area estimation. The results provide detailed measures of welfare that in turn can be disaggregated for each district in Central Asia. Comprehensive maps of where the poor and the middle class live are presented, for the entire region and individually for each country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8940
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 25
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    Mongolia : distributional impact of taxes and transfers (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8639
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Freije, Samuel Mongolia: Distributional Impact of Taxes And Transfers
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses Mongolia's Household Socio Economic Survey for 2016 to estimate the distributive impact of taxes and transfers. The findings show that the system is progressive and contributes to reductions in poverty and inequality. The Gini coefficient of the pre-tax-and-transfer income is 0.4183 and decreases to 0.3507 after-tax-and-transfer. This is a reduction of 6.76 Gini points (around 16 percent). Something similar happens with the poverty rate, which decreases from 47.31 to 31.96 percent. Despite the progressiveness of the whole system, there are some caveats and policy warnings. First, pensions are the most redistributive instrument in the system, but their actuarial and fiscal sustainability is weak. Second, two programs (the child money program and the mortgage subsidy) do little redistribution-the latter is actually regressive-but represent a large share of the budget (around 2.5 percent of gross domestic product). These two factors, and the fact that up to a 35 percent of total expenditures in monetary and in-kind transfers is funded by corporate taxes and royalties-which are highly dependent on volatile commodity prices-make the redistributive impact of the tax-and-transfer system susceptible to fiscal unsustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8639
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 26
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    Extreme weather and poverty risk : evidence from multiple shocks in Mozambique (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8667
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8667
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 27
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    Minimum wages and labor supply in an emerging market : the case of Mauritius (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8681
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8681
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
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    Vanishing returns? : potential returns and constraints to input adoption among smallholder farmers in Uganda (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8627
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hill, Ruth Vanishing Returns? Potential Returns And Constraints To Input Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers In Uganda
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates the profitability of fertilizer and hybrid seeds in Uganda, using agronomic evidence on the yield returns to inputs from experimental fields, as well as output price data from local markets between 2000 and 2012. The results suggest that the returns to fertilizer are positive across the entire price range for beans, maize, and matooke and positive for the top 75 percent of prices for coffee. Commonly available improved seed varieties for maize and beans increase gains by 32 percent on average. However, accounting for the quality of the inputs available to farmers in the market, the sizable positive returns become negative for most of the price distribution, possibly explaining the low adoption of inputs in Uganda. The paper also examines the impact of other factors that could affect input adoption, by using a relatively long panel data set spanning 12 years. The analysis finds evidence that enhanced access to economic markets and past weather conditions have small effects on input use, and positive correlations between the use of extension services and knowledge and input use
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8627
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 29
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    Sae : a stata package for unit level small area estimation (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8630
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nguyen, Minh Cong Sae: A Stata Package For Unit Level Small Area Estimation
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a new family of Stata functions devoted to small area estimation. Small area methods attempt to solve low representativeness of surveys within areas, or the lack of data for specific areas/sub-populations. This is accomplished by incorporating information from outside sources. Such target data sets are becoming increasingly available and can take the form of a traditional population census, but also large scale administrative records from tax administrations, or geospatial information produced using remote sensing. The strength of these target data sets is their granularity on the subpopulations of interest, however, in many cases they lack the ability to collect analytically relevant variables such as welfare or caloric intake. The family of functions introduced follow a modular design to have the flexibility with which these can be expanded in the future. This can be accomplished by the authors and/or other collaborators from the Stata community. Thus far, a major limitation of such analysis in Stata has been the large size of target data sets. The package introduces new mata functions and a plugin used to circumvent memory limitations that inevitably arise when working with big data. From an estimation perspective, the paper starts by implementing a methodology that has been widely used for the production of several poverty maps
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8630
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 30
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    Preventing more "missing girls" : a review of policies to tackle son preference (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8635
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kumar, Sneha Preventing More "Missing Girls": A Review of Policies To Tackle Son Preference
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In parts of Asia, South Caucasus, and the Balkans, son preference is strong enough to trigger significant levels of sex selection, result in the excess mortality of girls, and skew child sex ratios in favor of boys. Every year, 1.8 million girls under the age of five go "missing" because of the widespread use of sex selective practices in these regions. The pervasive use of such practices is reflective of the striking inequities girls face today, and it also has negative implications for efforts to improve women's status in the long term. Consequently, governments of countries in these regions have employed direct measures, such as banning the use of prenatal sex selection technology and providing financial incentives to families that have girls. This paper takes stock of the direct measures used across countries grappling with skewed child sex ratios and compares the efficacy of direct measures with measures that indirectly raise the value of daughters. The stocktaking suggests that there is no conclusive evidence that direct approaches reduce the higher mortality risk for girls. Bans on the use of sex selection technology may inadvertently worsen the status of the very individuals they intend to protect, and financial incentives to families with girls offer short-term benefits at most. Alternatively, indirect measures, such as legal reform to promote gender equity and advocacy efforts, offer more promise by bringing about permanent shifts in the relative value of daughters. The stocktaking also underscores the paucity of causal studies in this literature
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8635
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 31
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    International comparisons of poverty in South Asia (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8683
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8683
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 32
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    The relationship between conflicts, economic shocks, and death with depression, economic activities, and human capital investment in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8685
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8685
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 33
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    Poverty, inequality, and agriculture in the EU (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8638
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Azevedo, Joao Pedro Poverty, Inequality, And Agriculture In The EU
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Boosting convergence and shared prosperity in the European Union achieved renewed urgency after the global financial crisis of 2008. This paper assesses the role of agriculture and the Common Agricultural Program in achieving this. The paper sheds light on the relationship between poverty and agriculture as part of the process of structural transformation. It positions each member country on the path toward a successful structural transformation. The paper then evaluates at the regional level where the Common Agricultural Program funding tends to go, poverty-wise, within each country. This approach enables making more informed policy recommendations on the current state of the Common Agricultural Program funding, as well as evaluating the role of agriculture as a driver of shared prosperity. The analysis performed throughout the paper uses a combination of data sources at several spatial levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8638
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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