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  • 2000-2004  (381)
  • 2000  (381)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (381)
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  • 2000-2004  (381)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182080
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Which alternative motor fuels will be in common use tomorrow? Which criteria should be used to assess them? No simple answers exist. Complex trade-offs are involved in the decision-making process. But the most important ingredient for making informed choices is sound information produced by a transparent methodology. Automotive Fuels for the Future offers a digest of basic data on the critical fuel choices for the future. It is a well-balanced compendium of concise technical information, as well as an overview of the essential issues in deciding among alternative fuels. Fuels such as natural gas, LPG or alcohols and biodiesel derived from different feedstocks are considered over the entire cycle from production to use. They are analysed in terms of environmental effects, safety, availability and cost. Their weaknesses and strengths are judged against the yardsticks of established gasoline and diesel technologies. This publication from IEA/AFIS, the information service of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels, makes this information accessible to the general reader.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. School Premises and Violence
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’émergence de la violence dans une société est un phénomène naturel ; sa réduction et son accroissement sont liés à des processus sociaux complexes et intercorrélés. De même, dans les espaces scolaires, il faut examiner la violence en regard des éléments individuels des jeunes auteurs d’actes violents et du contexte social particulier de l’école. La violence est un terme générique qui englobe aussi bien les violences contre les biens que celles contre les personnes.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.262
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We construct a revised version of the Barro and Lee (1996) data set for a sample of OECD countries using previously unexploited sources and following a heuristic approach to obtain plausible time profiles for attainment levels by removing sharp breaks in the data that seem to reflect changes in classification criteria. It is then shown that these revised data perform much better than the Barro and Lee (1996) or Nehru et al. (1995) series in a number of growth specifications. We interpret these results as an indication that poor data quality may be behind counterintuitive findings in the recent literature on the (lack of) relationship between educational investment and growth. Using our preferred empirical specification, we also show that the contribution of TFP to cross-country productivity differentials is substantial and that its importance relative to differences in factor stocks increases over time ...
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.255
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse regulatory developments in the road freight and retail distribution industries of OECD Member countries. For each industry, the analysis is divided into four parts. First, structural developments in the industry are outlined. Second, the main features of the regulatory framework are reviewed. The third part compares regulatory approaches on the basis of quantitative indicators of the degree of restrictions placed on market mechanisms. The last part summarises the main outcomes of regulatory reform. The data on regulation and market structure are taken primarily from the OECD International Regulation Database. The main findings of the analysis are the following: Both industries are currently undergoing sweeping changes, with, in particular, the rapid growth of new forms of competition; The pace and scale of liberalisation vary widely from one country and one industry to another, and in many countries there are still regulatory impediments to ...
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, tax reforms have profoundly changed the shape of OECD tax systems and rekindled interest in measuring effective tax burdens. Indeed, in order to understand past reforms or to evaluate the tax policies of particular countries, it is necessary to go beyond statutory rates since these sometimes bear little relation to rates actually paid. This paper updates and extends the Mendoza et al. estimates of average effective tax rates (AETRs) and presents new estimates based on modifications to the methodology to make some of the underlying assumptions more realistic. In particular, the assumption that all income from self-employment is capital income is dropped in favour of assuming that the self-employed earn both labour and capital income. This change raises estimates of the AETR on capital and reduces the estimated AETR on labour but does not alter the trends observed in the updated Mendoza et al. estimates. Both sets of estimates show that, on average, the ...
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.238
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact the performance measures in a statistically significant way ...
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper investigates the information content of yield curves regarding future inflation, using the example of the G-7 countries. The empirical results show substantial variation of results across countries, and a significant information content is identified for the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Canada. The results also vary with the choice of the sample period. Nevertheless, the relationship appears to be structurally stable in Germany and Canada. By contrast, there is evidence for structural instability in the United States and the United Kingdom, possibly reflecting changes in their monetary policy regimes ...
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.230
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent some components of government budgets affected by the macroeconomic situation operate to smooth the business cycle in individual OECD countries. It is shown that these automatic fiscal stabilisers have generally reduced cyclical volatility in the 1990s. However, in some countries the need to undertake fiscal consolidation in order to improve public finances has forced governments to take discretionary actions that have reduced, or even offset, the effect of automatic fiscal stabilisers. This paper also shows that, by preventing sharp economic fluctuations, fiscal stabilisers may raise long-term economic performance and avoid frequent changes in spending or tax rates. However, they should be employed symmetrically over the cycle in order to avoid costly debt accumulation ...
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180260
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les approches volontaires dans les politiques de l'environnement ; Analyse et évaluation
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Environment ; OECD ; Selbstverpflichtung ; Mitgliedsstaaten
    Abstract: Voluntary approaches are schemes whereby firms make commitments to improve their environmental performance.They cover arrangements such as public voluntary programmes, negotiated agreements or unilateral commitments. Until recently, voluntary approaches have not been subject to systematic analysis, inasmuch as, unlike taxes and tradable permits, they have not been prescribed by economic theory. Voluntary approaches were "invented" by those who devise and implement them: policy-makers, business associations, individual firms, non-governmental associations, etc. The use of voluntary approaches in environmental policy (e.g.negotiated agreements between Government and industry) is spreading and attracting growing interest in OECD countries. This book provides a systematic analysis of the different types of voluntary approaches, their economic characteristics, their role and effectiveness.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180550
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les établissements d'enseignement supérieur face aux besoins régionaux
    DDC: 378
    RVK:
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The agenda of universities has moved on from a desire to simply increase the general education level of the population and the output of scientific research; there is now a greater concern to harness university education and research to specific economic and social objectives. Nowhere is this demand for specificity more clear than in the field of regional development. What contribution do universities make to the development of the regions they are located in? They certainly have passive impacts in terms of direct and indirect employment; yet, how can the resources of universities be mobilised to actively contribute to the development process? The challenge addressed in this book is how should higher education institutions respond to demands which are emanating from a set of actors and agencies concerned with regional development and thus help reach national objectives. This book is based on case studies presented at various conferences focusing on Australia, the Baltic States and Scandinavia, continental Europe, the United States and the United Kingdom. The case study material is supplemented by other sources of information about national higher education policy, including major national surveys of higher education in Australia, Finland and the United Kingdom each of which embrace the regional agenda.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Pensionskasse ; Altersversorgung ; Kapitalmarkt ; Portfoliomanagement
    Abstract: This books explores the international aspects of pension reform, private savings and volatile capital markets and clarifies how they relate to each other. Building the case for the pension-improving benefits of global asset diversification, analysing the implications of financial reform for stimulating savings, and exploring both the benefits and risks of global capital flows to emerging markets, Pensions, Savings and Capital Flows will inform policy and academic debates on financial globalisation.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789164180322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 331.6/2/095
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Asien ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Krise ; Asien ; Arbeitnehmer ; Migration ; Asien ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: Accompanying a sustained period of economic growth, the flows of labour migrants between the economies of East and South-east Asia grew considerably prior to the recent crisis. These flows have become more diverse and complex rendering necessary the improved monitoring of migration trends and policies in each country as well as bringing forth the need to extend the exchange of expertise and experience between the region's experts and policy makers. What has been the impact of the crisis on national labour markets? How have the different countries modified their approach to the employment of foreign workers? To what extent have foreign workers been affected? These questions are examined in this publication, which identifies the impact of the Asian financial crisis on labour migration and the conditions of migrant workers in the region. In addition to keynote reports on the origins of the crisis and its policy implications, individual case studies on China, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand present detailed analyses of labour migration, the employment of foreign workers and the recent changes in migration policies.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264280564
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.36
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Norway 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Norway
    Abstract: L’effort d’aide de la Norvège place ce pays au deuxième rang des Membres du CAD pour ce qui est du rapport de l’APD au PNB. L’aide au développement bénéficie en Norvège d’un large consensus national dû au soutien sans réserve des églises et des ONG, et à une sensibilisation efficace aux problèmes de développement. Quelque 40 % du programme bilatéral administré par la Norvège transitent ainsi par des ONG norvégiennes. L’aide au développement à long terme de la Norvège est fortement orientée vers la réduction de la pauvreté, l’aide allant essentiellement aux pays pauvres menant de bonnes politiques. La Norvège suit à cet égard une triple approche : aider les pays concernés à promouvoir la croissance économique ; favoriser la mise en œuvre des programmes de développement social ; enfin, cibler l’aide sur les groupes vulnérables. Les approches opérationnelles de la Norvège et ses crédits budgétaires à l’appui de la réduction de la pauvreté peuvent, toutefois, être encore renforcés dans le cadre de l’effort général mené à l’échelle internationale pour réduire de moitié la proportion de pauvres d’ici 2015. Les ambitions de la Norvège en ce qui concerne la promotion des droits de l’homme, de la démocratie et de la paix, ont ouvert de nouveaux domaines d’action et généré des défis majeurs aux niveaux stratégique et organisationnel. De plus, si la Norvège s’attache à concentrer son aide bilatérale sur 12 pays prioritaires, les priorités politiques et humanitaires sont devenues un deuxième élément de l’aide norvégienne et en ont accru sa dispersion géographique. Les examens en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus pour l'an 2000 porteront sur les Membres du CAD suivants : la France, la Nouvelle-Zélande, l'Italie, la Suède, la Suisse et le Portugal.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281240
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Greece 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Greece
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré à la Grèce évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De la formation initiale à la vie active ; Faciliter les transitions
    RVK:
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Schulabgänger ; Arbeitswelt ; Integration ; Schulabgänger ; Berufliche Integration ; Lebenslanges Lernen
    Abstract: How did the transition from compulsory education to work change during the 1990s and which types of transition policies worked best? The experiences of 14 OECD countries are examined in this volume to address these two key questions, for as requirements for knowledge and qualifications and skills rise and populations age, few countries can afford to have their young people enter the labour force unequipped for longer term participation in changing career patterns. Taking a broader view of transition outcomes than many previous comparative studies, this study reveals the complex and many-faceted national institutional arrangements that can result in successful transitions to working life. It argues not for single solutions or models, such as the adoption of apprenticeship, but for coherent national policy packages that draw from a limited number of key success ingredients: a healthy economy and labour market, well organised pathways from initial education to work and further study, opportunities to combine study and workplace experience, safety nets for those at risk, effective information and guidance systems, and policy processes involving both governments and other stakeholders. It also looks at the ways that countries are trying to lay solid foundations for lifelong learning during the transition phase through changes to educational pathways and institutions and through adopting more learner-centred approaches to teaching and learning.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer l'éthique dans le service public ; Les mesures des pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Confianza en el Gobierno ; Medidas para fortalecer el marco ético en los países de la OCDE
    DDC: 172.2
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance ; OECD ; Öffentlicher Dienst ; Ethik ; OECD ; Politische Ethik
    Abstract: Public service is a public trust. Citizens expect public servants to serve the public interest with fairness and to manage public resources properly on a daily basis. Fair and reliable public services inspire public trust and create a favourable environment for businesses, thus contributing to well-functioning markets and economic growth. Public ethics are a prerequisite to public trust and a keystone of good governance. At a time when there is a growing consensus among governments on what should constitute the essential elements of an effective and comprehensive ethics strategy, this book constitutes a unique source of comparative information on ethics management measures in OECD countries. It is designed to facilitate mutual learning and to support the development of modern ethics strategies in both OECD and non-member countries, by providing, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of ethics measures in all 29 OECD countries, including overall trends and promising practices.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Mongolia
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an essential component in economic development, in particular for smaller transition economies like Mongolia. For this impact to be realised, the conditions to attract and retain FDI must be created. Despite its isolation and distance from export markets, FDI in Mongolia has been relatively dynamic, aided both by rich natural resources and by the pro-active policies pursued by the Mongolian government. All sectors of the Mongolian economy are open to foreign investors and foreign investment is protected from nationalisation or expropriation. Investment is promoted via a "one-stop shop" which provides a first point of contact and support for foreign investors. The operating environment in Mongolia is evolving to accommodate the requirements of modern businesses. Labour, raw materials and operating costs are competitive and the key legislative acts are in place. Work is progressing to modernise the tax administration. This Investment Guide, published by the OECD’s Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members, provides an overview of the conditions for foreign direct investment in Mongolia. Policy recommendations are made to enhance the attractiveness of the country as an investment venue, including strengthening the legal framework for foreign investment, restructuring the banking system and reinforcing the rule of law.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189584
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion des risques en matière de revenu dans le secteur agricole
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Various risks affect the income and the welfare of farm households. A large number of strategies are available to deal specifically with income risk. They exist against a general background of widespread government intervention that modifies the risks faced by farmers. In the context of agricultural policy reform, a challenge for policy makers is to better define the role of public policy versus market-based mechanisms to deal with income risk in agriculture. The OECD workshop examined the various strategies used by farm households, in particular those attracting renewed interest such as diversification of income sources, vertical co-ordination, hedging on futures markets, insurance coverage and public safety-nets. It allowed participants from Member countries’ governments and private industries to share their experience. One of the main conclusions was that farmers, as managers, have the primary responsibility for risk management and that the optimal mix of tools and instruments depends on specific conditions. Government intervention in risk management, coming as a response to an identified market failure, should be in line with general reform principles shared by OECD Ministers for Agriculture, which include increasing the market orientation of agriculture and addressing legitimate domestic interests in ways that do not distort production and trade.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264182028
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences radiologiques des options de gestion du combustible nucléaire usé ; Une étude comparative
    DDC: 621.4835
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Given its potential significance for public health and the environment, the impact of radioactive releases during important steps of nuclear energy production must be considered when selecting among different fuel cycles. With this in mind, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has undertaken a comparative study of the radiological impacts of two main fuel cycle options: one with and one without reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. The study compares the respective impacts of the two options based on generic models and assumptions as well as actual data. It concludes that the difference between them is not significant. A wealth of recent data assembled and evaluated by an international expert team is provided in annex.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264181113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has long been recognised as one of the international community’s premier economic organisations. Less well known is its extensive work and achievements in the field of environment. Written by a former Director of Environment, this book describes the origins and evolution of the Organisation’s environmental work as well as its contributions to the resolution of major environmental issues which OECD Member nations have confronted over the second half of the Twentieth Century (e.g, acid rain, ozone depletion, chemical safety, hazardous waste management, and reconciliation of economic growth and environmental protection objectives). The author also sets out some of the key challenges that the OECD faces in maintaining a leadership role in international environmental affairs in the next millennium.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264082182
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    DDC: 363.728963
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Integrated performance assessments (IPAs) of radioactive waste repositories deep underground are made at different stages of repository development in order, for example, to allow full-scale development, to provide feedback to R&D, and to test and develop review capability. IPA studies must be acceptable to a wide range of stakeholders and are one of the bases for dialogue amongst regulators and implementers of disposal facilities. The goal of the IPAG-2 study was to examine the experience of regulatory reviews of IPAs, from both the implementer and regulator points of view. Ten implementer and seven regulatory organisations participated. This report presents the lessons learnt from their review experiences, and provides recommendations to aid future regulatory decision making.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.268
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of direct investment by foreign-owned companies on technical progress and hence labour productivity in the UK manufacturing sector. Using an industry-level panel data set we find that foreign-owned firms have a significant positive effect on the level of technical efficiency in domestic firms. There is evidence of significant intra-industry and inter-industry spillovers from inward investment. These findings remain robust even when other factors such as imports and domestic R&D expenditures are allowed for. Inward investment appears to be a much more important source of technical progress than foreign trade ...
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264181137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Grèce 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Grèce 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Greece
    Abstract: This review of Greece's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/06
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Belgique, la nouvelle bibliothèque de l'ULB : Cinq ans de vie
    Keywords: Education ; Belgium
    Abstract: The project to build a new library at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) arose because library resources and services had become scattered across the campus, due to a lack of space in the original library building. The facilities and services needed to be adapted to the evolution of library management and to the needs of a growing number of users. Building a new library was also motivated by the university’s educational objective to increase student autonomy and to stimulate critical thinking and individual research.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concevoir les établissements scolaires pour la société de l'information : Bibliothèques et centres de documentation et d'information
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The roles and functions of the school library are changing rapidly and in fundamental ways. The aim of the report is to provide a set of guidelines for people involved in the design of new and existing schools – especially those involved with school libraries and their links with the local community.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.41
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report discusses the impact of care allowances on women care-givers. These programmes, involving some payment for care in informal care settings, have recently been introduced in several OECD Member countries. While their primary goal has been to help older persons in need of care, their consequences for the persons providing care also deserve to be analysed. The bulk of informal care is provided by women care-givers. In this respect, long-term care systems involve a partnership between formal care systems, the state, and the family, in order to provide a continuum of care. This also renders the analysis very complex. The main objective of the paper is to answer the question: what is the impact for women care-givers of various models of care allowances for the frail elderly? These care allowances have been primarily instituted to address the needs of older persons for care, as well as to offer some compensation for caring responsibilities. Apart from these initial goals ...
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264281561
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills; The PISA 2000 Assessment of Reading, Mathematical and Scientific Literacy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills: The PISA 2000 Assessment of Reading, Mathematical and Scientific Literacy
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce volume présente “l’approche PISA 2000” de l’évaluation de la littératie en matière de lecture, de mathématiques et de science. Il décrit les instruments d’évaluation de PISA, qu'il s'agisse des contenus que doivent acquérir les élèves, des processus qui doivent être mis en œuvre, ou du contexte dans lequel connaissances et compétences seront appliquées. Chacun des domaines d’évaluation est étayé de nombreux exemples.
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  • 28
    Language: French
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Changing Infrastructure of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les changements techniques, économiques et sociaux exercent sur les programmes et les méthodes d’apprentissage des pressions de plus en plus vives qui font émerger des tendances nouvelles dans l’enseignement tertiaire. Les infrastructures actuelles sont-elles assez souples pour répondre à l’évolution des besoins ? Quelles nouvelles formes de la gestion et du financement des équipements font preuve de réussite ? Quelle est l’influence de l’environnement du bâti et de la maintenance sur la réussite des étudiants ? Alors que les crédits destinés à la maintenance de parcs immobiliers se raréfient, alors que les déficits d’entretien s’accumulent, il est important de pouvoir qualifier et quantifier les performances ou contre-performances enregistrées dans ce secteur aux fins de comparaison entre institutions et avec d’autres secteurs d’activités. Ces sujets ont été traités lors du séminaire du PEB intitulé « L’évolution des infrastructures de l’enseignement tertiaire ».
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 104 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.47
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Mobile communications is one of the tremendous success stories of the telecommunications industry. By June 1999 there were 293 million mobile subscribers in the OECD area, or around one mobile phone for every four inhabitants.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Technology can make a significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector. But it can only do so if efforts to develop and deploy advanced energy technologies are redoubled and if technological advances are combined with measures that discourage the emitting of carbon by making it more expensive. Efforts with a near-term focus are needed, but so is work that will only bear fruit years from today. Both are vital. Both must start now and continue over time. Government and industry both have indispensable roles in the task of maximising energy technology’s contribution to emissions reduction. This report is a call to action to IEA Member countries to find ways, compatible with their own circumstances, to achieve that end. It reviews a large number of technologies that could prove important in reducing energy-related emissions in both the near and long term. It points out how the availability of advanced energy technology can mitigate the cost of emissions reduction, and it outlines how traditional “barriers” to using new technology can be overcome. It deals directly with the issue of what governments can do in this area and points out where government action is needed. The report builds on two previous IEA reports – Energy Technologies for the 21st Century and IEA/OECD Scoping Study: Energy and Environmental Technologies to Respond to Global Climate Change Concerns.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264070226
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 216; Micro-organismes du sol ; essai de transformation de l'azote
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 216: Micro-organismes du sol : essai de transformation de l'azote
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method designed to investigate the long-term effects of chemicals, after a single exposure, on nitrogen transformation activity of soil microorganisms. Sieved soil is amended with powdered plant meal and either treated with the test substance or left untreated. For agrochemicals, a minimum of two test concentrations are recommended (five for non agrochemicals) and these should be chosen in relation to the highest concentration anticipated in the field. The soil is divided into three portions of equal weight (six for non agrochemicals). Two portions are mixed with the carrier containing the product (five for non agrochemicals), and the other is mixed with the carrier without the product (control). A minimum of three replicates for both treated and untreated soils is recommended. After 0, 7, 14 days and 28 days of incubation, samples of treated and control soils are extracted with an appropriate solvent, and the quantities of nitrate in the extracts are determined. All tests run for at least 28 days. If, on the 28th day, differences between treated and untreated soils are equal to or greater than 25%, measurements are continued to a maximum of 100 days. Results from tests with multiple concentrations are analysed using a regression model, and the ECx values are calculated.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/09
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. City Learning Centres for the 21st Century
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le ministère anglais de l’Éducation et de l’Emploi a lancé le projet Excellence in Cities (EiC) qui a comme objectif d’améliorer les normes dans les établissements scolaires des vieux quartiers pauvres. Un élément essentiel de cette initiative est les City Learning Centres (centres de formation municipaux, CLC). Remarquablement bien équipés, les CLC vont certainement relever le niveau de formation et de qualification, multiplier les possibilités d’emploi et lutter contre l’exclusion sociale.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264180574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduction des coûts en capital des centrales nucléaires
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The competitiveness of nuclear power plants depends largely on their capital costs that represent some 60 per cent of their total generation costs. Reviewing and analysing ways and means to reduce capital costs of nuclear power plants are essential to enhance the economic viability of the nuclear option. The report is based upon cost information and data provided by experts from NEA Member countries. It investigates the efficiency of alternative methods for reducing capital costs of nuclear units. It will provide stakeholders from the industry and governmental agencies with relevant elements in support of policy making.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188235
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Téléphonie mobile; structures et tendances en matière de prix
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Mobile phones
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; Handy
    Abstract: Mobile communications is one of the tremendous success stories of the telecommunications industry. By June 1999, there were 293 million mobile subscribers in the OECD area, or around one mobile phone for every four inhabitants. Current growth continues to exceed most past projections. The benefits wrought by mobility in communications are increasingly evident in terms of both economic and social development. If there is a caveat, amidst such a tremendous success story, it is that the very rapid growth of mobile communications has tended to conceal large performance differences across the OECD area. There is an ongoing need to examine performance against fast moving international benchmarks. Without such analysis the challenges to mobile communications meeting wider policy goals, in relation to electronic commerce and local infrastructure competition, will remain impervious to critical review. In addition, high growth rates have tended to mask some problem areas where there has been insufficient price competition. In many countries, the mobile communications sector has been successfully used to pioneer liberalisation. Nevertheless, it is incumbent on policy makers to continually review regulatory frameworks. This book highlights a number of areas for policy review and decision.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u. d. T.: Téléphonie mobile
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264181694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégration des marchés des transports terrestres européens
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Integration of European inland transport markets
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Güterverkehr ; Personenverkehr ; Grenzüberschreitender Verkehr ; Verkehrsrecht ; Rechtsangleichung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Osteuropa ; Europa ; Schienengüterverkehr ; Europa ; Asien ; Transport ; Europe Economic integration ; Congresses ; Europa ; Transportmarkt ; Integration
    Abstract: The integration of European inland transport markets is a topical issue that has generated a great deal of activity in recent years. The integration of transport markets is a fundamental condition for the development of trade relations and economic activity.This book is an essential tool for all transport professionals. It looks at the most recent transport and investment trends. It then examines the pan-European process of legal harmonisation and adjustment of transport systems and analyses emerging trade and transport links between Europe and Asia. Obstacles at border crossings for international road and rail goods transport are also dealt with along with ways of combating crime in transport. Lastly, the topical issue of public-private partnerships in transport infrastructure financing is tackled and conclusions are presented.
    Note: Franz. Ausg.u.d.T.: Intégration des marchés des transports terrestres européens
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181922
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Approfondir les réformes en Corée ; Politiques du marché du travail et protection sociale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Approfondir les réformes en Corée
    DDC: 331.1109519
    RVK:
    Keywords: Industrial relations Korea (South) ; Labor market Korea (South) ; Labor policy Korea (South) ; Manpower policy Korea (South) ; Social security Korea (South) ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of ; Korea (South) Social policy ; Südkorea ; Fiskalpolitik ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: At the end of 1997, Korea was hit by a major financial and economic crisis, which resulted, among other things, in a huge rise in unemployment. The event caught the country’s labour and social institutions unprepared, so that many workers and their families were hit hard. The economy has now turned the corner. This book shows that government labour and social policies, together with improved basic workers’ rights, have helped minimise the costs of the crisis while also contributing to overcome it. However, this book also highlights the need for further actions in these areas in order to pave the way for a healthy, socially-sustainable economic performance and argues the case that the momentum of reform should not be slowed.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187634
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le point sur l'évacuation des déchets radioactifs en formations géologiques
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Geologic disposal of radioactive waste in perspective
    DDC: 363.72/89
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nukleare Entsorgung ; Geologie ; OECD-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy ; Radioaktiver Abfall ; Entsorgung ; Geologie
    Abstract: One of the challenges facing the continued availability of nuclear energy is that of ensuring the safe, environmentally acceptable and economic management of the waste generated during its production. There is a broad scientific and technical consensus that disposal of high-level, long-lived radioactive waste in deep geologic formations is an appropriate and safe means of isolating it from the biosphere for very long time scales. There have, however, been setbacks in the disposal programmes in many countries, primarily due to the failure of the waste management community to win sufficient public and political support. This report, which is based on recent work of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), reviews the progress to date in this field and the further steps that may be required to implement geologic disposal, taking into account both the technical and regulatory requirements, and the need to achieve an appropriate level of societal acceptance.This book should be of interest to government and industry decision makers, academics and all those eager to better understand what is at stake in this widely debated subject and the prospects that emerge.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Edition: Edition 2000
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : Hongrie 2000
    Keywords: Ungarn ; Direktinvestition
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Edition: Edition 2000
    Series Statement: Examen des politiques agricoles
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Romania 2000
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264188174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique dans le secteur des transports
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Strategic environmental assessment for transport
    RVK:
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrsplanung ; Umweltbewertung ; Europa ; Welt ; Environmental impact analysis ; Transportation Environmental aspects ; Europe ; Environment ; Transport ; Verkehrspolitik ; Güterverkehr ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: Environmental impact assessments are an essential component of making decisions on transport infrastructure investments. Traditional procedures have proved ineffective for impacts that go beyond the scope of projects in isolation. Strategic environmental assessment has emerged in response, to address large scale effects including impacts on traffic across networks, impacts on climate change and biodiversity and the impacts of policy decisions as opposed simply to individual projects. This report examines recent experience in developing environmental assessment internationally and makes recommendations on maximising the effectiveness of this new tool.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188181
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour une relance durable en Asie ; Mobiliser des ressources pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Sustainable recovery in Asia
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Ostasien ; Asien ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Asien ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Ressourcenökonomie
    Abstract: Two-thirds of the world's poor live in Asia. The major objective for the region, therefore, must be to reduce poverty. It has become clear in the wake of the crisis that the public sector can no longer shoulder the burden of financing pro-poor growth alone. At the same time, it is also clear that official aid flows throughout the world, and particularly in Asia, have been declining since the middle of the 1990s. Therefore, the private sector must be encouraged to provide at least part of the financing. This is the major message of the book. Two ways of achieving this are proposed. One is to attract more foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, rather than to rely on borrowing, to reduce financial vulnerability. The other is to promote partnerships between the state and the private sector, rather than simply to privatise the more lucrative branches of publicly owned and operated services. This book, co-edited by the OECD Development Centre and the Asian Development Bank, presents an original and comprehensive approach to the problem of obtaining support for maintaining development projects in the wake of the global financial crisis. The book brings together varied and complementary opinions from participants -- from the worlds of business, finance, government, academia and the media -- in the sixth annual International Forum on Asian Perspectives, held in Paris in July 2000. Sustainable Recovery in Asia: Mobilising Resources for Development constitutes a reference work on Asia and provides an excellent basis for policy advice for governments and policy makers.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264280540
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Gestion des déchets radioactifs
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste; Review of Developments in the Last Decade
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste: Review of Developments in the Last Decade
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Radioaktiver Abfall ; Entsorgung ; Endlager ; Geologie
    Abstract: L’idée d’isoler de l’environnement humain les déchets radioactifs à vie longue en les stockant dans des dépôts profonds remonte à plusieurs décennies. Depuis, les recherches réalisées dans le monde ont renforcé nos connaissances et notre compréhension du fonctionnement des systèmes de stockage souterrain sur des périodes très longues. On a également bien avancé vers la réalisation de ces installations. Cependant, les programmes d’évacuation des déchets radioactifs ont subi des retards dans plusieurs pays. Ce rapport fait le tour des évolutions intervenues dans le domaine de l’évacuation au cours de la dernière décennie. Les principales sources de données de l’étude sont les réponses à un questionnaire, fournies par les organismes s’occupant de la gestion des déchets représentés au sein du Comité de la gestion des déchets radioactifs (RWMC). Ce comité regroupe des experts internationaux issus d’autorités de sûreté, d’agences de gestion de déchets, d’institutions de R-D ainsi que des organismes décisionnels
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789228280890
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Transport in the City; Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Transport in the City: Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Stadtentwicklung ; Verkehrsentwicklung
    Abstract: Les transports entraînent des problèmes de congestion urbaine de plus en plus préoccupants. Les nouvelles infrastructures de transport font par ailleurs naître des différends sur la façon d'imputer au public le coût des services nouveaux et de concilier la demande de déplacement avec les efforts pour améliorer la qualité de la vie urbaine dans ses dimensions sociale et environnementale. Si ces contradictions ne sont pas surmontées, les partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé auront du mal à se développer. La solution passe par la mise en oeuvre de toute une panoplie de stratégies reposant sur une politique d’information et de communication renforcée à destination du public, des projets mieux conçus pour prendre en compte les objectifs sociaux et environnementaux, une approche de l’aménagement urbain holistique plutôt que sectorielle et des échanges de compétences plus intenses entre les secteurs public et privé. Ce livre s’inspire d’une série d’études de cas, montrant aussi bien des réussites que des échecs, menées dans des pays tels que l'Australie, les Etats-Unis, la France, le Japon ou le Royaume-Uni. Afin d'éclairer ce débat majeur et faciliter la conception de nouvelles stratégies d'intégration des transports dans la ville, ce livre expose les voies les plus prometteuses pour : - répondre aux problèmes du transport urbain ; - améliorer les partenariats public/privé ; et - rendre socialement plus acceptables les nouveaux projets d'infrastructures et les péages routiers.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281073
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Etudes du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Opening and Growth in China
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: On a souvent attribué arbitrairement à un certain nombre de facteurs politico-économiques la croissance remarquable de l’économie chinoise de ces dernières années. Cet ouvrage mesure quantitativement l’effet spécifique des entrées de capitaux au titre de l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et en donne des estimations par régions. La relation entre ces flux et la croissance générale de l’activité économique est beaucoup plus complexe qu’on ne le pensait jusqu’ici. Même si les provinces côtières, ouvertes sur l’extérieur, sont manifestement celles où la croissance associée à l’IDE et à l’apport de technologie étrangère qui en découle est la plus importante, on observe également des effets de dispersion géographique. Or, pour éviter que les inégalités de richesse se creusent, ces effets de dispersion doivent être encouragés. Toutefois, les disparités importantes existant, en termes de capital physique et humain, entre les provinces côtières et celles de l’intérieur entravent la redistribution des effets qu’a l’IDE sur la croissance à l’échelle nationale. De plus, pour continuer à bénéficier du progrès technologique de façon significative, la Chine devra développer ses propres capacités de recherche et de développement afin de compenser la rentabilité décroissante des transferts de technologie étrangère. Cela suppose l’adoption de mesures favorisant le développement des capacités humaines, à travers la formation initiale et continue à l’échelle nationale.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Economic opening and growth in China
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281868
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2000
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264281929
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pushing Ahead with Reform in Korea; Labour Market and Social Safety-net Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pushing Ahead with Reform in Korea: Labour Market and Social Safety-net Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A la fin de 1997, la Corée a été frappée par une grave crise économique et financière qui a notamment entraîné une forte hausse du chômage. Ni les institutions du marché du travail ni les institutions sociales n’avaient anticipé la crise, de sorte que de nombreux travailleurs ainsi que leurs familles ont été durement touchés.L’économie s’est maintenant redressée. Cet ouvrage montre que la politique du marché du travail et la politique sociale du gouvernement ont aidé à minimiser le coût de la crise et permis de la surmonter ; il en va de même des mesures destinées à renforcer les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. Cependant, ce livre souligne également la nécessité de mettre en œuvre d'autres réformes afin que la croissance économique soit saine et durable sur le plan social : il s'agit plus que jamais de poursuivre l'élan des réformes.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264288188
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Séminaires du Centre de Développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Recovery in Asia; Mobilising Resources for Development
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Pour une relance durable en Asie
    Keywords: Development ; Asien ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Ressourcenökonomie
    Abstract: Les deux tiers des pauvres de la planète vivent en Asie. L’objectif premier de toute politique de développement dans cette région doit donc être de réduire la pauvreté. Dans le sillage de la crise, il est devenu évident que le secteur public ne peut plus supporter seul le poids du financement d’une croissance privilégiant les pauvres. En outre, il est devenu manifeste que les flux d’aide publique diminuent depuis le milieu des années 90 dans le monde entier, et en particulier en Asie. C’est pourquoi il faut encourager le secteur privé à fournir une partie des fonds nécessaires ; tel est le principal message de cet ouvrage. L’ouvrage propose deux moyens d’y parvenir. L’un consiste à attirer davantage d’investissements directs étrangers et d’investissements de portefeuille pour réduire la vulnérabilité financière, plutôt que de compter sur l’emprunt. L’autre consiste à promouvoir la formation de partenariats entre l’Etat et le secteur privé, plutôt que de simplement privatiser les branches les plus lucratives des services fournis et gérés par l’Etat. Cet ouvrage, co-édité par le Centre de Développement de l’OCDE et la Banque asiatique de développement, présente une approche originale et exhaustive du problème que pose la nécessité d’obtenir des fonds pour assurer la poursuite des projets de développement au lendemain de la crise financière mondiale. Il rassemble les points de vue divers et complémentaires des participants - issus du monde des affaires, des milieux financiers, des administrations publiques, de l’université et des médias - au sixième forum international sur les perspectives asiatiques, organisé à Paris en juillet 2000. Pour une relance durable en Asie : mobiliser des ressources pour le développement est un ouvrage de référence précieux sur l’Asie et une excellente base pour l’élaboration de conseils destinés aux gouvernements et aux décideurs.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Sustainable recovery in Asia : mobilising resources for development
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264288232
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mobile Phones; Pricing Structures and Trends
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mobile Phones: Pricing Structures and Trends
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; Handy
    Abstract: Les communications mobiles sont l'un des succès éclatants de l'industrie des télécommunications. Ainsi, en juin 1999, on dénombrait 293 millions d'abonnés mobiles dans la zone de l'OCDE, soit environ un téléphone mobile pour quatre habitants. La croissance actuelle continue d'être supérieure à la plupart des prévisions antérieures. Et les avantages procurés par la mobilité dans les télécommunications sont de plus en plus manifestes en termes de développement aussi bien économique que social. S'il y a une nuance à apporter à ce bilan exceptionnel, c'est que la croissance très rapide des communications mobiles a eu tendance à masquer de grandes disparités dans les performances à l'intérieur de la zone de l'OCDE. Aussi importe-t-il d'analyser ces performances en se référant à des critères internationaux qui progressent rapidement. Sans une telle analyse, la concrétisation des grands objectifs stratégiques en matière de commerce électronique et de concurrence dans l'infrastructure locale échappera à tout examen critique. De plus, les taux de croissance élevés ont eu tendance à occulter certains problèmes liés à une concurrence insuffisante par les prix. Dans de nombreux pays, les communications mobiles sont un secteur pionnier de la libéralisation. Il est cependant du devoir des décideurs politiques de réexaminer continuellement les cadres réglementaires. Cet ouvrage identifie plus particulièrement les domaines que les décideurs devront examiner avec attention.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264289581
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Income Risk Management in Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Landwirtschaft ; Einkommenssicherung ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: Les ménages agricoles sont confrontés à une série de risques qui affectent leur revenu et leur bien-être. Un grand nombre de stratégies sont à leur disposition pour gérer, en particulier, le risque relatif au revenu. Celles-ci prennent place dans un contexte d’intervention publique généralisée qui modifie les risques rencontrés par les agriculteurs. Dans le cadre de la réforme de la politique agricole, les pouvoirs publics vont devoir s'attacher à mieux définir le rôle des mécanismes d’intervention publique par rapport aux approches fondées sur le marché pour permettre aux agriculteurs de gérer le risque en matière de revenu. L’atelier de l’OCDE a examiné les différentes stratégies utilisées par les ménages agricoles, en particulier celles qui font l’objet d’un regain d’intérêt comme la diversification des sources de revenu, la coordination verticale, la couverture sur les marchés à terme, l’assurance et les filets de sécurité publics. Il a permis aux participants des pays Membres, du service public comme du secteur privé, de partager leurs expériences. C'est aux agriculteurs, en tant qu’entrepreneurs, qu'incombe en premier lieu la gestion du risque, et la combinaison optimale d’outils et d’instruments dépend des conditions spécifiques, telle est l'une des principales conclusions de cet atelier. L’intervention du gouvernement dans la gestion du risque, en réponse à une défaillance avérée du marché, devrait être conforme aux principes généraux de réforme tels qu'ils ont été définis par les ministres des pays de l’OCDE. Ceux-ci impliquent notamment une plus grande orientation de l’agriculture par le marché et la prise en compte des préoccupations nationales légitimes sans création de distorsions sur la production et les échanges.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264187832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Méthodes d'analyses comparatives dans les transports ; Méthodologies, applications et données nécessaires
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Transport benchmarking
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Benchmarking ; Verkehrssektor ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Hafenwirtschaft ; Luftfrachtverkehr ; Europa ; Welt ; Schienenverkehr ; Transport ; Benchmarking (Management) ; European Union countries ; Transportation and state ; European Union countries ; Benchmarking ; Transport
    Abstract: This conference proceedings defines transport benchmarking, analyzes its usefulness to policy makers and discusses what lessons can be drawn at the national and international level for policy makers. The first part examines the different methodological aspects raised by benchmarking methods. The conference clarified the multiple concepts included in this type of mechanism and identified different practices which range from the simple statistical tool to a genuine policy lever. The second part describes several concrete examples of benchmarking applications in the transport sector. These examples relate in particular to topics such as road safety, rail transport, the environment, public and urban transport, seaports and air cargo, etc. Each chapter of this publication may be read independently. A fundamental message, common to all the examples presented, emerges: it is essential to improve the quality of statistics in order to ensure more reliable transport benchmarking results.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. SET Réduire les subventions pour améliorer l'environnement Partie I et II Partie III
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. SET Réduire les subventions pour améliorer l'environnement Partie I et II + Partie III
    Keywords: Subventionsabbau ; Umweltschutz
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274457
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National Climate Policies and the Kyoto Protocol
    DDC: 354.3
    Keywords: Environment ; Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen Kyoto-Protokoll 1997 Dezember 11 ; Klima ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Près de deux ans après la signature du Protocole de Kyoto, la plupart des pays de l'OCDE s’apprêtent à le ratifier et à honorer leurs engagements. Quels enseignements peut-on tirer d’une analyse rétrospective des niveaux d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et des tendances de l'action publique ? Quelles politiques faudra-t-il mettre en place pour lutter contre le changement climatique ? Cet ouvrage décrit les évolutions récentes survenues dans les pays de l'OCDE et propose un cadre pour la conception de politiques adaptées aux objectifs définis à Kyoto. Il n'existe pas de stratégie nationale unique pour limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et chaque pays devra évaluer ses possibilités et ses contraintes pour définir une stratégie adaptée à sa propre situation. Il est cependant possible de tracer dès maintenant les grands traits de l'action à entreprendre au niveau national. Les stratégies nationales devraient privilégier le marché, les subventions, et les politiques de réforme fiscale afin d'établir les conditions nécessaires pour rendre les marchés plus concurrentiels et de supprimer les distorsions nuisibles à l'environnement. Les gouvernements devraient également mettre en œuvre une panoplie complète de politiques intégrées se renforçant mutuellement, en utilisant un large éventail d'instruments économiques (écotaxes, réforme fiscale verte ou systèmes d'échanges de permis d'émission), ainsi que d'autres mesures telles que les politiques de produits, les approches volontaires ou les programmes d'information du public. Si les pays de l'OCDE ne parviennent pas dès maintenant à mettre en place ces cadres d'action plus efficaces, il leur sera difficile et coûteux d’atteindre les objectifs de Kyoto. Le projet de l'OCDE sur le développement durable Cet ouvrage est le fruit du projet triennal de l'OCDE sur le développement durable, lancé en avril 1998 pour répondre au mandat donné par les ministres de l'OCDE. Il va de pair avec l'ouvrage intitulé Contre le changement climatique : bilan et perspectives du Protocole de Kyoto (1999). D'autres publications sont prévues dans le cadre de ce projet, et notamment un rapport majeur en 2001 qui servira de base aux discussions de la Réunion du Conseil de l'OCDE au niveau des ministres.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789164180292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The agro-food processing sector in China
    RVK:
    Keywords: 00.10.1999 ; Agroindustrie ; Agrarprodukt ; Ernährungsindustrie ; China ; Agricultural industries China ; Congresses ; Food industry and trade China ; Congresses ; Produce trade China ; Congresses ; Agriculture and Food ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China Foreign economic relations ; Congresses ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lebensmittelindustrie ; China ; Agrarprodukt ; Industrie ; China ; Agrarproduktion
    Abstract: China’s food processing sector has arrived at a decisive stage. While primary agriculture has continued to expand at an astounding pace and final consumers have experienced an extended period of rapid income growth, progress at the intermediary stage, the agro-processing sector, has remained limited. Today, a growing need to catch up with these developments has become manifest, but a number of challenges have emerged simultaneously. They include the need to adjust to increasingly diversified consumer demands, to improve the quality and nutritional content of foods, to introduce new food products, to shift to more sophisticated processing methods, to adopt innovative packaging methods, and to comply with new labelling requirements. These developments give rise to a number of questions. What do these changes mean for China’s food processors? Is China’s agriculture adequately prepared for these changes? How can farmers take advantage of these changes? What structural adjustments are needed to meet the challenges arising from the changes in domestic and international food markets? The papers in this Proceedings document try to answer these and many other important questions revolving around changes in, and challenges for, China’s agro-processing sector.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061484
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Where are the Resources for Lifelong Learning?
    Keywords: Education ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Bildungsökonomie ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: L'apprentissage tout au long de la vie bénéficie d'un large consensus politique : il est reconnu comme indispensable à la poursuite du progrès économique et au maintien de la cohésion sociale dans la « nouvelle économie ». Mais la concrétisation de cet objectif peut se révéler coûteuse et dépend de la rentabilité du processus d'apprentissage des apports financiers ou des dons en nature du secteur privé. Comment éviter que le coût de l'apprentissage à vie ne devienne prohibitif ? Comment s'assurer qu'il existe bien des mécanismes efficaces et transparents pour le promouvoir ? Cet ouvrage passe en revue les initiatives qu'ont prises certains pays de l’OCDE au cours de ces dernières années pour traduire leurs objectifs en véritables stratégies. Il examine les politiques et les pratiques qui ont un impact sur le rendement de l’investissement dans l'apprentissage tout au long de la vie, ainsi que les mécanismes mis en place pour drainer les capitaux nécessaires à son financement. Enfin, il montre quelles sont les questions budgétaires à régler si l’on veut que l'apprentissage tout au long de la vie soit un objectif à la fois réaliste et réalisable de l’action publique.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281806
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A System of Health Accounts
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Gesundheitsausgaben
    Abstract: La santé est aujourd'hui l'un des secteurs d'activité les plus importants dans les pays de l'OCDE : elle représente en moyenne 8 % du produit intérieur brut. Ce manuel du Système de comptes de la santé (version 1.0) fournit une série de comptes exhaustifs, cohérents et souples pour répondre aux besoins des analystes et des décideurs. Ces comptes constituent un cadre commun de nature à améliorer la comparabilité des données dans le temps et l'espace, et proposent des rapprochements avec des indicateurs non monétaires. Ce manuel définit un cadre théorique pour la notification de statistiques comparables avec d'autres statistiques économiques et sociales et propose une nouvelle Classification internationale pour les comptes de la santé (International Classification for Health Accounts – ICHA) qui s'articule autour de trois axes : les fonctions de soins de santé, les prestataires de services de santé et les sources de financement. Une fois adopté par de nombreux pays de l'OCDE, ce système permettra de comparer des chiffres de dépenses de santé cohérents et fiables.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264188068
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux renseignements bancaires à des fins fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mejorar el acceso a la información bancaria por motivos fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes (Turkish Version)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: In diesem Bericht untersucht der Ausschuss für Steuerfragen Mittel und Wege zur Verbesserung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Hinblick auf den Austausch von Informationen, die sich im Besitz der Banken und anderer Finanzinstitute befinden und für Besteuerungszwecke benötigt werden. Der Bericht beschreibt die gegenwärtige Position der Mitgliedsländer im Hinblick auf den Zugang zu Bankinformationen und schlägt Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Zugangs zu Bankinformationen für Besteuerungszwecke vor.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mondialisation, migrations et développement
    RVK:
    Keywords: Economic development Congresses ; Emigration and immigration Congresses ; Globalization Congresses ; International economic integration Congresses ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Globalisierung ; Migration ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Globalisierung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Will the extension of trade liberalisation and increases in foreign direct investment accompanying the process of regional integration and globalisation contribute over the long-term to a greater control over migration flows? To what extent can an acceleration in economic convergence and the implementation of measures facilitating the exchange of highly skilled labour be expected to promote sustainable development in the countries of high emigration potential? This publication seeks to give an answer to these questions. It highlights the contrasts which characterise the demographic and economic situations in Central and Eastern Europe, in the Mediterranean Basin, in North America and in Asia. It identifies the conditions which would favour greater regional integration and reduce over the long-term the incentives to emigrate: the implementation of public sector reforms; the development of the socio-economic infrastructure; the implementation of measures to improve the functioning of financial systems, to attract foreign direct investment and to promote technology transfer and innovation diffusion. Finally, it points to the geopolitical aspects of regional integration and the important role that the greater enhancement of human resources should play in future migration policies.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264082137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Social sciences for a digital world: building infrastructure and databases for the future
    DDC: 025.063
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sozialwissenschaft ; Datenbank ; Digitale Güter ; Informationstechnik ; Infrastrukturversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social sciences Data processing ; Social sciences Research ; Social surveys OECD countries ; Science and Technology ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Wissenschaftsentwicklung ; Informationsgesellschaft
    Abstract: This book provides high-level experts’ visions of how the information and communication technologies are providing exciting new research opportunities in the social sciences. It looks at the related infrastructure requirements, particularly at the international level, and highlights some of the barriers to the pervasive use of infrastructure. The book tackles complex questions such as developing infrastructure investments, disseminating best policy practices, developing new surveys - including a global social survey - and sharing research and information resources. It contributes to a better understanding of how policy reform could enhance the impact of the social sciences on efforts to solve global societal problems.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264182318
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le rôle du tourisme dans les pays de l'OCDE ; Manuel de l'OCDE sur les comptes satellites du tourisme et l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Measuring the role of tourism in OECD economies
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Tourismuswirtschaft ; Tourismus ; Statistische Methode ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Beschäftigungseffekt ; OECD-Staaten ; Tourism Economic aspects ; Evaluation ; Handbooks, manuals, etc ; Tourism Economic aspects ; OECD countries ; Tourism Employees ; Handbooks, manuals, etc ; Tourism OECD countries ; Employees ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Tourismus
    Abstract: Tourism plays an increasingly important role in many OECD economies. How can its impact on the economy and its potential for job creation be measured? The Tourism Satellite Account and the Employment Module - two new economic instruments designed by the OECD’s Tourism Committee - provide insights into the socio-economic impact, structure and development of activities related to tourism. For the first time, Measuring the Role of Tourism in OECD Economies: The OECD Manual on Tourism Satellite Accounts and Employment reports on the most recent national experiences in implementing Tourism Satellite Accounts and presents the results of efforts made over the past decade to develop new methods to analyse tourism and tourism-related employment. Through its descriptions of the application of Tourism Satellite Accounts in 16 OECD countries, this new book aims to create awareness of the growing economic importance of tourism, and provides a methodology for the implementation of tools to measure the impact of tourism and for the interpretation of the results.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement 32
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews: Luxembourg 1999
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE : Slovénie 2001
    Keywords: Continuing education
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Edition: Edition 1999
    RVK:
    RVK:
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264081871
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264069619
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 106; Adsorption -- Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 106: Adsorption -- Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice a trait à l’estimation des processus d’adsorption et de désorption des substances dans différents sols. Elle vise à livrer une valeur de sorption permettant de prévoir la répartition dans diverses conditions d’environnement. À cette fin, on détermine les coefficients d’adsorption à l’équilibre d’une substance chimique dans divers sols en fonction des caractéristiques de ces derniers (la teneur en carbone organique, la teneur en argile, la texture et le pH). L’essai se déroule en trois étapes : la première étape est l’étude préliminaire, la deuxième étape est l’essai de sélection et la troisième étape consiste en la détermination des isothermes d’adsorption de Freundlich ou l’étude de la désorption à l’aide de la cinétique de désorption et des isothermes de désorption de Freundlich, selon le cas. Deux méthodes sont possibles pour l’analyse: la méthode indirecte ou directe. La méthode indirecte comprend l'ajout de la substance d'essai aux échantillons de sol, l'agitation du mélange pendant un temps approprié, l'analyse de la phase aqueuse après centrifugation et la filtration de la suspension de sol. La quantité de substance d'essai adsorbée sur l'échantillon de sol est calculée comme étant la différence entre la quantité de substance d'essai présente au départ dans la solution et la quantité subsistant à la fin de l'expérience. La méthode directe est recommandée quand la différence de concentration de la substance en solution ne peut être déterminée avec précision.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264287822
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies; Romania 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Romania 2000
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Romania
    Abstract: Cet examen des politiques agricoles roumaines mesure le chemin parcouru depuis les événements dramatiques de décembre 1989 jusqu’au processus d’adhésion à l’Union européenne actuellement engagé. Il met en évidence les aspects structurels déterminants ainsi que les orientations qui se dessinent dans la réforme agricole. Le soutien dont bénéficie l’agriculture fait l’objet d’estimations détaillées, fondées sur la méthode d’estimation du soutien aux producteurs et aux consommateurs (ESP/ESC) de l’OCDE. Cette étude évalue les performances environnementales de l’agriculture roumaine (notamment du bilan azoté) appréciées en fonction des indicateurs environnementaux élaborés par l’OCDE. Le rapport conclut que l’une des grandes priorités pour la Roumanie consiste à supprimer les contraintes qui empêchent la main-d’œuvre agricole de se tourner vers d’autres activités à plus forte valeur ajoutée. Une plus grande efficience économique de l’ensemble de la filière agro-alimentaire s’impose si l’on veut accroître la compétitivité du pays et améliorer les termes de l’échange pour les producteurs agricoles durant la période qui précède l’adhésion à l’UE et au-delà. Cet ouvrage constitue une référence indispensable pour les décideurs, les chercheurs et les entreprises qui s'intéressent à l’agriculture et aux politiques agro-alimentaires ainsi qu’aux marchés et aux échanges, que ce soit dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale ou, plus généralement, dans les pays en transition. Cet examen de première importance est appelé à faire date. Autres Examens des politiques agricoles : Fédération de Russie (1998) République slovaque (1997) Estonie (1996) Lettonie (1996) Lituanie (1996) République tchèque (1995) Pologne (1995) Hongrie (1994)
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264281172
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. STI Review, Volume 1999 Issue 2; Special Issue on Sustainable Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. STI Review, Volume 1999 Issue 2: Special Issue on Sustainable Development
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264181557
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Die jährlichen ODA-Gesamtauszahlungen Österreichs unterliegen in der Regel Schwankungen, was sich z.T. daraus erklärt, dass Österreich nicht über ein globales EZA-Budget verfügt. Die Verwaltung des EZA-Programms ist weiterhin zwischen einer Reihe von Bundesministerien und Gemeindeverwaltungen aufgesplittert. Ein Problem ist das Fehlen einer Globalstrategie, die alle von Österreich den ODA-Leistungen zugerechneten Ausgaben mit einem klar festgelegten Katalog von Entwicklungszielen verknüpft. Derzeit werden von Österreich drei Komponenten – geförderte Exportkredite, Flüchtlingshilfe in Österreich und indirekte Studienplatzkosten –, die nicht primär Entwicklungszielen dienen, als ODA-Leistungen verbucht.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264189386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation au Danemark 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Danemark 2000
    Keywords: Governance ; Denmark
    Abstract: OECD's 2000 review of regulatory reform in Denmark. It finds that Denmark’s large welfare state and its open market economy have successfully delivered relatively high standards of living. Danish regulatory reform has proceeded with many pragmatic steps that have contributed to solid economic performance, management of economic and social adjustment to changing conditions, and improved efficiency of government services. However, sheltered sectors, including service industries, still suffer from co-operation and price fixing, contributing to high consumer prices. The competition regime is weaker than in many other countries, and so are regulatory regimes in areas such as energy. Further supply-side and market reforms can help sustain good economic performance, while wider use of competition in public services can improve the level and quality of services. Denmark is among several OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This Review presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and market openness. It also contains chapters on sectors such as electricity and telecommunications, and an assessment of the macroeconomic context for reform. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264182110
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD retningslinjer for forbrukervern ved elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendação do conselho relativa às linhas directrizes que regem A protecção dos consumidores no contexto do comércio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Swedish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retningslinier for forbrugerbeskyttelse i forbindelse med elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendación del consejo de la ocde relativa a los lineamientos para la protección al consumidor en el contexto del comercio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida per la tutela dei consumatori nel contesto del Commercio Elettronico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Richtlijnen ter bescherming van consumenten in het kader van de Elektronische handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD:N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Die Leitlinien für den Verbraucherschutz im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr zielen darauf ab, Verbrauchern bei Online-Käufen einen ebenso hohen Schutz zu gewährleisten wie bei Einkäufen in herkömmlichen Geschäften oder bei Bestellungen im Versandhandel. Die Leitlinien orientieren sich an den in traditionelleren Handelsformen bereits existierenden gesetzlichen Verbraucherschutzmaßnahmen. Sie sollen folgende Ziele fördern: – Faire Geschäfts-, Werbe- und Marketingpraktiken; – klare Informationen über die Identität von Online-Unternehmen, die angebotenen Waren oder Dienstleistungen sowie die Modalitäten und Bedingungen einer jeden Transaktion; – transparente Verfahren für die Bestätigung von Transaktionen; – sichere Zahlungsmechanismen; – faire, zügige und finanziell tragbare Streitbeilegungs- und Abhilfeverfahren; – den Schutz der Privatsphäre sowie – die Aufklärung von Verbrauchern und Unternehmen.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, and an increasingly important participant on the international coal market. Paradoxically, while China is now a major coal exporter, it is also a coal importer. As China commits itself to further economic reform and increased involvement in the global economy, its coal industry faces major challenges of rationalisation and structural reform. Coal has been significantly affected by the recent slow-down in the Chinese economy. These pressures have provoked a major overhaul of the State coal administration, radical cuts in production, the restructuring of key state-owned coal mines and the planned closure of over 25,000 small mines. Coal will, however, remain the dominant energy source in China for the foreseeable future despite the strenuous efforts of the authorities to diversify the energy mix. The environmental consequences of continued heavy use of coal raise important issues not just for China but for all those committed to tackling climate change. This timely desktop report on coal in China, prepared by the Member companies of the IEA’s Coal Industry Advisory Board, examines the overriding importance of coal in China’s energy mix, recent technological developments and market trends, and the major challenges which China now faces.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264061439
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment financer l'apprentissage à vie ?
    DDC: 374
    RVK:
    Keywords: Continuing education ; Education ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Bildungsökonomie ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: There is broad political support for lifelong learning because it is so vital to sustained economic progress and social cohesion in the "new economy". But its implementation is potentially costly and depends on making the learning process more cost-effective and on securing financial and in-kind resources from the private sector. What can be done to keep lifelong learning from becoming prohibitively expensive, and to ensure that there are strong and transparent incentives to invest in it ? This book looks at recent experience of selected OECD countries as they have articulated their goals and strategies for lifelong learning. It examines policies and practices that influence the rates of return to lifelong learning, and mechanisms that are being put in place to channel financial resources to lifelong learning. It identifies resource issues that need to be addressed if lifelong learning is to be an affordable and workable guide to public policy.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of Sweden's energy policies and programmes. It finds that Sweden is phasing out nuclear power that currently generates about half its electricity. One reactor was closed in 1999 and a second may be closed in 2001, if certain criteria are met. Renewables and improved efficiency in the use of energy are considered to be the only alternatives: natural gas and coal are rejected on environmental grounds; and new hydro capacity is limited by Parliament. This report looks at the feasibility of Sweden’s plans. Two overriding concerns are evident in Swedish policy: to keep down electricity prices to maintain industrial competitiveness and economic growth, and to achieve Sweden’s target for greenhouse gas emissions. Energy taxation has been designed to support both objectives. The competitive Nordic electricity market has been important in maintaining low electricity prices. Sweden’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions are among the lowest of all OECD countries, largely because of reliance on nuclear and hydro-electric power. The potential contribution of natural gas to balancing economic and environmental objectives in the Swedish context should not be dismissed. Energy efficiency improvements will have to be large and sustained to justify closure of nuclear capacity – possibly larger than recent trends suggest may be achieved. In addition to these long-term issues, the Swedish electricity supply industry faces the need to adapt the regulatory and institutional framework to an increasingly open electricity market, and to integrate environmental objectives within this framework.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9264182020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Radiological impacts of spent nuclear fuel management options
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences radiologiques des options de gestion du combustible nucléaire usé : Une étude comparative
    DDC: 621.4838
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Abgebrannter Kernbrennstoff ; Radioaktive Strahlung
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Services are transforming OECD economies on a massive scale, but are still impeded by regulations and policies that stifle innovation and competition. Comprehensive reforms need to be pursued internationally as well as in individual OECD countries. These are the principal conclusions reached by participants in a Business and Industry Policy Forum organised by the OECD on 28 September 1999. The Forum was organised by the Industry Committee, partly to address the mandate of the OECD Ministerial to explain the differences which have emerged in growth performance among OECD countries. It brought together senior government officials, experts, and business and trade union leaders from 30 countries to address issues related to “Realising the Potential of the Service Economy: Facilitating Growth, Innovation and Competition”.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187733
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.112
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et vieillissement de la population
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Advances in medicine make the ageing of populations in developed countries inevitable. These populations, however, will exhibit new and different characteristics, particularly in the transport sector as, unlike previous generations, they will have made widespread use of the car. How will they meet their travel needs in the future? Until now rail transport, unlike car or bus transport, has been losing its elderly clientele. Can this trend be reversed? For the frail elderly, whose needs are similar to those of the disabled, suitable services have yet to be set up. How can the mobility needs of the frail elderly, whose population is destined to grow, be met in the future? The dispersal of residential areas and the concentration of businesses and shops in large malls on the outskirts of cities will also pose serious problems as the population starts to age. Road safety, too, could suffer the adverse effects of declining driving skills among the elderly. The mobility of ageing populations undoubtedly has many implications that can no longer be ignored. Round Table 112 reviews the experiences of various countries and makes a number of recommendations for policy-makers who wish to adopt a comprehensive approach to this issue.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9264181113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Environment
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. International environmental issues and the OECD 1950 - 2000
    RVK:
    Keywords: OECD ; Umweltpolitik ; Geschichte 1950-2000
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264181908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation en Hongrie 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation en Hongrie 2000
    Keywords: Governance ; Hungary
    Abstract: OECD's 2000 review of regulatory reform in Hungary. It finds that after ten years of determined reform, Hungary has constructed the legal and policy frameworks consistent with market democracy, and is nearing completion of an historic economic transition. This challenging process required extensive regulation and institution building, as well as massive deregulation, and has generated significant economic benefits. Today, convergence with the EU and achievement of OECD best practices still represent daunting tasks. But in most areas, Hungary faces challenges much like those of other OECD countries in establishing the quality regulatory regimes needed to support good government and sustainable economic growth. Hungary’s main objectives now are to bring market performance into line with its peers through strengthening competition and improving regulatory governance and social protections. Further reforms will bring important gains in creating jobs, improving sectoral and regional performance, and reducing the costs of public policies.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9264082182
    Language: English , French , Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Regulatory reviews of assessments of deep geologic repositories
    DDC: 363.728963
    RVK:
    Keywords: Radioaktiver Abfall ; Endlagerung ; Geologie
    Note: Beitr. teil. engl., teilw. franz
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264181564
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Measuring student knowledge and skills: the PISA 2000 assessment of reading, mathematical and scientific literacy
    RVK:
    Keywords: Lernen ; Wissen ; Messung ; Schüler ; Mathematik ; Naturwissenschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Schulleistungsmessung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Schultest ; Schulleistungsmessung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The PISA 2000 Assessment of Reading, Mathematical and Scientific Literacy introduces the PISA approach to assessing reading, mathematical and scientific literacy and describes the PISA 2000 assessment instruments in terms of: the content that students need to acquire, the processes that need to be performed, and the contexts in which knowledge and skills are applied. Each of the assessment domains is illustrated with a broad range of sample items.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 108 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/03
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Lithuania
    Abstract: The present study was prepared in the third quarter of 1999 as a background study to a Conference organised by the OECD Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (CIME), in collaboration with the Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members and with the support of the Estonian Investment Agency, on the subject of “Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Private Sector Development in the Baltic States”. This event took place in Tallinn on 17 November 1999. Its objective was to provide an overall assessment of the contribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the economic transformation of the three Baltic states since their independence in 1991-1992. The conference was one of the main activities organised in 1999 under the auspices of the OECD Baltic Regional Programme. Within the framework of the same programme, it was followed up by a Conference on Fiscal Incentives and Competition for Foreign Direct Investment in Vilnius in Spring 2000 organised in ...
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.259
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper we present an international comparison of growth trends in the OECD countries, with a special attention to developments in labour productivity - allowing for human capital accumulation – and multifactor productivity (MFP) - allowing for changes in the composition of fixed capital. An attempt is also made to identify both the embodied (in particular in ICT equipment) and disembodied components of technical progress. The possible relation between improvements in MFP and the accumulation of knowledge (as proxied by R&D expenditures) is discussed, and some tentative policy considerations are advanced, mainly with reference to general framework conditions that might have a bearing in fostering technological changes. The main conclusions are that some “traditional” factors lay behind the disparities in growth patterns across the OECD countries. In particular, they refer to the ability of countries to employ their labour force. There also seem to be some new factors behind ...
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181007
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Finland
    Abstract: This IEA report provides a comprehensive, in-depth assessment of the energy policies of Finland, including recommendations on future policy developments. Over the past years, Finnish energy markets have undergone reform and restructuring. Competition was introduced into the electricity market in 1995, and has since been strengthened significantly. Competition in the natural gas market is imminent. Finland is not yet connected to the EU natural gas network, but the rules on competition cover cross-border competition from the outset to prepare for the future. Attention still needs to be given to market power. Finland and the wider Nordic market are still relatively concentrated. The recent merger of Finland's largest electricity company with the country's dominant oil and gas conglomerate did nothing to alleviate this situation. Price regulation and anti-trust oversight may have to be strengthened. Nevertheless, the Finnish power market is a successful example and worthwhile for other countries to study. Finland was the first country in the world to introduce a carbon tax and has an excellent record in energy efficiency policy. But carbon emissions continue to rise. Increased use of natural gas and Finland's interconnection to the EU gas grid may be the best approach to reducing CO2 emissions.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.261
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper examines the underpinnings of the successful performance of the US economy in the late 1990s. Relative to the early 1990s, output growth has accelerated by nearly two percentage points. We attribute this to rapid capital accumulation, a surge in hours worked, and faster growth of total factor productivity. The acceleration of productivity growth, driven by information technology, is the most remarkable feature of the US growth resurgence. We consider the implications of these developments for the future growth of the US economy ...
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Canada
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of Canada's energy policies and programmes. It finds that successful regulatory reform of the gas market has contributed to rapid growth in exports of gas to the US. Encouraged by potential trade benefits flowing from regulatory reform of the electricity market, and benefits flowing to Canadian consumers, some provinces have also undertaken major regulatory reform of the electricity industries in their jurisdictions. Development of Canada’s huge resources of oil sands and heavy oil have supplemented continuing development of conventional oil. These developments combined with rapid economic and population growth have posed policy challenges for Canadian governments in several areas. This report discusses the issues arising for policy makers, including the process currently underway in Canada to develop a national implementation strategy to meet the national target for greenhouse gas emissions, and progress in improving the efficient use of energy. Federal-provincial co-operation is essential for successful energy policy development and implementation in Canada. The report makes recommendations in several policy areas where co-operative action appears necessary, notably to encourage the development of regional energy markets which would bring together existing provincial reform policies and widen their scope to other provinces where market reforms have made less progress. The report looks comprehensively at the Canadian energy sector and also includes description and analysis of nuclear power, renewable energy sources and energy resource industries such as uranium and coal as well as oil and gas.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.253
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This paper sets out a framework to analyse the interdependence of reforms in different policy areas during the transition process. It identifies four broad policy blocks related to liberalisation, stabilisation, exit and entry. The transition process in Slovakia is a case study of the striking interdependence between these different policies. Along these lines, the paper analyses the reform programme that was implemented in the Slovak Republic during 1999-2000, focusing on macroeconomic stabilisation and structural reforms in the banking and enterprise sectors. It appears that success in making up for a period where economic reform had stagnated and even been reversed depends on being able to reform on a broad front. In particular, this means addressing the difficult situation of financial deadlock between all major players in the economy and the large costs associated with restructuring. Fostering deep restructuring in the large enterprise sector is the main structural challenge ...
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264182172
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rentabilité des banques ; Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rentabilité des banques : Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2000
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Trends in bank profitability and factors affecting it are major indicators of changes in the state of health of national banking systems. OECD statistics published annually under the title Bank Profitability -- Financial Statements of Banks, provide a unique tool for analysing developments in bank profitability in twenty-nine Member countries. Methodological country notes included in this volume were prepared to facilitate the comprehension and the interpretation of the statistics and to provide a brief description of the activities of banks in each country.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264188389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This volume describes more than 400 separate policy actions that IEA Member countries took to mitigate climate change in the energy sector during 1999. Listings are provided for each country with classifications of actions into five major policy approaches: fiscal policy; market policy; regulatory policy; R&D policy; and policy processes. In addition, policies are classified according to energy source and end-use.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of the Netherlands' energy policies and programmes. It finds that Dutch citizens are very environmentally minded. They are prepared to pay extra for clean and renewable energy to meet the national climate commitments. The government has set ambitious targets for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and increasing the share of renewables in the energy market. The Netherlands aims at cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 50 million tonnes by 2010, and at raising the share of renewables from 1% in 1995 to 10% in 2020. The government has put together a programme that can achieve this – as well as a back-up plan if the target is not reached, and a plan for the long term. But efficient markets are also important to the Dutch. In the electricity and gas industries, full retail competition is to be introduced on an accelerated schedule in 2004. Since competition was introduced into the power market in 1998, the necessary institutions and secondary legislation have been put in place, making the market highly competitive. Three out of the four large generators in the country have been sold to foreign utility investors. There is room for improvement in the rules for the allocation of interconnector capacity, to be found in co-operation with the Netherlands’ European neighbours.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/04
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The present note summarises the main findings of the research conducted under the auspices of the OECD/MOFTEC Co-operation Programme on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) between the fall 1999 and the spring 2000 on Main Determinants and Impacts of FDI on China’s Economy. The OECD/MOFTEC Co-operation Programme on FDI was established in the spring of 1999. The present study was one of the most important activities conducted during this initial phase of joint work. It will provide the analytical underpinning to the investment policy dialogue which both parties have agreed to pursue over the coming year. Because of its size, China’s “open door policy” launched twenty years ago constitutes a unique and vast laboratory for the study of major structural changes in China and the world economy. It also provides an opportunity to test the benefits and the shortcomings of the economic policies which have been followed by the Chinese authorities and identify the improvements that could be ...
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent trends in international strategic alliances, which have grown more than fivefold between 1989 and 1999 paralleling the increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). The paper covers frequency, type, purpose and geographical patterns of international alliances during the 1990s as an important aspect of industrial globalisation and analyses sectoral trends in industries such as telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, automobiles and airlines. While international alliances provide firms with strategic flexibility, enabling them to respond to changing market conditions, they can also be effective paths for achieving global scale in enterprise operations along with M&As and greenfield investment. Driving forces behind international strategic alliances include cost economising in production and R&D, strengthening market presence, and accessing intangible assets. The paper presents the recent and comprehensive data available on strategic alliances and ...
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.252
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: E-commerce -- an application of the Internet -- has expanded exponentially over the past 5 years and is widely expected to continue to develop rapidly in the medium-term. Much, however, remains to be done to fully exploit the opportunities offered by e-commerce. And as e-commerce develops, it could have profound impacts in individual sectors of the economy as well as for macroeconomic performance and economic policies. This paper assesses the potential outcomes and economic impacts of e-commerce in the business to business and business to consumer spheres; the forces underlying its expansion and the possible implications for structural and macroeconomic policy management ...
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 101 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.40
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Regulation of the pharmaceutical sector needs to reconcile private and social objectives. Public intervention pursues multiple goals which relate to both health and industry policy. Many OECD Governments are also heavily involved as buyers of pharmaceuticals in publicly-financed health care systems. This paper describes recent trends in pharmaceutical expenditure and financing in a first chapter. A second chapter discusses the economics of pharmaceutical markets. A third chapter provides a review of national policies and their attempts to balance public and private objectives. Pharmaceutical expenditure has been rising steadily as a share of GDP since 1970. However, total health expenditure has also risen. As a result, pharmaceutical expenditure has, on average, maintained its share of total health expenditure in the OECD, close to 15 %. Across countries, pharmaceutical expenditure per capita depends on relative incomes but is also influenced by institutional features. The pharmaceutical ...
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.250
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The structural rate of unemployment and associated non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (the NAIRU) are of major importance to the analysis of macro and structural economic developments, although in practice these concepts are not well defined and there is considerable uncertainty and controversy concerning their measurement and policy use. The present paper reviews a range of conceptual and analytical issues and related empirical studies to examine the usefulness and limitations of such concepts. A reduced-form Phillips curve approach is found the most suitable conceptual framework for representing the NAIRU as currently used by the OECD in its policy analysis and surveillance work. Three distinct classes of NAIRU concept are identified, distinguished by the time-frame in which they are defined, which map directly into the broad requirements for macro and structural policy analysis. In line with a number of recent empirical studies, this general approach is applied ...
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  • 94
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper uses all available data collected on the malnutrition of children in 20 countries for Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper thus presents an exhaustive analysis of the factors of malnutrition in Africa, following a standard approach where the health indicator of the child, in this case height, depends on exogenous variables, i.e. characteristics of the child, the parents, the environment and parents’ property income. The econometric tests confirm the effects of certain variables used in preceding studies. Above all, these tests present new results by introducing variables which had not previously been taken into account, such as the presence of a twin, breastfeeding, family situation and access of the mother to news and information sources. We find that access to the media always has a positive effect on child health, whereas polygamy has the opposite effect. The effects of infrastructure had scarcely been considered previously whereas, in this wide-ranging ...
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In this paper, we analyse the potential contribution of the Internet and its commercial application to the development process in poor countries. In historical perspective, the Internet has diffused at a far faster rate than earlier generations of communications technology: from 1990 to early 2000, the estimated number of Internet users grew more than tenfold to roughly 300 million, affecting the way in which people communicate with each other, acquire information, learn, do business, and interact culturally. Our particular focus is on the opportunities e-commerce offers to small-scale entrepreneurs in developing countries and the challenges they face in exploiting e-commerce’s potential. There is a risk that a “digital divide” will emerge, reinforcing existing income and wealth inequalities within and between countries. Yet, a major potential benefit of globalisation is the freer movement of technology, including information and communication technology (ICT), across borders. In ...
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  • 96
    Language: French
    Pages: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Designing Schools for the Information Society: Libraries and Resource Centres
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les rôles et fonctions des bibliothèques scolaires connaissent une mutation rapide et fondamentale. Le rapport qui suit décrit une série de lignes directrices à l’intention des personnes chargées d’aménager les établissements scolaires nouveaux et existants – en particulier celles qui s’occupent des bibliothèques scolaires et de leurs relations avec la collectivité locale.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Wired Versus Wireless
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce qui suit est une transcription remaniée d’un entretien accordé par Glenn Meeks et Prakash Nair à l’architecte et urbaniste américain Randall Fielding, rédacteur en chef de « Design Share » et collaborateur de « School Construction News » .
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Reports on trends in international direct investment tend to focus on recent developments. While such information is clearly of most relevance for policymakers and others interested in the pace and scale of globalisation, it fails to provide any perspective on the nature of globalisation itself. By their nature, recent developments give more weight to the cyclical element in global investment flows. A country’s performance in terms of annual inflows is often taken as a measure of the appropriateness of its policies and, by extension, of its relative attractiveness as a location for investment. Such important issues can only be assessed over a long time period and relying on more sources of information than simply flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study focuses on such long-term trends and includes, where appropriate, other estimates of multinational activity. By focusing on long-term patterns, this paper demonstrates how FDI has evolved from an activity largely ...
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.247
    Keywords: Economics ; Turkey
    Abstract: This Working Paper presents a cross-Directorate Report on the economic, budgetary, regulatory and urbanpolicy implications of the earthquakes which struck the Marmara and Bolu areas of Turkey on 17 August and 12 November 1999. The earthquakes caused high casualties and significant material damage to property, with severe effects on economic activity. The Report traces the factors underlying Turkey’s vulnerability to earthquake damage, along a known active fault line, to deficiencies in risk identification procedures and risk-reduction methods, as well as to the absence of risk transfer and financing techniques. It suggests that these deficiencies may stem from the nature of recent Turkish economic development, which has been driven by the need to assimilate a mass migration from the countryside to the cities and has been associated with extremely high and variable inflation. Ensuring a more orderly future development requires both an overhaul of governance structures in ...
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264080669
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 1999
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