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  • HeBIS  (3)
  • 2020-2024  (3)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank | Washington, D.C. : The World Bank Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 304.854
    Keywords: GCC Countries ; Guest Workers ; Intermediary Fees ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Migrant Workers ; Migration ; Migration Costs ; Remittances ; Return Migration ; Temporary Migration
    Abstract: International migration for temporary employment is key to South Asia's development path, in terms of both jobs and remittance flows. Overseas markets are a critical source of employment for South Asian economies that may not be able to absorb workers sufficiently or quickly enough into the domestic labor market. Migrant workers typically experience wage gains of at least three times their earnings back home, in addition to acquiring new skills and accumulating savings that can be used to start up entrepreneurial activities upon returning home. Remittances sent by migrants while abroad also boost household consumption and support macroeconomic stability in countries of origin. However, multiple challenges exist that prevent migration from achieving its full development potential. These challenges include high monetary costs, information gaps on employment opportunities in destination countries, a lack of protection while abroad, and high concentrations of migrants in few sectors and destinations. These often prevent the poorest from migrating overseas and may place those who actually migrate in situations of considerable vulnerability. Building on rigorous analytics, this book highlights policy actions that can be taken at all stages of the migration life cycle, including after return, to minimize the risks and maximize the benefits of migration for migrants themselves, their families, and the home economy. The book provides policy options to address information gaps on employment opportunities overseas at the departure stage, to prepare migrants adequately for their experience overseas, to diversify destinations and occupations abroad, and to maximize the benefits of return migration
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank | Washington, D.C. : The World Bank Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 pages)
    DDC: 305.5620956
    Keywords: Capital ; Competition ; Connectiveness ; Contestability ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Regulation ; Product Market ; Productivity ; Social Contract ; Structural Change ; Workers
    Abstract: A decade since the spark of the Arab Spring, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region continues to suffer from limited creation of more and better jobs. Youth face idleness and unemployment. For those who find jobs, informality awaits. Few women attempt to enter the world of work at all. Meanwhile, the available jobs are not those of the future. These labor market outcomes are being worsened by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. 'Jobs Undone: Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa' explores ways to break these impasses, drawing on original research, survey data, wide-ranging literature, and young entrepreneurial voices from the region. The report finds that a prominent reason behind MENA's unmet jobs challenge is a lack of market contestability in the formal private sector. Few firms in the region enter the market, few grow, and those that exit are not necessarily less productive. Moreover, firms in the region invest little in physical capital, human capital, or research and development, and they tend to be politically connected. At the macro level, economic growth has been mediocre, labor productivity is not being driven by structural change, and the growth of the stock of capital per capita has declined. New evidence generated for this report shows that the lack of dynamism is due to the prevalence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). They operate in sectors where there is little economic rationale for public activity and they enjoy favorable treatment--flouting the principles of competitive neutrality. Meanwhile, labor regulations add to market rigidity, while gendered laws restrict women's potential. To change this reality, the state must reshape its relationship toward markets, toward workers, (...)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank | Washington, D.C. : The World Bank Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 304.25
    Keywords: Climate and Health ; Climate Change ; Climate Variability ; Dengue ; Household Data ; Infectious Diseases ; Mental Health ; Seasonal Illness ; Seasonality ; Urban Challenges ; Urban Rural Migration
    Abstract: Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is well documented; the evidence on the direct relationship between climate change and health focusing on Bangladesh is less so. Global evidence suggests intensification of climate change will increase incidences and variations of infectious diseases. Climate Afflictions contributes to filling this important knowledge gap. It includes a systematic review of existing literature on the relationship between climate change and health, distinguishing between climate change and variability. It establishes the relationship between climate variability and infectious diseases and mental health using household-level data. It also documents changes in climate patterns in Bangladesh over the past 44 years using monthly meteorological data. Overall, the report finds a strong relationship between infectious diseases, mental health, and climate variability. Based on analyses of primary data, it concludes that the prevalence of vector-borne diseases is higher during the monsoon than dry seasons, while the opposite is true for waterborne illnesses. Meanwhile, rising humidity and mean temperature are positively associated with respiratory illnesses. In terms of mental health conditions, while temperature is negatively correlated to depression, anxiety among individuals is likely to increase with temperature and humidity. Irrespective of the season, morbidity and mental health issues are highest in densely populated urban hubs such as Dhaka and Chattogram compared to other areas. The mean temperature in Bangladesh has increased by 0.5 degree C between 1976 and 2019. Overall, summers are becoming hotter and longer, the monsoon season is extending, and winters are becoming warmer. Consequently, Bangladesh is on the path to (...)
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