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  • 1985-1989  (72)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (72)
  • Philosophy.  (30)
  • Logic  (28)
  • Science (General)  (17)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biotechnology Applications in Beverage Production (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400911130
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Elsevier Applied Food Science Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. A Proposal for Correct Nomenclature of the Domesticated Species of the Genus Saccharomyces -- 2. Microorganisms of Wine -- 3. Genetic Manipulation of Brewing and Wine Yeast -- 4. Killer Yeasts: Notes on Properties and Technical Use of the Character -- 5. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Yeasts -- 6. Microbial Spoilage of Canned Fruit Juices -- 7. Recent and Future Developments of Fermentation Technology and Fermenter Design in Brewing -- 8. Fermenter Design for Alcoholic Beverage Production -- 9. Optimal Fermenter Design for White Wine Production -- 10. Factors Affecting the Behaviour of Yeast in Wine Fermentation -- 11. On the Utilisation of Entrapped Microorganisms in the Industry of Fermented Beverages -- 12. Preparation of Yeast for Industrial Use in Production of Beverages -- 13. Enzymes in the Fruit Juice Industry -- 14. Enzymatic Processing of Musts and Wines.
    Abstract: Beverage production is among the oldest, though quantitatively most significant, applications of biotechnology methods, based on the use of microorganisms and enzymes. Manufacturing processes employed in beverage production, origi­ nally typically empirical, have become a sector of growing economic importance in the food industry. Pasteur's work represented the starting point for technological evolution in this field, and over the last hundred years progress in scientifically based research has been intense. This scientific and technological evolution is the direct result of the encounter between various disciplines (chemistry, biology, engineering, etc.). Beverage production now exploits all the various features of first and second-generation biotechnology: screening and selective im­ provement of microorganisms; their mutations; their use in genetic engineering methods; fermentation control; control of enzymatic processes, including industrial plants; use of soluble enzymes and immobilized enzyme reactors; development of waste treatment proc­ esses and so on. Research developments involving the use of biotechnology for the purpose of improving yields, solving quality-related problems and stimulating innovation are of particular and growing interest as far as production is concerned. Indeed, quality is the final result of the regulation of microbiological and enzymatic processes, and innovation is a consequence of improved knowledge of useful fermentations and the availability of new ingredients. The Council of Europe's sponsorship of the work which led to the contributions to this volume is clear evidence of the growing need for adequate information about scientific and technological progress.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1113-0
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  • 2
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    Aesthetic Values (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400924529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Subjectivism -- II Objectivism -- III. Relationism -- IV. Panaestheticism -- V. Relativism and Universalism -- VI. Monism and Pluralism -- VII. Aesthetic Values in Avant-Garde Art -- VIII. Performance -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: What is aesthetic value? A property in an object? An experience of a perceiving person? An ideal object existing in a mysterious sphere, inaccessible to normal cognition? Does it appear in one form only, or in many forms, perhaps infinitely many? Is it something constant, immutable, or rather something susceptible to change, depending on the individual, the cultural milieu, or the epoch? Is a rational defence of aesthetic value judgements possible, or is any discussion of this topic meaningless? The above questions arise out of the most complicated philosophic problems. Volumes have been written on each of them. The discussions which continue over the centuries, the plurality of views and suggested solutions, indicate that all issues are controversial and contestable. Each view can adduce some arguments supporting it; each has some weaknesses. Another source of difficulty is the vagueness and ambiguity of the language in which the problems are discussed. This makes it hard to understand the ideas of particular thinkers and sometimes makes it impossible to decide whether different formulations express the actual divergence of views or only the verbal preferences of their authors. Let us add that this imperfection does not simply spring from inaccuracy on the part of scholars, but also results from the complexity of the problems themselves. The matter is further complicated by important factors of a social character.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2452-9
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  • 3
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    From Metaphysics to Rhetoric (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400925939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 197 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 202
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreword — The Modernity of Rhetoric -- Formal Logic and Informal Logic -- Logic and Argumentation -- To Reason While Speaking -- Organization and Articulation of Verbal Exchanges: Question-Response Exchange in Polemical Contexts -- Argumentativity and Informativity -- Saying and Knowing -- Dialectic, Rhetoric and Critique in Aristotle -- Toward an Anthropology of Rhetoric -- Rhetoric-Poetics-Hermeneutics -- Rhetoric and Literature -- The Figure and the Argument -- Rhetoric and Politics.
    Abstract: by the question in its being an answer, if only in a circumstantial (i. e. inessential) manner. One indeed must question oneself in order to remember, says Plato, but the dialectic, which would be scientific, must be something else even if it remains a play of question and answer. This contradiction did not escape Aristotle: he split the scientific from the dialectic and logic from argumentation whose respective theories he was led to conceive in order to clearly define their boundaries and specificities. As for Plato, he found in the famous theory of Ideas what he sought in order to justify knowledge as that which is supposed to hold its truth only from itself. What do Ideas mean within the framework of our approach? In what consists the passage from rhetoric to ontology which leads to the denaturation of argumentation? When Socrates asked, for example, "What is virtue?", he thought one could not answer such a question because the answer refers to a single proposition, a single truth, whereas the formulation of the question itself does not indicate this unicity. For any answer, another can be given and thus continuously, if necessary, until eventually one will come across an incompatibility. Now, to a question as to what X, Y, or Z is, one can answer in many ways and nothing in the question itself prohibits multiplicity. Virtue is courage, is justice, and so on.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2593-9
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  • 4
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    The Metaphysics of Liberty (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400909014
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 6
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 6
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Economics ; Philosophy. ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1 James McGill Buchanan and Individualism -- 1.1 The Work of Buchanan -- 1.2 Buchanan’s Individualism -- 1.3 A First Move away from Strict Methodological Individualism -- 1.4 New Contractarian Man -- 1.5 The Methodological Meaning of the Unanimity Rule -- 1.6 Additional Requirements for New Contractarian Man -- 1.7 Potential Abuses of the Unanimity Criterion -- 1.8 Duties to Obey the Laws? -- 1.9 Contractarianism and Natural Rights -- 1.10 Conclusion -- 2: Roberto Mangabeira Unger and Collectivism -- 2.1 Unger’s Characterization of Individualism -- 2.2 Buchanan’s Implicit Agreement with Unger -- 2.3 Unger’s Criticisms of the Individualist World View -- 2.4 The Factual Basis for the Separation of Theory and Fact -- 2.5 Unger on the Separation of Reason and Desire in Individualism -- 2.6 Response to Unger -- 2.7 Unger on the Separation of Public Rules and Private Values -- 2.8 Response to Unger -- 2.9 Unger’s Evolutionism -- 2.10 Conclusion -- 3: Mario Augusto Bunge and Scientific Metaphysics -- 3.1 The Aim of Bunge’s Philosophy -- 3.2 Bunge’s Furniture -- 3.3 Bunge’s Systemism -- 3.4 Bunge on Mind -- 3.5 Bunge’s Systemic Conception of Society -- 3.6 Conclusion -- 4: Friedrich August Von Hayek and the Mirage of Social Justice -- 4.1 Hayek’s Own Argument against Social Justice -- 4.2 The Metaphysical Issues in Hayek’s Argument -- 4.3 Progressive Taxes Not Necessarily a Mirage -- 4.4 Multi-Generational Social Contracts -- 4.5 Elitism -- 5: Ayn Rand and Natural Rights -- 5.1 Similarities and Differences with Contractarianism -- 5.2 The Arguments for Natural Rights -- 5.3 The Advantages of Contractarianism over Natural Rights -- 5.4 Value and Fact Again -- 6: Raymond Bernard Cattell and Evolutionary Federalism -- 6.1 The Self of Self-Interest -- 6.2 Teleology -- 6.3 Cattell’s Morality from Science -- 6.4 Criticism of Cattell -- 6.5 The Ontology of Federalism -- 6.6 Problems for Contractarianism in the Composition of Countries -- 6.7 Evolutionary Morality -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Appendices -- No. 1: Egalitarianism as a Morality Racket -- No. 4: Contracting for Natural Rights -- About the Author -- Name Index -- Man as a Part of Nature Subindex -- Divine Subindex.
    Abstract: Philosophy suffers from an excess of convoluted introspection. One result is that concepts multiply unchecked. That some events have observable causes gets reified into a First Cause or, in a more secular age, to the thesis that every event is fatalistically determined. Another drawback of convoluted introspection is that tiny but crucial assumptions slip in, often unawares, with the result that densely argued counter-tomes are written in reply and no progress is made toward any kind of consensus. At bottom, subjectivity reigns. I exaggerate. Toward the other pole of the subjectivity-objectivity continuum, consensus among scientists is in fact always at a good healthy distance from compulsive unanimity. New theories replace old, and at any one time the evidence can usually be interpreted two ways. Indeed, it is possible to pile epicycle upon epicycle in the Ptolemaic system of the heavens and approximate the ellipses planets travel in the Copernican system. What cinched the case for Copernicus was not simplicity--after all alchemy is simpler than chemisty. Nor was it experiment--there were no moon shots back then. Rather it was Newton's foundations. He established a physics for the earth and the heavens alike. Earthly physics we can verify, and it does not jell with the Ptolemaic system.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0901-4
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  • 5
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    Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400922457
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Hume’s Analysis of Causation in Relation to His Analysis of Miracles -- 1. Hume’s Account of A Posteriori Reasoning -- 2. Miracles and Reasoning based on Experience -- 3. The Indian and The Ice: Understanding and Rejecting Hume’s Argument -- 4. A Better But Less Interesting Humean Argument -- 5. Miracles and The Logical Entailment Analysis of Causation -- 6. Are Miracles Violations of Laws of Nature? -- Notes to Part I -- II Can Anyone Ever Know That a Miracle Has Occurred? -- 7. What Is Involved In Knowing That a Miracle has Occurred? -- 8. Hume’s Account of Tillotson and the Alleged “Argument of a Like Nature” -- 9. Testimony and Sensory Evidence: Reasons For Belief in Miracles? -- 10. Tillotson’s Argument: Its Application to Justified Belief in Miracles -- 11. Conclusion: Miracles and Contemporary Epistemology -- Notes to Part II -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book developed from sections of my doctoral dissertation, "The Possibility of Religious Knowledge: Causation, Coherentism and Foundationalism," Brown University, 1982. However, it actually had its beginnings much earlier when, as an undergraduate at the University of Virginia, I first read Hume's "Of Miracles" and became interested in it. (Fascinated would be too strong. ) My teacher put the following marginal comment in a paper I wrote about it: "Suppose someone told you that they had been impregnated by an angel whispering into their ear. Wouldn't you think they had gone dotty?" She had spent time in England. I thought about it. I agreed that I would not have believed such testimony, but did not think this had much to do with Hume's argument against belief in miracles. What surprised me even more was the secondary literature. I became convinced that Hume's argument was misunderstood. My main thesis is established in Part I. This explains Hume's argument against justified belief in miracles and shows how it follows from, and is intrinsically connected with, his more general metaphysics. Part II Part I. It should give the reader a more complete understanding builds on of both the structure of Hume's argument and of his crucial and questionable premises. Chapters 5 and 11 are perhaps the most technical in the book, but they are also the least necessary. They can be skipped by the reader who is only interested in Hume on miracles.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2245-7
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  • 6
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    Mathematical Intuition : Phenomenology and Mathematical Knowledge (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400922938
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 203
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Phenomenology ; Mathematical logic. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Concept of Intuition in Mathematics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Knowledge, Evidence, and Intuition -- 3. Intuition “of” and Intuition “that” -- 4. Some Recent Views of Mathematical Intuition -- 5. Hilbert and Bernays -- 6. Parsons -- 7. Brouwer -- 8. Some “Extended” Proof-Theoretic Views -- 9. Gödel on Sets -- 10. Platonism and Constructivism -- 11. Mathematical Truth and Mathematical Knowledge -- 12. Principal Objections to Mathematical Intuition -- 2. The Phenomenological View of Intuition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intentionality and Intuition -- 3. Intuition of Abstract Objects -- 4. Acts of Abstraction and Abstract Objects -- 5. Acts of Reflection -- 6. Types and Degrees of Evidence -- 7. Comparison with Kant -- 8. Intuition and the Theory of Meaning -- 3. Perception -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sequences of Perceptual Acts -- 3. The Horizon of Perceptual Acts -- 4. The Possibilities of Perception -- 5. The “Determinable X” in Perception and Indexicals -- 6. Perceptual Evidence -- 7. Phenomenological Reduction and the Problem of Realism / Idealism -- 4. Mathematical Intuition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Objections About Analogies Between Perceptual and Mathematical Intuition -- 3. Objections Based on Structuralism -- 4. Objections About Founding -- 5. A Logic Compatible With Mathematical Intuition and the Notion of Construction -- 6. Is Classical Mathematics to be Rejected? -- 5. Natural Numbers I -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Concept of Number Cannot Be Explicitly Defined -- 3. The Origin of the Concept of Number -- 4. Intuition of Natural Numbers -- 5. Ordinals -- 6. Ordinals and Cardinals -- 7. Constructing Units and the Role of Reflection and Abstraction -- 8. Syntax and Representations of Numbers -- 6. Natural Numbers II -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 0 and 1 -- 3. Numbers Formed by Arithmetic Operations -- 4. Small Numbers and Singular Statements About Them -- 5. Large Numbers and Mathematical Induction -- 6. The Possibilities of Intuition -- 7. Summary of the Argument for Large Numbers -- 8. Further Comments on Mathematical Induction -- 9. Intuition and Axioms of Elementary Number Theory -- 7. Finite sets -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Theory of Finite Sets -- 3. The Origin of the Concept of Finite Set -- 4. Intuition of Finite Sets -- 5. Comparison with Gödel and Wang -- 6. Unit Sets, the Empty Set, and Mereology vs. Set Theory -- 7. Large Sets and a Hierarchy of Sets -- 8. Illusion in Set Theory -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- 8. Critical Reflections and Conclusion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Summary of the Account -- 3. Areas for Further Work -- 4. Platonism, Constructivism, and Benacerraf’s Dilemma -- Notes.
    Abstract: "Intuition" has perhaps been the least understood and the most abused term in philosophy. It is often the term used when one has no plausible explanation for the source of a given belief or opinion. According to some sceptics, it is understood only in terms of what it is not, and it is not any of the better understood means for acquiring knowledge. In mathematics the term has also unfortunately been used in this way. Thus, intuition is sometimes portrayed as if it were the Third Eye, something only mathematical "mystics", like Ramanujan, possess. In mathematics the notion has also been used in a host of other senses: by "intuitive" one might mean informal, or non-rigourous, or visual, or holistic, or incomplete, or perhaps even convincing in spite of lack of proof. My aim in this book is to sweep all of this aside, to argue that there is a perfectly coherent, philosophically respectable notion of mathematical intuition according to which intuition is a condition necessary for mathemati­ cal knowledge. I shall argue that mathematical intuition is not any special or mysterious kind of faculty, and that it is possible to make progress in the philosophical analysis of this notion. This kind of undertaking has a precedent in the philosophy of Kant. While I shall be mostly developing ideas about intuition due to Edmund Husser! there will be a kind of Kantian argument underlying the entire book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2293-8
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  • 7
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    The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism : Essays in Honor of Arthur W. Burks, with his responses (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400909878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (552p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 206
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Critial Essays -- Is Science Really Inductive? -- Bolzano’s Theory of Induction -- Cellular Space Models: New Formalism for Simulation and Science -- Some Reflections on Logical Truth as A Priori -- Semantics and Ontology: Arthur Burks and the Computational Perspective -- Names and Attitudes -- Machines and Behavior -- Finite Automata and Human Beings -- On Guiding Rules -- Actuality and Potentiality -- Burks’s Logic of Conditionals -- Presuppositions and the Normative Content of Probability Statements -- Arthur Burks on the Presuppositions of Induction -- Taking Physical Probability Seriously -- Presuppositions of Induction -- Scientific Objectivity and the Evaluation of Hypotheses -- II: The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism -- The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism Replies by Arthur W. Burks -- Bibliography of Works by Arthur W. Burks -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This work is divided into two parts. Part I contains sixteen critical es­ says by prominent philosophers and computer scientists. Their papers offer insightful, well-argued contemporary views of a broad range of topics that lie at the heart of philosophy in the second half of the twen­ tieth century: semantics and ontology, induction, the nature of prob­ ability, the foundations of science, scientific objectivity, the theory of naming, the logic of conditionals, simulation modeling, the relatiOn be­ tween minds and machines, and the nature of rules that guide be­ havior. In this volume honoring Arthur W. Burks, the philosophical breadth of his work is thus manifested in the diverse aspects of that work chosen for discussion and development by the contributors to his Festschrift. Part II consists of a book-length essay by Burks in which he lays out his philosophy of logical mechanism while responding to the papers in Part I. In doing so, he provides a unified and coherent context for the range of problems raised in Part I, and he highlights interesting relationships among the topics that might otherwise have gone un­ noticed. Part II is followed by a bibliography of Burks's published works.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0987-8
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  • 8
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    Handbook of Philosophical Logic : Volume IV: Topics in the Philosophy of Language (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400911710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (733p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 167
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computational linguistics. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: to Volume IV -- IV.I Quantifiers in Formal and Natural Languages -- IV.2 Property Theories -- IV.3 Philosophical Perspectives on Formal Theories of Predication -- IV.4 Mass Expressions -- IV.5 Reference and Information Content: Names and Descriptions -- IV.6 Indexicals -- IV.7 Propositional Attitudes -- IV.8 Tense and Time -- IV.9 Presupposition -- IV.10 Semantics and the Liar Paradox -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volume I, II, and III.
    Abstract: conceptual, realist) theories of predication. Chapter IV.4 centers on an important class of expressions used for predication in connection with quantities: mass expressions. This chapter reviews the most well-known approaches to mass terms and the ontological proposals related to them. In addition to quantification and predication, matters of reference have constituted the other overriding theme for semantic theories in both philosophical logic and the semantics of natural languages. Chapter IV.5 of how the semantics of proper names and descrip­ presents an overview tions have been dealt with in recent theories of reference. Chapter IV.6 is concerned with the context-dependence of reference, in particular, with the semantics of indexical expressions. The topic of Chapter IV.7 is related to predication as it surveys some of the central problems of ascribing propositional attitudes to agents. Chap­ ter IV.8 deals with the analysis of the main temporal aspects of natural language utterances. Together these two chapters give a good indication of the intricate complexities that arise once modalities of one or the other sort enter on the semantic stage. in philosophical Chapter IV.9 deals with another well-known topic logic: presupposition, an issue on the borderline of semantics and prag­ matics. The volume closes with an extensive study of the Liar paradox and its many implications for the study of language (as for example, self­ reference, truth concepts and truth definitions).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1171-0
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  • 9
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    Logic in Law : Remarks on Logic and Rationality in Normative Reasoning, Especially in Law (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401578219
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 326 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 6
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    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Logic ; Law—History. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Logic -- II Normative Judgements -- III the Possibility of Deontic Logic -- IV Prolegomena for a Deontic Logic -- V A Standard System of Deontic Logic -- VI The Norm-Content of the Standard System -- VII The Negation of Normative Expressions: Weak and Strong Permission, Particularly in Law -- VIII Conditional Norms -- IX The Meaning of Logic for Normative Reasoning -- Notes -- Index of names -- Index of subjects -- A few of the used concepts.
    Abstract: The study presented in this book was entered upon by me from a legal point of view. 'Legal logic' has been known for a long time, concerning itself with the methodology of legal and in particular judicial reasoning. In modern days, however, this 'legal logic' is sometimes also connected with modern formal logic, as it has been developed in the works of G. Boole, A. de Morgan, G. Frege, C.S. Peirce, E. Schroder, G. Peano, A.N. Whitehead, B. Russell and others. For me this gave rise to the as yet not very specific question about the meaning of modern symbolic logic for law. Already in an early stage it appeared that, although traditional legal logic and modern symbolic logic both concern logic, this may not create the misapprehension that a similar matter is at issue. Both concern themselves (among other things) with reasonings and reasoning. Traditional legal logic is, however, as it was said by the German legal theoretician K. Engisch: "a material logic that wants us to reflect on what we have to do if we -within the limits of actual possibility- wish to reach true, or at least correct judgements" (Engisch, 1964, p.5). Modern symbolic logic on the other hand is not concerned with the truth or correctness of the result of an argument, but with its validity, i.e. the question when or under which conditions the truth (correctness) of the conclusion is guaranteed by the truth (correctness) of the premisses.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7821-9
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  • 10
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    Directions in Relevant Logic (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400910058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reason and Argument 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Computer science ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Routes in Relevant Logic -- I. Relevance and the Connection Requirement -- 2. “Relevance” in Logic and Grammar -- 3. Literal Relevance -- 4. The Relevance of Relevant Logics -- 5. The Classical Logic of Relevant Logicians -- 6. Relevance Principles and Formal Deducibility -- II. The Grander Sweep of Relevant Logics -- 7. Analytic Implication; Its History, Justification and Varieties -- 8. Deducibility, Entailment and Analytic Containment -- 9. Conjunctive Containment -- 10. Real Implication -- 11. What is Relevant Implication? -- III. Technical Investigations and Present Limitations -- 12. The NonExistence of Finite Characteristic Matrices for Subsystems of R2 -- 13. Relevant Implication and Leibnizian Necessity -- 14. Which Entailments Entail Which Entailments? -- 15. Categorical Propositions in Relevance Logic -- 16. Incompleteness for Quantified Relevance Logics -- IV. Wider Applications of Relevant Logics -- 17. Gentzen’s Cut and Ackermann’s Gamma -- 18. Semantic Discovery for Relevance Logics -- 19. Philosophical and Linguistic Inroads: Multiply Intensional Relevant Logics -- 20. Quantification, Identity, and Opacity in Relevant Logic -- 21. Relevance Logic and Inferential Knowledge -- 22. Semantics Unlimited I: A Relevant Synthesis of Implication with Higher Intensionality -- 23. Relevance, Truth and Meaning -- 24. Conclusion: Further Directions in Relevant Logics.
    Abstract: Relevance logics came of age with the one and only International Conference on relevant logics in 1974. They did not however become accepted, or easy to promulgate. In March 1981 we received most of the typescript of IN MEMORIAM: ALAN ROSS ANDERSON Proceedings of the International Conference of Relevant Logic from the original editors, Kenneth W. Collier, Ann Gasper and Robert G. Wolf of Southern Illinois University. 1 They had, most unfortunately, failed to find a publisher - not, it appears, because of overall lack of merit of the essays, but because of the expense of producing the collection, lack of institutional subsidization, and doubts of publishers as to whether an expensive collection of essays on such an esoteric, not to say deviant, subject would sell. We thought that the collection of essays was still (even after more than six years in the publishing trade limbo) well worth publishing, that the subject would remain undeservedly esoteric in North America while work on it could not find publishers (it is not so esoteric in academic circles in Continental Europe, Latin America and the Antipodes) and, quite important, that we could get the collection published, and furthermore, by resorting to local means, published comparatively cheaply. It is indeed no ordinary collection. It contains work by pioneers of the main types of broadly relevant systems, and by several of the most innovative non-classical logicians of the present flourishing logical period. We have slowly re-edited and reorganised the collection and made it camera-ready.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1005-8
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  • 11
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    Constructivism and Science : Essays in Recent German Philosophy (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400909595
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 44
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 44
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Section I: Constructivism and the logic of science -- Science, a Rational Enterprise? -- The Philosophy of Science and Its Logic -- The Pragmatic Understanding of Language and the Argumentative Function of Logic -- Rules versus Theorems -- On ‘Transcendental’ -- Section II: Constructivism and Protoscience -- Philosophy and the Problem of the Foundations of Mathematics -- Geometry as the Measure-Theoretic A Priori of Physics -- The Concept of Mass -- On the Definition of ‘Probability’ -- Section III: Constructivism and The Value Sciences -- Practical Reason and the Justification of Norms. Fundamental Problems in the Construction of a Theory of Practical Justification -- Protoethics: Towards a Formal Pragmatics of Justificatory Discourse -- Interests -- Is Rational Economics as an Empirical- Quantitative Science Possible? -- Determination by Reality or Construction of Reality? -- Notes On The Contributors.
    Abstract: The idea to produce the current volume was conceived by Jiirgen Mittelstrass and Robert E. Butts in 1978. Idealist philosophers are wrong about one thing: the temporal gap separating idea and reality can be very long indeed - even ten or so years! Problems of timing were joined by personal problems and by the pressure of other professional commitments. Fortunately, James Brown agreed to cooperate in the editing of the volume; the infusion of his usual energy, good judgement and good-natured promptness saved the volume and made its produc­ tion possible. Despite the delays, the messages of the papers included in the book have not gone stale. An extremely worthwhile exercise in international philosophical cooperation has come to fruition; the German constructivist philosophical position is here represented in papers in English that will make its contemporary importance available to a larger audience. The editors owe thanks to many persons. All involved in the project owe much to the interest and support of Nicholas Rescher, a friend of the undertaking from the time of its inception. My review of the translations was helped immensely by Andrea Purvis' careful copy editing of the typescript. Most of all, however, we owe gratitude and admiration for the tireless efforts on behalf of this enterprise to Jiirgen Mittelstrass.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0959-5
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  • 12
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    Husserl und Cohn : Widerspruch, Reflexion, und Telos in Phänomenologie und Dialektik (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400924789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 117
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 117
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1 Einleitung: Fragestellung und Lösungsansatz der folgenden Untersuchungen -- 2 Urteilslehre und Widerspruchsfreiheit bei Husserl: Die verschiedenen Schichten möglicher Thematisierung logischer Konsequenz -- 2.1 Konsequenzlehre als Mathematik der Spielregeln -- 2.2 Konseqiienzlogik als dreischichtige (objektiv gerichtete) „Apophantik“ -- 2.3 Konsequenzlogik als Problem subjektiver Evidenz? Der Stellenwert reflexionstheoretischer Erörterungen Husserls für die Bestimmimg „objektiver“ formaler Logik im ersten Abschnitt von FTL -- 3 Kritik des Satzes vom Widerspruch bei Husserl: Das Programm einer Kritik des Satzes vom Widerspruch und seine Einlösung durch die Theorie widerstreitender Erfahrung -- 3.1 Was heißt „Kritik der logischen Prinzipien“? -- 3.2 Die Kritik der logischen Prinzipien in FTL -- 3.3 Zu den methodischen Voraussetzungen des Übergangs FTL/EU -- 3.4 „Widerstreit“ und „Widerspruch“ in EU -- 4 Urteilstheorie und Dialektikkonzept bei Cohn: Zur Bedeutung des Widerspruchs in Ansehung des Urteils als Urteil im Urteilszusammenhang -- 4.1 Hinführung: „Dialektischer Gedankengang“ — „dialektischer Begriff -- 4.2 Das Verhältnis von TD zu den logischen Prinzipien -- 4.3 Cohns Behandlung der logischen Prinzipien im Verhältnis zur Kritik derselben durch Husserl -- 4.4 Utraquismus und Wahrheit -- 4.5 Urteilszusammenhang und Geltungsanspruch. „Objekt“ und „Subjekt“ für das Erkennen als Aufgabe -- 5 Die Reflexionsproblematik innerhalb der Dialektik Cohns: Erkenntniszusammenhang und Ziel des Erkennens in Cohns Theorie des Selbstbewußtseins -- 5.1 Einleitung -- 5.2 Korrelatives Bewußtsein -- 5.3 Die Dialektik des Selbstbewußtseins -- 5.4 Re-intuivierung und Rekonstruktion -- 5.5 Der Gegensatz „Ich-Kern“ — „Ich-Schale“ -- 6 Reflexionsproblematik und Teleologie der Vernunft bei Husserl: Das „dialektische“ Problem des transzendentalen Psychologismus im Rahmen einer teleologisch konzipierten „transzendentalen“ Phänomenologie -- 6.1 Der Zusammenhang des Paradoxons der Subjektivität mit dem Problem des transzendentalen Psychologismus -- 6.2 Das Programm einer Kritik der Kritik -- 6.3 Teleologische Strukturen innerhalb von FTL -- 6.4 Der entscheidungstheoretische Lösungsansatz des Problems des transzendentalen Psychologismus und seine Probleme -- 7 Telos und Methode bei Husserl und Cohn: Das Unendlichkeitsproblem bei der letztendlichen Bestimmung des Ziels von Phänomenologie und Dialektik -- 7.1 Ausgangspunkt: Zu Unendlichkeitsproblemen und Paradoxien in der Mathematik aus der Sicht Colins und Husserls -- 7.2 Unendlichkeit und Methode in Colins dialektischer Theorie des Erkennens -- 7.3 Unendlichkeitsprobleme in der Phänomenologie Husserls -- 7.4 Das Telos dialektischer Phänomenologie in seiner Bezogenheit auf eine iterativ zu realisierende Methode -- 8 Schlußbemerkungen: Die Grenze obiger Untersuchungen und die Beziehung der Phänomenologie zu anderen „Dialektiken“ -- a) Das Verhältnis der Erkenntnistheorie zur Ethik -- b) Facetten des Lebensweltbegriffs -- c) „Logik“ und „Logiken“ -- d) „Dialektik“ und „Dialektiken“ -- e) Schlußwort -- Beilage I: Brief Husserls an Cohn vorn 15.10.1908 -- Beilage II: Antwort Cohns an Husserl (Briefentwurf vom 31.03.1911) -- Literatur- und Siglenverzeichnis -- A Bibliographien -- B Primär- und Sekundärliteratur -- C Briefe aus dem Jonas Cohn-Archiv, Duisburg -- Stichwortverzeichnis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2478-9
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  • 13
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    Acting and Reflecting : The Interdisciplinary Turn in Philosophy (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400924765
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 211
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Humanities ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I. Philosophy? -- 1. Philosophy and the Sciences -- 2. Impressions of Philosophy -- 3. The Computational Model of the Mind, a panel discussion -- 4. Discussion: Progress in Philosophy -- 5. Philosophy and the Academy -- II. Working. -- 1. Pale Fire Solved -- 2. Incremental Acquisition and a Parametrized Model of Grammar -- 3. What are General Equilibrium Theories? -- 4. Effective Epistemology, Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence -- 5. The Flaws in Sen’s Case Against Paretian Libertariansism -- 6. Decisions without Ordering -- 7. Reflections on Hilbert’s Program -- 8. The Tetrad Project -- III. Postscriptum -- 1. Rationality Unbound.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2476-5
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  • 14
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    The Logic of Mind (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400925953
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 155
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Logic ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: I / Introduction -- 1. The Revival of Mental Philosophy -- 2. Mechanism -- 3. Naturalism -- 4. Two Problems of Mind -- II / What Is a Rule of Mind? -- 1. Signals and Control -- 2. Turing Machines -- 3. Logic and Logic of Mind -- 4. Nerve Networks and Finite Automata -- 5. Computer Logic -- 6. Glimpses from Psychology -- 7. Summary on Rules -- III / Behavior and Structure -- 1. Some Varieties of Automata -- 2. Fitting and Guiding -- 3. Empirical Realism -- IV / Mechanism — Arguments PRO and CON -- 1. Thinking Machines -- 2. The Argument from Analogy -- 3. Psychological Explanation and Church’s Thesis -- 4. On the Dissimilarity of Behaviors -- 5. Computers, Determinism, and Action -- 6. Summary to the Main Argument from Analogy -- V / Functionalism, Rationalism, and Cognitivism -- 1. Psychological and Automaton States -- 2. Behaviorism -- 3. Neorationalism -- 4. Cognitivism -- VI / The Logic of Acceptance -- 1. Universals, Gestalten, and Taking -- 2. Acceptance -- 3. Expectation -- 4. Family Resemblances -- VII / Perception -- 1. Perceptual Objects -- 2. Perception Perspectives -- VIII / Belief and Desire -- 1. Perceptual Belief -- 2. Desire -- 3. A Model of Desire -- 4. Standing Belief — Representation -- IX / Reference and Truth -- 1. Pure Semantics versus User Semantics -- 2. Belief Sentences -- 3. Denotation -- 4. A Theory of Truth -- 5. Adequacy -- X / Toward Meaning -- 1. Linguistic Meaning -- 2. Propositions -- 3. Intensions of Names and Predicates -- XI / Psychological Theory and the Mindbrain Problem -- 1. Realism and Reduction -- 2. Explanation -- 3. Free Will -- 4. Mental Occurrents -- Table of Figures, Formulas, and Tables -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book presents a mechanist philosophy of mind. I hold that the human mind is a system of computational or recursive rules that are embodied in the nervous system; that the material presence of these rules accounts for perception, conception, speech, belief, desire, intentional acts, and other forms of intelligence. In this edition I have retained the whole of the fIrst edition except for discussion of issues which no longer are relevant in philosophy of mind and cognitive psychology. Earlier reference to disputes of the 1960's and 70's between hard-line empiricists and neorationalists over the psychological status of grammars and language acquisition, for instance, has simply been dropped. In place of such material I have entered some timely or new topics and a few changes. There are brief references to the question of computer versus distributed processing (connectionist) theories. Many of these questions dissolve if one distinguishes as I now do in Chapter II between free and embodied algorithms. I have also added to my comments on artifIcal in­ telligence some reflections. on Searle's Chinese Translator. The irreducibility of machine functionalist psychology in my version or any other has been exaggerated. Input, output, and state entities are token identical to physical or biological things of some sort, while a machine system as a collection of recursive rules is type identical to representatives of equivalence classes. This nuld technicality emerges in Chapter XI. It entails that so-called "anomalous monism" is right in one sense and wrong in another.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2595-3
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  • 15
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    The Philosophy of Thomas Reid (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400923386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Note on references to the works of Thomas Reid -- Section 1 - Perception -- Reids Attack on the Theory of Ideas -- Reid on Perception and Conception -- The Theory of Sensations -- Reids View of Sensations Vindicated -- Sensation, Perception and Reids Realism -- Reids Opposition to the Theory of Ideas -- Thomas Reid on the Five Senses -- Section 2 - Knowledge and Common Sense -- Reid on Evidence and Conception -- The Defence of Common Sense in Reid and Moore -- The Scottish Kant? -- Did Reid Hold Coherentist Views? -- Reid and Peirce on Belief -- Reid on Testimony -- Section 3 - Mind and Action -- Making Out the Signatures: Reids Account of the Knowledge of Other Minds -- Causality and Agency in the Philosophy of Thomas Reid -- Reid, Scholasticism and Current Philosophy of Mind -- Section 4 - Aesthetics, Moral and Political Philosophy -- Seeing (and so forth) is Believing(among other things); on the Significance of Reid in the History of Aesthetics -- Reid versus Hume: a Dilemma in the Theory of Moral Worth -- Reid and Active Virtue -- Thomas Reid on Justice: A Rights-Based Theory -- Taking Upon Oneself a Character: Reid on Political Obligation -- Section 5 - Historical Context and Influences -- Thomas Reid and Pneumatology: the Text of the Old, the Tradition of the New -- Reid in the Philosophical Society -- Common Sense and the Association of Ideas; the Reid-Priestley Controversy -- Reid on Hypotheses and the Ether: a Reassessment -- The Role of Thomas Reids Philosophy in Science and Technology: the Case of W.J.M. Rankine -- George Jardines Course in Logic and Rhetoric: an Application of Thomas Reids Common Sense Philosophy -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Note on references to the works of Thomas Reid 5 SECTION 1 - Perception Yves Michaud (University of Paris, France) 9 'Reid's Attack on the Theory of Ideas' William P. Alston (Syracuse University, U. S. A. ) 35 'Reid on Perception and Conception' Vere Chappell (University of Massachusetts, U. S. A. ) 49 'The Theory of Sensations' Norton Nelkin (University of New Orleans, U. S. A. ) 65 'Reid's View of Sensations Vindicated' A. E. Pitson (University of Stirling, Scotland) 79 'Sensation, Perception and Reid's Realism' Aaron Ben-Zeev (University of Haifa, Israel) 91 'Reid's Opposition to the Theory of Ideas' Michel Malherbe (University of Nantes, France) 103 'Thomas Reid on the Five Senses' SECTION 2 - Knowledge and COlIIOOn Sense Keith Lehrer (University of Arizona, U. S. A. ) 121 'Reid on Evidence and Conception' Dennis Charles Holt (Southeast Missouri State 145 University, U. S. A. ) 'The Defence of Common Sense in Reid and Moore' T. J. Sutton (University of Oxford, England) 159 'The Scottish Kant?' Daniel Schulthess (university of Berne, Switzerland) 193 'Did Reid Hold Coherentist Views?' VI Claudine Engel-Tiercelin (University of Rouen, France) 205 'Reid and Peirce on Belief' C. A. J. Coady (University of Melbourne, Australia) 225 'Reid on Testimony' SECTION 3 - Mind and Action James Somerville (University of Hull, England) 249 'Making out the Signatures: Reid's Account of the Knowledge of Other Minds' R. F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2338-6
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  • 16
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    Theory of Logical Calculi : Basic Theory of Consequence Operations (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401569422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 473 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 199
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. Deductive Bases and Interpretations -- 3. Logical Matrices -- 4. Tabular Semantics -- 5. Referential Semantics -- 6. Propositional vs. Predicate Logics -- References -- Index of subjects -- Index of names -- Index of symbols.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6942-2
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  • 17
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    Local Government (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400912298
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reviews of United Kingdom Statistical Sources 24
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: of Review 42 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Coverage and Arrangement of Subjects -- 1.2 Previous Coverage -- 1.3 Recent Changes -- 1.4 Some Specific Points -- 2. Organisation and Functions of Local Authorities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 England and Wales -- 2.3 Scotland -- 2.4 Isles of Scilly -- 2.5 Northern Ireland -- 3. Financial Statistics: General Considerations -- 3.1 Important Characteristics -- 3.2 The Publication of Local Authority Financial Statistics -- 3.3 The Structure of Local Authority Accounts -- 3.4 Northern Ireland -- 4 Financial Statistics: Expenditure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Revenue (or current) Expenditure -- 4.3 Capital Expenditure -- 4.4 Local Authority Expenditure in Context of Public Expenditure -- 4.5 Northern Ireland -- 5 Financial Statistics: Rates -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Rate Income -- 5.3 Rate Poundage and Average Rate Payment -- 5.4 Rate Collection -- 5.5 Rate Rebates -- 5.6 Northern Ireland -- 6 Financial Statistics: Government Grants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Specific and Supplementary Grants -- 6.3 Rate Rebate Grants -- 6.4 Rate Support Grant -- 6.5 Northern Ireland -- 7 Financial Statistics: Borrowing and Debt -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Borrowing -- 7.3 Outstanding Debt -- 7.4 Net Financial Transactions -- 7.5 Northern Ireland -- 8 Financial Statistics: Miscellaneous Income -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rate Fund Services -- 8.3 Housing Revenue Account -- 8.4 Trading Services -- 8.5 Special Funds -- 8.6 Superannuation Funds -- 8.7 Northern Ireland -- 9 Rateable Values and Penny Rate Products -- 9.1 Rateable Values -- 9.2 Penny Rate Product -- 9.3 Northern Ireland -- 10 Manpower Earnings and Hours -- 10.1 Manpower -- 10.2 Earnings and Hours -- 10.3 Northern Ireland -- 11 Elections -- 11.1 Incidence of Elections -- 11.2 Electoral Statistics -- 11.3 Election Results -- 11.4 Northern Ireland -- 12 Public Protection -- 12.1 Police -- 12.2 Fire -- 12.3 Probation -- 12.4 Administration of Justice and Public Protection Items -- 12.5 Consumer Protection (including Trading Standards) -- 12.6 Northern Ireland -- 13 Transport -- 13.1 Highways and Transportation (England and Wales) -- 13.2 Highways and Transportation (Scotland) -- 13.3 Ports -- 13.4 Airports -- 13.5 Northern Ireland -- 14 Environmental Services -- 14.1 Definition and Scope -- 14.2 Environmental Health (England and Wales) -- 14.3 Refuse Collection (England and Wales) -- 14.4 Refuse Disposal (England and Wales) -- 14.5 Cemeteries and Crematoria (England and Wales) -- 14.6 Scotland -- 14.7 Northern Ireland -- 15 Miscellaneous -- 15.1 Museums, Art Galleries and Library Services -- 15.2 Direct Labour Organisations -- 15 3 Smallholdings -- 15.4 Surveys -- 15.5 Northern Ireland -- 16 Complaints -- 16.1 Great Britain -- 16.2 Northern Ireland -- 17 Conclusion -- 17.1 Recent Developments -- 17.2 Shortcomings -- 17.3 Suggestions -- Quick Reference List Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.
    Abstract: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under the auspices of the Royal S~atistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs EJ. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (November 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1229-8
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  • 18
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    Probability in the Sciences (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400930612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 201
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Statistics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Logical, Methodological and Philosophical Aspects of Probability -- Probability: A Composite Concept -- Two Faces and three Masks of Probability -- Ambiguous Uses of Probability -- Some Logical Distinctions Exploited by Differing Analyses of Pascalian Probability -- Probability and Confirmation -- Chance, Cause and the State-Space Approach -- World as System Self-synthesized by Quantum Networking -- A Brief Note on the Relationship between Probability, Selective Strategies and Possible Models -- 2: Probability, Statistics and Information -- Critical Replications for Statistical Design -- The Contribution of A.N. Kolmogorov to the Notion of Entropy -- The Probability of Singular Events -- Probability, Randomness and Information -- 3: Probability in the Natural Sciences -- Probability, Organization and Evolution in Biochemistry -- Relativity and Probability, Classical and Quantal -- Probabilistic Ontology and Space-Time: Updating an Historical Debate -- Probability and the Mystery of Quantum Mechanics -- Probability and Determinism in Quantum Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Probability has become one of the most characteristic con­ cepts of modern culture, and a 'probabilistic way of thinking' may be said to have penetrated almost every sector of our in­ tellectual life. However it would be difficult to determine an explicit list of 'positive' features, to be proposed as identifica­ tion marks of this way of thinking. One would rather say that it is characterized by certain 'negative' features, i. e. by certain at­ titudes which appear to be the negation of well established tra­ ditional assumptions, conceptual frameworks, world outlooks and the like. It is because of this opposition to tradition that the probabilistic approach is perceived as expressing a 'modern' in­ tellectual style. As an example one could mention the widespread diffidence in philosophy with respect to self -contained systems claiming to express apodictic truths, instead of which much weaker pretensions are preferred, that express 'probable' interpretations of reality, of history, of man (the hermeneutic trend). An ana­ logous example is represented by the interest devoted to the study of different patterns of 'argumentation', dealing wiht reasonings which rely not so much on the truth of the premisses and stringent formal logic links, but on a display of contextual conditions (depending on the audience, and on accepted stan­ dards, judgements, and values), which render the premisses and the conclusions more 'probable' (the new rhetoric).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3061-2
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  • 19
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    The Ideal and the Real : An Outline of Kant’s Theory of Space, Time and Mathematical Construction (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400914155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One Prologue: Newton and Leibniz -- 1.1. Newton on Space, Time and Metaphysics -- 1.2. Leibniz: The Ideal and the Real -- Two Kant’s Theory of Space and Time -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Concepts and Definitions -- 2.3. Kant’s Anti-logicist programme -- 2.4. Transcendental Aesthetic -- 2.5. Construction and Schematism -- 2.6. Spaces and Geometries -- 2.7. Incongruent Counterparts & the Intuitive Nature of Space -- 2.8. Infinity: Reason and Experience -- 2.9. Transcendental Idealism -- Three Acts, Intuitions and Constructions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Concepts, Intuitions and the Schematism -- 3.3. Kant’s Constructivism -- 3.4. Incongruity and Constructions -- 3.5. Indirect Proof -- Notes -- Notes on Further Reading.
    Abstract: Many students coming to grips with Kant's philosophy are understandably daunted not only by the complexity and sheer difficulty of the man's writings, but almost equally by the amount of secondary literature available. A great deal of this seems to be - and not only on first reading - just about as difficult as the work it is meant to make more accessible. Any writer deliberately setting out to provide an authentically introductory text thus faces a double problem: how to provide an exegesis which would capture some of the spirit of the original, without gross and misleading over-simplification; and secondly, how to anchor the argument in the best and most imaginative secondary literature, yet avoid the whole project appearing so fragmented as to make the average book of chess openings seem positively austere. Until fairly recently, matters were made even more difficul t, in that commentaries on Kant were very often of a whole work, say, The Critique of Pure Reason, with the result that students would have to struggle through a very great deal of material indeed in order to feel any confidence at all that they had begun to understand the original writings. Recently, things have changed somewhat. There are now excellent commentaries on "Kant's Analytic", "Kant's Analogies" etc. . We have also seen, (at least as reflected in book titles), a resurgence of interest in what is perhaps the most controversial and far-reaching Kantian claim, viz.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1415-5
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  • 20
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    The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic : Selected Essays (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2647-9
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  • 21
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    Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400926516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 35
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Logic ; History ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: One/ Subject and Programme -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quandaries in recent Aristotle research -- 3. The programme of this study -- Notes to Chapter One -- Two/ The General Doctrine I Some Theorems and Rules -- 1. Multifariousness and common core -- 2. A provisional assumption -- 3. Common properties -- 4. Comparisons -- Notes to Chapter Two -- Three/ The General Doctrine II Absolute and Qualified Modalities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Qualified vs. absolute modalities -- 3. Qualified necessity, syllogisms and the proof per impossibile -- 4. Absolute impossibility and the commensurability of the diagonal -- 5. Real and assumed background knowledge -- 6. Relations between temporal and modal concepts -- Notes to Chapter Three -- Four/ Modality and Time (I) The Principle of Plenitude -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Principle of Plenitude and its role in Aristotle’s modal thinking -- 3. The evidence -- Notes to Chapter Four -- Five/ Modality and Time (II) De Caelo I.12 and The Necessity of What is Eternal -- 1. The problem -- 2. Williams and the supposed logical errors -- 3. Hintikka and the confusion in Aristotle’s “Master Argument” -- 4. Judson and the “grossness of Aristotle’s fallacy” -- 5. The metaphysics in De Caelo I.12 as exposed by Waterlow -- 6. De Caelo I.12 and the necessity of what is eternal -- 7. Some extrapolations and the role of hylê phthartê -- Notes to Chapter Five -- Six/ Modality and Time (III) De Interpretations 9 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The traditional views -- 3. De Interpretations 9 on the statistical reading -- 4. Deliberation and chance events in De Interpretatione 9 -- 5. The interpretation -- Notes to Chapter Six -- Seven/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 The De Omni-Per Se Distinction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zabarella on Aristotelian necessity -- 3. Inseparable accidents -- 4. A first look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6 -- 5. Some commentaries on Posterior Analytics I.4 and 6 -- 6. Real or conceptual modalities? -- 7. Aristotle, matter, and definition -- Notes to Chapter Seven -- Eight/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 Names and Naming -- 1. Abstraction in Metaphysics XIII.3 -- 2. Abstraction and naming -- 3. The issue of names and naming -- 4. A new look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6, part one -- 5. Some major differences -- 6. A new look at Posterior Analytics 1.4-6, part two -- 7. Belonging kath’ hauto and homogeneity -- 8. Homogeneity, the necessity of what is always and the concept of possibility -- Notes to Chapter Eight -- Nine/ Apodeictic Syllogistic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. External criticism -- 3. The nature of Aristotle’s syllogistic theory -- 4. Apodeictic syllogistic -- 5. Incoherence -- 6. McCall’s reconstruction -- 7. The four apodeictic categorical sentences and apodeictic ecthesis -- 8. The apodeictic conversion rules -- 9. The apodeictic Barbaras and domains of discourse -- 10. The status of ALuu -- 11. The soundness of the inference base -- 12. Conversion rules and shifts of type of predication -- 13. Conclusions -- Notes to Chapter Nine -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2651-6
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  • 22
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    Pascal for Electronic Engineers (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401165259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tutorial Guides in Electronic Engineering 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Basic Concepts -- Algorithm -- Programming languages -- Software tools -- Pascal -- Identifiers -- Pascal structure -- Comments -- Examples of bad and good programming -- 2 Scalar Data Type: Constant, Integer, Real. Input-Output -- Constant definition -- Variable declarations -- Integers -- Reals -- Pascal arithmetic -- Arithmetic functions -- Input to a program -- Output from a program -- Formatted output -- A step by step development of simple Pascal programs -- 3 Scalar Data Type: Char, Boolean, Enumerated and Subrange. The Array Data Structure -- Computer character set -- The data type character -- Input and output of character variables -- Standard function identifiers for character -- The data type boolean -- Operator hierarchy -- Standard functions for boolean -- Scalar data type -- Enumerated scalar data type -- Subrange scalar data type -- The array data structure -- 4 Conditional, Repetitive and Goto Statements -- Assignment statement -- Compound statement -- The if statement -- The case statement -- The while-do statement -- The repeat-until statement -- The for-statement -- The goto statement -- 5 Functions and Procedures -- Why use functions and procedures? -- Functions -- Local declarations within functions -- Scope of identifiers and side effects -- Procedures -- Procedures with no formal parameters -- Procedures with value parameters -- Using global variables -- Procedures with variable parameters -- Procedural and functional parameters -- Recursion -- Forward directive -- 6 Structured Data Types: Array, File, Set and Record. The Pointer Data Type -- The array structure -- Arrays as subprogram parameters -- Packed arrays -- Strings -- The file structure -- Standard Pascal procedures for files -- Textfiles and standard procedures -- The set structure -- Set operators -- The record structure -- Variant record -- The pointer data type -- 7 Case Studies -- Network transfer functions -- Transfer function analysis program -- Active filter synthesis -- Active circuit synthesis program -- Linear passive circuits -- Circuit analysis program -- Appendix A Syntax diagrams -- Appendix B Pascal special symbols -- Standard Pascal identifiers -- Description of standard functions -- References.
    Abstract: In the last few years there has been a tremendous increase in the number of Pascal courses taught at various levels in schools and universities. Also with the advances made in electronics it is possible today for the majority of people to own or have access to a microcomputer which invariably runs BASIC and Pascal. A number of Pascal implementations exist and in the last two years a new Pascal specification has emerged. This specification has now been accepted as the British Standard BS6192 (1982). This standard also forms the technical content of the proposed International Standard IS07185. In addition to a separate knowledge of electronic engineering and programming a marriage of engineering and computer science is required. The present method of teaching Pascal in the first year of electronic engineering courses is wasteful. Little, if any, benefit is derived from a course that only teaches Pascal and its use with abstract examples. What is required is continued practice in the use of Pascal to solve meaningful problems in the student's chosen discipline. The purpose of this book is to make the use of standard Pascal (BS6192) as natural a tool in solving engineering problems as possible. In order to achieve this aim, only problems in or related to electrical and elec­ tronic engineering are considered in this book. The many worked examples are of various degrees of difficulty ranging from a simple example to bias a transistor to programs that analyse passive RLC networks or synthesise active circuits.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6525-9
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  • 23
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    Meaning and Inference in Medieval Philosophy : Studies in Memory of Jan Pinborg (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 32
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: On Boethius’s Notion of Being: A Chapter of Boethian Semantics -- Logic in the Early Twelfth Century -- The Distinction Actus Exercitus/Actus Significatus in Medieval Semantics -- Denomination in Peter of Auvergne -- Concrete Accidental Terms: Late Thirteenth-Century Debates About Problems Relating to Such Terms as ‘Album’ -- Concrete Accidental Terms and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech -- The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent -- Tu Scis Hoc Esse Omne Quod Est Hoc: Richard Kilvington and the Logic of Knowledge -- Logic and Trinitarian Theology: De Modo Predicandi ac Sylogizandi in Divinis -- A Seventeenth-Century Physician on God and Atoms: Sebastian Basso -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: The studies that make up this book were written and brought together to honor the memory of Jan Pinborg. His unexpected death in 1982 at the age of forty-five shocked and saddened students of medieval philosophy everywhere and left them with a keen sense of disappoint­ ment. In his fifteen-year career Jan Pinborg had done so much for our field with his more than ninety books, editions, articles, and reviews and had done it all so well that we recognized him as a leader and counted on many more years of his scholarship, his help, and his friendship. To be missed so sorely by his international colleagues in an academic field is a mark of Jan's achievement, but only of one aspect of it, for historians of philosophy are not the only scholars who have reacted in this way to Jan's death. In his decade and a half of intense productivity he also acquired the same sort of special status among historians of linguistics, whose volume of essays in his memory is being G. L. Bursill-Hall almost simultane­ published under the editorship of ously with this one. Sten Ebbesen, Jan's student, colleague, and successor as Director of the Institute of Medieval Greek and Latin Philology at the University of Copenhagen, has earned the gratitude of all of us by memorializing Jan 1 in various biographical sketches, one of which is accompanied by a 2 complete bibliography of his publications.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2843-5
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  • 24
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    The Horizons of Continental Philosophy : Essays on Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401733502
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 305 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Comparative Literature ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Questions of Method: On Describing the Individual as Exemplary -- 2. The Necessity of Intersubjectivity -- 3. Existence and Essence in Thomas and Husserl -- 4. A Phenomenological Exploration of Popper’s ‘World 3’ -- 5. Dwelling -- 6. Textuality and the Origin of the Work of Art -- 7. On the Occlusion of the Subject: Heidegger and Lacan -- 8. From the Deconstruction of Hermeneutics to the Hermeneutics of Deconstruction -- 9. Communication Science and Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of the Objectivist Illusion -- 10. Merleau-Ponty: The Depth of Memory as the Depth of the World -- 11. Towards an Erotics of Art -- 12. Merleau-Ponty on Silence and the Work of Philosophy -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: lacan. Barthes. Jakobson. Horkheimer. Adorno. Gadamer. Ricoeur. Foucault. Deleuze. Derrida. lyotard. Vattimo. Kofman. and Irigaray are also part of that outer horizon of continental philosophy. The purpose of this volume however is to establish that space within the core of continental philosophy -­ specifically in relation to the work of Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty -- and to move out to some of its various horizons. In some cases. these horizons are set by the history of philosophy. in others by newer directions in contemporary philosophy. and in others by alternative modes of philosophizing. The horizons also appear in areas as diverse as epistemology and the philosophy of science. metaphysics. philosophical psychology. and aesthetics. Furthermore. these limits are set by the relationships between philosophy and other disciplines such as psychology. communication theory. and the arts. Nevertheless the volume is organized around each of the three major figures in the phenomenological core of continental philosophy. The twelve essays provide important investigations into current research -- they represent the range and skills of contemporary work in relation to Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty. In themselves however they indicate advances in philosophical research and are hardly simple commentaries on these three figures. Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty constitute texts on the basis of which phenomenology is taken to its limits -- and even beyond.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3350-2
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  • 25
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    Logos and Life: The Three Movements of the Soul : The Spontaneous and the Creative in Man’s Self-Interpretation-in-the-Sacred (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928398
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXV, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreground -- I / Toward the Extended Phenomenology of The Soul: The Soul as the “Soil” of Life’s Forces and the Transmitter of Life’s Constructive Progress from the Primeval Logos of Life to Its Annihilation in the Anti-Logos of Man’s “Transnatural Telos” -- II / In Which the Principles of a New Phenomenological Explication of Spiritual Interiority, as Well as an Outline of its Philosophical Interpretation, are Proposed -- One The First Movement of The Soul: Radical Examination -- I / “Radical Examination” and the Current of Man’s Life -- II / The Second Movement of the Soul: Exalted Existence. The Discovery of the Finiteness of Life (Does the Soul Have Its Very Own Resources and Hidden Means for Passing beyond This Finitude ?) -- III / The Third Movement of the Soul: Toward Transcending -- Two Progress in the Life of the Soul as the Logos of Life Declines -- I / Inward “Communication” -- II / “Personal Truth” and the Essential Point of Communiscation -- Three The Secret Architecture of the Soul -- I / The Establishment of the “Inward Sacredness” of the Soul’s Quest -- II / The Dianoiac Thread of the Logos Running Through Our Polyphonic Exploration of the Pursuit of Destiny: Creative Self-Interpretation between the Self and the Other -- Notes -- Index of Names -- of Book 1.
    Abstract: PART I THE CRITIQUE OF REASON CONTINUED: FROM LOGOS TO ANTI-LOGOS 1. THE NEW CRITIQUE OF REASON A new critique of reason is the crucial task imposed on the philosophy of our times as we emerge more and more from so-called "modernism" into a historical phase which will have to take its own paths and find its own determination. It may be considered that the main developmental line of modern times in its philosophy as well as in its culture at large was traced by the Cartesian cogito. The unfolding of Occidental philos­ ophy has culminated in reason or intellect's being awarded the central place. This is its specific trait. We can see a direct line of progression from the cogito to Kant's Critique. It is no wonder that this work is the landmark of modern philosophy. Kant's Critique was concerned with the foundation of the sciences. Edmund-Husserllaunched a second major, renewed, critique of reason, one which addresses not only the critical situation of the sciences but extends the critique even to the situation of Occidental culture as its malaise is diagnosed by this great thinker. Edmund Husserl voiced, in fact, the conviction that Occidental humanity has reached in our age the peak of its unfolding. His identify­ ing this peak with the formulation of phenomenological philosophy strikes at the point in which the significant and novel developments of Occidental culture and philosophy (phenomenology, that is) coincide.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2839-8
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  • 26
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    Properties, Types and Meaning : Volume II: Semantic Issues (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927230
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (314p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 39
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Type-Shifting Rules and the Semantics of Interrogatives -- On the Semantic Content of the Notion of ‘Thematic Role’ -- Structured Meanings, Thematic Roles and Control -- On the Semantic Composition of English Generic Sentences -- Generically Speaking, or, Using Discourse Representation Theory to Interpret Generics -- Realism and Definiteness -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This collection of papers stems originally from a conference on Property Theory, Type Theory and Semantics held in Amherst on March 13-16 1986. The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com­ puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (of ten in isolation from one another). Our intent was to boost debate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issues at a time of rapid change in semantics and cognitive science. The papers published in this work have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes. The first deals primarily with logical and philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues. While there is a common set of issues tying the two volumes together, they are both self-contained and can be read independently of one another. Two of the papers in the present collection (van Benthem in volume 1 and Chierchia in volume II) were not actually read at the conference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topics of the volumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the present work due to timing problems. We nevertheless thank the authors for their contribu­ tion in terms of ideas and participation in the debate.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2723-0
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  • 27
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    Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401568784
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 526 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 32
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: Categorial Grammars as Theories of Language -- The Lambek Calculus -- Generative Power of Categorial Grammars -- Semantic Categories and the Development of Categorial Grammars -- Aspects of a Categorial Theory of Binding -- Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Conjunction -- Implications of Process-Morphology for Categorial Grammar -- Phrasal Verbs and the Categories of Postponement -- Natural Language Motivations for Extending Categorial Grammar -- Categorial and Categorical Grammars -- Mixed Composition and Discontinuous Dependencies -- Multi-Dimensional Compositional Functions as a Basis for Grammatical Analysis -- Categorial Grammar and Phrase Structure Grammar: An Excursion on the Syntax-Semantics Frontier -- Combinators and Grammars -- A Typology of Functors and Categories -- Consequences of Some Categorially-Motivated Phonological Assumptions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Categories and Functors.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6878-4
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  • 28
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    Perfumery : The psychology and biology of fragrance (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401725583
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 268 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I The Biological Underpinnings of Scents -- 1 Human odour culture: a zoological perspective -- 2 The molecular dimension in perfumery -- 3 The significance of odorous steroids in axillary odour -- II Developmental and Social Aspects of Fragrance -- 4 The acquisition of odour hedonics -- 5 Perfume as a tactic of impression management in social and organizational settings -- III Odour Perception and the Language of the Brain -- 6 Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the psychological effects of odour -- 7 Emotion and the brain -- IV Fragrance Therapies -- 8 Anxiety reduction using fragrances -- 9 Essential oils as psychotherapeutic agents -- V The Consumer and Perfume -- 10 The psychology of fragrance selection -- 11 Perfume, people, perceptions and products -- 12 Selling perfume: a technique or an art? -- 13 Fragrance education and the psychology of smell -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: THE SENSE OF SMELL The nose is normally mistakenly assumed to be the organ of smell reception. It is not. The primary function of the nose is to regulate the temperature and humidity of inspired air, thereby protecting the delicate linings of the lungs. This is achieved by the breathed air passing through narrow passageways formed by three nasal turbinates in each nostril. The turbinates are covered by spongy vascular cells which can expand or contract to open or close the nasal pathways. The olfactory receptors, innervated by the 1st cranial nerve, are located at the top of the nose. There are about 50 million smell receptors in the human olfactory epithelia, the total size of which, in humans, is about that of a small postage stamp, with half being at the top of the left and half at the top of the right nostril. The receptive surfaces of olfactory cells are ciliated and extend into a covering layer of mucus. There is a constant turnover of olfactory cells. Their average active life has been estimated to be about 28 days.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2558-3
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  • 29
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    Family Planning (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400912311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reviews of United Kingdom Statistical Sources 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Demography. ; Population. ; Population—Economic aspects.
    Abstract: of Review 43 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types and Sources of Information -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Sources of Routine Data on Family Planning -- 2.3 Survey Data on Fertility and Family Planning -- 2.4 General Household Survey -- 2.5 Parliamentary Questions -- 2.6 Family Planning Information Service -- 3. Contraception -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Data on Contraceptive Usage -- 3.3 Sample Survey Data -- 3.4 Information Available From Sample Surveys -- 3.5 Additional Sources of Data on the Use of Contraception -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusion -- 4. Contraceptive Services -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Development of Contraceptive Services -- 4.3 Statistics Relating to Services before 1974 -- 4.4 Family Practitioner Services under 1973 Act -- 4.5 NHS Community and Hospital Services since 1974 -- 4.6 Survey Data on Family Planning Services -- 4.7 Evaluation of Family Planning Services -- 5. Sterilisation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sources of Data on Sterilisation Operations -- 5.3 Vasectomy -- 5.4 Female Sterilisation -- 5.5 Survey Data on Prevalence of Sterilisation -- 5.6 Summary and Conclusion -- 6. Abortion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Legislation -- 6.3 Published Statistics on Legal Abortion -- 6.4 Evaluation of Annual Statistics in England and Wales -- 6.5 Illegal Abortion -- 6.6 Survey Data on Abortion -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 7. Family Building Patterns -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Family Size Preferences -- 7.3 Unwanted Pregnancy -- 7.4 Contraceptive Effectiveness -- 7.5 Sexual Behaviour Outside Marriage -- 7.6 Childlessness, Subfecundity and Subfertility Services -- 7.7 Adoption -- 7.8 The Artificial Family -- 7.9 Summary and Conclusion -- 8. Evaluation and Future Needs -- 8.1 Evaluation -- 8.2 Further Needs -- Quick Reference List Description -- Quick Reference List Table of Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.
    Abstract: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under th~ auspices of the Royal Statistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs E. J. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (December 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1231-1
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    The Birth of Meaning in Hindu Thought (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400914315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (410p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 102
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Hindu Systems of Thought as Epistemic Disciplines -- I. The Science of Philosophies -- II. The Mechanism of Organization -- III. The Structural Design -- IV. Para-Methodology -- V. Modality and Modalization -- VI. The Self-Developing Culture and Text -- VII. Six Epistemic Disciplines Unfolding Into One Another -- VIII. Modal Semiotics and the Categories of Philosophical Thinking -- IX. Six Entries into the World of Philosophical Reflections -- X. Summa Philosophiae -- II / The Birth of ‘Meaning’: A Systematic Genealogy of Indian Semantics -- I. Segregation of Meaning and Language -- II. The Rgveda in the Making: A Meaningful Activity Without ‘Meaning’ -- III. The Nirukta: A Knot of Semantic and Etymological Problems -- IV. P?nini: Separating and Interconnecting Language and Logic -- V. The Individual and the Universal in Language and Knowledge -- III / Dialectics in Kant and in the Ny?ya-S?tra: Toward the History of the Formation of Formal Logical Thinking -- IV / The Canonical Self in the World of Knowledge: A Note on Ny?ya Gnoseology -- V / Revelation in Advaita Ved?nta as an Experiment in the Semantic Destruction of Language -- I. Theoretical Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Pary?ya) -- II. Intuitive Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Prayojana) -- III. Pary?ya of the First Stage of Reflection from the Structure of the Text to the Nature of Brahman: The Theory of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- IV. Prayojana of the First Stage of Reflection: The Intuition of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- V. Pary?ya of the Second Stage of Reflection: The Theory of Brahman Shown in a Metaphoric Occurrence (Laksan?vritti) -- VI. Prayojana of the Second Stage of Reflection: Intuition of Brahman Shown by the Method of Metamorphic Definition -- VII. Language Inappropriateness Exposed and Brahman Demonstrated by the Netiv?da Method: The Theory of Intuition (Pary?ya) -- VIII. Prayojana of the Vedic Realization by the Netiv?da Method: The Intuition of a Theory -- VI / Is The Bodhisattva a Skeptic? On the Trichotomy of ‘Indicative’, ‘Recollective’, and ‘Collective’ Signs -- VII / Hindu Values and Buddhism: An Exemplary Discourse -- I. Methodological -- II. Theoretical -- II.1. The Mim?msa Normology -- VIII / Understanding Cultural Traditions Through Types of Thinking -- I. Level of Absolute Reality -- II. Level of Phenomenation -- III. Level of Absolute Irreality -- IX / The Family of Hindu ‘Visions’ as Cultural Entities -- Notes and References -- Bibliography: Selected Works of David Zilberman.
    Abstract: In his letter to B. K. Matilal, dated February 20, 1977, the author of this book wrote about his work on Advaita-Vedanta: " ... It was not to present Advaita in the light of current problems of the logic of scientific discovery and modern philosophy of language ... but just the contrary. I do not believe that any 'logic without metaphysics' or 'philosophy of language without thinking' is possible." This passage alone may serve as the clue to Zilberman's understanding and mode of explaining that specific and highly original approach to (not 'of'!) philosophy that he himself nicknamed modal. Four points would seem to me to be most essential here. First, a philosophy cannot have 'anything un-thinking' as its object of investigation. Language, to Zilberman, is not a phenomenon of con­ sciousness but a spontaneously working natural mechanism (like, for instance, 'mind' to some Buddhist philosophers). It may, of course, be­ come used for and by consciousness; consciousness may see itself, so to speak, in language, but only secondarily, only as in one of its modifica­ tions, derivations or modalities. That is why to Zilberman linguistic- as to Kant psychology - cannot and must not figure as the primary ground for any philosophical investigation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1431-5
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  • 31
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    S. Leśniewski’s Lecture Notes in Logic (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927414
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One: Foundations of Mathematics -- 1. From the foundations of Protothetic -- 2. Definitions and theses of Le?niewski’s Ontology -- 3. Class theory -- Two: Peano Arithmetic and Whitehead’s Theory of Events -- 4. Primitive terms of arithmetic -- 5. Inductive definitions -- 6. Whitehead’s theory of events -- List of seminars and courses delivered by Le?niewski at Warsaw University between 1919 and 1939.
    Abstract: Stanislaw Lesniewski (1886-1939) was one of the leading Polish logicians and founders of the Warsaw School of Logic whose membership included, beside himself, Jan Lukasiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Alfred Tarski, and many others. In his lifetime LeSniewski published only a few hundred pages. He produced many important results in many areas of mathematics; these stood in various relations to each other, and to materials produced by others, and, in time, created more and more editorial problems. Very many were left unpublished at the time of his death. Then in 1944 in the fire of Warsaw the whole of this material was burned and lost -a considerable loss since a great deal of what is important could have been reconstructed from these notes. The present publication aims at presenting unique Lesniewski's materials from alternative sources comprising lecture notes taken during some of Lesniewski's lectures and seminars delivered at the University of Warsaw be­ tween the two world wars. The editors are aware of the limitations of student notes which cannot compensate for the loss of the original materials. However, they are unique in reflecting Lesniewski's ideas as he himself presented them. Already at the time of his death it was realized that these notes would provide a unique access to Lesniewski's own thought as well as a valuable record of some of the activities of the Warsaw School of Logic.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2741-4
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  • 32
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    The Vienna Circle and the Lvov-Warsaw School (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Ethics ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Vienna, Warsaw, Copenhagen -- The Cracow Circle -- Austrian Origins of Logical Positivism -- The Approach to Metaphysics in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- Ajdukiewicz’s Contribution to the Realism/Idealism Debate -- Towards Universal Grammars Carnap’s and Ajdukiewicz’ Contributions -- Principles of Categorial Grammar in the Light of Current Formalisms -- On ‘Categorial Grammar’ -- Meta-Ethics: Contributions from Vienna and Warsaw -- The Project to Create an Empirical Ethical Theory -- Mereology and Metaphysics: From Boethius of Dacia to Lesniewski -- Definitions in Russell, in the Vienna Circle and in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- ?ukasiewicz, Meinong, and Many-Valued Logic -- ?ukasiewiczian Logic of Tenses and The Problem of Determinism -- Kasimir Twardowski: An Essay on The Borderlines of Ontology, Psychology and Logic -- Some Remarks on the Place of Logical Empiricism in 20th Century Philosophy -- De Veritate: Austro-Polish Contributions to the Theory of Truth from Brentano to Tarski -- The Lvov-Warsaw School and the Vienna Circle.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2829-9
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  • 33
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    Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part 2 The Airy Elements in Poetic Imagination : Breath, Breeze, Wind, Tempest, Thunder, Snow, Flame, Fire, Volcano (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928411
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 443 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Address -- “Poetics at the Creative Crucibles” Offering New Guidelines for Literary Interpretation -- I Plurivocal Poiesis of the Airy Elements -- Empedocles: The Phenomenology of the Four Elements in Literature -- Fire in Goethe’s Work: Neptunism and Volcanism -- The Tempestuous Conflict of the Elements in Baroque Poetry and Painting -- Fire Transfigured in T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets -- Fire and Snow: The Dichotomies and Dichomachies of Polish Baroque Poetry -- II The Metamorphic Poiesis of Air -- Temporality Puts on Airs: Process, Purpose, and Poetry in Shakespeare’s Histories -- Filles de l’air -- Concretizations of the Aeolian Metaphor -- III The Aesthetic Forces of the Airy Elements -- Le thème de l’air dans la poésie de Paul-Marie Lapointe -- “L’Etre contre le vent”: Aspects du vent dans la poésie de Paul Valéry -- “Le Ciel est mort”: Mallarmé and a Metaphysics of (Im)Possibility -- IV The Elemental Fire and the Poetic Transfiguration of Reality -- Man against Fire: Alfred Döblin’s Utopian Novel Mountains, Oceans and Giants -- “This Hard Gemlike Flame”: Walter Pater and the Aesthetic Accommodation of Fire -- Thoreau’s Waiden: The Pro-vocation of Fire -- Flannery O’Connor: The Flames of Heaven and Hell -- V Fire, the Poetry of Elemental Passion -- From Fire to Fireworks in Baroque Poetry -- “Falling Fire”: The Negativity of Knowledge in the Poetry of William Blake -- The Poetics of Fire in Jean Giono’s Le Chant du Monde -- VI The Elemental Expanse -- Ruskin’s Queen of the Air -- Breathless Messages: Phenomenology in Deep Space -- A Poetics of Space: William Bronk’s Unhousing of the Universe -- Jean Giono’s Le Chant du monde: The Harmony of the Elements -- VII The Significance of Literature and Related Topics -- The Significance of Literature According to Contemporary Writers -- The “Literature in Life” Philosophy vs. Reality: The Role of the River in Beppe Fenoglio’s Il partigiano Johnny -- “The Origin of the Work of Art”: Truth in Existence and the Scholastic Tradition -- The Ontology of Language in a Post-Structuralist Feminist Perspective: Explosive Discourse in Monique Wittig -- Être-dans-un-monde-littéraire -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2841-1
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  • 34
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    Robot sensors and transducers (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401168724
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Transducers -- 2 Position transducers -- 3 Light transducers -- 4 Force transducers -- 5 Velocity transducers -- II Sensors -- 6 Robot Vision Sensors -- 7 Robot Tactile Sensors -- III Image Processing -- 8 Image processing -- Solutions to revision questions -- References.
    Abstract: The use of sensor's with machines, whether to control them continuously or to inspect and verify their operation, can be highly cost-effective in particular areas of industrial automation. Examples of such areas include sensing systems to monitor tool condition, force and torque sensing for robot assembly systems, vision-based automatic inspection, and tracking sensor's for robot arc welding and seam sealing. Many think these will be the basis of an important future industry. So far, design of sensor systems to meet these needs has been (in the interest of cheapness) rather ad hoc and carefully tailored to the application both as to the transducer hardware and the associated processing software. There are now, however, encouraging signs of commonality emerging between different sensor application areas. For instance, many commercial vision systems and some tactile systems just emerging from research are able to use more or less standardized techniques for two-dimensional image processing and shape representation. Structured-light triangulation systems can be applied with relatively minor hardware and software variations to measure three-dimensional profiles of objects as diverse as individual soldered joints, body pressings, and weldments. Sensors make it possible for machines to recover 'sensibly' from errors, and standard software proce­ dures such as expert systems can now be applied to facilitate this.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6872-4
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  • 35
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    Michael Dummett : Contributions to Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935419
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. Dummett and Revisionism -- 2. Holism, Molecularity and Truth -- 3. In Defence of Modesty -- 4. Truth Beyond All Verification -- 5. Dummett on a Theory of Meaning and Its Impact on Logic -- 6. Fixed Past, Unfixed Future -- 7. Playing Cards -- 8. Twenty Years of Racialism and Multi-Racialism -- 9. Replies to Essays -- A. Reply to Crispin Wright -- B. Reply to Neil Tennant -- C. Reply to John McDowell -- D. Reply to Brian Loar -- E. Reply to Dag Prawitz -- F. Reply to D.H.Mellor -- G. Reply to Sylvia Mann -- H. Reply to John Rex -- Chronological Bibliography of Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Alphabetical Guide to Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: P. A. Schilpp's 'Library of Living Philosophers' is the series which introduced to the philosophical community the format of a volume of essays on the work of a distinguished philosopher, combined with replies to the essays by the philosopher targeted. The format proved attracti ve to a discipline which has always placed a high premium on debate. But the Schilpp series has shown itself unenterprising in its choice of subjects, concentrating on end-of-year reports on philosophers who are of undoubted distinction, but whose contribution to the subject can be regarded as rather definitely over. Which leaves a gap, which the present series is designed to fill, for volumes of a similar format aiming at assessment of philosophers who have distinguished themselves already by making a substan­ tial impact on their discipline, but whose further work too is awaited with eager anticipation. Michael Dummett is an ideal subject for a series with this goal of mid­ term assessment. His writings to date have permanently altered philosophy's conception of what is at issue between realism and idealism (and its paler cousin, anti-realism); and this has been achieved by way of a supplementary clarification of a host of issues in the philosophy of language and of mathematics, and of the Frege/Wittgenstein historical tradition from which such issues are typically approached in contemporary philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3541-9
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  • 36
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    Philosophy and the Visual Arts : Seeing and Abstracting (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Aesthetics ; Arts. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Abstracting and Depicting -- Depiction and the Golden Calf -- Painting, Expression, Abstraction -- Dimensions of Meaning -- Cubism — abstract or realist? -- Representing and Abstracting -- Alienation and Disalienation in Abstract Art -- On Attempting to Define Abstract Art -- On Being an Abstract Artist -- II Depicting Colours -- Identity, Predication and Colour -- Colour Systems and Perception in Early Abstract Painting -- Colour, Culture and Cinematography -- Form and Meaning in Colour -- Colour Appearances and the Colour Solid -- III The Limits of Depiction -- Perspective and Meaning: Illusion, Allusion and Collusion -- Looking at Pictures and Looking at Things -- Some New Problems in Perspective -- The Limits of Portrayal -- Bibliography of Works Cited.
    Abstract: This volume consists of papers given to the Royal Institute of Philos­ ophy Conference on 'Philosophy and the Visual Arts: Seeing and Abstracting' given at the University of Bristol in September 1985. The contributors here come about equally from the disciplines of Philosophy and Art History and for that reason the Conference was hosted jointly by the Bristol University Departments of Philosophy and History of Art. Other conferences sponsored by the Royal Institute of Philosophy have been concerned with links between Philosophy and related disciplines, but here, with the generous support of South West Arts and with the enthusiastic co-operation of the staff of the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol we were able to attempt even more in the way of bridge building; not only were we able to hold some of our meetings in as possible to the general the Gallery, thus making them as accessible public, but we were also privileged in having our discussions supported by two exhibitions of contemporary painting that together presented contrasting aspects of the abstracting enterprise. One, featuring works by Ian McKeever, and drawings and painting by Frank Auerbach, some of which are discussed and illustrated in the present volume, was about the painterly exploration of 'abstracting from' images in nature and in painting itself. The other, curated by Waldemar Januszczak, while showing some figurative works, was concerned with the 'pure' power of colour perceived 'abstractly, in its own right.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3847-2
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  • 37
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    Initiatives in Logic (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reason and Argument 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Leibniz’s Calculus of Strict Implication -- Leibniz’s Modal Calculus of Concepts -- The Logic of Conditions -- Philosophical Pragmatism in Poincare -- A Note on Zeno B3 -- Generalizations and Strengthenings of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- The Logical Work of Mordchaj Wajsberg -- Notes on Wajsberg’s Proof of the Separation Theorem -- Logical Analysis of Thomism The Polish Programme that originated in 1930’s -- On Justification of Questions -- The Logic of Types -- Systems of Computer-Aided Reasoning for Mathematics and Natural Language -- Two Reports on Educational Applications of MIZAR MSE, a System of Computer-Aided Reasoning The application of MIZAR MSE in a course in logic -- The use of MIZAR MSE in a course in foundations of geometry -- Literature -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3673-7
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  • 38
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    A History of Women Philosophers : Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 229 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A History of Women Philosophers 1
    Series Statement: History of Women Philosophers 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; History ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: to Volume 1 -- 1. Early Pythagoreans: Themistoclea, Theano, Arignote, Myia, and Damo -- I. Themistoclea, Arignote, and Damo -- II. Theano of Crotona -- III. Myia; Notes. -- 2. Late Pythagoreans: Aesara of Lucania, Phintys of Sparta, and Perictione I -- I. Aesara of Lucania -- II. Phintys of Sparta -- III. Perictione I -- 3. Late Pythagoreans: Theano II, and Perictione II -- I. Theano II -- II. Perictione II -- 4. Authenticating the Fragments and Letters -- I. The Forgery Hypothesis -- II. The Pseudonymy Hypothesis -- III. The Eponymy Hypothesis: -- 5. Aspasia of Miletus -- I. Background -- II. The Menexenus and Pericles’ Funeral Oration -- III. Two arguments about the Menexenus -- IV. Aspasia and Sophistic Rhetoric; Conclusions; Notes. -- 6. Diotima of Mantinea -- I. Distinguishing Diotima from Plato and Socrates -- II. The Tradition of Diotima as a Fictitious Character -- III. The historical Diotima -- IV. In Support of Thesis B -- 7. Julia Domna -- I. Julia Domna’s Biography -- II. “The Philosopher Julia” -- III. Conclusion; Notes. -- 8. Makrina -- I. Biography -- II. Makrina and the Spiritual Tradition -- III. Makrina and Woman’s Soul -- IV. Makrina on Creation, Reincarnation, and Resurrection -- 9. Hypatia of Alexandria -- I. Biography -- II. Teaching -- III. Works -- 10. Arete, Asclepigenia, Axiothea, Cleobulina, Hipparchia, and Lasthenia -- I. Arete of Cyrene -- II. Asclepigenia of Athens -- III. Axiothea of Philesia -- IV. Cleobulina of Rhodes -- V. Hipparchia the Cynic -- VI. Lathenia of Mantinea; Notes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3497-9
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  • 39
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    Philosophy of Prediction and Capitalism (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Sociology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Three Characters of Absolute Time -- a) The Coincidence of Meaning and Phase -- b) The Distinction between Becoming and What Comes-To-Be -- c) The Phenomenon of Transition -- II The Impulsion of Life -- a) Ultimate Foundations of Organic and Inorganic Matter -- b) Impulsion and Phantasy -- c) The Factors of Reality and Ideality -- III Mind and the Genesis of Human Ideas -- a) Two Examples for the Genesis of Ideas in Greek Philosophy -- b) Contemporary Conception of Ideas: The Essence of Pragmatism -- c) The Essence of Pragmatic Truth: Functionalization -- d) Idea as “Sketch”: Introductory Comment -- IV The Unfinished Idea of Man -- a) Man’s Self-Understanding as Sketch -- b) Capitalism and the Concept of an Entity -- c) Variations of the Functional Appearance of Entities and the Role of the Sketch -- d) A Second Look at the Idea as Sketch and the Essence of Capitalism and Economics -- Notes.
    Abstract: There is little more than a decade left before the bells allover the world will be ringing in the first hour of the twenty-first century, which will surely be an era of highly advanced technology. Looking back on the century that we live in, one can realize that generations of people who have already lived in it for the better parts of their lives have begun to ask the same question that also every individual person thinks about when he is faced with the first signs of the end of his life. It is the question: "Why did everything in my life happen the way it did?" Or, "It would have been so easy to have channelled events into directions other than the way they went. " Or, "Why, in all the world, is my life coming to an end as it does, or, why must all of us face this kind of end of our century?" Whenever human beings take retrospective views of their lives and times - when they are faced with their own personal "fin du siecle" - there appears to be an increasing anxiety throughout the masses asso­ ciated with a somber feeling of pessimism, which may even be mixed with a slight degree of fatalism. There is quite another feeling with those persons who were born late in this century and who did not share all the events the older generation experi­ enced.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3637-9
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  • 40
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    Truthlikeness (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937390
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 185
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Linguistics. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 1. Distance and Similarity -- 1.1. Metric Spaces and Distances -- 1.2. Topological Spaces and Uniformities -- 1.3. Degrees of Similarity -- 1.4. The Pragmatic Relativity of Similarity Relations -- 2. Logical Tools -- 2.1. Monadic Languages NL -- 2.2. Q-Predicates -- 2.3. State Descriptions -- 2.4. Structure Descriptions -- 2.5. Monadic Constituents -- 2.6. Monadic Languages with Identity -- 2.7. Polyadic Constituents -- 2.8. Distributive Normal Forms -- 2.9. First-Order Theories -- 2.10. Inductive Logic -- 2.11. Nomic Constituents -- 3. Quantities, State Spaces, and Laws -- 3.1. Quantities and Metrization -- 3.2. From Conceptual Systems to State Spaces -- 3.3. Laws of Coexistence -- 3.4. Laws of Succession -- 3.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 4. Cognitive Problems, Truth, and Information -- 4.1. Open and Closed Questions -- 4.2. Cognitive Problems -- 4.3. Truth -- 4.4. Vagueness -- 4.5. Semantic Information -- 5. The Concept of Truthlikeness -- 5.1. Truth, Error, and Fallibilism -- 5.2. Probability and Verisimilitude -- 5.3. Approach to the Truth -- 5.4. Truth: Parts and Degrees -- 5.5. Degrees of Truth: Attempted Definitions -- 5.6. Popper’s Qualitative Theory of Truth-likeness -- 5.7. Quantitative Measures of Verisimilitude -- 6. The Similarity Approach to TruthLikeness -- 6.1. Spheres of Similarity -- 6.2. Targets -- 6.3. Distance on Cognitive Problems -- 6.4. Closeness to the Truth -- 6.5. Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 6.6. Comparison with the Tichý—Oddie Approach -- 6.7. Distance between Statements -- 6.8. Distance from Indefinite Truth -- 6.9. Cognitive Problems with False Presuppositions -- 7. Estimation of Truthlikeness -- 7.1. The Epistemic Problem of Truthlikeness -- 7.2. Estimated Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 7.3. Probable Verisimilitude -- 7.4. Errors of Observation -- 7.5. Counterfactual Presuppositions and Approximate Validity -- 8. Singular Statements -- 8.1. Simple Qualitative Singular Statements -- 8.2. Distance between State Descriptions -- 8.3. Distance between Structure Descriptions -- 8.4. Quantitative Singular Statements -- 9. Monadic Generalizations -- 9.1. Distance between Monadic Constituents -- 9.2. Monadic Constituents with Identity -- 9.3. Tichý—Oddie Distances -- 9.4. Existential and Universal Generalizations -- 9.5. Estimation Problem for Generalizations -- 10. Polyadic Theories -- 10.1. Distance between Polyadic Constituents -- 10.2. Complete Theories -- 10.3. Distance between Possible Worlds -- 10.4. First-Order Theories -- 11. Legisimilitude -- 11.1. Verisimilitude vs Legisimilitude -- 11.2. Distance between Nomic Constituents -- 11.3. Distance between Quantitative Laws -- 11.4. Approximation and Idealization -- 11.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 12. Verisimilitude as an Epistemic Utility -- 12.1. Cognitive Decision Theory -- 12.2. Epistemic Utilities: Truth, Information, and Truthlikeness -- 12.3. Comparison with Levi’s Theory -- 12.4. Theoretical and Pragmatic Preference -- 12.5. Bayesian Estimation -- 13. Objections Answered -- 13.1. Verisimilitude as a Programme -- 13.2. The Problem of Linguistic Variance -- 13.3. Progress and Incommensurability -- 13.4. Truthlikeness and Logical Pragmatics -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The modern discussion on the concept of truthlikeness was started in 1960. In his influential Word and Object, W. V. O. Quine argued that Charles Peirce's definition of truth as the limit of inquiry is faulty for the reason that the notion 'nearer than' is only "defined for numbers and not for theories". In his contribution to the 1960 International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science at Stan­ ford, Karl Popper defended the opposite view by defining a compara­ tive notion of verisimilitude for theories. was originally introduced by the The concept of verisimilitude Ancient sceptics to moderate their radical thesis of the inaccessibility of truth. But soon verisimilitudo, indicating likeness to the truth, was confused with probabilitas, which expresses an opiniotative attitude weaker than full certainty. The idea of truthlikeness fell in disrepute also as a result of the careless, often confused and metaphysically loaded way in which many philosophers used - and still use - such concepts as 'degree of truth', 'approximate truth', 'partial truth', and 'approach to the truth'. Popper's great achievement was his insight that the criticism against truthlikeness - by those who urge that it is meaningless to speak about 'closeness to truth' - is more based on prejudice than argument.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3739-0
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  • 41
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    The Event of Death: A Phenomenological Enquiry (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Ontological Roots of the Phenomenon of Death: A Heideggerean Interpretation -- One: Individuation and Temporality -- Two: Temporality as the Meaning of Being-Towards-Death -- Three: Death, Time and Appropration -- Four: A Project Beyond Heidegger -- Two: Death as an Ontic E-Vent: Coming to terms with the phenomenon of death as a determinate possibility -- One: Reflecting on One’s own Death -- Two: The Death of the Other -- Three: The Phenomenon of Immortality -- Three: Ontic/Ontological Implications -- One: Ontology as Concrete -- Two: Is Phenomenology still too Metaphysical? -- Key to abbreviations.
    Abstract: Building upon the "preliminary conception of Phenomenology" introduced by Heidegger in section II of the Introduction to Sein und zeit,l one may say that a phenomenology of death would mean: "to let death, as that which shows itself, be seen from itself in the very way in which it shows itself from itself. " Does this mean then, that a properly phenomenological d- cription of death may reveal to us what death as a factical event is like "in the very way in which it shows itself from itself"? Although I cannot experience my death in order to describe it, may some kind of phenomenologica'l inference or "extrapolation"2 be the condition for a unique and privileged revelation of what it is like to be dead? There is an important element of phenomenological descr- tion which renders such an extrapolation implausible, and it involves what Husserl originally called the reduction to signi- cance or meaning. It can never be true for the phenomenologist, 1 Heidegger, Martin, Sein und zeit, p. 34. e. t. page 58. 2 Henry W. Johnstone Jr. thinks that while one cannot extrapo­ late from the experience of sleep to the experience of death, it may be possible to extrapolate from the phenomeno­ lQgy of sleep to the phenomenology of death. Cf. H. W. John­ stone Jr. , "Toward a Phenomenology of Death", in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, 1975, pages 396-7. Cf.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3509-9
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  • 42
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    Pierre Gassendi : From Aristotelianism to a New Natural Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937932
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 30
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Pierre Gassendi -- Manuscripts and published works -- Bibliographical survey -- 1. Sceptical anti-Aristotelianism -- 2. Copernican anti-Aristotelianism -- 3. Epicurean anti-Aristotelianism -- Epicureanism as substitute for Aristotelianism -- 4. Empirical anti-Aristotelianism -- 1. Logical writings: from Aristotelian dialectic to Epicurean canonic -- 2. Cognition: the physical and physiological processes -- 3. Cognition: the ‘psychological’ processes -- 4. Empirical anti-Aristotelianism -- 5. The ‘sceptical crisis’ -- 5. “A truer philosophy” -- 1. Atoms and the void -- 2. The substance of physical causes -- 3. Obscurity vanquished -- Conclusion -- Notes.
    Abstract: Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) lived in three civilizations in the span of one life-time: medieval ecclesiastic, Renaissance humanist and modern and he never cut himself loose from any of them. It is probably scientific; because he managed to be at home in all three that history has allocated to him a position somewhere on the fringe of the inner circle of genius in the seventeenth-century scientific revolution. While he was not a front-runner, Gassendi was nevertheless a pioneer of modern corpuscularianism and his influence on the development of empirical science was truly international. It is precisely because Gassendi was a figure of the second rank - a significant but lesser luminary - that we need to examine his work closely, for the less famous contemporaries help us to explain what the great ones do. It might seem that Gassendi has received his share of attention from scholars, even though it is sometimes suggested otherwise. Several full­ length monographs have been published in the past three decades, and there have been a number of articles in scholarly journals. Yet, despite the indisputable worth of these studies, the picture of Gassendi that has emerged from them has been partial and at times wide of the mark, so that the true story remains to be told.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3793-2
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  • 43
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    Rationality: The Critical View (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (490p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Rationality in General -- 1. Seven Desiderata for Rationality -- 2. Arguments for Skepticism -- 3. Skeptical Rationalism -- 4. The Sceptic at Bay -- 5. Esotericism -- 6. Science and the Search for Truth -- 7. Rationality and the Problem of Scientific Traditions -- 8. An Ethic of Cognition -- 9. Methodological Individualism and Institutional Individualism -- 10. Epistemology and Politics -- 11. The Concept of Decision -- 12. Galileo’s Knife -- 13. The Objectivity of Criticism of the Arts -- 14. What is Literature? -- 15. Utopia and the Architect -- II: Rationality and Criticism -- 16. Theories of Rationality -- 17. Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 18. The Choice of Problems and the Limits of Reason -- 19. Rationality and Criticism -- 20. On Explaining Beliefs -- 21. Historicist Relativism and Bootstrap Rationality -- 22. On Two Non-Justificationist Theories -- 23. A Critique of Good Reasons -- III: Rationality and Irrationality -- 24. The Problem of the Rationality of Magic -- 25. Magic and Rationality Again -- 26. A Study in Westernization -- 27. Is Face the Same as Li? -- 28. The Rationality of Dogmatism -- 29. The Rationality of Irrationalism -- For Further Reading -- Sources -- Biographical Sketches -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In our papers on the rationality of magic, we distinghuished, for purposes of analysis, three levels of rationality. First and lowest (rationalitYl) the goal­ directed action of an agent with given aims and circumstances, where among his circumstances we included his knowledge and opinions. On this level the magician's treatment of illness by incantation is as rational as any traditional doctor's blood-letting or any modern one's use of anti-biotics. At the second level (rationalitY2) we add the element of rational thinking or thinking which obeys some set of explicit rules, a level which is not found in magic in general, though it is sometimes given to specific details of magical thinking within the magical thought-system. It was the late Sir Edward E. Evans-Pritchard who observed that when considering magic in detail the magician may be as consistent or critical as anyone else; but when considering magic in general, or any system of thought in general, the magician could not be critical or even comprehend the criticism. Evans-Pritchard went even further: he was sceptical as to whether it could be done in a truly consistent manner: one cannot be critical of one's own system, he thought. On this level (rationalitY2) of discussion we have explained (earlier) why we prefer to wed Evans­ Pritchard's view of the magician's capacity for piece-meal rationality to Sir James Frazer's view that magic in general is pseudo-rational because it lacks standards of rational thinking.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3491-7
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  • 44
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    The Logics of Preference : A Study of Prohairetic Logics in Twentieth Century Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One The Objectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 1. Prototheoretic Attempts Toward a Logic of Preference -- 2. Aristotelean Reflections in Richard M. Martin’s Extensionalized Pragmatics of Preference -- 3. Rescher’s Logic of Preference and Linguistic Analysis -- 4. Richard C. Jeffrey’s Logic of First and Higher-Order Preferences -- Two The Subjectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 5. Soren Hallden’s “Puristic” Logic of the Better and Same -- 6. The Many Modal Interpretations of Prohairetic Logic: Aqvist, Chisholm, Sosa and Hansson -- 7. Von Wright’s Logic of Propositions Expressing Preferences -- 8. Hochberg on the Logic of “Extrinsic Epistemic Preferability” -- Postcript -- Selected Bibliography -- Name Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3975-2
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  • 45
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    Breeding Field Crops (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401572712
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 724 p) , digital
    Edition: Third Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Plant Breeders and Their Work -- What Is Plant Breeding? -- The Strategy of Plant Breeding -- Training for the Modern Plant Breeder -- Some Early Plant Breeders -- Some Accomplishments in Plant Breeding -- Who Does Plant Breeding in the United States? -- 2 Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Types of Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Asexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- 3 Gene Recombination in Plant Breeding -- Variation, the Basis of Plant Breeding -- The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity -- Gene Recombination Following Hybridization -- Gene Structure and Action -- 4 Quantitative Inheritance in Plant Breeding -- Quantitative Inheritance and its Measurement -- Multiple Alleles -- Types of Gene Action -- Heritability -- Selection Intensity and Genetic Advance -- Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium -- Gene Recombination and Plant Breeding -- 5 Variations in Chromosome Number -- Polyploidy -- Aneuploidy -- Haploidy -- 6 Mutation -- The Nature of Mutation -- Induction of Mutation -- Mutator Genes and Controlling Elements -- Some Mutation-Breeding Experiments -- Role of Mutation Breeding -- 7 Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation -- Incompatibility -- Male Sterility -- Apomixis -- Interspecific Hybridization -- 8 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Applications in Plant Breeding -- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -- Clonal Propagation -- Embryo Culture, Ovule Culture, and in Vitro Pollination -- Anther Culture and Haploid Plant Production -- Genetic Variability from Cell Cultures -- Somatic Cell Hybridization -- Plant Genetic Engineering -- 9 Germplasm Resources and Conservation -- Germplasm Conservation -- Germplasm Resources and Their Maintenance in the United States -- How Genetic Resources Are Utilized -- Acclimatization -- 10 Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops -- What Is a Variety? -- Genetic Significance of Pollination Method -- Breeding Methods in Self-Pollinated Crops -- Plant Breeding: A Numbers Game? -- 11 Breeding Cross-Pollinated and Clonally Propagated Crops -- Genetic Structure of Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Seed-Propagated Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Clonally Propagated Crops -- 12 Breeding Hybrids -- Proprietary Nature of Hybrid Varieties -- Inbreeding -- Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis -- Double-Cross Hybrid Corn—The Model for Hybrid Breeding -- Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production -- Alternative Hybrid Procedures -- 13 Techniques in Breeding Field Crops -- Selfing and Crossing -- Conducting Field Trials -- Maturity Comparisons -- Resistance to Lodging and Shattering -- Resistance to Stress -- Breeding for Disease Resistance -- Breeding for Insect Resistance -- Measuring Quality -- Keeping Accurate Records -- 14 Breeding Wheat and Triticale -- Breeding Wheat -- Breeding Triticale -- 15 Breeding Rice -- Origin and Types -- Varieties -- Botany and Genetics -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- Upland Rice -- Deep-Water and Floating Rice -- Wild Rice -- 16 Breeding Barley and Oats -- Breeding Barley -- Breeding Oats -- 17 Breeding Soybeans -- Origin and Species -- Genetics -- Botany -- Varieties -- The USDA and Cooperative State Agricultural Experimental Stations -- International Soybean Program (INTSOY) -- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 18 Breeding Corn (Maize) -- Origin -- Races of Corn -- Genetics -- Pollination -- Heterozygous Nature of Open-Pollinated Corn -- Breeding Open-Pollinated Corn -- Hybrid Corn -- Breeding Improved Hybrids -- Population Improvement -- Breeding Objectives -- Special-Purpose Hybrids -- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center -- 19 Breeding Sorghum and Millet -- Breeding Sorghum -- Breeding Millet -- 20 Breeding Cotton -- Botany, Pollination, and Male Sterility -- Genetics and Cytology -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Variety Maintenance -- Breeding Objectives -- 21 Breeding Sugar Beets -- History of the Sugar Beet -- Botany and Genetics -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 22 Breeding Forage Crops -- Forage Crop Breeding Problems -- Pollination, Fertilization, and Seed Setting -- Vegetative Propagation -- Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies -- Natural Selection -- Endophytic Fungi: Impact on Grass Breeding -- Breeding Self-Pollinated Forage Species -- Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forage Species -- Public versus Private Breeding of Forage Crops -- Breeding Objectives -- Seed Increase of New Varieties -- 23 Seed Production Practices -- Public and Private Plant Breeding and Seed Distribution -- Classes of Certified Seed -- How a New Variety Reaches the Farmer -- How a Variety is Certified -- Agencies Concerned with Seed Certification in the United States -- Practical Problems in Seed Production -- Vegetatively Propagated Forages.
    Abstract: While preparing the first edition of this textbook I attended an extension short course on writing agricultural publications. The message I remember was "select your audience and write to it. " There has never been any doubt about the audience for which this textbook was written, the introductory course in crop breeding. In addition, it has become a widely used reference for the graduate plant-breeding student and the practicing plant breeder. In its prepa­ ration, particular attention has been given to advances in plant-breeding theo­ ry and their utility in plant-breeding practice. The blend of the theoretical with the practical has set this book apart from other plant-breeding textbooks. The basic structure and the objectives of the earlier editions remain un­ changed. These objectives are (1) to review essential features of plant re­ production, Mendelian genetic principles, and related genetic developments applicable in plant-breeding practice; (2) to describe and evaluate established and new plant-breeding procedures and techniques, and (3) to discuss plant­ breeding objectives with emphasis on the importance of proper choice of objec­ tive for achieving success in variety development. Because plant-breeding activities are normally organized around specific crops, there are chapters describing breeding procedures and objectives for the major crop plants; the crops were chosen for their economic importance or diversity in breeding sys­ tems. These chapters provide a broad overview of the kinds of problems with which the breeder must cope.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2
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  • 46
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    Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934214
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Pollution Monitoring Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mercury -- 1.2 Cadmium -- 1.3 Other Metals -- 1.4 Sources and Controls -- 2 Toxicity Testing Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Physical Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.4 Biological Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.5 Numbers of Test Animals -- 2.6 Chemical Conditions of Tests -- 3 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Fish -- 3.1 Arsenic -- 3.2 Cadmium -- 3.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Copper -- 3.5 Lead -- 3.6 Mercury -- 3.7 Nickel -- 3.8 Selenium -- 3.9 Silver -- 3.10 Vanadium -- 3.11 Zinc -- 4 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Invertebrates -- 4.1 Arsenic -- 4.2 Cadmium -- 4.3 Chromium -- 4.4 Copper -- 4.5 Lead -- 4.6 Mercury -- 4.7 Nickel -- 4.8 Selenium -- 4.9 Silver -- 4.10 Vanadium -- 4.11 Zinc -- 5 Toxicity of Metals to Marine Life -- 5.1 Arsenic -- 5.2 Cadmium -- 5.3 Chromium -- 5.4 Copper -- 5.5 Lead -- 5.6 Mercury -- 5.7 Nickel -- 5.8 Selenium -- 5.9 Silver -- 5.10 Vanadium -- 5.11 Zinc -- 6 Factors Affecting Toxicity -- 6.1 Interspecies Variations in Freshwater Fish -- 6.2 Interphyletic Variations -- 6.3 Life Stage -- 6.4 Water Hardness -- 6.5 Temperature -- 6.6 pH -- 6.7 Salinity -- 6.8 Acclimation -- 6.9 Fluctuating Exposure Concentrations -- 6.10 Mixtures of Metals -- 7 Freshwater Field Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological Assessment -- 7.3 Water Quality -- 7.4 Case Studies -- 8 Tidal Water Field Studies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Physical Factors -- 8.3 Chemical Factors -- 8.4 Biology -- 8.5 Case Studies -- 9 Bioaccumulation -- 9.1 Biomagnification of Metals -- 9.2 Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation -- 9.3 Monitoring -- 10 Environmental Standards -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Derivation of Standards -- 10.3 Statistical Expression of the Standard -- 10.4 The Relationship between Field and Laboratory Information -- 10.5 Effluent Controls from Environmental Standards -- 11 International Controls -- References.
    Abstract: The role of the European Community in developing environmental legislation has focused the minds of pollution control agencies and industrialists on the need for, and the evidence to support, water quality standards. This is particularly so for the Dangerous Substances Directive which has led to European standards for cadmium, mercury and lindane. Additionally the United Kingdom has published standards for six other non-ferrous metals. In this book I have sought to review the aquatic toxicity information for these and other metals, not just by the collation of the results of all the published toxicity tests, but by the critical consideration of the test techniques. A surprising proportion of the reported toxicity studies for aquatic organisms are based on unsatisfactory chemical or biological methods. That such weaknesses persist at a time of limited resources for environmental research is disappointing, especially when sound metho­ dologies are extensively documented and widely published. Evaluation of the critically reviewed and vetted data indicates that many of the previously accepted generalisations about the toxicity of metals to aquatic life are invalid: for instance the assumption that salmonid species of fish are more susceptible to these metals than coarse fish, or that increased water hardness decreases toxicity. Too few studies have actually sought to test such hypotheses.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3421-4
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  • 47
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    Jaakko Hintikka (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 8
    Series Statement: Profiles 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Constituents -- Surface Information and Analyticity -- Hintikka on Quantifying In and On Trans-World Identity -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Logical Form -- Hintikka’s Inductive Logic -- Hintikka’s Epistemic Logic -- Hintikka’s Theory of Questions -- What Is a “Perceptually Well-Defined Individual”? Hintikka’s Views on Perception -- On Objects and Worlds of Thought in the Philosophy of Hintikka -- Hintikka on Modalities and Determinism in Aristotle -- Hintikka’s Ontology -- Replies and Comments -- Three -- Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant his to rial and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3763-5
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  • 48
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    Handbook of Philosophical Logic : Volume III: Alternatives in Classical Logic (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400952034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (531p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 166
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: to Volume III -- III.1. Partial Logic -- III.2. Many-valued Logic -- III.3. Relevance Logic and Entailment -- III.4. Intuitionistic Logic -- III.5. Dialogues as a Foundation for Intuitionistic Logic -- III.6. Free Logics -- III.7. Quantum Logic -- III.8. Proof Theory and Meaning -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volumes I, II, and IV.
    Abstract: This volume presents a number of systems of logic which can be considered as alternatives to classical logic. The notion of what counts as an alternative is a somewhat problematic one. There are extreme views on the matter of what is the 'correct' logical system and whether one logical system (e. g. classical logic) can represent (or contain) all the others. The choice of the systems presented in this volume was guided by the following criteria for including a logic as an alternative: (i) the departure from classical logic in accepting or rejecting certain theorems of classical logic following intuitions arising from significant application areas and/or from human reasoning; (ii) the alternative logic is well-established and well-understood mathematically and is widely applied in other disciplines such as mathematics, physics, computer science, philosophy, psychology, or linguistics. A number of other alternatives had to be omitted for the present volume (e. g. recent attempts to formulate so-called 'non-monotonic' reason­ ing systems). Perhaps these can be included in future extensions of the Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Chapter 1 deals with partial logics, that is, systems where sentences do not always have to be either true or false, and where terms do not always have to denote. These systems are thus, in general, geared towards reasoning in partially specified models. Logics of this type have arisen mainly from philo­ sophical and linguistic considerations; various applications in theoretical computer science have also been envisaged.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5203-4
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  • 49
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    Possibility of the Aesthetic Experience (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Content -- I. Aporetic Character of the Aesthetic Experience -- One: The Idea of Aesthetic Experience -- Two: A Critique of Aesthetics -- Three: The Actualities of Non-Aesthetic Experience -- Four: Can We Speak of ‘Aesthetic Experience’? -- II. Having an Aesthetic Experience -- Five: Experiencing Aesthetically, Aesthetic Experience, and Experience in Aesthetics -- Six: The Deweyan View of Experience -- Seven: Experience and Theory in Aesthetics -- Eight: The Aesthetic Experience: An Exploration -- III. Nature of the Aesthetic Experience -- Nine: What Makes an Experience Aesthetic? -- Ten: Controversy About Aesthetic Attitude: Does Aesthetic Attitude Condition Aesthetic Experience? -- Eleven: Mode of Existence of Aesthetic Qualities.
    Abstract: The majority of aestheticians have focused their attention during the past three decades on the identity, or essential nature, of art: can 'art' be defined? What makes an object a work of art? Under what conditions can we characterize in a classificatory sense an object as an art work? The debate, and at times controversy, over these questions proved to be constructive, intellectually stimulating, and in many cases suggestive of new ideas. I hope this debate continues in its momentum and creative outcome. The time is, however, ripe to direct our attention to another important, yet neglected, concept - viz. , 'aesthetic experience' - which occupies a prominent place in the philosohpy of art. We do not only create art; we also enjoy, i. e. , experience, and evaluate it. How can we theorize about the nature of art in general and the art work in particular, and about what makes an object a good work of art, if we do not experience it? For example, how can we identify an object as an art work and distinguish it from other types of objects unless we first perceive it, that is in a critical, educated manner? Again, how can we judge a work as good, elegant, melodramatic, or beautiful unless we first perceive it and recognize its artistic aspect? It seems to me that experiencing art works is a necessary condition for any reasonable theory on the nature of art and artistic criticism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4372-8
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  • 50
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    Practical Reasoning in Human Affairs : Studies in Honor of Chaim Perelman (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400946743
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 183
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: Introduction: Chaim Perelman’s Address at the Ohio State University -- I: Argument -- The Changing Strategies of Argumentation from Ancient to Modern Times -- Implications of Perelman’s Theory of Argumentation for Theory of Persuasion -- Arguing: The Art of Being Human -- An Axiological Analysis of Chaim Perelman’s Theory of Practical Reasoning -- Judging the Quality of Audiences and Narrative Rationality -- Mecum meditari: Demolishing Doubt, Building a Prayer -- Problematology and Rhetoric -- II: Justice -- Justice and Justification in the New Rhetoric -- The Rational and the Reasonable: Dialectic or Parallel Systems? -- Pragmatic Justification and Perelman’s Philosophical Rhetoric -- The Evolution of Judicial Justification: Perelman’s Concept of the Rational and the Reasonable -- Perelman and the Philosophy of Law -- III: Social Application -- Reason and Rhetorical Practice: The Inventional Agenda of Chaim Perelman -- The Universal Audience Revisited -- The Contemporary Emergence of the Jurisprudential Model: Perelman in the Information Age -- Perelman on Justice and Political Institutions -- Social Ontology and Responsive Law -- The Teflon President: The Relevance of Chaim Perelman’s Formulations for the Study of Political Communication -- The Concrete-Universal: A Social Science Foundation for the New Rhetoric -- About the Contributors -- About the Editors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This anthology of original essays has been nearly .two and one-half years in the making, and reflects the generous effort of many persons. To begin with, we thank the contributors to the volume, who not only cooperated with regards to their own works, but who also provided valuable advice concerning the over-all volume. One of the contributors was outstanding in his assistance and warrants special mention: we thank Professor Michel Meyer, for his encouragement, counsel, and dedication to see this project to comple­ tion. We would also like to thank Professor Jaakko Hintikka for his encouragement and Mrs. Kuipers of Reidel for her patience and under­ standing along the way. A project such as this could never have been completed without the unique assistance of members of the Department of Communication, Ohio State University: Ms. Kimberly Pasi and Mr. Charles Mawhirtcr. Also, special thanks are due to our graduate research assistant Ms. Susan Jasko, for her proofreading and bibliographic work. The pressures of developing a Festschrift are considerable and could not have been met without the cooperation and enthusiasm of Mrs. Perelman, especially in allowing us to publish Professor Perelman's address to Ohio State University as our introduction.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4674-3
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  • 51
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    Rationality, Relativism and the Human Sciences (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943629
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of the Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium 1
    Series Statement: Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I -- Why Studies of Human Capacities Modeled on Ideal Natural Science Can Never Achieve Their Goal -- Narrative versus Analysis in History -- Heidegger’s Philosophy of Science: The Two Essences of Science -- II -- The Intelligibility of Action -- How to Interpret Actions -- Mind as a Social Formation -- III -- Intentionality and Rationality -- The Rationality of Science -- Philosophy, Swarthmore CollegeHeuristics for Scientific and Literary Creativity: The Role of Models, Analogies, and Metaphors -- IV -- Art and Its Mythologies: A Relativist View -- On Relativity, Relativism, and Social Theory -- Rationality and Realism -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium was launched in the early eighties. It began during a particularly lean period in the American economy. But its success is linked as much to the need to be in touch with the rapidly changing currents of the philosophical climate as with the need to insure an adequately stocked professional community in the Philadelphia area faced, perhaps permanently, with the threat of increasing attrition. The member schools of the Consortium now include Bryn Mawr College, the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, and Villanova University, that is, the schools of the area that offer advanced degrees in philosophy. The philosophy faculties of these schools form the core of the Consortium, which offers graduate students the instructional and library facilities of each member school. The Consortium is also supported by the associated faculties of other regional schools that do not offer advanced degrees - notably, those at Drexel University, Haverford College, La Salle University, and Swarthmore College - both philosophers and members of other departments as well as interested and professionally qualified persons from the entire region. The affiliated and core professionals now number several hundreds, and the Consortium's various ventures have been received most enthusiastically by the academic community. At this moment, the Consortium is planning its fifth year of what it calls the Conferences on the Philosophy of the Human Studies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4362-9
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  • 52
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    Electronics and Industrial Policy : The case of computer controlled lathes (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401164863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: World Industry Studies 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 The Technology and its Diffusion -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 CNC lathe technology -- 2.3 Choice of technique in turning -- 2.4 The factor-saving bias of CNC lathes -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Growth and Market Structure in the International CNC Lathe Industry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A theoretical framework for analysing the industry -- 3.3 The Japanese expansion in the CNC lathe industry -- 3.4 The European response -- 3.5 A note on the US producers -- 3.6 Concluding remarks on the strategies pursued by firms based in the OECD -- Notes -- 4 Barriers to entry into the Overall Cost Leadership Strategy -- 4.1 Research and Development -- 4.2 Procurement of components -- 4.3 Manufacturing -- 4.4 Marketing and after-sales services -- 4.5 An attempt to specify the minimum efficient scale of production -- Notes -- 5 The position of the NICs within the CNC Lathe Industry -- 5.1 The position of eight NIC-based firms within the low-performance strategy -- Notes -- 6 The Case of Argentina -- 6.1 Growth and structure of the engineering industry -- 6.2 The Argentinian machine tool industry -- 6.3 Government policy -- 6.4 The diffusion of CNC lathes in Argentina -- 6.5 The firm producing CNC lathes -- 6.6 Summary and conclusions -- Notes -- 7 The Case of Taiwan -- 7.1 Growth and structure of the engineering industry -- 7.2 The Taiwanese machine tool industry -- 7.3 Government policy -- 7.4 The diffusion of CNC lathes in Taiwan -- 7.5 The firms producing CNC lathes -- 7.6 Government policy in the machine tool field -- 7.7 Evaluating the explicit governmental policy -- 7.8 Summary and conclusions -- Note -- 8 The Case of Korea -- 8.1 Growth and structure of the engineering industry -- 8.2 The Korean machine tool industry -- 8.3 Government policy -- 8.4 The Korean market for CNC lathes -- 8.5 The firms producing CNC lathes -- 8.6 Evaluating governmental policy -- 8.7 Summary and conclusions -- Notes -- 9 Government Policy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey of the main arguments -- 9.3 Government policy and industry performance in Argentina, Korea and Taiwan -- 9.4 Industry performance and implications for government policy in small developed countries -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- 10 Summary -- 10.1 The diffusion of CNC lathes -- 10.2 The international CNC lathe producing industry -- 10.3 The NIC experience -- 10.4 Government policies -- References.
    Abstract: There is a rapidly expanding literature on the economics of the so­ called 'new technologies' - especially on those using microelectronic systems. Dr. Jacobsson's book deals with microelectronics-based innovation in machine tools: with the production and use of computer numerically controlled machine tools in the world economy and especially in the Third World. Jacobsson is mainly interested in the implications which CNC machine tools may be expected to have for users and producers in the Newly Industrialising Countries. He approaches this as a problem in applied economics and the book will have a primary interest for those economists whose concern is with the problems of industrialisation in developing countries. It will be parti­ cularly valuable to those who are preoccupied with the role of local capital goods manufacture and with the technological preconditions for this kind of production. Jacobsson is able to give detailed and specific arguments on these matters as far as CNC machine tools are concerned. In my view, the book has a considerably wider interest and relevance than its specification may at first sight suggest. Jacobsson's achieve­ ment is not just that he has provided valuable and convincing quantita­ tive arguments about policy in setting up production of CNC machine tools. In addition, he has set a new and much needed methodological standard for analysis of the impacts of 'new technologies' on the international economy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6486-3
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  • 53
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    Nietzsche as Affirmative Thinker : Papers Presented at the Fifth Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, April 1983 (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Nietzsche and the Method of Philosophy -- Nietzsche on Philosophy, Interpretation, and Truth -- Nietzsche, Hume, and the Genealogical Method -- Nietzsche and the Project of Bringing Philosophy to an End -- Nietzsche and Contemporary Hermeneutics -- II. Varieties of Nietzsche’s Affirmation -- A More Severe Morality: Nietzsche’s Affirmative Ethics -- Will to Knowledge, Will to Ignorance, and Will to Power in Beyond Good and Evil -- The Socratic Nietzsche -- Nietzsche’s Concept of Education -- Nietzsche’s Style of Affirmation: The Metaphors of Genealogy -- Nietzsche: Psychology vs. Philosophy, and Freedom -- Nietzsche’s Enticing Psychology of Power -- III. Nietzschean Affinities and Confrontations -- Nietzsche and Spinoza: amor fati and amor dei -- Nietzsche und Heine. Kritik des christlichen Gottesbegriffs -- Nietzsche—Wagner im Sommer 1878.
    Abstract: The full century that has elapsed since Nietzsche was at the height of his work did not obliterate his impact. In many ways he is still a contemporary philosopher, even in that sense of 'contemporary' which points to the future. We may have outgrown his style (always, however, admirable and exciting to read), his sense of drama, his creative exaggeration, his sometimes flamboy­ ant posture of a rebel wavering between the heroic and the puerile. Yet Nietzsche's critique of transcendental values and, especially, his attack on the inherited conceptions of rationality remain pertinent and continue to pro­ voke anew cultural critique or dissent. Today Nietzsche is no longer discussed apologetically, nor is his radicalism shunned or suppressed. That his work remains the object of extremely diverse readings is befitting a philosopher who replaced the concept of truth with that of interpretation. It is, indeed, around the concept of interpretation that much of the rem:wed interest in Nietzsche seems to center today. Special emphasis is being laid on his manner of doing philosophy, and his views on interpretation and the genealogical method are often re-read in the context of contemporary hermeneutics and "deconstructionist" positions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4360-5
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  • 54
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    Language and Production : A Critique of the Paradigms (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945746
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 96
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 96
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Anthropology ; Philosophy. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: I: On the Paradigm of Language: Positivism and Hermeneutics as Theories of Objectivation -- II: On the Paradigm of Production: Marxian Materialism and the Problem of the Constitution of the Social World -- 1. On the Meaning of Marx’s Materialism -- 2. Consumption as an Intrinsic Moment of Productive Activity -- 3. Reification and the Antinomies of Its Overcoming -- 4. Production Versus Communication: Paradigm-Change in Radical Theory -- 5. On the Possibility of Critical Theory -- Appendix I: Four Forms of Critical Theory — Some Theses on Marx’s Development -- Appendix II: Marx and the Problem of Technology -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In Language and Production, Gyorgy Markus presents us with a pro­ found critique of contemporary social theory: of the philosophy and methodology of the social sciences; of the philosophy of language; of hermeneutics and critical theory; and finally, of Marx and of Marxisms. The sweep of Markus' project is complemented by the extraordinary detail of his analysis and the elaborately developed argument which gives the work its clear logical structure: it is a dialectical work. Markus begins with a critique of the paradigm of language and of that scientific ra­ tionality modeled on language, as frameworks for the understanding of social reality, and for a rational 'science of society' . After revealing what he takes to be the essential failure of that paradigm in its positivist ver­ sion (in the work of Sir Karl Popper, who, he argues, remains within the positivist framework despite his differences with other positivists) - Markus examines the alternative interpretations of that paradigm in the hermeneutic tradition from Dilthey through Heidegger and Gadamer, and then in the structural anthropology of Claude Levi-Strauss and in the philosophy of language of Ludwig Wittgenstein. In all of these approaches, Markus sees a systematic flaw in the at­ tempt to frame human action as one or another form of linguistic prac­ tice, or even to read human self-constitution as essentially linguistic.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4574-6
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  • 55
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    Essential Student Algebra : Volume Two: Matrices and Vector Spaces (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401722131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 120 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: One: The algebra of matrices -- Two: Some applications of matrices -- Three: Systems of linear equations -- Four: Invertible matrices -- Five: Vector spaces -- Six: Linear mappings -- Seven: The matrix connection -- Eight: Determinants -- Nine: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
    Abstract: H, as it is often said, mathematics is the queen of science then algebra is surely the jewel in her crown. In the course of its vast development over the last half-century, algebra has emerged as the subject in which one can observe pure mathe­ matical reasoning at its best. Its elegance is matched only by the ever-increasing number of its applications to an extraordinarily wide range of topics in areas other than 'pure' mathematics. Here our objective is to present, in the form of a series of five concise volumes, the fundamentals of the subject. Broadly speaking, we have covered in all the now traditional syllabus that is found in first and second year university courses, as well as some third year material. Further study would be at the level of 'honours options'. The reasoning that lies behind this modular presentation is simple, namely to allow the student (be he a mathematician or not) to read the subject in a way that is more appropriate to the length, content, and extent, of the various courses he has to take. Although we have taken great pains to include a wide selec­ tion of illustrative examples, we have not included any exer­ cises. For a suitable companion collection of worked examples, we would refer the reader to our series Algebra through practice (Cambridge University Press), the first five books of which are appropriate to the material covered here.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2213-1
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  • 56
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    Techniques for the Analysis of Membrane Proteins (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400940857
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 441 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Analysis of membrane protein composition by gel electrophoresis -- 2 Analysis of membrane protein composition by isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis -- 3 Solubilization and purification of membrane proteins -- 4 Reconstitution of membrane proteins into vesicular membranes -- 5 Functional reconstitution of membrane proteins in planar lipid bilayer membranes -- 6 Topography of membrane proteins — determination of regions exposed to the aqueous phase -- 7 Topology of membrane proteins — determination of regions exposed to the lipid bilayer -- 8 Immunochemical analysis of membrane proteins -- 9 Sequence analysis of membrane proteins -- 10 Freeze-fracture and freeze-etch electron microscopy of membrane proteins -- 11 Three-dimensional structure of membrane proteins -- 12 Lateral motion of membrane proteins -- 13 Rotational diffusion of membrane proteins.
    Abstract: A preface should justify the existence of the book it precedes and this is invariably done in scientific texts by reference to the explosive growth of the field since the last such volume appeared. In molecular biology, most fields can be justifiably described as growing explosively, as should be the case for a young and vigorous science, but the study of membrane proteins stands out as one which has taken giant strides in the last few years. Ignorance of the structure and function of membrane proteins at the molecular level was certainly not due to lack of interest but rather was a result of lack of appropriate techniques. It has above all been the development of new experimental methods which has wrenched membrane biochemistry out of what Anthony Martonosi fetchingly called its 'romantic phase' (Le. lots of ideas and few facts), into an era when the determination of membrane protein structure and mechanism is a reasonable goal. Membrane proteins are generally classified as peripheral or integral. Peripheral proteins are relatively easily dissociated from membranes by mild treatments whence their study is essentially no different to that of soluble proteins. This book therefore concentrates on integral proteins which are strongly bound to the membrane by hydrophobic interactions with lipids. A crucial step in their study is of necessity the d~velopment of methods of solubilization and purification under non-denaturing conditions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4085-7
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  • 57
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    Likeness to Truth (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400946583
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 30
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: One: Truth and Closeness to Truth -- 1.1 The problem of truthlikeness -- 1.2 Explications and intuitions -- 1.3 Some adequacy conditions -- Notes -- Two: Popper on Truthlikeness -- 2.1 Truthlikeness in Popper’s methodology -- 2.2 Truthlikeness by truth content and falsity content -- 2.3 Measuring truth content and falsity content -- Notes -- Three: Distance in Logical Space -- 3.1 Conceptual frameworks and possible worlds -- 3.2 Distance between propositions -- 3.3 Measuring the symmetric difference -- 3.4 Truthlikeness for a propositional framework -- 3.5 Truthlikeness by similarity spheres -- Notes -- Four: Truthlikeness by Distributive Normal Forms -- 4.1 Languages and pictures -- 4.2 Worlds and interpretations -- 4.3 Constituents in a first-order language -- 4.4 The symmetric difference on constituents -- 4.5 The propositional measure extended -- Notes -- Five: Beyond First-Order Truthlikeness -- 5.1 Questions, answers, and propositional distance again -- 5.2 Infinitely deep theories and ultimate questions -- 5.3 Higher-order frameworks -- 5.4 Verisimilitude and legisimilitude -- Notes -- Six: Truthlikeness and Translation -- 6.1 Invariance under translation -- 6.2 The identity of states of affairs -- 6.3 Coactualisation and structure -- 6.4 Two criticisms of the structure argument -- 6.5 Numerical accuracy, confirmation and disconfirmation -- 6.6 Privileged properties -- Notes -- Seven: Truthlikeness, Content, and Utility -- 7.1 The content condition -- 7.2 The attractions of brute strength -- 7.3 Epistemic utilities -- 7.4 Accuracy and action: a conjecture -- Notes -- 8.1 First-order languages and their interpretations -- 8.2 Higher-order languages -- 8.3 Examples J and K formalized -- 8.4 First-order normal forms -- 8.5 Permutative normal forms -- 8.6 The distance between constituents -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The concept of likeness to truth, like that of truth itself, is fundamental to a realist conception of inquiry. To demonstrate this we need only make two rather modest aim of an inquiry, as an inquiry, is realist assumptions: the truth doctrine (that the the truth of some matter) and the progress doctrine (that one false theory may realise this aim better than another). Together these yield the conclusion that a false theory may be more truthlike, or closer to the truth, than another. It is the aim of this book to give a rigorous philosophical analysis of the concept of likeness to truth, and to examine the consequences, some of them no doubt surprising to those who have been unduly impressed by the (admittedly important) true/false dichotomy. Truthlikeness is not only a requirement of a particular philosophical outlook, it is as deeply embedded in common sense as the concept of truth. Everyone seems to be capable of grading various propositions, in different (hypothetical) situations, according to their closeness to the truth in those situations. And (if my experience is anything to go by) there is remarkable unanimity on these pretheoretical judge­ ments. This is not proof that there is a single coherent concept underlying these judgements. The whole point of engaging in philosophical analysis is to make this claim plausible.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4658-3
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  • 58
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    An Ontology of Consciousness (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401707152
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 205 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I—Psychological Methods of Observing Consciousness -- II—The Relation between Consciousness and Physiology -- III—The Ego as Continuity of Conscious Functions -- IV—Conscious Structures -- V—The Directed Attention Progression.
    Abstract: The object of this study is to find a coherent theoretical approach to three problems which appear to interrelate in complex ways: (1) What is the ontological status of consciousness? (2) How can there be 'un­ conscious,' 'prereflective' or 'self-alienated' consciousness? And (3) Is there a 'self' or 'ego' formed by means of the interrelation of more elementary states of consciousness? The motivation for combining such a diversity of difficult questions is that we often learn more by looking at interrelations of problems than we could by viewing them only in isola­ tion. The three questions posed here have emerged as especially prob­ lematic in the context of twentieth century philosophy. 1. The question of the ontological status of consciousness The question 'What is consciousness?' is one of the most perplexing in philosophy-so perplexing that many have been motivated to proceed as though consciousness did not exist. If William James was speaking rhetorically when he said "Consciousness does not exist," 1 many behaviorists of the recent past were not. 2 James meant only to imply that consciousness is not an independently existing soul-substance, along­ side physical substances. He did not mean that we do not really 'have' consciousness, and he did not provide final resolution for the problem of the causal interrelations between consciousness and the physical realm (e. g. , our bodies). Many recent philosophers and psychologists, however, try to proceed as though these problems did not exist.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0715-2
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  • 59
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    Roderick M. Chisholm (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401729192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 238 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 7
    Series Statement: Profiles 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Self-Profile -- Chisholm on Intentionality, Thought, and Reference -- States of Affairs -- The Objects of Perception -- Chisholm on Certainty -- Chisholm’s Theory of Action -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Roderick Chisholm -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library oj Living Phi/osophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of wh at happens in the profession. PRO­ FILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of signifi­ cant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to­ date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2919-2
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  • 60
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    The World Yearbook of Robotics Research and Development (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401197083
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1: Aspects of Robotics -- USA perspectives on the integration of robots into the factory of the future -- Research and development programmes in computer-integrated manufacturing in Europe -- Robotics research and development in 1985: a Japanese perspective -- Tactile sensors for robots: a review -- New manufacturing concepts — the plant engineer’s perspective -- Robotics — some wider implications -- 2: Current Developments: Overviews and National Funding Programmes -- 3: World Directory of Robotics Research and Development Activities -- 4: World Index of Research and Development Centres -- 5: World Index of Robotics Researchers -- 6: Subject Index to Research Activities -- 7: Further Information.
    Abstract: How quickly the technological 'flavour of the month' changes. At the beginning of the 1980's many saw 'robotics' as being something of a pana­ cea for those problems in the manufacturing industries which had been exacerbated by the world recession. Those working at the time in the field of robotics stressed that robots themselves were only part of the solution. Yet in many quarters the 'hype' for the new technology apparently knew few bounds, resulting, inexorably, in many industries painfully discover­ ing for themselves a new realism, closely followed by disillusionment. In its wider sense the term 'robotics' covers an extremely broad spec­ trum of technologies ranging from extremely flexible, highly sensory and integrated systems capable of handling a very diverse product range, through to comparatively inflexible, high volume systems which can merely handle slightly different variations of the same basic product. As a result of the one 'buzzword' referring to such a variety of actual system­ types, the disillusionment which started to become apparent during the early 1980's acted as something of a double edged sword. A given com­ pany might consider a particular robotics-based technological solution to its production problems, find that it was unsuitable, and so renounce all robotics approaches as inappropriate. Yet just because one position on that spectrum of technological solutions was unsuitable for the company should not have led them to assume that there was no other robotics solu­ tion that was appropriate.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9708-3
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  • 61
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    Basic Electromagnetism and its Applications (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401178907
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Actual Guides in Electronic Engineering 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Structure of the book -- Understanding fields -- 2 Electrical conduction and currents -- Current and charge -- Conduction equations -- Current as an example of flux -- Models of electrical conduction -- Resistive circuit components -- 3 Potential and the electric field -- Potential (voltage) in a circuit -- Electric field -- Conduction and charge mobility -- Potential and field in space -- Acceleration of charged particles in an electric field -- 4 Charge and electric flux -- Capacitance -- Electric flux and permittivity -- Calculations in electrostatics -- 5 Electric fields in materials -- Polarization and dielectrics -- Electrostatic force and energy -- Capacitor design -- Further applications -- 6 Magnetic flux and circuits -- Electromagnetic induction -- Magnetomotive force, flux and reluctance -- Magnetic circuits -- 7 Magnetic vectors -- Vector B and flux -- Directional rules and Lenz’ law -- Magnetic scalar potential and vector H -- Predicting magnetic fields -- 8 Inductance and magnetic materials -- Self and mutual inductance -- Air-cored inductors -- Calculations in magnetism -- Magnetization -- Electromagnetic machinery -- Some applications -- 9 Magnetic energy and force -- Magnetic energy -- Reluctance force -- Permanent magnets -- Force from the motor effect -- 10 Electromagnetism and charged particles -- The Lorentz force -- The Hall effect -- Applications of the Hall effect -- Electron streams -- Acceleration of electrons -- Deflection and focusing of electron streams -- Some applications of electron streams -- 11 The electromagnetic field -- The time needed to establish a current -- Electromagnetic waves -- Electromagnetism and relativity -- Final comments -- The fundamental rules of electromagnetism -- Appendix: A brief note on integration -- Answers to problems.
    Abstract: I have tried in this book to introduce the basic concepts of electromagnetic field theory at a level suitable for students entering degree or higher diploma courses in electronics or subjects allied to it. Examples and applications have been drawn from areas such as instrumentation rather than machinery, as this was felt to be more apt for the majority of such readers. Some students may have been following courses with a strong bias towards prac­ tical electronics and perhaps not advanced their understanding of the physics of electric and magnetic fields greatly since '0' level or its equivalent. The book there­ fore does not assume that 'A' level physics has been studied. Students of BTEC courses or 'A' level subjects such as technology might also find the material useful. At the other extreme, students who have achieved well on an 'A' level course will, it is hoped, find stimulating material in the applications discussed and in the marginal notes, which suggest further reading or comment on the deeper implica­ tions of the work.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7890-7
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  • 62
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    Semiconductor Power Electronics (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401170154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Van Nostrand Reinhold Electrical / Computer Science and Engineering Series
    Series Statement: Van Nostrand Reinhold Electrical/Computer Science and Engineering Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Diodes and Power Transistors -- 3. Thyristors -- 4. Important Circuit and Component Concepts -- 5. Transistor Switching Regulators -- 6. Transistor Inverters -- 7. Phase — Controlled Rectifiers and Line — Commutated Inverters -- 8. Cycloconverters -- 9. AC Phase Control -- 10. Thyristor Choppers -- 11. Self — Commutated Thyristor Inverters -- Appendix I — Semiconductor Parameters -- Appendix II — D62T Transistor -- Appendix III — Application Data — Power Switching Transistor D60T -- Appendix IV — GE C434/C435 SCR.
    Abstract: Semiconductors have been used widely in signal-level or "brain" applications. Since their invention in 1948, transistors have revolutionized the electronics industry in computers, information processing, and communications. Now, however, semiconductors are being used more and more where consid­ erable "brawn" is required. Devices such as high-power bipolar junction tran­ sistors and power field-effect transistors, as well as SCRs, TRlACs, GTOs, and other semiconductor switching devices that use a p-n-p-n regenerative effect to achieve bistable action, are expanding the power-handling horizons of semicon­ ductors and finding increasing application in a wide range of products including regulated power supplies, lamp dimmers, motor drives, pulse modulators, and heat controls. HVDC and electric-vehicle propulsion are two additional areas of application which may have a very significant long range impact on the tech­ nology. The impact of solid-state devices capable of handling appreciable power levels has yet to be fully realized. Since it first became available in late 1957, the SCR or silicon-controlled rec­ tifier (also called the reverse blocking triode thyristor) has become the most popular member of the thyristor family. At present, SCRs are available from a large number of manufacturers in this country and abroad. SCR ratings range from less than one ampere to over three thousand amperes with voltage ratings in excess of three thousand volts.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7015-4
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  • 63
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    Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 546 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Pollution Monitoring Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Water and Man -- 1.1 Historical Setting -- 1.2 Management of the Water Cycle -- 2 Freshwater Ecosystems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Organisms -- 2.3 Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids -- 2.4 Distribution of Species -- 2.5 Ecological Balance -- 2.6 Community Structure -- 2.7 Still and Flowing Waters -- 2.8 Biological Productivity -- 3 Biological Indicators -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Selection of Indicators -- 3.3 Individuals and Populations as Indicators -- 3.4 Community Structure as an Indicator -- 3.5 Functional Changes in Communities -- 3.6 Bioaccumulative Indicators -- 4 Environmental Stress -- 4.1 Natural environmental stresses -- 4.2 Imposed Environmental Stresses -- 4.3 Environmental Manipulation -- 4.4 Combined Stresses -- 5 Effects of Physical Disturbances -- 5.1 Effects of Suspended Solids -- 5.2 Effects of the Addition of Heat -- 5.3 Effects of Changes in pH -- 6 The Effects of Organic Enrichment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General Effects of Organic Discharges -- 6.3 Physical and Chemical Changes -- 6.4 Biological Changes -- 6.5 Field Studies of Organic Pollution -- 7 Effects of Toxic Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physiological Responses to Poisons -- 7.3 Terminology and Criteria -- 7.4 Factors Which Affect Toxicity -- 7.5 Predicting the Toxicity of Combinations of Poisons -- 7.6 Inorganic Poisons -- 7.7 Organic Poisons -- 7.8 Heavy Metals -- 7.9 Pesticides -- 7.10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- 8 Laboratory Evaluation of Pollutants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Experimental and Laboratory Investigations -- 9 Field Assessments of Environmental Quality -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sampling Methods -- 9.3 Sampling Strategies and Programmes -- 9.4 Biotic Indices and Data Analysis -- 10 Biological Surveillance in Environmental Management -- 10.1 Aquatic Resource Management -- 10.2 Basin Management Concepts -- 10.3 Application and Implementation of Uniform Standards -- 10.4 Environmental Impact Statements and Conservation -- 10.5 Future Developments -- Appendices -- 1 Trent Biotic Index -- 2 Chandler Biotic Score -- 3 Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) — Score -- ReferenceS.
    Abstract: The preface of a book often provides a convenient place in which the author can tender his apologies for any inadequacies and affords him the facility to excuse himself by reminding the reader that his art is long but life, or at least the portion of it in which he has the opportunity for writing books, is short. I, too, am deeply conscious that I have undertaken a task which I could not hope to complete to my own satisfaction but I offer, in self­ defence, the observation that, inadequate though it is, there is no other book extant, so far as I am aware, which provides the information contained herein within the covers of a single volume. Often during the last decade, in discharging my responsibilities for the environmental aspects of the water authority's operations and works, I should have been deeply grateful to have had access to a compendium such as this. The lack of a convenient source of data made me aware of the need which I have attempted to fill and in doing so I have drawn on my experiences of the kinds of problem which are presented to biologists in the water industry. The maxim 'half a loaf is better than none' seems particularly apt in this context.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4315-5
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  • 64
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    Hector-Neri Castañeda (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945340
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (460p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 6
    Series Statement: Profiles 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Casta?eda’s Ontology -- Mind and Guise: Castaneda’s Philosophy of Mind in the World Order -- Castaneda’s Philosophy of Language -- Castaneda’s Theory of Knowing -- Thinking-to-Be and Thinking-to-Do: Some Remarks on Casta?eda on Believing and Intending -- Good Samaritans and Castaneda’s System of Deontic Logic -- Casta?eda’s Theory of Deontic Meaning and Truth -- Casta?eda Theory of Morality -- Casta?eda on Plato, Leibniz, and Kant -- Replies -- Three -- Philosophical Bibliography of Hector-Neri Casta?Eda -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the logic. results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schipp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4534-0
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  • 65
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    Essays in Logical Semantics (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945401
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I/Constraints on Denotations -- 1 / Determiners -- 2 / Quantifiers -- 3 / All Categories -- 4 / Conditionals -- 5 / Tense and Modality -- 6 / Natural Logic -- II/Dynamics of Interpretation -- 7 / Categorial Grammar -- 8 / Semantic Automata -- III/Methodology of Semantics -- 9 / Logical Semantics as an Empirical Science -- 10/ The Logic of Semantics -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Recent developments in the semantics of natural language seem to lead to a genuine synthesis of ideas from linguistics and logic, producing novel concepts and questions of interest to both parent disciplines. This book is a collection of essays on such new topics, which have arisen over the past few years. Taking a broad view, developments in formal semantics over the past decade can be seen as follows. At the beginning stands Montague's pioneering work, showing how a rigorous semantics can be given for complete fragments of natural language by creating a suitable fit between syntactic categories and semantic types. This very enterprise already dispelled entrenched prejudices concerning the separation of linguistics and logic. Having seen the light, however, there is no reason at all to stick to the letter of Montague's proposals, which are often debatable. Subsequently, then, many improvements have been made upon virtually every aspect of the enterprise. More sophisticated grammars have been inserted (lately, lexical-functional grammar and generalized phrase structure grammar), more sensitive model structures have been developed (lately, 'partial' rather than 'total' in their com­ position), and even the mechanism of interpretation itself may be fine-tuned more delicately, using various forms of 'representations' mediating between linguistic items and semantic reality. In addition to all these refinements of the semantic format, descriptive coverage has extended considerably.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4540-1
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  • 66
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    Philosophy, its History and Historiography (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400953178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 337 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: The End of Metaphysics: Philosophy’s Supreme Fiction? -- ‘The End of Metaphysics’ and the Historiography of Philosophy -- The End of Metaphysics: A Comment -- Reply to Ayers and Manser -- Epistemology without Foundations -- Philosophy after Rorty -- Comment on Rorty -- ‘Heterodox’, ‘Xenodox’, and Hermeneutic Dialogue -- Reply to Mary Hesse -- Occultism and Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century -- Occultism and Reason -- Reply to Simon Schaffer -- First Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in Descartes -- Cartesian Science in France, 1660–1700 -- Caricatures in the History of Philosophy: The Case of Spinoza -- Leibniz’s Break with Cartesian ‘Rationalism’ -- Lockean Mechanism -- Lockean Mechanism: A Comment -- Hume and the “Metaphysical Argument A Priori” -- The Historical and Philosophical Significance of Hume’s Theory of the Self -- Kant’s Refutation of Idealism -- The Hagiography of Common Sense: Dugald Stewart’s Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alternate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is h.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5317-8
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  • 67
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    Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400948426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 189 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Remote Sensing Applications
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 An introduction to the optical, thermal and electrical properties of ice and snow -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Optical and thermal properties of ice and snow -- 1.3 Electrical properties of ice and snow -- References -- 2 Sensors and platforms -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) on the Landsat series -- 2.3 Thematic Mapper (TM) on Landsats 4 and 5 -- 2.4 NOAA satellites and sensors -- 2.5 Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) -- 2.6 Nimbus 5 and 6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) -- 2.7 Passive microwave aircraft sensors -- 2.8 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) -- 2.9 Seasat SAR and radar altimeter -- 2.10 Impulse radar -- References -- 3 Snow cover -- 3.1 Snow cover in the global water balance -- 3.2 Snow properties -- 3.3 Seasonal snow cover -- 3.4 Snow-cover mapping -- 3.5 Snow-cover depletion curves -- References -- 4 Applications of remotely derived snow data -- 4.1 Hydrological importance of snow -- 4.2 Snowmelt-runoff modelling -- 4.3 Discharge forecasts -- 4.4 Economic benefits -- References -- 5 Lake and river ice -- 5.1 The importance of lake and river ice -- 5.2 Freshwater ice thickness studies -- 5.3 Lake depth and ice thickness studies in northern Alaska -- 5.4 Ice in large lakes and estuaries -- 5.5 River ice break-up -- 5.6 Ice jams and aufeis -- References -- 6 Permafrost -- 6.1 Hydrological and geological implications of permafrost -- 6.2 Vegetation mapping in permafrost areas -- 6.3 Snow and ice break-up -- 6.4 Surface temperature and energy balance studies -- 6.5 Tundra surface disturbances -- 6.6 Subsurface probing of permafrost -- References -- 7 Glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets -- 7.1 Global significance of glaciers -- 7.2 Distribution and mass balance of glaciers -- 7.3 Catastrophic events: surges, jökulhlaups and rapid glacier movement -- 7.4 Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets -- 7.5 Icebergs -- 7.6 Radio echo sounding of glacier ice -- References -- 8 Sea ice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sea ice age -- 8.3 Sea ice type and interannual variability -- 8.4 Sea ice concentration -- 8.5 Sea ice movement -- References.
    Abstract: Remote sensing using aircraft and satellites has helped to open up to intensified scientific scrutiny the cold and remote regions in which snow and ice are prevalent. In this book, the utility of remote sensing for identifying, mapping and analyzing surface and subsurface properties of worldwide ice and snow features is described. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing for developing an improved understanding of the physical properties of ice and snow and understanding the interrelationships of cryospheric processes with atmospheric, hydrospheric and oceanic processes. Current and potential applications of remotely sensed data are also stressed. At present, all-weather, day and night observations of the polar regions can be obtained from sensors operating in different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the approaches for analysis of remotely sensed data are not straightforward, Chapter 1 serves to introduce the reader to some of the optical, thermal and electrical properties of ice and snow as they pertain to remote sensing. In Chapter 2 we briefly describe many of the sensors and platforms that are referred to in the rest of the book. The remaining chapters deal with remote sensing of the seasonal snow cover, lake and river ice, permafrost, glacier ice and sea ice.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4842-6
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  • 68
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    Selective Toxicity : The physico-chemical basis of therapy (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400948464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 750 p) , digital
    Edition: 7
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: One: Topics of General Interest -- 1 Selectivity in the service of man -- Steps in the correlation of structure with biological action -- 3 Comparative distribution: the first principle of selectivity -- 4 Comparative biochemistry: the second principle of selectivity -- 5 Comparative cytology: the third principle of selectivity -- 6 Chemotherapy: history and principles -- 7 Pharmacodynamics -- The forces available for binding an agent. Chemical bonds. Adsorption -- Two: Studies, in Depth, of Topics from Part One -- 9 Anti-metabolites: antagonistic analogues of coenzymes and enzymic substrates -- 10 Ionization -- 11 Metal-binding substances -- 12 Steric factors -- 13 The covalent bond in selective toxicity -- 14 Surface chemistry. The modification of membranes by surface-active agents -- 15 Biological activity unrelated to structure -- 16 The perfection of a discovery -- 17 Some numerical assistance -- References -- Formula index.
    Abstract: This book is about selectively toxic agents. That is to say, it is about those substances that affect certain cells without harming others, even when they are close neighbours. Toxicity need not be fatal. It can be made easily reversible, as is the case with general anaesthetics. Selective toxicity covers an immense field: most of the drugs used for treating illness in man and his economic animals, as well as all of the fungicides, insecticides, and weed killers that are used in agriculture. Essentially, this book is a discussion of the physical and chemical means which contribute to selectivity, and this is the basis of molecular pharmacology. _Selective Toxicity began as a course of lectures that Professor F. G. Young encouraged me to give in University College London, in 1948 and again in 1949. The first edition appeared in 1951, as a very small book because little was then known about the factors that provide selectivity. Since those early days, the subject has undergone tremendous development. At first, industry was un­ receptive to the word 'toxicity', however qualified! Yet the market was being supplied with biologically powerful substances of which several had the potential to cause harm. This aspect was brought to light by two events of the early 1960s. The first of these was the discovery that a sedative, thalidomide, administered to expectant mothers, after what was then considered to be adequate testing, had caused permanent deformities in about 10000 children.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4846-4
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  • 69
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    Thinking about Society: Theory and Practice (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400954243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (544p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 93
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 93
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology ; Sociology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Problems and Theories in the Social Sciences -- I.1. Objectivism Versus Relativism -- 1 / The Notion of a Social Science -- 2 / Social Perception and Social Change -- 3 / Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- 4 / Rationality and Relativism -- 5 / Popper on the Difference between the Natural and the Social Sciences -- I.2. Philosophy of Anthropology -- 6 / The Emergence of Social Anthropology from Philosophy -- 7 / On Theories of Fieldwork and the Scientific Character of Social Anthropology -- 8 / Limits to Functionalism and Alternatives to It in Anthropology -- 9 / On the Objectivity of Anthropology -- 10 / The Problem of Ethical Integrity in Participant Observation -- 11 / Anthropology as Science and the Anthropology of Science and of Anthropology -- 12 / Epistle to the Anthropologists -- 13 / On the Limits of Symbolic Interpretation in Anthropology -- 14 / The Problem of the Ethnographic Real -- 15 / Anthropologists and the Irrational -- 16 / Freeman on Mead -- II: Applications and Implications -- II.1 Society and the Arts -- 17 / The Objectivity of Criticism of the Arts -- 18 / The Rationality of Creativity -- II.2. Society and Technology -- 19 / Technology and the Structure of Knowledge -- 20 / The Social Character of Technological Problems -- 21 / Is Technology Unnatural? -- 22 / Utopia and the Architect -- II.3. Society and social control -- 23 / Nationalism and the Social Sciences -- 24 / Explorations in the Social Career of Movies: Business and Religion -- 25 / Methodological and Conceptual Problems in the Study of Pornography and Violence -- Sources -- List of Publications -- Indexes.
    Abstract: I. C. Jarvie was trained as a social anthropologist in the center of British social anthropology - the London School of Economics, where Bronislaw Malinowski was the object of ancestor worship. Jarvie's doctorate was in philosophy, however, under the guidance of Karl Popper and John Watkins. He changed his department not as a defector but as a rebel, attempting to exorcize the ancestral spirit. He criticized the method of participant obser­ vation not as useless but as not comprehensive: it is neither necessary nor sufficient for the making of certain contributions to anthropology; rather, it all depends on the problem-situation. And so Jarvie remained an anthro­ pologist at heart, who, in addition to some studies in rather conventional anthropological or sociological molds, also studied the tribe of social scien­ tists, but also critically examining their problems - especially their overall, rather philosophical problems, but not always so: a few of the studies in­ cluded in this volume exemplify his work on specific issues, whether of technology, or architecture, or nationalism in the academy, or moviemaking, or even movies exhibiting excessive sex and violence. These studies attract his attention both on account of their own merit and on account of their need for new and powerful research tools, such as those which he has forged in his own intellectual workshop over the last two decades.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5424-3
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  • 70
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    Alvin Plantinga (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400952232
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 5
    Series Statement: Profiles 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Plantinga on Trans-World Identity -- Plantinga on Possible Worlds -- Plantinga on the Reduction of Possibilist Discourse -- Plantinga’s Theory of Proper Names -- Plantinga and the Philosophy of Mind -- Plantinga on the Problem of Evil -- Plantinga and the Ontological Argument -- Plantinga on Foreknowledge and Freedom -- Plantinga’s Epistemology of Religious Belief -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Alvin Plantinga -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5223-2
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  • 71
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    Texts in Context : Revisionist Methods for Studying the History of Ideas (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400950757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: History, Historicism, and Hermeneutics -- One British Idealism and the Philosophy of History: Sources of Sustenance -- Two Historians of Political Thought and Their Critics: Sources of Anxiety -- Three Philosophical History: W.H. Greenleaf and the Study of the History of Political Thought -- Four The Priority of Paradigms: The Pocock Alternative -- Five The View from the Inside: Skinner and the Priority of Retrieving Authorial Intentions -- Assessment and Conclusion.
    Abstract: The methodology of the study of the history of political thought is an area of study which has occupied my interests for nearly a decade. I was introduced to the subject in University College, Swansea. My teachers there provided me with an excellent grounding in political studies. I am particularly indebted to Bruce Haddock, Peter Nicholson and W. H. Greenleaf. Professor Greenleaf was kind enough to supply me with a copy of his bibliography and copies of two of his unpublished papers. I continued to pursue my interest in methodology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. I am indebted to Ken Minogue and Robert Orr who taught me there. My greatest debt is to Dr. Joseph Femia ofthe University of Liverpool who devoted a great deal of time to considering the arguments presented here. His criticisms and suggestions for improvement proved to be invaluable. I would also like to thank Alan Ryan for his general comments and encouraging advice. It would be remiss of me if I neglected to express my gratitude to Dewi Beynon who was my first teacher of politics. The research for this project was carried out in the following places; The British Library of Political Science, London; The Sidney Jones Library, University of Liverpool; The National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; The Main Library, University of Edinburgh; The Arts and Social Science Library, University College, Cardiff; and the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5075-7
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  • 72
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    Jean Buridan’s Logic : The Treatise on Supposition The Treatise on Consequences (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400952898
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 27
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Logic ; History
    Abstract: Preface -- Buridan’s Philosophy of Logic -- Section 1. John Buridan: Life and Times -- Section 2. The Treatises -- Section 3. Meaning and Mental Language -- Section 4. The Properties of Terms -- Section 5. Sentences -- Section 6. The Theory of Supposition -- Section 7. Consequences -- Section 8. The Syllogism -- Translation. The Treatise on Supposition -- 1. Signification, Supposition, Verification, Appellation -- 2. Kinds of Significative Words -- 3. The Kinds of Supposition -- 4. The Supposition of Relative Terms -- 5. Appellation -- 6. Ampliation and Restriction -- Translation. The Treatise on Consequences -- Book I. Consequences in General and Among Assertoric Sentences -- Book II. Consequences Among Modal Sentences -- Book III. Syllogisms With Assertoric Sentences -- Book IV. Syllogisms with Modal Sentences -- Notes -- Notes. Buridan’s Philosophy of Logic -- Notes. Treatise on Supposition -- Notes. Treatise on Consequences -- Book I. Notes -- Book II. Notes -- Book III. Notes -- Book IV. Notes -- Indexes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Rules and Theorems.
    Abstract: Buridan was a brilliant logician in an age of brilliant logicians, sensitive to formal and philosophical considerations. There is a need for critical editions and accurate translations of his works, for his philosophical voice speaks directly across the ages to problems of concern to analytic philosophers today. But his idiom is unfamiliar, so editions and trans­ lations alone will not bridge the gap of centuries. I have tried to make Buridan accessible to philosophers and logicians today by the introduc­ tory essay, in which I survey Buridan's philosophy of logic. Several problems which Buridan touches on only marginally in the works trans­ lated herein are developed and discussed, citing other works of Buridan; some topics which he treats at length in the translated works, such as the semantic theory of oblique terms, I have touched on lightly or not at all. Such distortions are inevitable, and I hope that the idiosyncracies of my choice of philosophically relevant topics will not blind the reader to other topics of value Buridan considers. My goal in translating has been to produce an accurate renaering of the Latin. Often Buridan will couch a logical rule in terms of the grammatical form of a sentence, and I have endeavored to keep the translation consistent. Some strained phrases result, such as "A man I know" having a different logic from "I know a man. " This awkwardness cannot always be avoided, and I beg the reader's indulgence. All of the translations here are my own.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5289-8
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