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  • Dordrecht : Springer  (169)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Science+Business Media B.V  (5)
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
  • Linguistics Philosophy  (174)
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401109369
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 53
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Part I of this book presents a theory of modal metaphysics in the possible-worlds tradition. `Worlds' themselves are understood as structured sets of properties; this `Ersatzist' view is defended against its most vigorous competitors, Meinongianism and David Lewis' theory of existent concrete worlds. Related issues of essentialism and linguistic reference are explored. Part II takes up the question of lexical meaning in the context of possible-world semantics. There are skeptical analyses of analyticity and the notion of a logical constant; and an `infinite polysemy' thesis is defended. The book will be of particular interest to metaphysicians, possible-world semanticists, philosophers of language, and linguists concerned with lexical semantics
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  • 102
    ISBN: 9789401583114
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 614 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 236
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This collection of 38 papers gives a cross-section of ongoing research in philosophy of science and philosophical logic. The papers, written by active researchers in the field and published here for the first time, are drawn from around 650 papers that were contributed to the 9th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science in Uppsala, Sweden, 1991. Some of the speakers whose contributions attracted special interest were invited to contribute their papers to this volume. A few papers appear here more or less as they were presented at the Congress, whereas others are expansions or elaborations of the talks given. There is one section with five papers on philosophical logic. The other papers deal with many different aspects of philosophy of science, including general methodological questions, problems of probability, induction and decision theory, and ethics of science and technology, as well as foundational problems about particular sciences. Five special sections are concerned with logic, mathematics and computer science, the physical sciences, the biological sciences, cognitive science, and linguistics, respectively. Finally, there is one section on the history of logic, methodology and philosophy of science. The book will be of interest to philosophers of science and logicians, as well as to all researchers interested in the foundations of their disciplines
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  • 103
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401582919
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 331 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Comparative Literature ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Negation, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Textuality features 14 new essays by leading specialists in critical theory, comparative literature, philosophy, and English literature. The essays, which present wide-ranging historical considerations of negation in light of recent developments in poststructuralism and postmodernism, range over many of the siginificant texts in which negation figures prominently. The book includes a wide-ranging introductory chapter that examines how attention to negation -- the inescapable nescience that is posited in any and every linguistic expression -- enhances the hermeneutic possibilities present in language. In addition, the four sections of the book bring together major critical interventions on, among others, negative meaning, unrecognizability, elenctic negation, apocalypse, nihilism, negation and gender, and denegation. All the essays involve close attention to key texts by major authors, including William Shakespeare, Henry James, Federico García Lorca, Samuel Beckett, Thomas Bernhard, Walt Whitman, E.M. Forster, Mary Shelley, Margaret Atwood, Roland Barthes, Douglas Barbour, Paul de Man, bp Nichol, Jacques Derrida, and Dogen Kigen. The volume opens up new areas in critical theory, comparative literature, and the philosophy of language, and defines a major new area of inquiry in relation to notions of postmodern textuality. Critical theorists, students of comparative literature, English literature, and the history of ideas, and those interested in the hermeneutic implications of postmodernism will find this volume of substantial interest. Its extensive bibliographical apparatus and index make the collection a valuable reference tool for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students as well as for those seeking a variety of interpretive approaches to the problem of negation in literature
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  • 104
    ISBN: 9789401720182
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 390 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 230
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy—History. ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Never before, in any anthology, have contemporary epistemologists and philosophers of language come together to address the single most neglected important issue at the confluence of these two branches of philosophy, namely: Can we know facts from reliable reports? Besides Hume's subversive discussion of miracles and the literature thereon, testimony has been bypassed by most Western philosophers; whereas in classical Indian (Pramana) theories of evidence and knowledge philosophical debates have raged for centuries about the status of word-generated knowledge. `Is the response "I was told by an expert on the subject" as respectable as "I saw" or "I inferred" in answer to "How do you know?"' is a question answered in diverse and subtle ways by Buddhists, Vaisesikas and Naiyayikas. For the first time this book makes available the riches of those debates, translating from Sanskrit some contemporary Indian Pandits' reactions to Western analytic accounts of meaning and knowledge. For advanced undergraduates in philosophy, for researchers - in Australia, Asia, Europe or America - on epistemology, theory of meaning, Indian or comparative philosophy, as well as for specialists interested in this relatively fresh topic of knowledge transmission and epistemic dependence this book will be a feast. After its publication analytic philosophy and Indian philosophy will have no excuse for shunning each other
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  • 105
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401581981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 239 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 18
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of law ; Logic ; Administrative law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: Law is traditionally conceived as consisting of norms of conduct and power-conferring norms. This conception, however, is unable to account for a variety of elements of modern legal systems that differ significantly from the classical notions. This book concerns the problem of which results of human activity can obtain legal validity. The author makes use of recent findings in speech act theory, especially John R. Searle and Daniel Vanderveken's illocutionary logic. He sets out a theory of legal norms conceived as institutional legal facts resulting from performances of speech acts specified in power-conferring norms. The theory provides a classification of acts-in-the-law and of legal norms resulting from performances of these. Finally, the transition is made from institutional legal facts to legal institutions. The book is a contribution to the institutional theory of law as developed by N. MacCormick and O. Weinberger
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  • 106
    ISBN: 9789401581615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 285 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 51
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Metaphysics ; Comparative linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The Language of Propositions and Events offers a comprehensive theory of the relation between noun meaning and verb meaning. Two main theses are defended in this book. The first thesis is that an adequate account of the interpretation and distribution of nominals calls for a distinction between three types of entities in the domain of discourse: events, propositions, and states of affairs. It is argued that different types of nominals differ in their ability to denote entities of these types and that predicates differ in their ability to select for them. The second main thesis is that an adequate characterization of the relation between noun meaning and verb meaning can be given by taking account of the fact that situations may stand in the part of relation. Kratzer's semantics of situations is the basis for this analysis of nominalization. Moreover, the book addresses the issue of the argument structure of nominals and offers an analysis of the puzzling distribution of infinito sostantivato in Italian. For graduate students in semantics and syntax, theoretical linguists, philosophers of language, students of Romance linguistics
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  • 107
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401729642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 313 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook [1993], Institut ‘Wiener Kreis’ Society for the Advancement of the Scientific World Conception 1
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scientific Philosophy: Origins and Development is the first Yearbook of the Vienna Circle Institute, which was founded in October 1991. The book contains original contributions to an international symposium which was the first public event to be organised by the Institute: `Vienna--Berlin--Prague: The Rise of Scientific Philosophy: The Centenaries of Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach and Edgar Zilsel.' The first section of the book - `Scientific Philosophy - Origins and Developments' reveals the extent of scientific communication in the inter-War years between these great metropolitan centres, as well as presenting systematic investigations into the relevance of the heritage of the Vienna Circle to contemporary research and philosophy. This section offers a new paradigm for scientific philosophy, one which contrasts with the historiographical received view of logical empiricism. Support for this re-evaluation is offered in the second section, which contains, for the first time in English translation, Gustav Bergmann's recollections of the Vienna Circle, and an historical study of political economist Wilhelm Neurath, Otto Neurath's father. The third section gives a report on current computer-based research which documents the relevance of Otto Neurath's `Vienna method of pictorial statistics', or `Isotypes'. A review section describes new publications on Neurath and the Vienna Circle, as well anthologies relevant to Viennese philosophy and its history, setting them in their wider cultural and political perspective. Finally, a description is given of the Vienna Circle Institute and its activities since its foundation, as well as of its plans for the future
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  • 108
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401125000
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 276 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 141
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 141
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This is a collection of papers on philosophy of science, conceptual history of science, and sociology of science written by Taiwanese scholars. It is perhaps one of the best, written by Taiwanese, in all Chinese-speaking societies. Some works in it show Orientals study topics that are typically Western philosophy of science. Others show how traditional topics in the history of Chinese science (mathematics, optics, and geology) could be studied with high sensitivity to the philosophy and sociology of science. It also touches upon issues of the `autonomous' development of social sciences in Taiwan, a society whose academic researches are greatly influenced by the West. This collection will prove stimulating and valuable to general and scholarly readers alike who are interested in philosophy and history of science, especially as related to East Asia and the West. The book will interest scholars in philosophy of science, philosophy of language and psychology, studies of philosophy of science in the third world, history of Chinese science, history of science in East Asia, and history of mathematics
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  • 109
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401722520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 457 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 13
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Philosophy of mind ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Many metaphors go beyond pionting to the existing similarities between two objects -- they create the similarities. Such metaphors, which have been relegated to the back seat in most of the cognitive science research, are the focus of attention in this study, which addresses the creation of similarity within an elaborately laid out interactive framework of cognition. Starting from the constructivist views of Nelson Goodman and Jean Piaget, this framework resolves an apparent paradox in interactionism: how can reality not have a mind-independent ontology and structure, but still manage to constrain the possible worlds a cognitive agent can create in it? A comprehensive theory of metaphor is proposed in this framework that explains how metaphors can create similarities, and why such metaphors are an invaluable asset to cognition. The framework is then applied to related issues of analogical reasoning, induction, and computational modeling of creative metaphors
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  • 110
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401126601
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 180 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 221
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Education Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Anthropology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A volume of essays on the themes of tradition, oral communication versus literal communication, Wittgenstein, and computers. The later Wittgenstein is shown to be on the one hand a traditionalist, and on the other hand, along with Heidegger, a philosopher of postmodern -- secondary -- orality, yearning for bygone, premodern times -- the times of primary orality. Under conditions of primary orality traditions fulfilled the specific cognitive role of conserving information -- a role subsequently taken over by writing, and today by electronic data processing. The message of the volume is that the Western values of individuality and critical thinking are intimately bound up with the technology of writing. It offers arguments in favour of the standards and techniques of classical education even under conditions of, indeed as a foundation for, the emerging computer culture
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  • 111
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401127516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 297 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 13
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's Vaiyakarana-bhusana is a massive work on semantic theory written in India in the 17th century. Kaun&ddotu;abhatta belonged to the tradition of Sanskrit grammar and in this work he consolidated the philosophy of language developed in the Paninian tradition of Sanskrit grammar. Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's work takes account of the philosophical debate which occurred in classical and medieval India among the philosophers and grammarians from about 500 B.C. to the 17th century A.D. Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's work primarily represents this debate between the traditions of Sanskrit grammar, Mi&mdotu;amsa, and Nyaya-Vaisesika. It discusses ontological, epistemological, and exegetical issues concerning the notion of meaning as it relates to the various components of language. The present book is a heavily annotated translation of the Namartha-nirnaya section of Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's Vaiyakarana-bhusana, with an extensive introduction. While there are several books that discuss Indian semantic theories in general terms, this book belongs to a small class of intensive, focused studies of densely written philosophical texts which examines each argument in its historical and philosophical context. It is of interest to all students of philosophy of language in general, and to students of Indian philosophy in particular
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  • 112
    ISBN: 9789401579599
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 337 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 48
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    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The grammatical phenomenon of control subsumes a variety of cases where an understood argument of a complement or adjunct clause is related to an explicit element occurring elsewhere in the sentence. The control phenomenon, though familiar from many languages, and widely discussed, has remained a persistent and controversial topic in grammatical analysis. This volume presents nine new, theoretical studies of control. The authors explore the subject matter across a range of languages and constructions, in several different frameworks, and from a variety of perspectives including syntax, semantics, psycholinguistics and historical linguistics. The articles in this collection offer a stimulating introduction to the spectrum of issues in control theory and their bearing on theoretical linguistics today. The contributors include: Steven Franks, Kenneth Hale, James Higginbotham, Norbert Hornstein, James Huang, Pauline Jacobson, Brian Joseph, Howard Lasnik, Kenneth Wexler, and Edwin Williams
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  • 113
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401734257
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 256 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 10
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophers contributing new ideas are commonly caught within a received philosophical vocabulary and will often coin new, technical terms. Husserl understood himself as advancing a new theory of intentionality, and he fashioned the new vocabulary of `noesis' and `noema'. But Husserl's own statements regarding the noema are ambiguous. Hence, it is no surprise that controversy has ensued. The articles in this book elucidate and clarify the notion of the noema; the book includes articles which phenomenologically describe and analyze the noemata of various experiences as well as articles which undertake the `metaphenomenological' explication of the doctrine of the noema. These two enterprises cannot be isolated from one another. Any analysis of the noema of a particular type of experience will necessarily illustrate, at least by instantiating the general notion of noema. And any metaphenomenological account of the noema itself will guide particular researches into the noemata of particular experiences
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  • 114
    ISBN: 9789401730662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 462 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 224
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Semantics ; Metaphysics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This treatise, in its first part, moves from a consideration of behavior and ulterance through a definition of assertion as a kind of utterance to a consideration of statements, conceived of as products of assertion, to be represented by pairs of testing procedures of verification and falsification. The treatise, in its second part, identifies a small number of basic forms of testing procedures, affiliated to the syncategoremata of classical philosophy, and uses these to represent all distinguishable, humanly producible, forms of statement. This same apparatus is used, in the third part of the treatise, to explain our conception of an object of reference and of various constructions from such objects. Particular attention is given to bodies and to other things met with in space and time, where it is finally argued that bodies, as we have explained them, are our most fundamental objects of reference
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  • 115
    ISBN: 9789401131742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 431 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 131
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 131
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Biology Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: One -- 1 / On the Objects of Our Subjective Knowledge -- 2 / Human Knowledge and Human Interaction -- 3 / Indeterminacy of Translation: A Non-Quinean Function of Content-Indeterminacy -- 4 / On the Impossibility of any Enterprise Concerning Self-Knowledge within Traditional Epistemology -- Two -- 5 / Methodological Essentialism in Science and in Philosophy -- 6 / Of Variance and Invariance in Science: Empirical Science as an Enterprise ComprisingNFCPSSystems -- 7 / Falsifiability and Methodological Invariance in Science -- 8 / The Methodology of Theory-Problem Interactive Systems -- 9 / The Resolving Power of a Scientific Theory as a Basis of its Epistemic Appraisal -- 10 / Epilogue -- Notes -- Index of Symbols -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For a philosopher with an abiding interest in the nature of objective knowledge systems in science, what could be more important than trying to think in terms of those very subjects of such knowledge to which men like Galileo, Newton, Max Planck, Einstein and others devoted their entire lifetimes? In certain respects, these systems and their structures may not be beyond the grasp of a linguistic conception of science, and scientific change, which men of science and philosophy have advocated in various forms in recent times. But certainly it is wrong-headed to think that one's conception of science can be based on an identification of its theories with languages in which they may be, my own alternatively, framed. There may be more than one place in book (1983: 87) where they may seem to get confused with each other, quite against my original intentiens. The distinction between the objec­ tive knowledge systems in science and the dynamic frameworks of the languages of the special individual sciences, in which their growth can be embedded in significant ways, assumes here, therefore, much impor­ tance. It must be recognized that the problems concerning scientific change, which these systems undergo, are not just problems concerning language change.
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  • 116
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401132343
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 199 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 46
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: 2: The Problem of Sentential Unity -- 2.1 The Asymmetry Thesis -- 2.2 The Related Designation Theory -- 2.3 The Two Views Compared -- 3: The Sense-Reference Distinction -- 3.1 The Sense-Reference Distinction -- 3.2 The Sense-Reference Distinction In Pr?bh?kara -- 3.3 The Sense-Reference Distinction In Buddhist Philosophy Of Language -- 3.4 Related Designation And apoha Semantics -- 4: Talk About the Non-Existent -- 4.1 Are Absences Perceived Or Inferred? -- 4.2 Conceptual Constructions -- 4.3 Affirmation, Denial, And Reference -- 4.4 Talking About The Non-Existent -- 4.5 Objections And Replies -- 4.6 The Alternatives -- References.
    Abstract: What can the philosophy of language learn from the classical Indian philosophical tradition? As recently as twenty or thirty years ago this question simply would not have arisen. If a practitioner of analytic philosophy of language of that time had any view of Indian philosophy at all, it was most likely to be the stereotyped picture of a gaggle of navel­ gazing mystics making vaguely Bradley-esque pronouncements on the oneness of the one that was one once. Much work has been done in the intervening years to overthrow that stereotype. Thanks to the efforts of such scholars as J. N. Mohanty, B. K. Matilal, and Karl Potter, philoso­ phers working in the analytic tradition have begun to discover something of the range and the rigor of classical Indian work in epistemolgy and metaphysics. Thus for instance, at least some recent discussions of personal identity reflect an awareness that the Indian Buddhist tradition might prove an important source of insights into the ramifications of a reductionist approach to personal identity. In philosophy of language, though, things have not improved all that much. While the old stereotype may no longer prevail among its practitioners, I suspect that they would not view classical Indian philoso­ phy as an important source of insights into issues in their field. Nor are they to be faulted for this.
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  • 117
    ISBN: 9789401133463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 335 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodolgy, and Philosophy of Science 216
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 216
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Aspects of the Theory of Definition -- I / Preliminary Considerations -- Real and Nominal Definitions -- Primitive Concepts: Habits, Conventions, and Laws -- II / Definitional Desiderata -- Vagueness and the Desiderata for Definition -- Definition in a Quinean World -- III / Formal Developments -- Definitions and Definability -- Towards a General Theory of Identifiability -- IV / Epistemic Dimensions -- Epistemic Terms and the Aims of Epistemology -- Rational Definitions and Defining Rationality -- V / Specialized Conceptions -- Idealized Definitions in Physics and Idealized Dispositions -- Inverted Definitions and Their Uses -- VI / Disciplinary Conceptions -- Definitions in Law -- Defining the Divine -- Philosophical Analyses: An Explanation and Defense -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 118
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401133487
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 241 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemolog Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 48
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: “Ma vie en bref” -- “Indeterminism or Instability, Does It Matter?” -- “Covariance and the Non-Preference of Coordinate Systems” -- “Kant’s ‘Platonic’ Argument in Behalf of the A Priori Character of the Representation of Space” -- “The Sense of the A Priori Method in Leibniz’s Dynamics” -- “Méthode axiomatique et idée de système dans l’oeuvre de Jules Vuillemin” -- “Algebra, Constructibility, and the Indeterminate” -- “On Whether an Answer to a Why-Question Is an Explanation If and Only If It Yields Scientific Understanding” -- “Some Revisionary Proposals About Belief and Believing” -- “Quantification, Modality, and Semantic Ascent” -- “Temporal Necessity, Time and Ability: a philosophical commentary on Diodorus Cronus’ Master Argument as given in the interpretation of Jules Vuillemin” -- “Replies” -- List of the Publications of Jules Vuillemin, 1947–1989.
    Abstract: Deservedly so, Jules Vuillemin is widely respected and greatly admired. It is not simply that he has produced a large body of outstanding work, in many different areas of philosophy. Or that he combines to an unusual degree rigorous standards with a very wide perspective. Or even that in his path-breaking accounts of algebra, of !)escartes, of Kant and of Russell, he showed in new and profound ways how the histories of science and philosophy could be used to illuminate each other. It is also that he has pursued the application of formal techniques and the defense of liberal institutions with a rare singlemindedness and courage. In a time and place where the former were generally ignored and the latter often attacked, he carried on, at some personal cost, embodying a traditional and ideal conception of the philosophical life, bridging national differences. Those who know him also treasure his friendship. Always curious, he delights in new facts and new experiences, and continually heightens the perception of those around him. Almost yearly, at the College de France he introduced brand new courses always with fresh and fruitful inSights. Exceptionally solicitous, he follows the lives of the families around him in great detail. The devotion of his students is legend. His personal energy is also legend. Many of us have followed him bounding up the stairs two at a time or through the gardens of the Luxembourg, his wit and irony apace.
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9789401134941
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 202 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reason and Argument 4
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I—Puzzles Problems and Paradoxes -- One Conceptions of Vagueness -- 2 Linguistic Behaviour -- 3 Approaches to Vagueness -- II—The Sorites Paradox -- 4 The Paradox -- 5 Responses to the Paradox -- 6 A Solution to the Paradox -- 7 Further Problems and Puzzles -- 8 Vagueness and Perception -- 9 Conclusions.
    Abstract: This work is in two parts. It began as a general investigation of vagueness in natural languages. The Sorites Paradox came to dominate the work however, and the second part of the book consists in an discussion ofthat puzzle and related problems. The first part contains a general discussion ofthe nature ofvagueness and its sources. I discuss various conceptions of vagueness in chapter 1 and outline some of the problems to do with the conception of vagueness as a linguistic phenomenon. The most interesting of these is the Sorites paradox, which occurs where natural languages exhibit a particular variety of borderline case vagueness. I discuss some sources of vagueness of the borderline case variety, and views of the relation between linguistic behaviour and languages which are vague in this sense. I argue in chapter 2 that these problems are not to be easily avoided by statistical averaging techniques or attempts to provide a mathematical model of consensus in linguistic usage. I also consider in chapter 3 various approaches to the problem of providing an adequate logic and semantics for vague natural languages, and argue against two currently popular approaches to vagueness. These are supervaluation accounts which attempt to provide precise semantic models for vague languages based on the notion of specification spaces, and attempts to replace the laws ofclassical logic with systems offuzzy logic.
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  • 120
    ISBN: 9789401132442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 247 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 49
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 49
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On (the x) (x = Lambert) -- Five Easy Pieces -- The Cartesian Cogitos -- Undefined Definite Descriptions -- Maximum Entropy Updating and Conditionalization -- Leibniz on Ens and Existence -- Colours, Corners and Complexity: Meinong and Wittgenstein on Some Internal Relations -- Atomic Sentences as Singular Terms in Free Logic -- EPR-Situation and Bell’s Inequality -- On Being Spread Out in Time: Temporal Parts and the Problem of Change -- Stability and Chance -- A Reason for Explanation: Explanations Provide Stable Reasons -- The Systems of Plato and Aristotle Compared as to Their Contributions to Physics -- A Note on Aristotle’s Theory of Definition and Scientific Explanation -- Actualism, Free Logic and First-Order Supervaluations -- Bibliography Of Karel Lambert.
    Abstract: This collection of essays is dedicated to 'Joe' Karel Lambert. The contributors are all personally affected to Joe in some way or other, but they are definitely not the only ones. Whatever excuses there are - there are some -, the editors apologize to whomever they have neglected. But even so the collection displays how influential Karel Lambert has been, personally and through his teaching and his writings. The display is in alphabetical order - with one exception: Bas van Fraassen, being about the earliest student of Karel Lambert, opens the collection with some reminiscences. Naturally, one of the focal points of this volume is Lambert's logical thinking and (or: freed of) ontological thinking. Free logic is intimately connected with description theory. Bas van Fraassen gives a survey of the development of the area, and Charles Daniels points to difficulties with definite descriptions in modal contexts and stories. Peter Woodruff addresses the relation between free logic and supervaluation semantics, presenting a novel condition which recovers desirable metatheoretic properties for free logic under that semantics. Terence Parsons shows how free logic can be utilized in interpreting sentences as purporting to denote events (true ones succeed and false ones fail) and how this helps to understand natural language.
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  • 121
    ISBN: 9789401137386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 130 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 16
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On Truth -- Introduction: Logical Values -- I. The Nature of Truth -- II. The Coherence Theory of Truth -- III. Judgment -- IV. Knowledge and Opinion -- V. Judgment and Time -- Appendix I: Older Draft Versions -- Introductory -- I. The Nature of Truth -- II. The Coherence Theory of Truth -- III. Judgment -- V. Judgment and Time -- Appendix II: Supplemental Material -- 1. The Nature of Proportions (1921) -- 2. “On Justifying Induction”: Paper to the Society (1922) -- 3. “The Long and Short of It” -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The present publication forms part of a projected book that F. P. Ramsey drafted but never completed. It survived among his papers and ultimately came into the possession of the University of Pittsburgh in the circumstances detailed in the Editor's Introduction. Our hope in issuing this work at this stage - some sixty years after Ramsey's premature death at the age of 26 - is both to provide yet another token of his amazing philosophical creativity, and also to make available an important datum for the still to be written history of the development of philosophical analysis. This is a book whose appearance will, we hope and expect, be appreciated both by those interested in linguistic philosophy itself and by those concerned for its historical development in the present century. EDITORS'INTRODUCTION 1. THE RAMSEY COLLECTION Frank Plump ton Ramsey (22 February 1903 -19 January 1930) was an extra­ ordinary scholarly phenomenon. Son of a distinguished mathematician and President of Magdalene College, Cambridge and brother of Arthur Michael, eventual Archbishop of Canterbury, Ramsey was closely connected with Cambridge throughout his life, ultimately becoming lecturer in Mathematics in the University. Notwithstanding his great mathematical talent, it was primarily logic and philosophy that engaged his interests, and he wrote original and important contributions to logic, semantics, epistomology, probability theory, philosophy of science, and economics, in addition to seminal work in the foundations of mathematics.
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  • 122
    ISBN: 9789401132602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 245 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 13
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: The Analogy between Logic and Dialogic of Law -- Analogy as Legal Reasoning - The Hermeneutic Foundation of the Analogical Procedure -- Milking the Meter - On Analogy, Universalizability and World Views -- The Function of Analogy in Law: Return to Kant and Wittgenstein -- Analogy in Legal Science: Some Comparative Observations -- Legal Analogy between Interpretive Arguments and Productive Arguments -- Legal Knowledge and Meaning (The Example of Legal Analogy) -- Analogical Reasoning and Legal Institutions -- Analogy in the Law.
    Abstract: 3 of law as an object that has always already been there, systematic and com­ plete. Quite the contrary. Some, indeed practically all of us, reject this sort of epistemology of law, and where the hypothesis of the coherence of the legal universe is put forward, this is in order to define it in very noticeably different terms from those traditionally used in legal scholarly accounts. If this referent, the law presented as a full discourses, runs through all of the contributions, this is because reasoning by analogy has to be found its specific place within this legal culture. It is the place to locate the problem of "lacunae" in law, which at bottom allows our various contributions to be classified. With Zaccaria and Maris, the question of lacunae is accepted as such (this is, we might say, the "traditionalist" aspect of these two articles, which is counterbalanced by - keeping to the same terminology - "modernist" emphases, sometimes Dworkinian in nature), and becomes the backdrop for considerations of purely hermeneutic type, in Zaccaria, ex­ tended in Maris to the field of ethics. The papers from Lenoble and Jackson, the former philosophical and the latter semiological, take as their main tar­ get this legal knowledge where the theory of lacunae finds its place.
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  • 123
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400922136
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (692p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 30
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Elementary set theory accustoms the students to mathematical abstraction, includes the standard constructions of relations, functions, and orderings, and leads to a discussion of the various orders of infinity. The material on logic covers not only the standard statement logic and first-order predicate logic but includes an introduction to formal systems, axiomatization, and model theory. The section on algebra is presented with an emphasis on lattices as well as Boolean and Heyting algebras. Background for recent research in natural language semantics includes sections on lambda-abstraction and generalized quantifiers. Chapters on automata theory and formal languages contain a discussion of languages between context-free and context-sensitive and form the background for much current work in syntactic theory and computational linguistics. The many exercises not only reinforce basic skills but offer an entry to linguistic applications of mathematical concepts. For upper-level undergraduate students and graduate students in theoretical linguistics, computer-science students with interests in computational linguistics, logic programming and artificial intelligence, mathematicians and logicians with interests in linguistics and the semantics of natural language
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  • 124
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400906396
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Cogito and Hermeneutics -- 1. Hermeneutics in contemporary philosophy -- 2. Critique of the subject and interpretation of the cogito. Heidegger and Ricoeur -- 3. Ricoeur. Phenomenology of the will and “unquietness” of the Subject -- 4. Paradox and mediation in Ricoeur’s philosophical anthropology -- 5. Crisis of the Philosophie de l’esprit. Human sciences, “methodic” hermeneutics -- 6. The destruction of the illusions of consciousness. Psychoanalysis as language theory -- 7. The challenge of semiology and the phenomenology of language. The reinterpretation of phenomenology as language theory -- 8. Concrete reflexion and the intersubjectivity question. Towards a hermeneutics of the I am -- 9. “Originary Affirmation,” philosophies of negativity, problematics of the subject. Nabert and Thévenaz -- 10. Ricoeur and Heidegger. The cogito and hermeneutics -- II Text, Metaphor, Narrative -- 1. The history of hermeneutics. Text theory -- 2. Hermeneutic phenomenology -- 3. Living metaphor -- 4. Towards a poetics of freedom -- Afterword -- Time, sacrality, narrative: interview with Paul Ricoeur -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- Bibliographical note -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: by Paul Ricoeur It is already a piece of good fortune to find oneself understood by a reader who is at once demanding and benevolent. It is an even greater fortune to be better understood by another than by one's own self. In effect, when I look back, I am rather struck by the discontinuity among my works, each of which takes on a specific problem and apparently has little more in common with its predecessor than the fact of having left an overflow of unanswered questions behind it as a residue. On the contrary, Domenico Jervolino's interpretation of my works, which extend over more than forty years, stresses their coherence, in spite of the gap in time between my present, soon to be issued work--Temps et Recit--and my first, Philosophie de la Volonte: Ie Volontaire et l'lnvolontaire. Our friend finds the principle of coherence first of all in the recurrence of a problem: the destiny of the idea of subjectivity, caught in the cross-fire between Nietzsche and Heidegger on one side and semiology, psychoanalysis and the critique of ideology on the other. He finds it likewise in the insistence on a method: the mediating role played by interpretation, mainly of texts, with regard to reflexion on self.
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  • 125
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400921399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Multiple Indexing -- 1 A basic intensional language -- 2 ‘Now’ and ‘then’ -- 3 ‘Actually’ -- 4 Indices and world variables -- 5 Mediated relations -- 6 A second-order treatment -- II Ontological Commitment -- 7 Possibilist quantification -- 8 Possibilities -- 9 Intersentential operators -- 10 Substitutional quantification -- 11 Modality and supervenience -- 12 Counterpart theory -- III Indexical Quantification -- 13 Generalized quantifiers -- 14 Quantifiers as indexical operators -- 15 Time and world quantifiers -- 16 Context and indices.
    Abstract: In ordinary discourse we appear to ta1k about many things that have seemed mysterious to philosophers. We say that there has been a hitch in our arrangements or that the solution to the problem required us to examine all the probable outcomes of our action. So it would seem that we speak as if in addition to eloeks, mountains, queens and grains of sand there are hitches, arrangements, solutions, probiems, and probable outcomes. It is not immediately obvious when we must take such ta1k as really assuming that there are such to develop tests for things, and one of the tasks in this book is discerning what has eome to be called ontological commitment, in naturallanguage. Among the entities that natural language appears to make reference to are those connected with temporal and modal discourse, times, possibilities, and so on. Such entities play a crueial role in the kind of semantieal theories that I and others have defended over many years. These theories are based on the idea that an essential part of the meaning of a sentence is constituted by the conditions under whieh that sentenee is true. To know what a sentence says is to know what the world would have to be !ike for that sentence to be true.
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  • 126
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400920613
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 49
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Philosophy of mind ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: 1: Approaches to Natural Language -- 1. Sentences and Saying -- 2. Saying and Semantics -- 3. Saving Sentences, and What Is Said -- 4. Sentences and Propositions -- 2: Indexicality -- 1. Indexical Expressions -- 2. Some Examples -- 3. Too Many Indexicals? -- 4. The Eliminability of Indexicals -- 5. Russell’s Theory of Descriptions -- 3: Alternate Approaches -- 1. The Role of Context -- 2. Donnellan, Sentence Meaning and Speaker Meaning -- 3. The Demonstrative ’The’ -- 4: Prolegomenon to a Theory of Speaker Reference -- 1. Two Approaches to Reference -- 2. Desiderata For A Theory of Speaker References -- 3. The Causal Theory -- 4. A Further Constraint -- 5: Speaker Reference -- 1. Two Unsatisfactory Intention-Based Views -- 2. A Fresh Start -- 3. Objections to the Sufficiency of the Conditions -- 4. Objections to the Necessity of the Conditions -- 5. Utterances Involving More Than One Hearer, and in the Absence of An Audience -- 6: Predication, and What is Said -- 1. Speaker Predication -- 2. A Theory of Speaker Predication -- 3. What Is Said -- 4. An Objection -- 5. Brevity and Sentence Fragments -- 6. Unusual But Important Cases -- 7: Concerning Fiction and Fictions -- 1. What Is To Be Explained -- 2. How Not To Explain It -- 3. A Better Explanation -- 4. Some Complications Concerning Fictions -- 8: Further Implications -- 1. Epistemology and the Philosophy of Language -- 2. Methodological Solipsism -- 3. The Intentional Fallacy, and Deconstruction -- 4. What If This Is All Wrong? -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The notion of what someone says is, perhaps surprisingly, some­ what less clear than we might be entitled to expect. Suppose that I utter to my class the sentence 'I want you to write a paper reconciling the things Russell claims about propositions in The Philosophy of Mathematics for next week'. A student who was unable to get up in time for class that day asks another what I said about the assignment. Several replies are in the offing. One, an oratio recta or direct speech report, is 'He said, "I want you to write a paper reconciling the things Russell claims about propositions in The Philosophy of Mathematics for next week. '" Another, an oratio obliqua or indirect speech report, consists in the response 'He said that he wants us to write a paper reconciling . . . '. Yet another, reflecting a perhaps accurate estimate of the task involved, editorializes: 'He said he wants us to do the impossible'. Or, aware of both this and my quaint custom of barring those who have not successfully completed the assignment from the classroom, one might retort 'He said he doesn't want to meet next week'. Since 'says' is construable in these various ways, it is at best unhelpful to write something like 'Alice said "Your paper is two days late", thereby saying that Tom's paper was two days late.
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  • 127
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400920972
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 40
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophical self-portrait -- Review-article: T Kotarbi?ski’s Elements of the Theory of Knowledge, Formal Logic and Methodology of the Sciences -- Psychologism and the principle of relevance in semantics -- Names in Kotarbi?ski’s Elementy -- Consistent reism -- A note about reism -- Puzzles of existence -- On the dramatic stage in the development of Kotarbi?ski’s pansomatism -- Semantic reasons for ontological statements: the argumentation of a reist -- Philosophical and methodological foundations of Kotarbi?ski’s praxiology -- Kotarbi?ski’s theory of genuine names -- Kotarbi?ski’s theory of pseudo-names -- On the phases of reism -- Philosophy of the concrete -- Kotarbi?ski, many-valued logic, and truth -- Concerning reism -- The voice of the past in Kotarbi?ski’s writings -- References -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: Tadeusz Kotarbinski is one of towering figures in contemporary Polish philosophy. He was a great thinker, a great teacher, a great organizer of philosophical and scientific life (he was, among others, the rector of the Uni versi ty of t6dz, the president of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the president of the International Institute of Philosophy), and, last but not least, a great moral authority. He died at the age of 96 on October 3, 1981. Kotarbinski was active in almost all branches of philosophy. He made many significant contributions to logic, semantics, ontology, epistemology, history of philosophy, and ethics. He created a new field, namely praxiology. Thus, using an ancient distinction, he contributed to theoretical as well as practical philoso~hy. Kotarbinski regarded praxiology as his major philosophical "child". Doubtless, praxiology belongs to practical philosophy. This collection, howewer, is mainly devoted to Kotarbinski' s theoretical philosophy. Reism - Kotarbinski' s fundamental idea of ontology and semantics - is the central topic of most papers included here; even Pszczolowski' s essay on praxiology considers its ontological basis. ,Only two papers, namely that of Zarnecka-Bialy and that of Wolenski, are not linked with reism. However, both fall under the general label "Kotarbinski: logic, semantics and ontology". The collection partly consists of earlier published papers.
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  • 128
    ISBN: 9789400905054
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Primary Sources in Phenomenology 3
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Brentano and Marty on Content: A Synthesis suggested by Brentano -- 1 Brentano’s Final View -- 2 Attribution in Modo Recto and in Modo Obliquo -- 3 Object and Content -- 4 Other Intentional Attitudes -- 5 Immanent Objects and Transcendent Objects -- 6 Conclusion -- Marty’s Philosophical Grammar -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Descriptive Psychology of Meaning: Linguistic Functions -- 3 Propositions Show What would be the Case were they True -- 4 Vagueness -- 5 Meaning Change, Inner Form and Universals -- 6 Marty and Wittgenstein: Two Conceptions of Philosophical Grammar -- Meaning and Expression: Marty and Grice on Intentional Semantics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Philosophy of Language as a General Theory -- 3 Natural and Non-Natural Meaning -- 4 Primary and Secondary Intentions -- 5 Auto-Semantic Language Devices -- 6 Conclusion -- Marty on Form and Content in Language -- 1 Inner Speech Form in some of Marty’s Early Works -- 2 Logic, Grammar and Psychology -- 3 Form and Content in Marty’s Later Works -- 4 Some Fundamental Tenets of Universal Grammar -- Why a Proper Name has a Meaning: Marty and Landgrebe vs. Kripke -- 1 Preliminaries -- 2 Kripke’s View -- 3 The Question of the Semantic Status of Proper Names -- 4 Meaning and Lexical Meaning -- 5 Reference and Meaning in Marty -- 6 Ambiguity and Vagueness -- 7 Landgrebe’s Solution -- 8 Conclusion -- The Categorical and the Thetic Judgement Reconsidered -- 1 Marty and Transformational Grammar -- 2 Categorical and Thetic Judgements -- 3 Reinterpreting the Categorical-Thetic Distinction -- 4 Conclusion -- Classical and Modern Work on Universals: The Philosophical Background and Marty’s Contribution -- 1 Categories of Meaning vs. Categories of Expression -- 2 Relativism and Colour -- 3 Natural Non-Absolute Universals -- Marty and Magnus on Colours -- Brentano and Marty: An Inquiry into Being and Truth -- 1 Aristotle and Brentano -- 2 Existence and Reality -- 3 Bases and Operations -- 4 Collectives are Non-Real -- 5 Relations are Non-Real -- 6 Space is Non-Real -- 7 States of Affairs are Non-Real -- 8 On the Origins of our Concepts of Existence and Truth -- 9 A Correspondence Theory of Intentionality -- 10 The Ontology of Truth -- 11 Wertverhalte or Value-Contents -- 12 A Postscript on Martian Aesthetics -- Marty on Grounded Relations -- Marty on Time -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tasks of a Philosophy of Time -- 3 Marty on the Ontology of Time -- 4 Marty on the Consciousness of Time -- 5 Conclusion -- Marty’s Theory of Space -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Marty’s Two Basic Metaphysical Theses -- 3 A Sketch of Marty’s Argument -- 4 Conclusion -- Judgement-Contents -- 1 Preliminary Remark -- 2 Conceptual Framework -- 3 Marty’s Judgement-Contents -- 4 Comments -- 5 Final Remark -- of Consciousness and States of Affairs: Daubert and Marty -- 1 Phenomenologists and Brentanists -- 2 Marty on Subjectless Sentences -- 3 Daubert’s Discussion of Marty -- 4 Shortcomings in Marty -- 5 Marty’s Theory in Phenomenological Perspective -- Marty and the Lvov-Warsaw School -- Two Letters from Marty to Husserl -- A Bibliography of Works by and on Anton Marty -- 1 Works by Marty -- 2 Works on Marty -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 129
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400920897
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 214
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. On the Origin of the Philosophical Investigations -- 2. Language-Games as Context of Meaning -- 1. The psychological theory of meaning -- 2. Horizontal and vertical language-games -- 3. Agreement in Forms of Life -- 1. Internal relations -- 2. Justifications without end, end without justification.. -- 3. Forms of life and constitutive rules -- 4. My Mind: First Person Statements -- 1. Robinson Crusoe and private language -- 2. Four misleading analogies -- 3. Description of one’s inner -- 5. Other Minds: Third Person Statements -- 1. The asymmetry of observation and expression -- 2. The hidden inner -- 3. ‘Einstellung zur Seele’ -- 4. ‘Menschenkenntnis’ and indeterminacy -- 6. The Meaning of Aspects -- 1. ‘Meaning-theory’ versus ‘Gestalt-theory’ -- 2. Seeing-as and organization -- 3. Seeing-as and interpretation -- 4. Seeing and thinking -- 5. Secondary meaning and aspect -- 7. The Grammar of Psychological Concepts -- 1. Sensations and impressions -- 2. Emotions -- 3. Images and fancies -- 4. Inner states’ and expecting -- 5. Feelings of tendency -- 6. Willing -- 8. Conclusion: Wittgenstein and the Turing Test -- Appendix of German Quotations.
    Abstract: Wittgenstein's aphoristic style holds great charm, but also a great danger: the reader is apt to glean too much from a single fragment and too little from the fragments as a whole. In my first confron­ tations with the Philosophical Investigations I was such a reader, and so, it turned out, were most of the writers on Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Wittgenstein's remarkable ability to bring together many facets of his thought in one fragment is fully exploited in the critical literature; but hardly any attention is paid to the connection with other fragments, let alone to the many hitherto unpublished manuscripts of which the Philosophical Investigations is the final product. The result of this fragmentary and ahistorical approach to Wittgenstein's later work is a host of contradictory interpretations. What Wittgenstein really wanted to say remains insufficiently clear. Opinions are also strongly divided about the value of his work. Some authors have been encouraged by his aphorisms and rhetorical questions to dismiss the whole Cartesian tradition or to halt new movements in linguistics or psychology; others, exasperated, reject his philo­ sophy as anti-scientific conceptual conservatism. After consulting unpublished notebooks and manuscripts which Wittgenstein wrote between 1929 and 1951, I became a very different reader. Wittgenstein turned out to be a kind of Leonardo da Vinci, who pursued a form from which every sign of chisel­ ling, every attempt at improvement, had been effaced.
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  • 130
    ISBN: 9789400909878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (552p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 206
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Critial Essays -- Is Science Really Inductive? -- Bolzano’s Theory of Induction -- Cellular Space Models: New Formalism for Simulation and Science -- Some Reflections on Logical Truth as A Priori -- Semantics and Ontology: Arthur Burks and the Computational Perspective -- Names and Attitudes -- Machines and Behavior -- Finite Automata and Human Beings -- On Guiding Rules -- Actuality and Potentiality -- Burks’s Logic of Conditionals -- Presuppositions and the Normative Content of Probability Statements -- Arthur Burks on the Presuppositions of Induction -- Taking Physical Probability Seriously -- Presuppositions of Induction -- Scientific Objectivity and the Evaluation of Hypotheses -- II: The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism -- The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism Replies by Arthur W. Burks -- Bibliography of Works by Arthur W. Burks -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This work is divided into two parts. Part I contains sixteen critical es­ says by prominent philosophers and computer scientists. Their papers offer insightful, well-argued contemporary views of a broad range of topics that lie at the heart of philosophy in the second half of the twen­ tieth century: semantics and ontology, induction, the nature of prob­ ability, the foundations of science, scientific objectivity, the theory of naming, the logic of conditionals, simulation modeling, the relatiOn be­ tween minds and machines, and the nature of rules that guide be­ havior. In this volume honoring Arthur W. Burks, the philosophical breadth of his work is thus manifested in the diverse aspects of that work chosen for discussion and development by the contributors to his Festschrift. Part II consists of a book-length essay by Burks in which he lays out his philosophy of logical mechanism while responding to the papers in Part I. In doing so, he provides a unified and coherent context for the range of problems raised in Part I, and he highlights interesting relationships among the topics that might otherwise have gone un­ noticed. Part II is followed by a bibliography of Burks's published works.
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  • 131
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    ISBN: 9789400925939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 197 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 202
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreword — The Modernity of Rhetoric -- Formal Logic and Informal Logic -- Logic and Argumentation -- To Reason While Speaking -- Organization and Articulation of Verbal Exchanges: Question-Response Exchange in Polemical Contexts -- Argumentativity and Informativity -- Saying and Knowing -- Dialectic, Rhetoric and Critique in Aristotle -- Toward an Anthropology of Rhetoric -- Rhetoric-Poetics-Hermeneutics -- Rhetoric and Literature -- The Figure and the Argument -- Rhetoric and Politics.
    Abstract: by the question in its being an answer, if only in a circumstantial (i. e. inessential) manner. One indeed must question oneself in order to remember, says Plato, but the dialectic, which would be scientific, must be something else even if it remains a play of question and answer. This contradiction did not escape Aristotle: he split the scientific from the dialectic and logic from argumentation whose respective theories he was led to conceive in order to clearly define their boundaries and specificities. As for Plato, he found in the famous theory of Ideas what he sought in order to justify knowledge as that which is supposed to hold its truth only from itself. What do Ideas mean within the framework of our approach? In what consists the passage from rhetoric to ontology which leads to the denaturation of argumentation? When Socrates asked, for example, "What is virtue?", he thought one could not answer such a question because the answer refers to a single proposition, a single truth, whereas the formulation of the question itself does not indicate this unicity. For any answer, another can be given and thus continuously, if necessary, until eventually one will come across an incompatibility. Now, to a question as to what X, Y, or Z is, one can answer in many ways and nothing in the question itself prohibits multiplicity. Virtue is courage, is justice, and so on.
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  • 132
    ISBN: 9789400924178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 207
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction: Language as Calculus vs. Language as the Universal Medium -- 1. Continental and Analytical Philosophy -- 2. The Interpretational Framework -- 3. Some Qualifications and the Main Theses of this Study -- II: Husserl’s Phenomenology and Language as Calculus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formalism—Threat and Temptation—The Emergence of Language as Calculus in the Early Writings -- 3. Defending the Accessibility of Semantics Against Psychologistic Relativism: The Logical Investigations -- 4. Transcendental Phenomenology and the Calculus Conception -- 5. Summary of Husserl’s Notion of Language as Calculus -- III: Heidegger’s Ontology and Language as the Universal Medium -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Heidegger as Adherer to the Conception of Language as Calculus in his Early Writings -- 3. The World as a ”Closed Whole”—The Period of Being and Time -- 4. ”Language is the House of Being”—Language as the Universal Medium in Heidegger’s Later ”Thought” -- 5. Summary of Heidegger’s Conception of Language as the Universal Medium -- IV: Between Scylla and Charybdis—Gadamer’s Hermeneutics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tradition and the Return of the Subject—Why Heidegger had Reason to Dislike the ”Effective-Historical Consciousness” -- 3. Language as Universal Adumbration -- Notes to Part I -- Notes to Part II -- Notes to Part III -- Notes to Part IV -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: I first became interested in Husserl and Heidegger as long ago as 1980, when as an undergraduate at the Freie Universitat Berlin I studied the books by Professor Ernst Tugendhat. Tugendhat's at­ tempt to bring together analytical and continental philosophy has never ceased to fascinate me, and even though in more recent years other influences have perhaps been stronger, I should like to look upon the present study as still being indebted to Tugendhat's initial incentive. It was my good fortune that for personal reasons I had to con­ tinue my academic training from 1981 onwards in Finland. Even though Finland is a stronghold of analytical philosophy, it also has a tradition of combining continental and Anglosaxon philosophical thought. Since I had already admired this line of work in Tugendhat, it is hardly surprising that once in Finland I soon became impressed by Professor Jaakko Hintikka's studies on Husserl and intentionality, and by Professor Georg Henrik von Wright's analytical hermeneu­ tics. While the latter influence has-at least in part-led to a book on the history of hermeneutics, the former influence has led to the present work. My indebtedness to Professor Hintikka is enormous. Not only is the research reported here based on his suggestions, but Hintikka has also commented extensively on different versions of the manuscript, helped me to make important contacts, found a publisher for me, and-last but not least-was a never failing source of encouragement.
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    ISBN: 9789400922990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (576p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 204
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I - The Elements for Interpreting Kant -- 1 - Space and Time -- 2 - Thought -- 3 - Substance -- 4 - The World -- 5 - The Rework Hypothesis -- II - The Early View -- 1 - The Early Theory of Thought -- 2 - The Text of the Early View -- 3 - The Break-Up of the Early View -- III - The Middle View -- 1 - The Middle Theory of Thought -- 2 - The Text of the Middle View -- IV - The Transition to the Late View — The Mathematical Antinomies -- 1 - The Break-Up of the Middle View over the Second Antinomy -- 2 - The Argument of the Antinomies Against the Middle View -- V - The Late View -- 1 - The Late Theory of Thought -- 2 - The Text of The Late View.
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  • 134
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    ISBN: 9789400924369
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Investigating our Mental Powers -- 1.1 Hume: Thinking versus feeling -- 1.2 Reid: Conception versus sensation -- 1.3 Laws of our constitution and epistemologically prior principles -- 1.4 How to arrive at laws of nature -- 1.5 Scientific study of the mind? -- II: The Ideal Hypothesis -- 2.1 Ideas as objects of perception -- 2.2 Perception and impressions on the mind -- 2.3 Perception by way of perceiving images -- 2.4 Is the table we see an image? -- 2.5 The role of sensation in perception -- III: The Epistemological Role of Perception -- 3.1 Is there fallacy of the senses? -- 3.2 The appearance of objects to the eye -- 3.3 Reliance on the senses -- IV: The Constituents of Reality -- 4.1 The testimony of the senses and the world of material bodies -- 4.2 Primary versus secondary qualities -- 4.3 Colour versus shape -- 4.4 Are there other minds than mine? -- 4.5 An intelligent Author of Nature? -- V: What Words Signify -- 5.1 Locke’s theory of signification -- 5.2 What proper names and general words signify according to Reid -- 5.3 Individual and general conceptions -- 5.4 Whether proper names signify attributes -- 5.5 The variety of objects of conception -- 5.6 Conceiving the real and the unreal -- 5.7 Attributions to conceivable individuals -- 5.8 Things objectively in my mind -- VI: Active Power -- 6.1 Knowingly giving rise to new actions -- 6.2 Locke on active power -- 6.3 Reid’s account of active power -- 6.4 Difficulties within Reid’s account -- 6.5 Divine prescience and active power -- 6.6 Is every future event already determined? -- 6.7 Moral attributions and active power -- VII; Causality -- 7.1 Concerning some criticisms of Hume’s view of the causal principle -- 7.2 No proof of the causal principle available within Hume’s philosophy -- 7.3 Past instances and the uniformity of nature -- 7.4 Presupposition and the authority of experience -- 7.5 Reid’s notion of cause -- 7.6 Wisdom, prudence and causal law -- VIII: Identity and Continuity -- 8.1 The sameness of a person -- 8.2 Amnesia and the same person -- 8.3 The Brave Officer paradox -- 8.4 The sameness of plants and artefacts -- 8.5 What is found on entry into the self -- 8.6 Consciousness and awareness of self -- 8.7 Memories and personal identity -- IX: Of Common Sense and First Principles -- 9.1 How to detect first principles -- 9.2 First principles and modes of argument -- 9.3 Our faculties are not fallacious -- 9.4 The first principles to be employed in the investigation of the mind -- 9.5 Accounting for beliefs -- 9.6 First principles and judgments -- 9.7 Providential Naturalism -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book is meant to serve as an introduction to the philosophy of Thomas Reid by way of a study of certain themes central to that philosophy as we find it expounded in his extensive and influential published writings. The choice of these themes inevitably reflects philosophical interests of the author of this book to some extent but a main consideration behind their selection is that they are extensively treated by Reid in response to treatments by certain of his predecessors in an identifiable tradition called by Yolton 'The Way ofIdeas'. My interest in Reid's philosophy was first awakened by the brilliant writings of A.N. Prior, and in particular by Part II of his posthumous 'Objects of Thought' called 'What we think about' together with his suggestion that Reid was a precursor of Mill on the signification of proper names. It is my hope that the standard of exegesis and of discussion throughout the book, and especially in the case of these topics, is a not unworthy tribute to that thinker.
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  • 135
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    ISBN: 9789400929098
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 363 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 39
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytic philosophy is alive and in good health, as this collection of twenty, previously unpublished essays most ably demonstrates. The reader will find here assembled some of the finest writings of modern analytic philosophers at the top of their form. Matthews discusses Plato's attempt to deal with the problem of false belief about identities. Parson evaluates Russell's early theory of denoting phrases. Chisholm exhibits the utility of thirteen epistemic categories. Plantinga criticizes Chisholm's account of justification. Conee argues that solving the Gettier Problem is important, and Ginet proposes a solution to it. Lehrer criticizes an argument based on the simplicity of our belief in material objects and other minds. R. Feldman defends an account of having evidence. F. Feldman defends a propositional account of pleasure. Van Fraassen criticizes Garber's solution to the problem of old evidence. Castañeda investigates the nature of negation. McKay argues that de se analyses of belief do not account for belief de re. Richard argues that no Fregean semantics for belief attribution will succeed. Ryckman suggests that the Millian theory of names has little to do with the theory of belief is no threat to God's omniscience. Dunn investigates constraints imposed on non-classical modal logics by extensionality. Fitch argues that singular propositions perform important functions in modal logic. Jubien evaluates arguments for and against possible worlds. Ratzsch argues that there must be a deeper source of nomicality than ordinary subjunctives, and Stalnaker argues that there is room for determinancy of identity and indeterminacy in reference
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  • 136
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
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  • 137
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    ISBN: 9789400937376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 36
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 36
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Problem -- 2. Beginning Assumptions -- 1 Descriptions -- 1. Indeterminate Descriptions -- 2. The Referential/Attributive Distinction -- 2 Names and Indexicals -- 1. Rigid Designators -- 2. Names and Essences -- 3. Indexicals -- 4. The Meaning of Names -- 3 Singular Propositions -- 1. Propositional Roles -- 2. Propositions and Worlds -- 3. Propositions and Times -- 4. Possible Worlds -- 4 Believing -- 1. Problems with Belief -- 2. Direct and Indirect Attribution -- 3. Two Aspects of Believing -- 4. A Solution to Frege’s Problem -- 5 Empty Names, Semantics, and the A Priori -- 1. Truth Conditions and Propositions -- 2. Empty Names and Beliefs -- 3. Necessary A Posteriori Truths -- 4. Conclusions -- 1. Formal Description -- 2. Remarks -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The relationship between thought, language, and the world is an intimate one. When we have an idea or thought about the world and we wish to express that idea or thought to others we utter a sentence or make a statement. If the statement correctly describes the world then it is true. Moreover, it seems as though our ability to have more complex or sophisticated thoughts about the world increases as the complexity of our language or our ability to use the language increases. Understanding the complex relationship between language, thought, and the world is one of the central aims of philosophy. This book is an attempt to increase our understanding of this complex relationship by focusing on certain philosophical issues that arise from our ability to refer to objects in the world though the use of language. In particular, it is an attempt to solve the puzzles of reference and belief that Frege and Russell presented within the context of a theory of direct reference for proper names.
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    ISBN: 9789400937635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 8
    Series Statement: Profiles 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Constituents -- Surface Information and Analyticity -- Hintikka on Quantifying In and On Trans-World Identity -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Logical Form -- Hintikka’s Inductive Logic -- Hintikka’s Epistemic Logic -- Hintikka’s Theory of Questions -- What Is a “Perceptually Well-Defined Individual”? Hintikka’s Views on Perception -- On Objects and Worlds of Thought in the Philosophy of Hintikka -- Hintikka on Modalities and Determinism in Aristotle -- Hintikka’s Ontology -- Replies and Comments -- Three -- Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant his to rial and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
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  • 139
    ISBN: 9789400954106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction to Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 1. General -- 2. Formal first-order languages -- 3. Equivalence with Tarski-type truth-definitions -- 4. Translation to higher-order languages -- 5. Partially ordered quantifiers -- 6. Subgames and functional interpretations -- 7. Extension to natural languages -- 8. Similarities and differences between formal and natural languages -- 9. Competing ordering principles -- 10. Atomic sentences -- 11. Further rules for natural languages -- 12. Explanatory strategies -- Notes to Part I -- II: Definite Descriptions -- 1. Russell on definite descriptions -- 2. Prima facie difficulties with Russell’s theory -- 3. Can we localize Russell’s theory? -- 4. Game-theoretical solution to the localization problem -- 5. Anaphoric “the” in formal languages -- 6. Applications -- 7. Epithetic and counterepithetic the-phrases -- 8. Vagaries of the alleged head-anaphor relation -- 9. The anaphoric use of definite descriptions as a semantical phenomenon -- 10. The quantifier-exclusion phenomenon in natural languages -- 11. Inductive choice sets -- 12. Other uses of “the” -- 13. The Russellian use -- 14. The generic use motivated -- 15. Conclusions from the “pragmatic deduction” -- Notes to Part II -- III: Towards a Semantical Theory of Pronominal Anaphora -- I: Different Approaches to Anaphora -- II: A Game-Theoretical Approach to Anaphora -- III: The Exclusion Principle -- IV: General Theoretical Issues -- V: GTS expalains Coreference Restrictions -- VI: Comparisons with Other Treatments -- Notes to Part III -- Name Index.
    Abstract: I n order to appreciate properly what we are doing in this book it is necessary to realize that our approach to linguistic theorizing differs from the prevailing views. Our approach can be described by indicating what distinguishes it from the methodological ideas current in theoretical linguistics, which I consider seriously misguided. Linguists typically construe their task in these days as that of making exceptionless generalizations from particular examples. This explanatory strategy is wrong in several different ways. It presupposes that we can have "intuitions" about particular examples, usually examples invented by the linguist himself or herself, reliable and sharp enough to serve as a basis of sharp generalizations. It also presupposes that we cannot have equally reliable direct access to general linguistic regularities. Both assumptions appear to me extremely dubious, and the first of them has in effect been challenged by linguists like Dwight Bol inger. There is also some evidence that the degree of unanimity among linguists is fairly low when it comes to less clear cases, even in connection with such relatively simple questions as grammaticality (acceptability). For this reason we have tried to rely more on quotations from contemporary fiction, newspapers and magazines than on linguists' and philosophers' ad hoc examples. I also find it strange that some of the same linguists as believe that we all possess innate ideas about general characteristics of humanly possible grammars assume that we can have access to them only via their particular consequences.
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  • 140
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    ISBN: 9789400954144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 28
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Adverbs and Events -- II / Adverbs of Space and Time -- III / Interval Semantics and Logical Words -- Appendix to Chapter III (1985) -- IV / Prepositions and Points of View -- V / Interval Semantics for Some Event Expressions -- VI / Adverbs of Causation -- VII / Adverbial Modification in Situation Semantics -- Bibliographical Index -- General Index.
    Abstract: Adverbial modification is probably one of the least understood areas of linguistics. The essays in this volume all address the problem of how to give an analysis of adverbial modifiers within truth-conditional semantics. Chapters I-VI provide analyses of particular modifiers within a possible­ worlds framework, and were written between 1974 and 1981. Original publication details of these chapters may be found on p. vi. Of these, all but Chapter I make essential use of the idea that the time reference involved in tensed sentences should be a time interval rather than a single instant. The final chapter (Chapter VII) was written especially for this volume and investigates the question of how the 'situation semantics' recently devised by Jon Barwise and John Perry, as a rival to possible-worlds semantics, might deal with adverbs. In addition I have included an appendix to Chapter III and an introduction which links all the chapters together.
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  • 141
    ISBN: 9789401091886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 428 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Dialogue and Cognition -- Diplomatic Communication -- Insight and Self-Observation: Their Role in the Analysis of the Etiology of Illness -- Parental Communication Deviance and Schizophrenia: A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis -- Contributions of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere in Perceiving Paralinguistic Cues of Emotion -- Towards a Computational Theory of Semantic Memory -- Two Types of Discourse in Hölderlin’s Madness -- Problems in Question Answering -- Looking for a Process Model of Dialogue: Speculations from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence -- Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious -- A Logical Form Based on the Structural Descriptions of Events -- Linguistic and Situational Context in a Model of Task-Oriented Dialogue -- Some Ways of Representing Dialogues -- Towards a Logical Model of Dialogue -- Message Theory and the Semantics of Dialogue -- Rules, Utilities, and Strategies in Dialogical Games -- Focus and Dialogue Games: A Game-Theoretical Approach to the Interpretation of Intonational Focusing -- Intensional Man vs Extensional Man: A Difficult Dialogue -- Dynamic Model Selection in the Interpretation of Discourse -- Modelling the Dialogue by means of Formal Language Theory -- Precisiation of Meaning via Translation into PRUF -- Conversations between Programs -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Communication is one of the most challenging human phenomena, and the same is true of its paradigmatic verbal realization as a dialogue. Not only is communication crucial for virtually all interpersonal relations; dialogue is often seen as offering us also a paradigm for important intra-individual processes. The best known example is undoubtedly the idea of concep­ tualizing thinking as an internal dialogue, "inward dialogue carried on by the mind within itself without spoken sound", as Plato called it in the Sophist. At first, the study of communication seems to be too vaguely defmed to have much promise. It is up to us, so to speak, to decide what to say and how to say it. However, on eloser scrutiny, the process of communication is seen to be subject to various subtle constraints. They are due inter alia to the nature of the parties of the communicative act, and most importantly, to the properties of the language or other method of representation presupposed in that particuIar act of communication. It is therefore not surprising that in the study of communication as a cognitive process the critical issues revolve around the nature of the representations and the nature of the computations that create, maintain and interpret these representations. The term "repre­ sentation" as used here indicates a particular way of specifying information about a given subject.
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  • 142
    ISBN: 9789400964990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 178
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective: An Introduction -- We Are All Children of God -- The Syncategorematic Treatment of Predicates -- The Paradox of Naming -- Substance and Kind: Reflections on the New Theory of Reference -- The Easy Examination Paradox -- Models for Actions -- Some Problems Concerning Meaning -- Abstraction, Analysis and Universals: The Navya-Ny?ya Theory -- Psychologism in Indian Logical Theory -- A Speech-Act Model for Understanding Navya-Ny?ya Epistemology -- Some Epistemologically Misleading Expressions: “Inference”, and “Anum?na”, “Perception” and “Pratyaksa” -- The Pr?bh?kara Mim?ms? Theory of Related Designation -- Plato’s Indian Barbers -- Proper Names: Contemporary Philosophy and the Ny?ya -- Awareness and Meaning in Navya-Ny?ya.
    Abstract: We are grateful to the authors who wrote papers specially for this volume and kindly gave their permission for printing them together. None of these papers appeared anywhere before. Our special thanks are due to the first six authors who kindly responded to our request and agreed to join this new venture which we are calling 'comparative perspective' in ana­ lytical philosophy. In the introductory essay certain salient points from each paper have been noted only to show how 'com­ parative perspective' may add to, and be integrated with, mod­ ern philosophical discussion in the analytic tradition. Need­ less to say, any mistake, possible mis-attribution or misrepresentation of the views of the original authors of the papers (appearing in the said introductory essay) is entirely the responsibility of the author of that essay. The author apologizes if there has been such unintentional misrepresenta­ tion and insists that the readers should depend upon the orig­ inal papers themselves for their own understanding. For typo­ graphical problems it has not always been possible to use the symbols originally used by the authors, but care has been taken to use the proper substitute for each of them. Bimal K. Matilal ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: AN INTRODUCTION 1. The aim of this volume is to extend the horizon of philosophi­ cal analysis as it is practiced today.
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  • 143
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
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  • 144
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
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  • 145
    ISBN: 9789401098472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Game-Theoretical Semantics: Insights and Prospects -- 2 / Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments -- 3 / Semantical Games, Subgames, and Functional Interpretations -- 4 / Any Problems — No Problems -- 5 / Temporal Discourse and Semantical Games -- 6 / Definite Descriptions in Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 7 / “Is”, Semantical Games, and Semantical Relativity -- 8 / Semantical Games and Aristotelian Categories -- 9 / On the Any-Thesis and the Methodology of Linguistics -- 10 / Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Since the first chapter of this book presents an intro­ duction to the present state of game-theoretical semantics (GTS), there is no point in giving a briefer survey here. Instead, it may be helpful to indicate what this volume attempts to do. The first chapter gives a short intro­ duction to GTS and a survey of what is has accomplished. Chapter 2 puts the enterprise of GTS into new philo­ sophical perspective by relating its basic ideas to Kant's phi losophy of mathematics, space, and time. Chapters 3-6 are samples of GTS's accomplishments in understanding different kinds of semantical phenomena, mostly in natural languages. Beyond presenting results, some of these chapters also have other aims. Chapter 3 relates GTS to an interesting line of logical and foundational studies - the so-called functional interpretations - while chapter 4 leads to certain important methodological theses. Chapter 7 marks an application of GTS in a more philo­ sophical direction by criticizing the Frege-Russell thesis that words like "is" are multiply ambiguous. This leads in turn to a criticism of recent logical languages (logical notation), which since Frege have been based on the ambi­ guity thesis, and also to certain methodological sug­ gestions. In chapter 8, GTS is shown to have important implications for our understanding of Aristotle's doctrine of categories, while chapter 9 continues my earlier criticism of Chomsky's generative approach to linguistic theorizing.
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  • 146
    ISBN: 9789400969896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / The ‘AUX’ Hypothesis -- Da and the Category AUX in Bulgarian -- Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic -- Two / Some Elusive Categories -- Polarized Auxiliaries -- Marking Constituents -- Government and the Search for AUXes: A Case Study in Cross-linguistic Category Identification -- On Two Types of Infinitival Complementation -- The Case of German Adjectives -- Transitive Adjectives: A Case of Categorial Reanalysis.
    Abstract: VIrtually all the papers in these volumes originated in presentations at the Fourth Groningen Round Table, held in July 1980. That conference, organ­ ized by the Institute for General linguistics of Groningen University was the fourth in an irregular series of meetings devoted to issues of topical interest to linguists. Its predecessor, the Third Round Table, was held in June 1976, and dealt with the semantics of natural language. A selection of the papers was published as Syntax and Semantics 10, Selections from the Third Groningen Round Table, ed. by F. Heny and H. Schnelle, Academic Press, 1979. This fourth meeting was more narrowly focussed. The original intention was to examine the hypothesis of Akrnajian, Steele and Wasow in their paper 'The Category AUX in Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64. Ultimately the topic was broadened considerably to encompass not only the syntax, semantics and morphology of auxiliaries and related elements, but to tackle the problem (implicit in the original work of Akmajian, Steele and Wasow) of justifying the selection of categories for the analysis of natural language. In the summer of 1979, a workshop and short, informal conference were held at the University of Salzburg, in preparation for the Round Table. These were organized in conjunction with the Summer Institute of the linguistic Society of America. The cooperation of the LSA and of the University of Salzburg, and in particular of the Director of that Institute, Professor Gaberell Drachman, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
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  • 147
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
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  • 148
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    ISBN: 9789400977020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 31
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scales of Measurement -- Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories -- Comments on ‘Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories’ by Professor Dalla Chaiara -- A Methodology without Methodological Rules -- Truth, Fallibility and the Growth of Knowledge -- Fallible Is as Fallible Does: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Knowledge in Pursuit of Knowledge — A Few Worries: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Response to Scheffler -- Response to Margalit -- Rejoinder to Levi’s Reply -- A Category-Theoric Approach to Systems in a Fuzzy World -- Natural Languages and Formal Languages and Formal Languages: A Tenable Dualism -- The Problem of Vague Predicates -- Peirce and Pearson: Pragmatism vs. Instrumentalism -- Theory of Propensity: A New Foundation of Logic -- Gödel’s Theorems and Church’s Thesis: A Prologue to mechanism -- The Non-traditional Theory of Quantifiers -- Dialogue: How Do We Know What Others Mean and Why? -- Towards a Richer Theory of Dialogue: Comments of Professor Rivetti Barbòs Paper -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Fundamental problems of the uses of formal techniques and of natural and instrumental practices have been raised again and again these past two decades, in many quarters and from varying viewpoints. We have brought a number of quite basic studies of these issues together in this volume, not linked con­ ceptually nor by any rigorously defined problematic, but rather simply some of the most interesting and even provocative of recent research accomplish­ ments. Most of these papers are derived from the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during 1973-80, the two exceptions being those of Karel Berka (on scales of measurement) and A. A. Zinov'ev (on a non-tradi­ tional theory of quantifiers). Just how intriguing these results (or conjectures?) seem to us may be seen from some brief quotations: (1) Judson Webb: " . . . . the abstract machine concept has many of the appropriate kinds of properties for modelling living, reproducing, rule­ following, self-reflecting, accident-prone, and lucky creatures . . . the a priori logical results relevant to the abstract machine concept, above all Godel's, could not conceivably have turned out any better for the mechanist. " (2) M. L. Dalla Chiara: " . . . modal interpretation (of quantum logic) shows clearly that it possesses a logical meaning which is quite independent of quantum mechanics. " (3) Isaac Levi: (as against Peirce and Popper) " . . . infallibilism is con­ sistent with corrigibilism, and a view which respects avoidance of error is an important desideratum for science.
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  • 149
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400977075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
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    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Long Distance Agreement in Modern Icelandic -- Purpose Clauses and Control -- Binding in Wholewheat* Syntax (*unenriched with inaudibilia) -- Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- Evidence for Gaps -- A Phrase Structure Account of Scandinavian Extraction Phenomena -- Syntactic Representation, Syntactic Levels, and the Notion of Subject -- Some Arc Pair Grammar Descriptions -- A Semantic Theory of “NP-movement” Dependencies.
    Abstract: The work collected in this book represents the results of some intensive recent work on the syntax of natural languages. The authors' differing viewpoints have in common the program of revising current conceptions of syntactic representation so that the role of transformational derivations is reduced or eliminated. The fact that the papers cross-refer to each other a good deal, and that authors assuming quite different fram{:works are aware of each other's results and address themselves to shared problems, is partly the result of a conference on the nature of syntactic representation that was held at Brown University in May 1979 with the express purpose of bringing together different lines of research in syntax. The papers in this volume mostly arise out of work that was presented in preliminary form at that conference, though much rewriting and further research has been done in the interim period. Two papers are included because although they were not given even in preliminary form at the conference, it has become clear since then that they interrelate with the work of the conference so much that they cannot reasonably be left out: Gerald Gazdar's statement of his program for phrase structure description of natural language forms the theoretical basis that is assumed by Maling and Zaenen and by Sag, and David Dowty's paper represents a bridge between the relational grammar exemplified here in the papers by Perlmutter and Postal on the one hand and the Montague­.
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  • 150
    ISBN: 9789400983564
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: La philosophie contemporaine: Chroniques nouvelles / Contemporary philosophy: A new survey 1
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- One/Première Partie Philosophy of language/Philosophie du langage -- The place of the philosophy of language -- The theory of meaning in analytical philosophy -- Semantics: A revolt against Frege -- Wittgenstein et la philosophie du langage -- Richard Montague and the logical analysis of language -- Constructing a pragmatic foundation for semantics -- ‘Logique herméneutique’? -- Two/Deuxième Partie Philosophical logic/Logique philosophique -- Philosophical aspects of proof theory -- Modal logic, modal semantics and their applications -- Conditionals and possible worlds -- Entailment and the disjunctive syllogism -- Choice, chance, and credence -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: The present publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chronicles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Contemporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond KJibansky. As with the earlier series the present chronicles purport to give a survey of significant trends in contemporary philosophi­ cal discussion. The time space covered by the present series is (approximately) 1966-1978. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own philosophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modem philosophy, the dialogue or Kommu nikationsgemeinschajt. So far, four volumes have been prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophi­ cal Logic (Vol. I), are followed by chronicles in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. II), and Philosophy of Action (Vol.
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  • 151
    ISBN: 9789400984530
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Harmony Processes -- The “Epistemic Dative” Construction in French and Its Relevance to Some Current Problems in Generative Grammar -- Some Rules of Regular Ellipsis in German -- Some Remarks on Scope Phenomena -- Topic, Focus, and Local Relevance -- Questions about Questions -- Questions and Attitudes -- On the Distinctions between Semantics and Pragmatics -- In Defense of a Strawsonian Approach to Presupposition -- Blurred Conditionals -- Semantics and Pragmatics in Psycho-physiological Context -- Lexical Search and Order of Mention in Sentence Production -- Negative Verbs in Children’s Speech -- Robert Frost’s ‘Out, out —’. A way in -- Bibliography of Manfred Bierwisch’s Publications -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 152
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    ISBN: 9789400983779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
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    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Quantifier Phrases Are (At Least) Five Ways Ambiguous in Intensional Contexts -- On Semantic Scope -- Defensible Descriptions -- The Ortcutt Connection -- Reference and Relational Belief: On Causality and the Pragmatics of ‘Referring to’ and ‘Believing About’ -- A Pragmatic Analysis of Specificity -- Pronouns, Reference and Semantic Laziness -- Tense as a Source of Intensional Ambiguity -- On Intensionality in Programming Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The essays in this book deal with a number of problems in the analysis of intensional language - more especially with the analysis of the personal modalities in natural language. Together they cover a representative spectrum of the problems of contemporary ,interest in this area, in a way that should make them of interest to linguists, logicians and philosophers concerned with natural language. The contributors are mostly more linguists than logicians or philosophers but some are more logicians or philosophers than linguists. As far as possible, we have tried to conduct the discussion in terms that will enable students from any of these fields to come to grips with the central issues. This volume will provide, I think, material for a very stimulating course. I have used it as the basis for a course at the introductory level in the philosophy of language. The essays in the book led us back to look at the classic texts­ and a good deal of the intervening literature crept in of its own accord. Out of that experience grew the introduction that follows. In contrast with the rest of the book, the introduction is frankly pedagogical. I hope and believe that many who would otherwise find the papers themselves hard to digest will ~e helped on their way by that summary.
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  • 153
    ISBN: 9789400983649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (417p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 66
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 66
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Problem—Sources and Themes -- II. The Concept of Semantics and Prerequisites for the Investigation of Semantic Problems -- 1. The Concepts of Object Language and Metalanguage -- 2. The Semantic Level of Analysis and its Relations to the Syntactic and Pragmatic Levels -- III. Semantic Concepts -- 1. Semantic Concepts and their Relations in Common Parlance -- 2. Semantic Concepts in Formalised Languages -- IV. The Semantics of Logical Concepts -- 1. Problems of L-Semantics -- 2. The Semantics of Logical Concepts on the Basis of the Concept of Interpretation -- V. Sense and Denotation -- 1. Frege’s Conception of Sense and Denotation -- 2. The Theory of Descriptions -- 3. The Method of Extension and Intension -- 4. The Problem of Naming -- 5. Synonymity -- VI. The Criterion of Sense -- 1. The Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Operationist Criterion of Sense -- 3. The Verifiability Criterion of Sense -- 4. The Translatability Criterion of Sense -- 5. Sense and the Empirical -- 6. ‘Theoretical Concepts’ and the Relativity of the Empirical Starting Point -- 7. Problems of Sense and Reduction Procedures -- VII. Vagueness -- 1. Vagueness and the Un-Sharpness of Boundaries -- 2. Sources of Vagueness and Ways of Analysing Vagueness -- 3. Vagueness, Ambiguity and Denotational Opacity -- VIII. Semantics and Some Problems of Ontology -- 1. Semantics and Ontic Decision -- 2. Nominalism, Platonism and Semantics -- 3. Analytical and Synthetic Aspects in the Language of Science -- IX. An Outline of the Evaluation of the Results of Scientific Activity in Terms of Semantic Information -- 1. The Scope for Evaluating Scientific Results -- 2. Brillouin’s Attempt at an Informational Evaluation of Scientific Laws -- 3. Linguistic Devices in Tasks of the Systematising Type -- 4. The Concept of ‘Decision Base’ and the Evaluation of a Decision Base -- 5. The Relevance of A Posteriori Data -- 6. Evaluation of the Goal Complex and the Concept of ‘Epistemic Gain’ -- X. The Semantics of Preference Attitudes -- 1. The Role of Preference and Preference Ordering -- 2. The Comparability Principle as a Presupposition for the Construction of a Preference System -- 3. Preferences of Things and Preferences of States of Affairs -- 4. Preference ‘Ceteris Paribus’ -- 5. The Concept of ‘Preferable States of Affairs’ as a Qualitative Concept -- 6. Preference as a Propositional Attitude -- Conclusions -- XI. The Problem of Informational Synonymity -- 1. The Traditional (Leibnizian) Criterion of Identity and the Problem of Semantic Identification -- 2. The ‘Salva Veritate’ Criterion -- 3. The Criterion of ‘Salva Relatione’ and the Concept of ‘Informational Synonymity’ -- 4. Informational Relevance and the Concept of ‘Strict Informational Synonymity’ -- XII. An Outline of the Semantic Evaluation of Graphic Communication -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Graphic Communication -- 3. The Semantics of a Picture Shape -- 4. Informational Synonymity and the Informational Evaluation of a Picture Shape -- 5. Informational Synonymity and the Time Factor -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ladislav Tondl's insightful investigations into the language of the sciences bear directly upon some decisive points of confrontation in modern philos­ ophy of science and of language itself. In the decade since his Scientific Procedures was published in English (Boston Studies 11), Dr Tondl has enlarged his original monograph of 1966 on the promise, problems and achievements of modern semantics: the main topic of his later work has been semantic information theory. A Russian translation, considerably expanded as a second edition, was published in 1975 (Moscow, Progress Publishers) with an appreciative critical commentary, in the form of a conclusion, by Professor Avenir I. Uemov of Odessa. Indeed many Soviet studies in the problems of the semantics of science show the same sort of philosophical curiosity about the relationship of meanings in scientific language to pro­ cedures in scientific epistemology that characterizes Tondl's work, as in the work of Mirislav Popovich (Kiev) and Vadirn Sadovsky (Moscow) and their colleagues. But we know that interest in these matters is world-wide, ranging from such classical topics as sense and denotation, empiricist reduction, vagueness and denotational opacity, to the new and equally exciting topics of the semantics of non-unique preference choices, the nuances of informational synonymity, and the semantics of a picture shape (so briefly but beautifully sketched in Tondl's dense and promising last chapter). We are pleased to have had Tondl's kind cooperation in producing this English edition, actually a third edition, of his research about semantics.
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  • 154
    ISBN: 9789400983847
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 147
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Tense Logic, Second-Order Logic and Natural Language -- Extensions of the Modal Calculi MCv and MC?. Comparison of Them with Similar Calculi Endowed with Different Semantics. Application to Probability Theory -- An Irreflexivity Lemma with Applications to Axiomatizations of Conditions on Tense Frames -- Expressive Functional Completeness in Tense Logic (Preliminary Report) -- “Locally-at” as a Topological Quantifier-Former -- Ambiguity of Pronouns: A Simple Case -- Presupposition and Context -- The Paradox of the Heap.
    Abstract: This volume constitutes the Proceedings of a workshop on formal seman­ tics of natural languages which was held in Tiibingen from the 1st to the 3rd of December 1977. Its main body consists of revised versions of most of the papers presented on that occasion. Three supplementary papers (those by Gabbay and Sma by) are included because they seem to be of particular interest in their respective fields. The area covered by the work of scholars engaged in philosophical logic and the formal analysis of natural languages testifies to the live­ liness in those disciplines. It would have been impossible to aim at a complete documentation of relevant research within the limits imposed by a short conference whereas concentration on a single topic would have conveyed the false impression of uniformity foreign to a young and active field. It is hoped that the essays collected in this volume strike a reasonable balance between the two extremes. The topics discussed here certainly belong to the most important ones enjoying the attention of linguists and philosophers alike: the analysis of tense in formal and natural languages (van Benthem, Gabbay), the quickly expanding domain of generalized quantifiers (Goldblatt), the problem of vagueness (Kamp), the connected areas of pronominal reference (Smaby) and presupposition (von Stechow) and, last but not least, modal logic as a sort of all-embracing theoretical framework (Bressan). The workshop which led to this collection formed part of the activities celebrating the 500th anniversary of Tiibingen University.
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  • 155
    ISBN: 9789401712538
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 436 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 9
    Series Statement: Melbourne International Philosophy Series 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Abstraction operator -- Algebraic structures -- Algorithms -- Analyticity -- Antinomies -- Arithmetic -- Automata -- Automata, finite -- Categorial grammar -- Classes, theory of -- Combinatory logic -- Completeness -- Computability abstract theory -- Consequence -- Consistency -- Counterexample, the method of -- Decidability -- Deduction theorem -- Deductive method -- Definability -- Definition -- Deontic logic -- Description, definite -- Dialogic logic -- Dot notation -- Duality -- Elementary theory -- Entailment and relevance -- Extension -- Formalization -- Gödel’s theorem -- Grammar, formal -- Independence -- Intension -- Intuitionistic logic -- Lambda-operator -- Legniewski’s systems -- Logical form -- Logic, modern, history of -- Many-valued logic -- Mappings -- Meaning -- Modality -- Modal logic -- Modal semantics -- Model theory -- Name -- Natural deduction -- Normal form -- Polish notation -- Pragmatics, logical -- Predicate logic -- Probability -- Programming languages -- Quantifiers -- Questions -- Recursive functions -- Relations, theory of -- Semantics, logical -- Sentence -- Sentence logic -- Sequent calculus -- Sets, infinite -- Sets, ordered -- Set theory, axiomatizations of -- Syntax, logical -- Tense logic -- Topology -- Trees -- Truth -- Truth-table method -- Types, theory of -- General bibliography -- Subject index and glossary -- Index of symbols.
    Abstract: 1. STRUCTURE AND REFERENCES 1.1. The main part of the dictionary consists of alphabetically arranged articles concerned with basic logical theories and some other selected topics. Within each article a set of concepts is defined in their mutual relations. This way of defining concepts in the context of a theory provides better understand­ ing of ideas than that provided by isolated short defmitions. A disadvantage of this method is that it takes more time to look something up inside an extensive article. To reduce this disadvantage the following measures have been adopted. Each article is divided into numbered sections, the numbers, in boldface type, being addresses to which we refer. Those sections of larger articles which are divided at the first level, i.e. numbered with single numerals, have titles. Main sections are further subdivided, the subsections being numbered by numerals added to the main section number, e.g. I, 1.1, 1.2, ... , 1.1.1, 1.1.2, and so on. A comprehensive subject index is supplied together with a glossary. The aim of the latter is to provide, if possible, short defmitions which sometimes may prove sufficient. As to the use of the glossary, see the comment preceding it.
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  • 156
    ISBN: 9789400990128
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (165p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 143
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Humanism and the Humanities -- Grammar, Truth, and Logic -- Comments on Quine -- Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Montague Grammar, Mental Representations, and Reality -- Index, Context, and Content -- Fuzzy Logic and Restricted Quantifiers -- Die semantische Struktur der syntaktischen Gebilde und die semantischen Systeme der Generativisten -- The Empirical Semantics of Key Terms, Phrases and Sentences.
    Abstract: Among the several dozens of symposia held on the occasion of the quincentennial of U ppsala University, there was included one symposium devoted to the theme of 'Philosophy and Grammar'. A selection of the most important papers delivered at this symposium have been collected in this volume. The papers need no introduction, but the inclusion of two of them in this collection requires a brief comment. First, the paper by von Wright, although not directly concerned with the central topic of the symposium, has been included because it was the terminating speech of the six parallel symposia (including the symposium on 'Philosophy and Grammar') held by the Humanities Faculty and moreover, because the raison d'etre of the Humanities is analyzed in this paper by a very prominent Swedish-speaking philosopher. Second, Professor Hintikka was unable to participate. In view of his expertise in the field, we nevertheless requested him to contribute a paper, so to speak, post factum. This he very generously did. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to all who participated and/or helped to carry the sessions through to a successful conclusion. We also wish to extend a special thanks to Professor Roman lakobson of Harvard University, who assumed the responsibility of General Chairman of the symposium.
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  • 157
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Semantic Structure and Illocutionary Force -- Perlocutions -- Pragmatic Entailment and Questions -- Surface Compositionality and the Semantics of Mood -- Yes-No Questions as Wh-Questions -- Syntactic Meanings -- Situational Context and Illocutionary Force -- Semantics and Pragmatics of Sentence Connectives in Natural Language -- Some Remarks on Explicit Performatives, Indirect Speech Acts, Locutionary Meaning and Truth-Value -- The Background of Meaning -- Towards a Pragmatically Based Theory of Meaning -- Illocutionary Logic and Self-Defeating Speech Acts -- Telling the Facts -- Methodological Remarks on Speech Act Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the study of language, as in any other systematic study, there is no neutral terminology. Every technical term is an expression of the assumptions and theoretical presuppositions of its users; and in this introduction, we want to clarify some of the issues that have surrounded the assumptions behind the use of the two terms "speech acts" and "pragmatics". The notion of a speech act is fairly well understood. The theory of speech acts starts with the assumption that the minimal unit of human communica­ tion is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as making statements, asking questions, giving orders, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc. Characteristically, a speaker performs one or more of these acts by uttering a sentence or sentences; but the act itself is not to be confused with a sentence or other expression uttered in its performance. Such types of acts as those exemplified above are called, following Austin, illocutionary acts, and they are standardly contrasted in the literature with certain other types of acts such as perlocutionary acts and propositional acts. Perlocutionary acts have to do with those effects which our utterances have on hearers which go beyond the hearer's understanding of the utterance. Such acts as convincing, persuading, annoying, amusing, and frightening are all cases of perlocutionary acts.
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  • 158
    ISBN: 9789400991170
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (355p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 15
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- A Sketch of Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Conditionals -- 2: The Classic Stalnaker-Lewis Theory of Conditionals -- A Theory of Conditionals -- Counterfactuals and Comparative Possibility -- A Defense of Conditional Excluded Middle -- 3. Conditionals and Subjective Conditional Probability (The Ramsey Test Paradigm) -- Probability and Conditionals -- Probabilities of Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities -- 4: Conditionals for Decision Making (Another Paradigm) -- Letter to David Lewis -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- 5: Indicative vs. Subjunctive Conditionals -- Indicative Conditionals -- Two Recent Theories of Conditionals -- Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability -- Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability: Reply to Pollock -- 6: Chance, Time, and the Subjunctive Conditional -- The Prior Propensity Account of Subjunctive Conditionals -- A Subjectivisms Guide to Objective Chance -- A Theory of Conditionals in the Context of Branching Time -- A Temporal Framework for Conditionals and Chance.
    Abstract: With publication of the present volume, The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science enters its second phase. The first fourteen volumes in the Series were produced under the managing editorship of Professor James J. Leach, with the cooperation of a local editorial board. Many of these volumes resulted from colloguia and workshops held in con­ nection with the University of Western Ontario Graduate Programme in Philosophy of Science. Throughout its seven year history, the Series has been devoted to publication of high quality work in philosophy of science con­ sidered in its widest extent, including work in philosophy of the special sciences and history of the conceptual development of science. In future, this general editorial emphasis will be maintained, and hopefully, broadened to include important works by scholars working outside the local context. Appointment of a new managing editor, together with an expanded editorial board, brings with it the hope of an enlarged international presence for the Series. Serving the publication needs of those working in the various subfields within philosophy of science is a many-faceted operation. Thus in future the Series will continue to produce edited proceedings of worthwhile scholarly meetings and edited collections of seminal background papers. How­ ever, the publication priorities will shift emphasis to favour production of monographs in the various fields covered by the scope of the Series. THE MANAGING EDITOR vii W. L. Harper, R. Stalnaker, and G. Pearce (eds.), lIs, vii.
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  • 159
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400990654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 11
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Syntax and Semantics of Two Simple Languages -- I. The Language L0 -- II. The Language L0E -- III. A Synopsis of Truth-Conditional Semantics -- IV. The Notion of Truth Relative to a Model -- V. Validity and Entailment Defined in Terms of Possible Models -- VI. Model Theory and Deductive Systems -- Exercises -- Note -- 3. First-Order Predicate Logic -- I. The Language L1 -- II. The Language L1E -- Exercises -- Notes -- 4. A Higher-Order Type-Theoretic Language -- I. A Notational Variant of L1 -- II. The Language Ltype -- III. Lambda Abstraction and the Language L? -- Exercises -- Notes -- 5. Tense and Modal Operators -- I. Tense Operators and Their Interpretation -- II. The Other Varieties of Modal Logic; the Operators ? and ? -- III. Languages Containing Both Tense and Modal Operators: Coordinate Semantics -- Exercises -- Notes -- 6. Montague’s Intensional Logic -- I. Compositionality and the Intension-Extension Distinction -- II. The Intensional Logic of PTQ -- III. Examples of ‘Oblique Contexts’ as Represented in IL -- IV. Some Unresolved Issues with Possible Worlds Semantics and Propositional Attitudes -- Notes -- 7. The Grammar of PTQ -- I. The Overall Organization of the PTQ Grammar -- II. Subject-Predicate and Determiner-Noun Rules -- III. Conjoined Sentences, Verb Phrases, and Term Phrases -- IV. Anaphoric Pronouns as Bound Variables; Scope Ambiguities and Relative Clauses -- V. Be, Transitive Verbs, Meaning Postulates, and Non-Specific Readings -- VI. Adverbs and Infinitive Complement Verbs -- VII. De dicto Pronouns and Some Pronoun Problems -- VIII. Prepositions, Tenses, and Negation -- Exercises -- Notes -- 8. Montague’s General Semiotic Program -- 9. An Annotated Bibliography of Further Work in Montague Semantics -- Appendix I: Index of Symbols -- Appendix II: Variable Type Conventions for Chapter 7 -- Notes -- References -- Answers to Selected Problems and Exercises.
    Abstract: In this book we hope to acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of truth­ conditional model-theoretic semantics, and in particular with a version of this developed by Richard Montague in a series of papers published during the 1960's and early 1970's. In many ways the paper 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English' (commonly abbreviated PTQ) represents the culmination of Montague's efforts to apply the techniques developed within mathematical logic to the semantics of natural languages, and indeed it is the system outlined there that people generally have in mind when they refer to "Montague Grammar". (We prefer the term "Montague Semantics" inasmuch as a grammar, as conceived of in current linguistics, would contain at least a phonological component, a morphological component, and other subsystems which are either lacking entirely or present only in a very rudi­ mentary state in the PTQ system. ) Montague's work has attracted increasing attention in recent years among linguists and philosophers since it offers the hope that semantics can be characterized with the same formal rigor and explicitness that transformational approaches have brought to syntax. Whether this hope can be fully realized remains to be seen, but it is clear nonetheless that Montague semantics has already established itself as a productive para­ digm, leading to new areas of inquiry and suggesting new ways of conceiving of theories of natural language. Unfortunately, Montague's papers are tersely written and very difficult to follow unless one has a considerable background in logical semantics.
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  • 160
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400995093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (383p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Interrogative in a Syntactic Framework -- Generative-Transformational Studies in English Interrogatives -- Yes—No Questions Are Not Alternative Questions -- Asking More Than One Thing at a Time -- Q-Morpheme Hypothesis -- Syntax and Semantics of Questions -- Difficult Questions -- Questions and Categories -- Answers to Questions -- Questions as Epistemic Requests -- A Prolegomenon to an Interrogative Theory of Scientific Inquiry.
    Abstract: To the philosopher, the logician, and the linguist, questions have a special fascination. The two main views of language, that it describes the world, and that it expresses thought, are not directly applicable to questions. Ques­ tions are not assertions. A question may be apt, sharp, to the point, impor­ tant, or it may be inappropriate, ambiguous, awkward, irrelevant or irreverent. But it cannot be true or false. It does not have a truth value not just because an utterance like Was the letter long? does not indicate which letter is being talked about. The indicative The letter was not long has the same indeter­ minacy. In actual context the anaphoric definite article will be resolved both for a question and for an indicative sentence. Contextual resolutions are easily found for most cross-references. A question cannot be either true or it does not describe a state of affairs. Neither does it express false, because thought, because it is an expression of suspended thought, of lack of judge­ ment. To dress it in other philosophical styles, a question is not a judgment, it is not a proposition, it is not an assertion. A philosopher may try to paraphrase a question as an indicative sentence, for instance as a statement of ignorance, or as a statement of the desire to know. Hintikka, Wachowicz and Lang explore this territory. Or he may interpret it as a meta statement intimating the direction in which the flow of the discourse is going.
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  • 161
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (325p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 38
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates -- II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference -- III. On Disquotation and Intensionality -- IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description -- V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference -- VI. On Suppositio and Denotation -- VII. Of Time and the Null Individual -- VIII. Existence and Logical Form -- IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality -- X. Of ‘Of’ -- XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim -- XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian -- XIII. The Truth about Kripke’s “Truth” -- XIV. On Possibilia and Essentiality: Ruth Marcus -- XV. On the Language of Causal Talk: Scriven and Suppes -- XVI. A Reading of Frege on Sense and Designation -- XVII. ‘And’ -- XVIII. Some Protolinguistic Transformations -- XIX. Some Hi?ian Heresies -- XX. Mathematical Nominalism -- XXI. Of Logic, Learning, and Language -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Richard Martin's thoroughly philosophical as well as thoroughly tech­ nical investigations deserve continued and appreciative study. His sympathy and good cheer do not obscure his rigorous standard, nor do his contemporary sophistication and intellectual independence obscure his critical congeniality toward classical and medieval philosophers. So he deals with old and new; his papers, in his neat self-descriptions, consist of reminders, criticisms, and constructions. They might also be seen as studies in the understanding of truth, ramifying as widely in mathematics, logic, and epistemology as well as metaphysics, as such understanding has required. For us it is a pleasant occasion to welcome Richard Martin's new Boston Studies, and to note his continuously con­ collection to the structive and critical interventions at the Boston Colloquium for the of Science. Philosophy Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE vii PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference 17 III. On Disquotation and Intensionality 30 IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description 42 V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference 55 VI. On Suppositio and Denotation 72 VII. Of Time and the Null Individual 82 VIII. Existence and Logical Form 95 IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality 110 X. Of 'Of' 130 XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim 144 XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian 160 XIII.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789400994737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Montague’s General Theory of Languages and Linguistic Theories of Syntax and Semantics -- 1.1 The meaning of “Universal” in “Universal Grammar” -- 1.2 Syntax in the UG Theory and in Linguistic Theories -- 1.3 Semantics in UG -- 1.4 Interpretation by Means of Translation -- 1.5 Preliminaries to the Analysis of Word Meaning -- Notes -- 2. The Semantics of Aspectual Classes of Verbs in English -- 2.1 The Development of Decomposition Analysis in Generative Semantics -- 2.2The Aristotle-Ryle-Kenny-Vendler Verb Classification -- 2.3 An Aspect Calculus -- 2.4The Aspect Calculus as Restricting Possible Word Meanings -- Notes -- 3. Interval Semantics and the Progressive Tense -- 3.1 The Imperfective Paradox -- 3.2 Truth Conditions Relative to Intervals, not Moments -- 3.3 Revised Truth Conditions for BECOME -- 3.4 Truth Conditions for the Progressive -- 3.5 Motivating the Progressive Analysis Independently of Accomplishment Sentences -- 3.6 On the Notion of ‘Likeness’ Among Possible Worlds -- 3.7 Extending the Analysis to the “Futurate Progressive” -- 3.8 Another Look at the Vendler Classification in an Interval-Based Semantics -- Notes -- 4. Lexical Decomposition in Montague Grammar -- 4.1 Existing “Lexical Decomposition” in the PTQ Grammar -- 4.2 The General Form of Decomposition Translations: Lambda Abstraction vs. Predicate Raising -- 4.3 Morphologically Derived Causatives and Inchoatives -- 4.4 Prepositional Phrase Accomplishments -- 4.5 Accomplishments with Two Prepositional Phrases -- 4.6 Prepositional Phrase Adjuncts vs. Prepositional Phrase Complements -- 4.7 Factitive Constructions -- 4.8 Periphrastic Causatives -- 4.9 By-Phrases in Accomplishment Sentences -- 4.10 Causative Constructions in Other Languages -- Notes -- 5. Linguistic Evidence for the Two Strategies of Lexical Decomposition -- 5.1 Arguments that Constraints on Syntactic Rules Rule Out “Impossible” Lexical Items -- 5.2 Arguments that Familiar Transformations Also Apply Pre-Lexically -- 5.3 Pronominalization of Parts of Lexical Items -- 5.4 Scope Ambiguities with Almost -- 5.5 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Have-Deletion Cases -- 5.6 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Accomplishment Cases -- 5.7 Arguments from Re- and Reversative Un- -- 5.8 Accommodating the Adverb Scope Data in a PTQ Grammar -- 5.9 Overpredictions of the Generative Semantics Hypothesis -- 5.10 Concluding Evaluation -- Notes -- 6. The Syntax and Semantics of Word Formation: Lexical Rules -- 6.1 Montague’s Program and Lexical Rules -- 6.2 A Lexical Component For a Montague Grammar -- 6.3 Lexical Rules and Morphology -- 6.4 Lexical Rules and Syntax -- 6.5 Examples of Lexical Rules -- 6.6 Problems for Research in the Pragmatics and in the Semantics of Word Formation -- Notes -- 7. The Syntax and Semantics of Tenses and Time Adverbials in English: An English Fragment -- 7.1 The Syncategorematic Nature of Tense-Time Adverbial Interaction -- 7.2 Rules for “Main Tense” Adverbials -- 7.3 Aspectual Adverbials: For an Hour and In an Hour -- 7.4 The Syntactic Structure of the Auxiliary -- 7.5 The Present Perfect -- 7.6 Negation -- 7.7 An English Fragment -- Notes -- 8. Intensions and Psychological Reality -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The most general goal of this book is to propose and illustrate a program of research in word semantics that combines some of the methodology and results in linguistic semantics, primarily that of the generative semantics school, with the rigorously formalized syntactic and semantic framework for the analysis of natural languages developed by Richard Montague and his associates, a framework in which truth and denotation with respect to a model are taken as the fundamental semantic notions. I hope to show, both from the linguist's and the philosopher's point of view, not only why this synthesis can be undertaken but also why it will be useful to pursue it. On the one hand, the linguists' decompositions of word meanings into more primitive parts are by themselves inherently incomplete, in that they deal only in distinctions in meaning without providing an account of what mean­ ings really are. Not only can these analyses be made complete by a model­ theoretic semantics, but also such an account of these analyses renders them more exact and more readily testable than they could ever be otherwise.
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  • 163
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997776
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (526p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 119
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On Clear and Obscure Styles of Philosophical Writing -- Symbolomania and Pragmatophobia -- On the Content and Object of Representations -- Actions and Products. Comments on the Border Area of Psychology, Grammar, and Logic -- Issues in the Logic of Adjectives -- A Survey of Logical and Semantic Problems -- The Reistic or Concretistic Approach -- Comments on the Meaning of Words -- The Controversy Over Designata -- Token-reflexive Words Versus Proper Names -- Connotation and Denotation -- Proposition as the Connotation of Sentence -- Intensional Expressions -- Concerning the So-called Empty Names -- Issues in the Philosophy of Proper Names -- Truth and the Concept of Language -- Ambiguity and the Language of Science -- Significano ‘per se’ and ‘per aliud’ in Anselm -- An Analysis of the Concept of Sign -- The Controversy over the Limits of the Applicability of Logical Methods -- Puzzles of Existence -- Vague Words -- Names and Predicates translated by P. T. Geach -- On the Antinomy of the Liar and the Semantics of Natural Language -- Normal and Non-normal Classes in Current Language -- Normal and Non-Normal Classes Versus the Set-Theoretical and the Mereological Concept of Class -- The Semantics of Open Concepts -- Languages and Theories Adequate to the Ontology of the Language of Science -- A Functional Approach to the Logical Semiotics of Natural Language -- The Principle of Transparency and Semantic Antinomies -- The Semantic Functions of Oblique Speech -- The Semantic Conception of Truth in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences translated by Z. Wójcicka -- The Attribute and the Class translated by B. Stanosz -- Analyticity and Apriority -- Sources of the Texts -- Biographical and Bibliographical Notes.
    Abstract: In the Introduction to the Polish-language version of the present book I expressed the hope that Polish studies in semiotics would before long be numerous enough to make possible another anthology on semiotics in Poland containing material published since 1970. That hope has in fact come true. The fact that semiotic research has been gaining momentum in this country is reflected in the growing interest in the discipline, in expanding international contacts, and in the steady increase in the number of publications. Thus, 1972 saw the setting up of the Department of Logical Semiotics, headed by the present writer, at Warsaw University Institute of Phi­ losophy. The seminar on semiotics, which I started in 1961, had met more than two hundred times by the end of 1976; since 1968, meetings have been held jointly with the Polish Semiotic Society. Another semi­ nar, confined to university staff and concerned with logical semiotics, which was inithted in 1970, had met more than fifty times by the end of 1976. The former seminar often plays host to foreign visiting pro­ fessors; so far scholars from Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, and the United States have attended.
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  • 164
    ISBN: 9789400998209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Aims -- 1.2 Beyond Syntax -- 1.3 Bloomfield’s Dilemma -- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem -- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis -- 1.6 Theories of Logic -- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics -- 2. Information and Language -- 2.1 Information States -- 2.2 Input and Output -- 2.3 Information Automata -- 2.4 Language Automata -- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology -- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game -- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata -- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton -- 2.9 Languages -- 2.10 Summary -- 3. On Describing Languages -- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies -- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence -- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories -- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties -- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process -- 4. Language and Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Idealizations -- 4.2 Logical Relationships -- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships -- 4.4 Logics -- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics -- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships -- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical -- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process -- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics -- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.3 A Fragment of English -- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic -- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions -- 5.6 Other Language Families -- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics -- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics -- 6. Meaning -- 6.1 Purports and Imports -- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries -- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries -- 6.4 Synonymy -- 7. Language and Inductive Logic -- 7.1 Credibility Weights -- 7.2 Probability Weights -- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.5 Plausible Inference -- 7.6 Statistical Inference -- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning -- 7.8 Extended Semantics -- 8. ‘If-Then’: A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis -- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested -- 82 History of Hypothesis A -- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B -- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses -- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest -- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability -- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A -- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B -- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B -- 8.10 Contraposition -- 8.11 Methodological Review -- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism -- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns -- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication -- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically -- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens -- 8.17 Order of Premises -- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals -- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals -- 8.20 Aristole’s Slip -- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals -- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals -- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals -- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals -- 8.26 Lewis Carroll’s Barbershop Paradox -- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.28 Conclusions about If—then -- 8.29 Further Case Studies -- 8.30 Concluding Remark -- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications -- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit -- 9.2 Ambiguity -- 9.3 Context-Dependence -- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness -- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences -- 9.6 Physical Realizability -- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering -- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity -- 9.9 Further Computer Applications -- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.11 The Future -- References.
    Abstract: In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There­ fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider­ able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par­ ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla­ nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
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  • 165
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    ISBN: 9789400997752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 4
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Conditionals, Generic Quantifiers, and Other Applications of Subgames -- Ambiguous Coreference With Quantifiers -- Negative Coreference: Generalizing Quantification for Natural Language -- Syntactic Domains for Semantic Rules -- Variable Binding and Relative Clauses -- Adverbs of Space and Time -- Time Schemes, Tense Logic and the Analysis of English Tenses -- A System of Chronological Tense Logic -- Semantics versus Pragmatics -- Implication Reversal in a Natural Language -- Structure and Function of the Grammatical Component of the Text-Structure World-Structure Theory -- Questions and Answers in a Context-dependent Montague Grammar -- The Introduction of Truth Predicates into First-Order Languages -- List of Participants.
    Abstract: The essays in this collection are the outgrowth of a workshop, held in June 1976, on formal approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of natural languages. They document in an astoundingly uniform way the develop­ ments in the formal analysis of natural languages since the late sixties. The avowed aim of the' workshop was in fact to assess the progress made in the application of formal methods to semantics, to confront different approaches to essentially the same problems on the one hand, and, on the other, to show the way in relating semantic and pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena. Several of these papers can in fact be regarded as attempts to close the 'semiotic circle' by bringing together the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of certain constructions in an explanatory framework thereby making it more than obvious that these three components of an integrated linguistic theory cannot be as neatly separated as one would have liked to believe. In other words, not only can we not elaborate a syntactic description of (a fragment of) a language and then proceed to the semantics (as Montague pointed out already forcefully in 1968), we cannot hope to achieve an adequate integrated syntax and semantics without paying heed to the pragmatic aspects of the constructions involved. The behavior of polarity items, 'quantifiers' like any, conditionals or even logical particles like and and or in non-indicative sentences is clear-cut evidence for the need to let each component of the grammar inform the other.
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  • 166
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401011440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 8
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Nature of the Axiom of Reducibility (1928) -- II. A Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability (1930) -- III. The Concept of Identity (1936) -- IV. Moritz Schlick’s Significance for Philosophy (1936) -- V. Hypotheses (before 1936?) -- VI. Is Logic a Deductive Theory? (1938) -- VII. The Relevance of Psychology to Logic (1938) -- VIII. What is Logical Analysis? (1939) -- IX. Fiction (1950) -- X. A Note on Existence (1952) -- XI. A Remark on Experience (I950’s) -- XII. The Linguistic Technique (after 1953) -- XIII. Belief and Knowledge (1950’s) -- XIV. Two Accounts of Knowing (1950’s) -- Bibliography of Works by Friedrich Waismann -- Index of Names.
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  • 167
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    ISBN: 9789401017091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Editorial Introduction -- Quine’s Philosophy of Science -- An Introduction to ‘Translation and Meaning’, Chapter Two of Word and Object -- Beginning with Ordinary Things -- Quine’s Empirical Assumptions -- Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation -- Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation -- Singular Terms and Predication -- Vacuous Names -- Quine’s Syntactical Insights -- On Saying That -- Quine on Modality -- Some Problems about Belief -- Quantifying In -- Logic with Platonism -- On the Consistency of a Slight (?) Modification of Quine’s New Foundations -- Replies -- Publications of W. V. Quine.
    Abstract: It is gratifying to see that philosophers' continued interest in Words and Objections has been so strong as to motivate a paperback edition. This is gratifying because it vindicates the editors' belief in the permanent im­ portance of Quine's philosophy and in the value of the papers com­ menting on it which were collected in our volume. Apart from a couple of small corrections, only one change has been made. The list of Professor Quine's writings has been brought up to date. The editors cannot claim any credit for this improvement, however. We have not tried to imitate the Library of Living Philosophers volumes and to include Professor Quine's autobiography in this volume, but we are fortunate to publish here his brand-new auto bibliography. 1975 THE EDITORS TABLE OF CONTENTS V PREFACE 1 EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1. C. SMAR T / Quine's Philosophy of Science 3 GILBERT HARMAN / An Introduction to 'Translation and Meaning', Chapter Two of Word and Object 14 ERIK STENIUS / Beginning with Ordinary Things 27 NOAM CHOMSKY / Quine's Empirical Assumptions 53 1AAKKO HINTIKKA / Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation 69 BARRY STROUD / Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation 82 P. F. STRA WSON / Singular Terms and Predication 97 118 H. P. GRICE / Vacuous Names P. T.
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  • 168
    ISBN: 9789401017565
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 4
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Counterfactuals and Comparative Possibility -- Presuppositions -- Incomplete Assertion and Belnap Connectives -- Dimensions of Truth -- Speaking of Nothing -- The Structure of Efficacy -- Harris and Chomsky at the Syntax-Semantics Boundary -- Some Transformational Extensions of Montague Grammar -- Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts -- Comments: Lakoff’s Fuzzy Propositional Logic -- On the Semantics of Negation -- Verbs of Bitching.
    Abstract: In 1973 a workshop was held at The University of Western Ontario on topics of common interest to philosophers and linguists. This volume con­ tains most of the papers presented at the workshop. Also included are previously unpublished essays by R. Dougherty and H. Lasnik as well as a comment on G. Lakoff's paper by B. van Fraassen. K. Donnellan's paper was presented at the workshop and subsequently appeared in The Philosophical Review. We thank the editors of this journal for permission to publish the paper here. The papers by D. Lewis, R. Stalnaker, G. Lakoff, B. Partee and H. Herzberger appeared earlier in Journal of Philosophical Logic by arrangement of the editors with B. van Fraassen and D. Reidel Publishing Company. The editors thank the officers of The University of Western Ontario for making the workshop possible and Pauline Campbell for making the workshop work. THE EDITORS DAVID LEWIS COUNTERFACTUALS AND COMPARATIVE POSSIBILITY* In the last dozen years or so, our understanding of modality has been much improved by means of possible-world semantics: the project of analyzing modal language by systematically specifying the conditions under which a modal sentence is true at a possible world. I hope to do the same for counterfactual conditionals. I write A 0-C for the counter­ factual conditional with antecedent A and consequent C. It may be read as 'H it were the case that A, then it would be the case that C' or some more idiomatic paraphrase thereof.
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  • 169
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    ISBN: 9789401018203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and of the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 71
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 71
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Preliminary Distinctions -- 1. Language and Linguistic Utterances -- 2. Descriptive Statements -- 3. The Use and Mention of Signs -- II / Theories of Meaning -- 1. Realistic Semantic Theories -- 2. Behavioristic Theories of Meaning -- 3. Quine’s Philosophy of Language -- 4. Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Language in the Philosophical Investigations -- III / Theories of Grammar -- 1. Traditional Grammar -- 2. Logical Grammar -- 3. Generative Grammar -- IV / Language and Reality -- 1. The Thesis of the Role Language Plays in Experience -- 2. The Role of Vocabulary -- 3. The Role of Grammar -- 4. The Epistemological Problematic of the Relativity Thesis -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Logical Symbols.
    Abstract: This book has arisen out of lectures I gave in recent years at the Uni­ versities of Munich and Regensburg, and it is intended to serve as a textbook for courses in the Philosophy of Language. In my lectures I was able to presuppose that the students had taken an introductory course in logic. Some knowledge of logic will also be helpful in studying this book - as it is almost everywhere else in philosophy -, especially in Section 3. 2, but it is no prerequisite. I would like to give my sincere thanks to Prof. Terrell for his excellent translation of the book, which is based on the second, revised and en­ larged German edition. Regensburg, May 1975 FRANZ VON KUTSCHERA INTRODUCTION Language has become one of philosophy's most important and pressing themes during this century. This preoccupation with language has its ori­ gins in the most diverse areas of philosophical inquiry.
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  • 170
    ISBN: 9789401018760
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 43
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 43
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Reference and Predication -- Identity and Reference -- Back-Reference -- On Predication and Logical Syntax -- Substance Logic -- Prime Matter, Predication, and the Semantics of Feature-Placing -- II / Truth and Meaning -- A counterexample to Tarski-Type Truth-Definitions as Applied to Natural Languages -- On Representing ‘True-in-L’ in L -- Necessity, Quotation, and Truth: An Indexical Theory -- Presuppositional Policies -- The Dilemma between Orthodoxy and Identity -- III / Pragmatics -- Indicative Conditionals -- Conversational Maxims and Rationality -- On Relating Pragmatics, Linguistics, and Non-Semiotic Disciplines -- Towards an Integrated Theory of Grammatical and Pragmatical Meaning -- IV / Methodological Studies -- Problems and Mysteries in the Study of Human Language -- How Empirical is Contemporary Logical Empiricism? -- Basic Aspects of the Theory of Grammatical Form -- V / Language Varieties -- Social Differentiation of Language Structure -- Talking with Children, Piaget Style -- Can Adults Become Genuinely Bilingual? -- VI / Formalizations -- Epistemic Interpretation of Conditionals -- The Role of Categorial Syntax in Grammatical Theory -- On Harris’s Systems of Report and Paraphrase -- Two-Dimensional Propositional Tense Logics -- VII / Points of View -- Levels of Meaning and Moral Discourse -- A Problem in Plato’s Laws -- Discourse as a Means to Enlightenment -- Points of View -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1915-1975) was one of the leading intellectuals of Israel and of the world. His work ranged over mathematics, applied logic, communication theory, analytic philosophy, philosophy of science, and linguistics. Creative, patient, attentive, and critical, Bar-Hillel was a superb philosopher. In addition, how humane he was may be learned from the memorial tributes to him which initiate this volume. Bar-Hillel was born in Vienna, and came to Israel, then Palestine, in 1933. He took his M. A. (1938) and Ph. D. (1949) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where his subsequent career continued, as Research Fellow (1949-53), Senior Lecturer in Philosophy (1953-58), Associate Professor of Philosophy (1958-61), and Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Sci­ ence (1961-75). He was often abroad as visiting professor (Berkeley, 1960- 61; Michigan, 1965; La Jolla, 1966-67; Konstanz, 1971; Berlin, 1972), or as a research scholar, notably at the M. lT. Research Laboratory for Elec­ tronics during the early 1950's. Bar-Hillel was the Secretary and guiding spirit of the Organizing Committee for the 3rd International Congress for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Jerusalem in 1964. During 1966-68, he was President of the Division of Logic, Method ology and Philosophy of SCience of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, and in 1967 President of the International Union. From 1963 he was a Member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
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  • 171
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    ISBN: 9789401020930
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (561p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 16
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I/The Anatomy of Acquired Disorders of Reading (1962) -- II/Random Reports: Human Split-Brain Syndromes (1962) -- III/A Human Cerebral Deconnection Syndrome (1962) -- IV/Carl Wernicke, the Breslau School and the History of Aphasia (1963) -- V/The Paradoxical Position of Kurt Goldstein in the History of Aphasia (1964) -- VI/Non-Aphasic Disorders of Speech (1964) -- VII/The Development of the Brain and the Evolution of Language (1964) -- VIII/Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man (1965) -- IX/Color-Naming Defects in Association with Alexia (1966) -- X/Language-Induced Epilepsy (1967) -- XI/The Varieties of Naming Errors (1967) -- XII/Wernicke’s Contribution to the Study of Aphasia (1967) -- XIII/Shrinking Retrograde Amnesia (1967) -- XIV/The Apraxias (1967) -- XV/Dichotic Listening in Man after Section of Neocortical Commissures (1968) -- XVI/Isolation of the Speech Area (1968) -- XVII/Human Brain: Left-Right Asymmetries in Temporal Speech Region (1968) -- XVIII/Developmental Gerstmann Syndrome (1969) -- XIX/The Alexias (1969) -- XX/Problems in the Anatomical Understanding of the Aphasias (1969) -- XXI/The Organization of Language and the Brain (1970) -- XXII/Disorders of Higher Cortical Function in Children (1972) -- XXIII/Writing Disturbances in Acute Confusional States (1972) -- XXIV/A Review: Traumatic Aphasia by A. R. Luria (1972) -- XXV/Conduction Aphasia. (1973) -- XXVI/Apraxia and Agraphia in a Left-Hander (1973) -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Philosophers of science work not only with the methods of the sciences but with their contents as well. Substantive issues concerning the relation between mind and matter, between the material basis and the functions of cognition, have been central within the entire history of philosophy. We recall such philosophers as Aristotle, Descartes, the early Kant, Ernst Mach, and the early William James as directly inquiring of the organs and structures of thinking. Science and its philosophical self-criticism are especially and deeply united in the effort to understand the biological brain and human behavior, and so it requires no apology to include this collection of clinical studies among Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The work of Dr. Norman Geschwind, well represented in this selection, explores the relation between structure and function, between the anatomy of the brain and the 'higher' behavior of men and women. As a clinical neurologist, Geschwind was led to these studies particularly by his in­ terest in those pathologies which have to do with human perception and language. His research into the anatomical substrates of specific dis­ orders-and strikingly the aphasias -present a fascinating and provocative examination of fundamental questions which will concern not neurologists alone but also psychologists, physicians, linguists, speech pathologists, educators, anthropologists, historians of medicine, and philosophers, among others, namely all those interested in the characteristic modes of human activity, in speech, in perception, and in the learning process generally.
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  • 172
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401025577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (779p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 40
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Subjects, Speakers, and Roles -- Deep Structure as Logical Form -- Troubles about Actions -- Act -- Some Problems Concerning the Logic of Grammatical Modifiers -- Pragmatics and Intensional Logic -- General Semantics -- On the Frame of Reference -- Naming and Necessity -- Proper Names and Identifying Descriptions -- Pragmatics -- The Semantics of Modal Notions and the Indeterminacy of Ontology -- Opacity, Coreference, and Pronouns -- Methodological Reflections on Current Linguistic Theory -- Grammar and Philosophy -- Analytic/Synthetic and Semantic Theory -- A Program for Syntax -- A Program for Logic -- Linguistics and Natural Logic -- Semantical Archaeology: A Parable -- On the Semantics of the Ought-To-Do -- Inference and Self-Reference -- What Is Said -- The Role of Inductive Reasoning in the Interpretation of Metaphor -- Probabilistic Grammars for Natural Languages -- Addenda to Saul A. Kripke’s Paper ‘Naming and Necessity’.
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  • 173
    ISBN: 9789401025065
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (534p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 49
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Grammar -- 1. Sentence Stress and Syntactic Transformations -- 2. The Acquisition of Phonology and Syntax: A Preliminary Study -- 3. A Syntactical Analysis of Some First-Grade Readers -- 4. A Computational Treatment of Case Grammar -- 5. Identifiability of a Class of Transformational Grammars -- 6. On the Insufficiency of Surface Data for the Learning of Transformational Languages -- 7. Nonfiltering and Local-Filtering Transformational Grammars -- II. Semantics -- 8. Grammar and Logic: Some Borderline Problems -- 9. Comments on Hintikka’s Paper -- 10. The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English -- 11. Comments on Montague’s Paper -- 12. Comments on Montague’s Paper -- 13. Mass Terms in English -- 14. Comments on Moravcsik’s Paper -- 15. Comments on Moravcsik’s Paper -- 16. Comments on Moravcsik’s Paper -- 17. Reply to Comments -- 18. The Semantics of Belief-Sentences -- 19. Comments on Professor Partee’ s Paper -- 20. Comments on Partee’s Paper -- 21. Semantics of Context-free Fragments of Natural Languages -- 22. Representation of the Montague Semantics as a Form of the Suppes Semantics with Applications to the Problem of the Introduction of the Passive Voice, the Tenses, and Negation as Transformations -- III. Special Topics -- 23. On the Problem of Subject Structure in Language with Application to Late Archaic Chinese -- 24. Comments on Cheng’s Paper -- 25. Some Considerations for the Process of Topicalization -- 26 Late Lexicalizations -- 27. Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice.
    Abstract: The papers and comments published in the present volume represent the proceedings of a research workshop on the grammar and semantics of natural languages held at Stanford University in the fall of 1970. The workshop met first for three days in September and then for a period of two days in November for extended discussion and analysis. The workshop was sponsored by the Committee on Basic Research in Education, which has been funded by the United States Office of Education through a grant to the National Academy of Education and the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. We acknowledge with pleasure the sponsorship which made possible a series oflively and stimulating meetings that were both enjoyable and instructive for the three of us, and, we hope, for most of the participants, including a number of local linguists and philosophers who did not contribute papers but actively joined in the discussion. One of the central participants in the workshop was Richard Montague. We record our sense of loss at his tragic death early in 1971, and we dedicate this volume to his memory. None of the papers in the present volume discusses explicitly problems of education. In our view such a discussion is neither necessary nor sufficient for a contribution to basic research in education. There are in fact good reasons why the kind of work reported in the present volume constitutes an important aspect of basic research in education.
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  • 174
    ISBN: 9789401721110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 246 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, A Series of Monographs on the Recent Development of Symbolic Logic, Significs, Sociology of Language, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, Statistics of Language and Related Fields 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computer arithmetic and logic units.
    Abstract: A Prerequisite for Rational Philosophical Discussion -- Epistemology and Logic -- Zur Rolle der Sprache in Erkenntnistheoretischer Hinsicht -- Some Remarks Concerning Languages, Calculuses, and Logic -- Carnap and Logical Truth -- Extension and Intension -- The Present Situation in the Philosophy of Mathematics -- A Counterpart of Occam’s Razor in Pure and Applied Mathematics Ontological Uses -- Towards a General Theory of Computability -- Inductive Inconsistencies -- Einige Beiträge zum Problem der Teleologie und der Analyse Von Systemen Mit Zielgerichteter Organisation -- Beleuchtung Von Anwendungen der Logistik in Werken Von Rudolf Carnap -- Typology of Questionnaires Adopted to the Study of Expressions with closely Related Meanings -- Permissible and Impermissible Locutions -- Non-cognitive Synonymy and the Definability of ‘Good’ -- On the History of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science.
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