Kurzfassung: One — Overview -- 1 Taguchi’s Quality Philosophy: Analysis and Commentary -- 2 Macro-Quality with Micro-Money -- 3 Quality Engineering using Design of Experiments -- 4 Off-Line Quality Control, Parameter Design, and the Taguchi Method -- 5 Quality Engineering through Design Optimization -- Two — Case Studies -- 6 Off-Line Quality Control in Integrated circuit Fabrication using Experimental Design -- 7 Optimizing the Wave Soldering Process -- 8 Robust Design: A Cost-Effective Method for Improving Manufacturing Processes -- 9 Tuning Computer Systems for Maximum Performance: A Statistical Approach -- 10 Design Optimization Case Studies -- Three — Methodology -- 11 Testing in Industrial Experiments with Ordered Categorical Data -- 12 Performance Measures Independent of Adjustment: An Explanation and Extension of Taguchi’s Signal-To-Noise Ratios -- 13 A Geometric Interpretation of Taguchfs Signal to Noise Ratio -- 14 A Data Analysis Strategy for Quality Engineering Experiments.

Kurzfassung: In 1980, I received a grant from Aoyama-gakuin university to come to the United States to assist American Industry improve the quality of their products. In a small way this was to repay the help the US had given Japan after the war. In the summer of 1980, I visited the AT&T Bell Laboratories Quality Assurance Center, the organization that founded modern quality control. The result of my first summer at AT&T was an experiment with an orthogonal array design of size 18 (OA18) for optimization of an LSI fabrication process. As a measure of quality, the quantity "signal-ta-noise" ratio was to be optimized. Since then, this experi­ mental approach has been named "robust design" and has attracted the attention of both engineers and statisticians. My colleagues at Bell Laboratories have written several expository articles and a few theoretical papers on robust design from the viewpoint of statistics. Because so many people have asked for copies of these papers, it has been decided to publish them in a book form. This anthology is the result of these efforts. Despite the fact that quality engineering borrows some technical words from traditional design of experiments, the goals of quality engineering are different from those of statistics. For example, suppose there are two vendors. One vendor supplies products whose quality characteristic has a normal distribution with the mean on target (the desired value) and a certain standard deviation.

Kurzfassung: I Polymers -- 1. Electrically Conductive Polymers -- 2. Lonically Conductive Polymers -- II Plastics -- 3. Metallic Plating and Coating on Plastics -- 4. Conductive Plastics.

Kurzfassung: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Kurzfassung: Communications * Standard Dictionary is a comprehensive compilation of terms and definitions used in communications and related fields. Communications is defined as the branch of science and technology concerned with the process of representing, transferring, and interpreting the meaning as­ signed to data by and among persons, places, or machines. Communication is defined as the transfer of information between a source (trans­ mitter, light source) and a sink (receiver, photodetector) over one or more chan­ nels in accordance with a protocol, and in a manner suitable for interpretation or comprehension by the receiver; or as a method or means of conveying informa­ tion of any kind from one person or place to another. In short, communications is a branch of science and technology, whereas com­ munication pertains to the actual transfer of information. Thus, the word com­ munication should be used as a modifier, as in communication center, communi­ cation deception, and communication line, just as in the field of electronics one speaks of electronic devices and electronic circuits.

Kurzfassung: I -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Designing for Building Construction -- 3 Computer Models -- II -- 4 Planning a CAD System -- 5 Implementing a System — Management Issues -- 6 Implementing a System — Hardware and Software -- III -- 7 Preliminary Project Design -- 8 Project Management -- 9 Components: Graphical Representation -- 10 Model Assembly and Drawings for Detailed Design of Projects -- 11 Non-graphical Design Information -- 12 Project Control and Quality Assurance -- 13 Construction, Space Planning and Building Management -- 14 Concluding Remarks and The Future -- References.

Kurzfassung: In the era of Information Technology, the computer is the machine-tool. Designers and planners are information workers and many have turned to CAD technology, hoping to find something that will ensure survival in the increasingly competitive business climate. The new problem relates not to any limitations of systems, but to the lack of knowledge on how to implement, manage and control the CAD technology. This book is aimed at design professionals, planners and managers. Although references and examples relate to building and construction work, most of the principles are unlikely to differ whatever the application. As a result, it should be useful in the fields of mechanical engineering and manufacturing industry too. Chapter 13 deals with applications in construction planning, space planning and facilities management. Emphasis throughout is on people, responsibilities, applications, organisation and procedures. The design process is highly interactive. Manual drawing, or use of a computer drafting system to mimic this, inevitably leads to inconsistencies within in the design information. Computer modelling of projects presents better opportunities and the many techniques range from 2-D modelling to solid modelling. A blend of 2-D and 3-D methods to suit the application is essential today. System planning itself requires a carefully managed feasibility study comprising preliminary and detailed phases. Objectives and requirements of the office must be set down. Then there is something to compare the available systems with. The chosen system must be capable of evolving to meet an ever-changing future.

Kurzfassung: 1 Development of the Tractor -- 2 Thermodynamic Principles of Internal-Combustion Engines -- 3 Internal-Combustion Engine Cycles -- 4 Fuels and Combustion -- 5 Engine Design -- 6 Electrical Systems -- 7 Engine Accessories -- 8 Lubrication -- 9 Human Factors in Tractor Design -- 10 Traction -- 11 Mechanics of the Tractor Chassis -- 12 Hydraulic Systems and Controls -- 13 Transmissions and Drive Trains -- 14 Tractor Tests and Performance -- Appendixes -- A Standards for Agricultural Tractors -- B Standard Graphical Symbols -- C Agricultural Tractor Tire Loadings, Torque Factors, and Inflation Pressures—SAE J709d -- D Conversion Factors.

Kurzfassung: At the time of the writing of the fourth edirion of this textbook, the agricultural economy in the United States and Canada was depressed. The prices paid to farmers for their grain crops were very low, and consequently most farmers in North America could not afford to buy a new tractor when needed; there­ fore, the sales of tractors and other farm machines were much below normal. The farmer who was the victim of the depressed economy was forced to "make do." Instead of purchasing a new tractor when the old one needed to be replaced, the farmer usually purchased a used or second-hand tractor or repaired the old one. In a strict sense, tractors usually do not wear out; instead, they become obsolete. The farmer who owns an obsolete tractor would prefer to replace it with one having more power, more speeds, more conveniences, a better hydraulic system, lower operating cost, or all of the above. But farmers in the United States, Canada, and other industrial nations will continue to want to purchase tractors that have all of the features, in­ cluding microprocessors, found on other vehicles.

Kurzfassung: 1. New Directions in Building Design -- 1.1. Change from Master Builders to Managers -- 1.2. Basic Traditional Building Procedure -- 1.3. Systems Design Approach to Building -- 1.4. Design by Building Team -- 2. Basic Building Elements and Their Representation -- 2.1. Main Parts of Buildings -- 2.2. Floors and Ceilings -- 2.3. Roofs -- 2.4. Exterior Walls and Openings -- 2.5. Partitions, Doors, and Interior-Wall Finishes -- 2.6. Structural Framing and Foundations -- 2.7. Plumbing -- 2.8. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems -- 2.9. Lighting -- 2.10. Acoustics -- 2.11. Electric Supply -- 2.12. Vertical-Circulation Elements -- 2.13. Why Drawings Are Necessary -- 2.14. Drawing Conventions -- 2.15. Types of Drawings -- 2.16. Specifications -- 2.17. Scales and Dimensions on Drawings -- 2.18. Elevation Views -- 2.19. Plan Views -- 2.20. Lines -- 2.21. Sections -- 2.22. Details -- 2.23. Survey and Plot Plans -- 3. Systems Design Method -- 3.1. Models -- 3.2. Value Measures for Comparisons 643.3. Comparisons of Systems -- 3.4. Return on Investment -- 3.5. Constraints Imposed by Building Codes -- 3.6. Zoning Codes -- 3.7. Other Constraining Regulations -- 3.8. Systems Design Steps -- 3.9. System Goals -- 3.10. System Objectives -- 3.11. System Constraints -- 3.12. Value Analysis -- 3.13. Optimum Design of Complex Systems -- 4. Application of Systems Design to Buildings -- 4.1. Considerations in Adaptation of Systems Design -- 4.2. Role of Owner -- 4.3. Conceptual Phase of Systems Design -- 4.4. Design Development Phase of Systems Design -- 5. Contract Documents and Construction Methods -- 5.1. Responsibilities Assigned by the Construction Contract -- 5.2. Components of the Contract Documents -- 5.3. Contract Drawings -- 5.4. Specifications -- 5.5. Bidding Requirements -- 5.6. Contractors Drawings -- 5.7. Construction and Occupancy Permits -- 5.8. Construction Procedures -- 6. Life Safety Concerns -- 6.1. Windstorms -- 6.2. Earthquakes -- 6.3. Fire -- 6.4. Fire Extinguishment -- 6.5. Emergency Egress -- 6.6. Fire Protection -- 6.7. Security -- 6.8. Barrier-Free Environments -- 6.9. Toxic Materials -- 6.10. Construction Safety -- 7. Building Sites and Foundations -- 7.1. Site Considerations -- 7.2. Site Surveys -- 7.3. Soil Considerations for Site and Foundation Design -- 7.4. Shallow Bearing Foundations -- 7.5. Deep Foundations -- 7.6. Lateral and Uplift Forces on Structures -- 7.7. Site Development Considerations 1917.8. Cofferdams and Foundation Walls -- 7.9. Bewatering of Excavations -- 7.10. Investigation and Testing -- 7.11. Systems-Design Approach to Site Adaptation -- 8. Structural Systems -- 8.1. Building Loads -- 8.2. Deformations of Structural Members -- 8.3. Unit Stresses and Strains -- 8.4. Idealization of Structural Materials -- 8.5. Structural Materials -- 8.6. Typical Major Constraints on Structural Systems -- 8.7. Tension Members -- 8.8. Columns -- 8.9. Trusses -- 8.10. Beams -- 8.11. Arches and Rigid Frames -- 8.12. Shells and Folded Plates -- 8.13. Cable-Supported Roofs -- 8.14. Pneumatic Structures -- 8.15. Horizontal Framing Systems -- 8.16. Vertical Structural Systems -- 8.17. Systems-Design Approach to Structural Systems -- 9. Plumbing -- 9.1. Water Supply -- 9.2. Wastewater Disposal -- 9.3. Basic Principles of Plumbing -- 9.4. Water-supply Systems -- 9.5. Sizing of Water-Supply Pipes -- 9.6. Wastewater-Removal Systems -- 9.7. Sizing of Wastewater and Vent Pipes -- 9.8. Piping for Heating Gas -- 9.9. Systems Design of Plumbing -- 10. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning -- 10.1. Design Considerations -- 10.2. Measurement of Heat -- 10.3. Heat Flow and Human Comfort -- 10.4. Thermal Insulation -- 10.5. Prevention of Damage from Condensation -- 10.6. Ventilation -- 10.7. Heat Losses -- 10.8. Heat Gains -- 10.9. Methods of Heating Buildings -- 10.10. Methods of Cooling and Air Conditioning Buildings -- 10.11. Passive Design -- 10.12. Systems-Design Approach to HVAC -- 11. Lighting -- 11.1. Accident Prevention -- 11.2. Quantity of Light -- 11.3. Quality of Light -- 11.4. Color -- 11.5. Lighting Strategies -- 11.6. Daylight -- 11.7. Lighting Equipment -- 11.8. Systems-Design Approach to Lighting -- 12. Sound and Vibration Control -- 12.1. Nature of Sounds and Vibrations -- 12.2. Measurement of Sounds -- 12.3. Acoustic Properties of Materials -- 12.4. Sound and Vibration Design Criteria -- 12.5. Sound and Vibration Control -- 12.6. Systems-Design Approach to Sound and Vibration Control -- 13. Electrical Systems -- 13.1. Characteristics of Direct Current -- 13.2. Characteristics of Alternating Current -- 13.3. Electrical Loads -- 13.4. Electrical Conductors and Raceways -- 13.5. Power-Systems Apparatus -- 13.6. Electrical Distribution in Buildings -- 13.7. Communication Systems -- 13.8. Systems-Design Approach to Electrical Distribution -- 14. Vertical Circulation -- 14.1. Ramps -- 14.2. Stairs -- 14.3. Escalators -- 14.4. Elevators -- 14.5. Dumbwaiters -- 14.6. Pneumatic Tubes and Vertical Conveyors -- 14.7. Systems-Design Approach to Vertical Circulation -- 15. Systems for Enclosing Buildings -- 15.1. Roofs -- 15.2. Roofmg -- 15.3. Exterior Walls -- 15.4. Single-Enclosure Systems -- 15.5. Windows -- 15.6. Doors in Exterior Walls -- 15.7. Systems-Design Approach to Building Enclosure -- 16. Systems for Interior Construction -- 16.1. Interior Walls and Partitions -- 16.2. Ordinary Doors -- 16.3. Special-Purpose Doors -- 16.4. Floor-Ceiling and Roof-Ceiling Systems -- 16.5. Interior Finishes -- 16.6. Systems-Design Approach to Interior Systems -- 17. Building Systems -- 17.1. Mishaps and Corrective Measures -- 17.2. Design of a Building System -- 17.3. Case-Study One: McMaster Health Sciences Center -- 17.4. Case-Study Two: Xerox International Center for Training and Management Development -- 17.5. Case-Study Three: Suburban Office Building for AT & T -- 17.6. Case-Study Four: A Glass-Enclosed Office Tower -- 17.7. Case-Study Five: An Office Building on a Tight Site -- 17.8. Case-Study Six: Office Building for Prudential Insurance Company -- 17.9. Case-Study Seven: Rowes Wharf Harbor Redevelopment Project.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Preliminary-purpose and scope of book -- 1.2 Historic development of ICP spectrometry -- 1.3 Background to quantitative ICP analysis -- 1.4 Range of determinable elements in geological materials -- 2 Analytical characteristics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Simultaneous analysis -- 2.3 Sequential analysis ICP system -- 2.4 Detection limits -- 2.5 Calibration range of ICP—AES -- 2.6 Interferences -- 2.7 Precision and accuracy -- 2.8 Experimental considerations -- 2.9 The injection of organic liquids into an ICP -- 3 Instrumentation for ICP—AES -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Spectrometers -- 3.3 Plasma torches -- 3.4 Nebulizer systems -- 3.5 Radiofrequency generators and source -- 3.6 Electronics, computers and software -- 3.7 Fourier transform spectrometers -- 3.8 ICP-atomic fluorescence spectrometry -- 3.9 Direct current plasmas (DCP) -- 3.10 Microwave plasmas (MIP) -- 3.11 Choice of an ICP system -- 4 Silicate rock analysis -- 4.1 Dissolution methods for silicates -- 4.2 Instrument calibration -- 4.3 Major element determinations -- 4.3 Trace element analysis -- 4.4 Rare earth element determinations -- 5 Multielement applications of ICPS in applied geochemistry -- 5.1 The nature and evolution of applied geochemistry -- 5.2 General aspects of applied geochemical analysis -- 5.3 ICP instrumentation in relation to the requirements of applied geochemistry -- 5.4 Decomposition procedures in applied geochemical analysis -- 6 Gas phase sample injection -- 6.1 The development of gas phase injection methods -- 6.2 Methodology of the hydride injection system -- 6.3 Applications of the hydride injection system -- 7 Injection methods for solid samples -- 7.1 Introduction to solid sample injection methods -- 7.2 Sample injection following electrothermal vaporization -- 7.3 Direct sample injection from a graphite rod -- 7.4 Discrete sample injection by means of laser ablation -- 7.5 Nebulization of slurries -- 8 Water analysis by ICP—AES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 General aspects of water analysis -- 8.3 Direct water analysis by ICP—AES -- 8.4 Water analysis with preconcentration -- 9 The analysis of environmental materials by ICP—AES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Air analysis -- 9.3 Sewage sludge -- 9.4 Domestic dust, road dust and industrial dust -- 9.5 Domestic and industrial refuse -- 9.6 The analysis of animal and plant tissues -- 10 The analysis of archaeological materials by ICP—AES -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Archaeological materials -- 11 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry -- 11.1 Instrumentation -- 11.2 Optimization -- 11.3 Interferences -- 11.4 Calibration strategies -- 11.5 Applications of ICP-MS with sample introduction by nebulization -- 11.6 Other modes of sample introduction -- 11.7 Future directions -- 12 Analysis of metals by ICP—AES -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Analysis of iron and steel -- 12.3 Analysis of other metals -- Appendix 1 Safety -- Appendix 2 Manufacturers of ICP systems and accessories -- References.

Kurzfassung: The first edition of our Handbook was written in 1983. In the preface to the first edition we noted the rapid development of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and its considerable potential for elemental analysis. The intervening five years have seen a substantial growth in ICP applications; much has happened and this is an appropriate time to present a revised edition. The basic approach of the book remains the same. This is a handbook, addressed to the user of the technique who seeks direct, practical advice. A concise summary of the technique is attempted. Detailed, theoretical treatment of the background to the method is not covered. We have, however, thoroughly revised much of the text, and new chapters have been added. These reflect the changes and progress in recent years. We are grateful to Mr Stephen Walton, Dr Gwendy Hall and London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Co. Ltd for their contributions. Chapter 3 (Instrumentation) has been rewritten by Mr Walton, the new Chapter on ICP-mass spectrometry has been written by Dr Hall, and London and Scandinavian provided much of the information for the chapter on metals analysis by ICP-AES. These chapters have been integrated into the book, and a conscious effort has been made to retain the unity of style within the book. New material has been added elsewhere in the book, archaeological materials are considered, pre concentration methods and chemometrics covered more fully.

Kurzfassung: 1 Mechanical manometers -- 1.1 Liquid manometers -- 1.2 The McLeod gauge -- 1.3 The diaphragm manometer -- 1.4 Viscous or friction-type gauges -- References -- 2 Thermal conductivity gauges -- 2.1 Basic principles -- 2.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity -- 2.3 Sensitivity -- 2.4 End losses -- 2.5 Accommodation coefficient and relative sensitivity -- 2.6 Alternative methods of bridge control -- 2.7 Useful range of the constant-voltage bridge -- 2.8 The lower limit to the useful pressure range -- 2.9 The importance of bridge-voltage and temperature fluctuations at high pressure -- 2.10 Compensation for temperature and voltage fluctuations -- 2.11 Physical changes in the gauge wire (ageing effects) -- 2.12 Extension of working range to atmospheric pressure -- 2.13 Commercial gauges for laboratory and industrial use -- 2.14 The thermocouple gauge -- References -- 3 Thermionic cathode ionization gauges -- 3.1 Positive ion production in a gas -- 3.2 The principle of the thermionic cathode ionization gauge -- 3.3 The relative sensitivity for different gases -- 3.4 The measurement of low pressures -- 3.5 Extension of the range of the BA gauge to very low pressures -- 3.6 The precision to which measurements can be made with the hot cathode gauge -- 3.7 Gauges specially designed to operate at high pressure -- 3.8 Chemical and physical reactions in the hot cathode ionization gauge -- References -- 4 Cold-cathode ionization gauges -- 4.1 The development of cold-cathode (crossed-field) gauges -- 4.2 Commercial gauges for high- and ultra-high vacuum applications -- References -- 5 Gauge calibration -- 5.1 Basic considerations -- 5.2 Calibration against the transfer gauge -- 5.3 Comparison with absolute gauges -- 5.4 Series expansion techniques -- 5.5 Dynamic flow techniques -- 5.6 The measurement of gas throughput -- References -- 6 Gas analysis in vacuum systems: magnetic, crossed-field and time-of-flight analysers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The magnetic deflection mass spectrometer -- 6.3 The trochoidal (or cycloidal) mass spectrometer -- 6.4 The omegatron -- 6.5 Time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer -- 6.6 Interpretation of mass spectra -- References -- 7 Gas analysis in vacuum systems: quadrupole mass analysers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Principles of the quadrupole mass filter -- 7.3 Design of small residual gas analysers (RGAs) -- 7.4 The operating characteristics of the RGAs designed for general laboratory and industrial use -- 7.5 The use of electron multipliers for signal detection -- 7.6 Non-conventional methods of quadrupole operation -- 7.7 The monopole mass spectrometer -- 7.8 The three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap -- References.

Kurzfassung: This book deals with the underlying theory and practical aspects of pressure gauges that are at present in general use. Because of the ever-increasing demands to provide a wider range of sophisticated and reliable vacuum equipment a good understanding of these instruments is of vital importance to all workers in the research and industrial sectors. Of the gauges considered only the mechanical types are absolute, in the sense that they measure pressure directly as a force upon a liquid column or a solid surface. Under ideal conditions it is possible to calculate their sensitiv­ ities, which are the same for all gases and vapours. The recent developments in the viscous or molecular damping gauges indicate that these may also be considered absolute. Other gauges are indirect in that they involve the measurement of some secondary phenomenon which is pressure-dependent and therefore these gauges can only be used for measurement after calibration against an absolute standard. The radiometer or Knudsen type gauge has been excluded from the text since these are now only of historic interest. Also no mention is made of the integration techniques involving surface changes (such as work function) although these could have application under very special circumstances. The McLeod gauge is dealt with in some detail, for even though this gauge has few practical applications, it is the most sensitive absolute gauge available and has value as a reference standard.

Kurzfassung: 1 Microcomputer Control -- 2 DC Circuits and Power Supplies -- 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 4 Transistors -- 5 Transducers -- 6 Actuators -- 7 Binary Numbers and Digital Electronics -- 8 Conversion Between Digital and Analog -- 9 Memories -- 10 Binary Arithmetic -- 11 Programming a Microprocessor -- 12 Assembly Language Programming -- 13 The Structure of an Elementary Microcomputer -- 14 Parallel Input/Output and Interrupts -- 15 Serial Input/Output and Modems -- 16 Dynamic Behavior of Systems -- 17 The Computer and Its Sampling Processes -- 18 Field Application of Microcomputer Controllers.

Kurzfassung: Microcomputers are having, and will have in the future, a significant impact on the technology of all fields of engineering. The applications of micro­ computers of various types that are now integrated into engineering include computers and programs for calculations, word processing, and graphics. The focus of this book is on still another objective-that of control. The forms of microcomputers used in control range from small boards dedicated to control a single device to microcomputers that oversee the operation of numerous smaller computers in a building complex or an industrial plant. The most­ dramatic growth in control applications recently has been in the microcom­ puters dedicated to control functions in automobiles, appliances, production machines, farm machines, and almost all devices where intelligent decisions are profitable. Both engineering schools and individual practicing engineers have re­ sponded in the past several years to the dramatic growth in microcomputer control applications in thermal and mechanical systems. Universities have established courses in computer control in such departments of engineering as mechanical, civil, agricultural, chemical and others. Instructors and students in these courses see a clear role in the field that complements that of the com­ puter specialist who usually has an electrical engineering or computer science background. The nonEE or nonCS person should first and foremost be com­ petent in the mechanical or thermal system being controlled. The objectives of extending familiarity into the computer controller are (1) to learn the char­ acteristics, limitations, and capabilit.

Kurzfassung: Key Note Lecture 1 -- Key Note Lecture 2 -- Key Note Lecture 3 -- Machinery/Systems Health Monitoring -- Quality, Reliability, Health and Safety -- Plant and Process Health Monitoring -- Application of Expert Systems in COMADEM -- Information/Data Management -- Condition-based Maintenance Management -- Advances in Instrumentation and Control Technology -- Advances in Diagnostic Technology -- Energy Monitoring and Management -- Condition Monitoring of Offshore Structures and Installations -- Advances in Non-destructive Testing (NDT)/Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) -- Novel Application of COM ADEM Techniques -- Continuing Education and Training in COMADEM -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: RajB KNRao Conference Director, Birmingham Polytechnic Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM) is a relatively new field that has already made its mark in a wide range of industries. But all the signs are that even more will be required of researchers in the field over the next decade, for COMADEM directly addresses a whole range of issues that are likely to become increasingly important to companies as competitiveness increases along with the uncertainties resulting from rapid technological change. Already for example, businesses are having to scrutinize the economics of plant and machinery in greater detail than ever before; reliability is becoming a crucial factor as the costs of unscheduled breakdowns rise and there is increasing pressure on companies to demonstrate and assure improved health and safety conditions, especially in light of the growing number of catastrophic accidents that have occured throughout the world. Because it offers solutions to these and similar problems, COMADEM is now gaining an international reputation as a problem-solving, user-friendly and financially beneficial multi-discipline with immense potential. Many people at the senior management level are now convinced that COMADEM has much to offer and are wasting no time in reaping maximum benefit from the latest developments. The fact that the first UK informal seminar on COMADEM - COMADEM 88 - proved to be a great success and had a truly international flavour reflected this growing interest in the new field.

Kurzfassung: 1.Introduction -- 2. Collection and Handling of Prochloron and Its Hosts -- Collection and Handling -- Treatment of Prochloron cells -- Conclusion -- 3. Prochloron in Symbiosis -- Photosynthesis -- Translocation -- Formation of the Symbiosis -- Biochemical Interactions between the Symbionts -- Other Interactions between the Symbionts -- References -- 4. Physiological and Cellular Features of Prochloron -- Photosynthetic Features of Prochloron -- Respiratory Behavior and Carbon Balance in Prochloron -- Properties of the Photosynthetic Pigments and Membranes of Prochloron -- Physiology of the Prochloron-Ascidian Association -- Some Suggested Physiological Requirements for the Culture of Prochloron -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. Biochemical Features of Prochloron -- General Features of Enzyme Isolation -- Enzymes of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism -- Enzymes of Glucan Synthesis and Storage Carbohydrates -- Lipophilic Components -- Properties of Membrane Fractions -- Miscellaneous Compounds and Metabolic Investigations -- Conclusion -- References -- 6. Phylogenetic Considerations of Prochloron -- Phylogenetic Position -- Phylogentic Rank -- Possible Relationship to Chloroplasts -- References -- 7. The Cytology of Prochloron -- The Cell Wall -- Thylakoids -- Inclusions -- Nucleic Acids -- Conclusion -- References -- 8. A Status Report on Prochlorothrix hollandica a Free-Living Prochlorophyte -- Epilogue -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: Ralph A. LewiQand Lanna Cheng In physics, the discovery of new (more properly, hitherto undetected) particles has often resulted from a search: like the discovery of America, their existence had been postulated but their actual existence awaited confirmation. In biology, new discoveries are rarely made in this way. The existence of an alga like Prochloron, as a putative ancestor of chloro­ plasts, had been postulated, but in fact its discovery was a consequence of fortuitous events. Green algal symbionts in didemnid ascidians had been known for decades to a few marine zoologists who had worked in coral reef areas, but nobody had bothered much about them. When we happened to find them, under boulders on a seashore in Baja California, Mexico, where we were taking part in a student expedition, we didn't bother much either at first, though they worried us a little. With our portable microscope we could see no nuclei in the cells, which, according to the dogma accepted at the time, indicated that they were blue-green algae-yet they didn't look blue-green. They were leaf-green, like green algae and higher plants. We made desultory attempts to grow them in culture, in variously enriched seawater media, but failed. (This proved to be a frustrating experience, all too frequently repeated on subsequent expeditions. ) We collected enough for electron microscopy, though, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicated that the cells were unequivocally prokaryotic.

Kurzfassung: One: Perspectives -- 1. Principles of Fish Culture and Aquaculture Systems -- 2. Principles of Culture Systems Management -- 3. Approaches to People (Using Human Resources) -- 4. Marketing -- 5. Life Cycles and Production Strategies -- 6. Water and Health Management -- 7. Ethics -- Two: Quantitative Approaches -- 8. Production Economics -- 9. Records for Managerial Analyses -- 10. Production System Limits -- 11. Decision-Making Tools -- 12. Computer Assisted Decision Support Systems -- Appendixes -- Appendix I. Manager Attributes and Expectations -- Appendix II. Suggested Steps for Learning to Read People -- Appendix III. Examples of Enterprise Budgets, Cash Flow, and Credit Repayment Schedules -- Appendix IV. Life-Cycle Costing -- Appendix V. Sample Calculation to Determine the Number of Fish that Can be Reared in a Unit (Tank) That Receives 5 Gallons Per Minute (GPM) Water Flow -- Appendix VI. Sample Problems on Production Capacity Assessment (PCA).

Kurzfassung: Although some nations, such as Japan, have invested in aquaculture research and developed major aquaculture industries, the opportunities for similar devel­ opment in the United States remain largely unnoticed. In a typical recent year the United States, which claims 20% of the world's marine fisheries resources, imported seafood worth $4. 8 billion and exported $l. 3 billion. In addition to the $3. 5 billion deficit in food-fish, was another $2. 7 billion deficit for nonedible fishery products. Next to oil, fishery products constituted the second highest drain on the United States balance of payments and accounts for a significant portion of the foreign trade deficit. Furthermore, fish consumption has been increasing in North America. In response to the demand for fishery products, aquaculture managers not only have the opportunity to realize economic profit, but in doing so can make an important contribution to reducing the national debt, providing employment, and enhancing our diet. This book might be considered a farm management text for those in aquaculture. It is intended to provide an introduction to aquaculture principles and an introduction to management, including business and people management, microeconomics, and the concepts of efficiency and productivity. I hope it will bridge the gap between conservationists, the academic community, and commer­ cial culturists. Abundant references should enable the reader to quickly access literature on most topics germane to the management of culture systems.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction to mobile communications -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Mobile radio system fundamentals -- 1.3 A simple mobile radio system -- 1.4 Practical communication systems -- 1.5 Paging -- 1.6 Portables -- 1.7 Dialling systems -- 1.8 Radiophone services -- 1.9 Channel sharing -- 1.10 Area coverage techniques -- 1.11 Present and future use of mobile radio -- References -- 2 Multipath characteristics in urban areas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The nature of multipath propagation -- 2.3 Short-term fading -- 2.4 Frequency-selective fading -- 2.5 Channel characterization -- 2.6 Channel sounding techniques -- 2.7 Practical channel sounders -- 2.8 Small-area characterization -- 2.9 Large-area characterization -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Propagation and signal strength prediction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fundamentals of VHF and UHF propagation -- 3.3 Propagation over terrain obstacles -- 3.4 Multiple knife-edge diffraction -- 3.5 Propagation prediction models -- 3.6 Signal strength prediction in urban areas -- 3.7 Discussion -- 3.8 Signal variability -- 3.9 Large area statistics -- 3.10 Building penetration losses -- References -- 4 Modulation techniques -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Amplitude modulation -- 4.3 Angle modulation -- 4.4 Implementation of AM systems -- 4.5 Single-sideband implementation -- 4.6 Demodulation -- 4.7 Generation of FM signals -- 4.8 FM demodulators -- 4.9 The effect of noise on AM systems -- 4.10 The effect of noise on FM systems -- 4.11 The effects of multipath propagation -- 4.12 Demodulation of data signals -- 4.13 Differentially encoded PSK (DPSK) -- 4.14 The effect of noise in data communication systems -- 4.15 Carrier transmissions -- 4.16 The influence of multipath fading on data transmissions -- 4.17 System performance -- 4.18 The fully digital approach -- References -- 5 Man-made noise -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Characterization of pulses -- 5.3 Characterization of impulsive noise -- 5.4 Measuring equipment -- 5.5 Practical measuring systems -- 5.6 Measurement of noise amplitude distribution -- 5.7 Statistical characterization of noise -- 5.8 Impulsive noise measurements -- 5.9 Summary -- 5.10 Performance prediction techniques -- References -- 6 Diversity reception -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic diversity methods -- 6.3 Improvements obtainable from diversity -- 6.4 Switched diversity -- 6.5 The effect of diversity on data systems -- 6.6 Practical diversity systems -- 6.7 Predetection diversity -- 6.8 Diversity systems using special receivers -- 6.9 Switched diversity -- 6.10 Comparison -- 6.11 Postdetection diversity -- 6.12 Time diversity -- 6.13 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 7 Using the radio channel in cellular radio networkgs -- 7.1 The radio channel as a system component -- 7.2 Wideband versus narrowband -- 7.3 Cellular radio fundamentals -- 8 Analogue cellular radio systems -- 8.1 Channel structures -- 8.2 Specifications for the radio equipment -- 8.3 Network control activity -- 8.4 System operation -- 8.5 Some system comparisons -- 9 Digital cellular radio systems -- 9.1 Digital versus analogue for second-generation cellular systems -- 9.2 Choice of basic system architecture -- 9.3 Essential techniques for digital implementation -- 9.4 Example systems -- 9.5 Postscript.

Kurzfassung: During the past decade there has been a dramatic change in the nature of mobile communications technology and its impact on the general communic­ ations environment. In the 1970s, mobile radio was a minority activity in communications, based on relatively unsophisticated technology. The 1980s, however, have seen the emergence of analogue cellular systems and the definition of future digital systems, and the predicted demand for these services is such that investigations into the use of higher frequency bands have already begun. It is predicted that, by the late 1990s, the 'personal communications' world will have resulted in the majority of adults in Europe and North America being dependent on radio-connected terminals of various kinds for more than 50% of their total telecommunications needs. The technology which will form the basis of this revolution has now been defined, at least in outline, and the fixed and mobile equipment that will be used in systems of the future will bear little resemblance to that available even ten years ago. It is impossible within the confines of a single, relatively short book to cover all the subject areas needed for a study of this exciting and expanding field of technology. We have, perforce, been selective and have chosen those topics which we believe to be of primary importance at the present time.

Kurzfassung: 1. A Proposal for Correct Nomenclature of the Domesticated Species of the Genus Saccharomyces -- 2. Microorganisms of Wine -- 3. Genetic Manipulation of Brewing and Wine Yeast -- 4. Killer Yeasts: Notes on Properties and Technical Use of the Character -- 5. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Yeasts -- 6. Microbial Spoilage of Canned Fruit Juices -- 7. Recent and Future Developments of Fermentation Technology and Fermenter Design in Brewing -- 8. Fermenter Design for Alcoholic Beverage Production -- 9. Optimal Fermenter Design for White Wine Production -- 10. Factors Affecting the Behaviour of Yeast in Wine Fermentation -- 11. On the Utilisation of Entrapped Microorganisms in the Industry of Fermented Beverages -- 12. Preparation of Yeast for Industrial Use in Production of Beverages -- 13. Enzymes in the Fruit Juice Industry -- 14. Enzymatic Processing of Musts and Wines.

Kurzfassung: Beverage production is among the oldest, though quantitatively most significant, applications of biotechnology methods, based on the use of microorganisms and enzymes. Manufacturing processes employed in beverage production, origi­ nally typically empirical, have become a sector of growing economic importance in the food industry. Pasteur's work represented the starting point for technological evolution in this field, and over the last hundred years progress in scientifically based research has been intense. This scientific and technological evolution is the direct result of the encounter between various disciplines (chemistry, biology, engineering, etc.). Beverage production now exploits all the various features of first and second-generation biotechnology: screening and selective im­ provement of microorganisms; their mutations; their use in genetic engineering methods; fermentation control; control of enzymatic processes, including industrial plants; use of soluble enzymes and immobilized enzyme reactors; development of waste treatment proc­ esses and so on. Research developments involving the use of biotechnology for the purpose of improving yields, solving quality-related problems and stimulating innovation are of particular and growing interest as far as production is concerned. Indeed, quality is the final result of the regulation of microbiological and enzymatic processes, and innovation is a consequence of improved knowledge of useful fermentations and the availability of new ingredients. The Council of Europe's sponsorship of the work which led to the contributions to this volume is clear evidence of the growing need for adequate information about scientific and technological progress.

Kurzfassung: Foreword — The Modernity of Rhetoric -- Formal Logic and Informal Logic -- Logic and Argumentation -- To Reason While Speaking -- Organization and Articulation of Verbal Exchanges: Question-Response Exchange in Polemical Contexts -- Argumentativity and Informativity -- Saying and Knowing -- Dialectic, Rhetoric and Critique in Aristotle -- Toward an Anthropology of Rhetoric -- Rhetoric-Poetics-Hermeneutics -- Rhetoric and Literature -- The Figure and the Argument -- Rhetoric and Politics.

Kurzfassung: by the question in its being an answer, if only in a circumstantial (i. e. inessential) manner. One indeed must question oneself in order to remember, says Plato, but the dialectic, which would be scientific, must be something else even if it remains a play of question and answer. This contradiction did not escape Aristotle: he split the scientific from the dialectic and logic from argumentation whose respective theories he was led to conceive in order to clearly define their boundaries and specificities. As for Plato, he found in the famous theory of Ideas what he sought in order to justify knowledge as that which is supposed to hold its truth only from itself. What do Ideas mean within the framework of our approach? In what consists the passage from rhetoric to ontology which leads to the denaturation of argumentation? When Socrates asked, for example, "What is virtue?", he thought one could not answer such a question because the answer refers to a single proposition, a single truth, whereas the formulation of the question itself does not indicate this unicity. For any answer, another can be given and thus continuously, if necessary, until eventually one will come across an incompatibility. Now, to a question as to what X, Y, or Z is, one can answer in many ways and nothing in the question itself prohibits multiplicity. Virtue is courage, is justice, and so on.

Kurzfassung: 1. The Concept of Intuition in Mathematics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Knowledge, Evidence, and Intuition -- 3. Intuition “of” and Intuition “that” -- 4. Some Recent Views of Mathematical Intuition -- 5. Hilbert and Bernays -- 6. Parsons -- 7. Brouwer -- 8. Some “Extended” Proof-Theoretic Views -- 9. Gödel on Sets -- 10. Platonism and Constructivism -- 11. Mathematical Truth and Mathematical Knowledge -- 12. Principal Objections to Mathematical Intuition -- 2. The Phenomenological View of Intuition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intentionality and Intuition -- 3. Intuition of Abstract Objects -- 4. Acts of Abstraction and Abstract Objects -- 5. Acts of Reflection -- 6. Types and Degrees of Evidence -- 7. Comparison with Kant -- 8. Intuition and the Theory of Meaning -- 3. Perception -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sequences of Perceptual Acts -- 3. The Horizon of Perceptual Acts -- 4. The Possibilities of Perception -- 5. The “Determinable X” in Perception and Indexicals -- 6. Perceptual Evidence -- 7. Phenomenological Reduction and the Problem of Realism / Idealism -- 4. Mathematical Intuition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Objections About Analogies Between Perceptual and Mathematical Intuition -- 3. Objections Based on Structuralism -- 4. Objections About Founding -- 5. A Logic Compatible With Mathematical Intuition and the Notion of Construction -- 6. Is Classical Mathematics to be Rejected? -- 5. Natural Numbers I -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Concept of Number Cannot Be Explicitly Defined -- 3. The Origin of the Concept of Number -- 4. Intuition of Natural Numbers -- 5. Ordinals -- 6. Ordinals and Cardinals -- 7. Constructing Units and the Role of Reflection and Abstraction -- 8. Syntax and Representations of Numbers -- 6. Natural Numbers II -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 0 and 1 -- 3. Numbers Formed by Arithmetic Operations -- 4. Small Numbers and Singular Statements About Them -- 5. Large Numbers and Mathematical Induction -- 6. The Possibilities of Intuition -- 7. Summary of the Argument for Large Numbers -- 8. Further Comments on Mathematical Induction -- 9. Intuition and Axioms of Elementary Number Theory -- 7. Finite sets -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Theory of Finite Sets -- 3. The Origin of the Concept of Finite Set -- 4. Intuition of Finite Sets -- 5. Comparison with Gödel and Wang -- 6. Unit Sets, the Empty Set, and Mereology vs. Set Theory -- 7. Large Sets and a Hierarchy of Sets -- 8. Illusion in Set Theory -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- 8. Critical Reflections and Conclusion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Summary of the Account -- 3. Areas for Further Work -- 4. Platonism, Constructivism, and Benacerraf’s Dilemma -- Notes.

Kurzfassung: "Intuition" has perhaps been the least understood and the most abused term in philosophy. It is often the term used when one has no plausible explanation for the source of a given belief or opinion. According to some sceptics, it is understood only in terms of what it is not, and it is not any of the better understood means for acquiring knowledge. In mathematics the term has also unfortunately been used in this way. Thus, intuition is sometimes portrayed as if it were the Third Eye, something only mathematical "mystics", like Ramanujan, possess. In mathematics the notion has also been used in a host of other senses: by "intuitive" one might mean informal, or non-rigourous, or visual, or holistic, or incomplete, or perhaps even convincing in spite of lack of proof. My aim in this book is to sweep all of this aside, to argue that there is a perfectly coherent, philosophically respectable notion of mathematical intuition according to which intuition is a condition necessary for mathemati­ cal knowledge. I shall argue that mathematical intuition is not any special or mysterious kind of faculty, and that it is possible to make progress in the philosophical analysis of this notion. This kind of undertaking has a precedent in the philosophy of Kant. While I shall be mostly developing ideas about intuition due to Edmund Husser! there will be a kind of Kantian argument underlying the entire book.

Kurzfassung: I: Critial Essays -- Is Science Really Inductive? -- Bolzano’s Theory of Induction -- Cellular Space Models: New Formalism for Simulation and Science -- Some Reflections on Logical Truth as A Priori -- Semantics and Ontology: Arthur Burks and the Computational Perspective -- Names and Attitudes -- Machines and Behavior -- Finite Automata and Human Beings -- On Guiding Rules -- Actuality and Potentiality -- Burks’s Logic of Conditionals -- Presuppositions and the Normative Content of Probability Statements -- Arthur Burks on the Presuppositions of Induction -- Taking Physical Probability Seriously -- Presuppositions of Induction -- Scientific Objectivity and the Evaluation of Hypotheses -- II: The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism -- The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism Replies by Arthur W. Burks -- Bibliography of Works by Arthur W. Burks -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: This work is divided into two parts. Part I contains sixteen critical es­ says by prominent philosophers and computer scientists. Their papers offer insightful, well-argued contemporary views of a broad range of topics that lie at the heart of philosophy in the second half of the twen­ tieth century: semantics and ontology, induction, the nature of prob­ ability, the foundations of science, scientific objectivity, the theory of naming, the logic of conditionals, simulation modeling, the relatiOn be­ tween minds and machines, and the nature of rules that guide be­ havior. In this volume honoring Arthur W. Burks, the philosophical breadth of his work is thus manifested in the diverse aspects of that work chosen for discussion and development by the contributors to his Festschrift. Part II consists of a book-length essay by Burks in which he lays out his philosophy of logical mechanism while responding to the papers in Part I. In doing so, he provides a unified and coherent context for the range of problems raised in Part I, and he highlights interesting relationships among the topics that might otherwise have gone un­ noticed. Part II is followed by a bibliography of Burks's published works.

Kurzfassung: to Volume IV -- IV.I Quantifiers in Formal and Natural Languages -- IV.2 Property Theories -- IV.3 Philosophical Perspectives on Formal Theories of Predication -- IV.4 Mass Expressions -- IV.5 Reference and Information Content: Names and Descriptions -- IV.6 Indexicals -- IV.7 Propositional Attitudes -- IV.8 Tense and Time -- IV.9 Presupposition -- IV.10 Semantics and the Liar Paradox -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volume I, II, and III.

Kurzfassung: conceptual, realist) theories of predication. Chapter IV.4 centers on an important class of expressions used for predication in connection with quantities: mass expressions. This chapter reviews the most well-known approaches to mass terms and the ontological proposals related to them. In addition to quantification and predication, matters of reference have constituted the other overriding theme for semantic theories in both philosophical logic and the semantics of natural languages. Chapter IV.5 of how the semantics of proper names and descrip­ presents an overview tions have been dealt with in recent theories of reference. Chapter IV.6 is concerned with the context-dependence of reference, in particular, with the semantics of indexical expressions. The topic of Chapter IV.7 is related to predication as it surveys some of the central problems of ascribing propositional attitudes to agents. Chap­ ter IV.8 deals with the analysis of the main temporal aspects of natural language utterances. Together these two chapters give a good indication of the intricate complexities that arise once modalities of one or the other sort enter on the semantic stage. in philosophical Chapter IV.9 deals with another well-known topic logic: presupposition, an issue on the borderline of semantics and prag­ matics. The volume closes with an extensive study of the Liar paradox and its many implications for the study of language (as for example, self­ reference, truth concepts and truth definitions).

Kurzfassung: I Logic -- II Normative Judgements -- III the Possibility of Deontic Logic -- IV Prolegomena for a Deontic Logic -- V A Standard System of Deontic Logic -- VI The Norm-Content of the Standard System -- VII The Negation of Normative Expressions: Weak and Strong Permission, Particularly in Law -- VIII Conditional Norms -- IX The Meaning of Logic for Normative Reasoning -- Notes -- Index of names -- Index of subjects -- A few of the used concepts.

Kurzfassung: The study presented in this book was entered upon by me from a legal point of view. 'Legal logic' has been known for a long time, concerning itself with the methodology of legal and in particular judicial reasoning. In modern days, however, this 'legal logic' is sometimes also connected with modern formal logic, as it has been developed in the works of G. Boole, A. de Morgan, G. Frege, C.S. Peirce, E. Schroder, G. Peano, A.N. Whitehead, B. Russell and others. For me this gave rise to the as yet not very specific question about the meaning of modern symbolic logic for law. Already in an early stage it appeared that, although traditional legal logic and modern symbolic logic both concern logic, this may not create the misapprehension that a similar matter is at issue. Both concern themselves (among other things) with reasonings and reasoning. Traditional legal logic is, however, as it was said by the German legal theoretician K. Engisch: "a material logic that wants us to reflect on what we have to do if we -within the limits of actual possibility- wish to reach true, or at least correct judgements" (Engisch, 1964, p.5). Modern symbolic logic on the other hand is not concerned with the truth or correctness of the result of an argument, but with its validity, i.e. the question when or under which conditions the truth (correctness) of the conclusion is guaranteed by the truth (correctness) of the premisses.

Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction: Routes in Relevant Logic -- I. Relevance and the Connection Requirement -- 2. “Relevance” in Logic and Grammar -- 3. Literal Relevance -- 4. The Relevance of Relevant Logics -- 5. The Classical Logic of Relevant Logicians -- 6. Relevance Principles and Formal Deducibility -- II. The Grander Sweep of Relevant Logics -- 7. Analytic Implication; Its History, Justification and Varieties -- 8. Deducibility, Entailment and Analytic Containment -- 9. Conjunctive Containment -- 10. Real Implication -- 11. What is Relevant Implication? -- III. Technical Investigations and Present Limitations -- 12. The NonExistence of Finite Characteristic Matrices for Subsystems of R2 -- 13. Relevant Implication and Leibnizian Necessity -- 14. Which Entailments Entail Which Entailments? -- 15. Categorical Propositions in Relevance Logic -- 16. Incompleteness for Quantified Relevance Logics -- IV. Wider Applications of Relevant Logics -- 17. Gentzen’s Cut and Ackermann’s Gamma -- 18. Semantic Discovery for Relevance Logics -- 19. Philosophical and Linguistic Inroads: Multiply Intensional Relevant Logics -- 20. Quantification, Identity, and Opacity in Relevant Logic -- 21. Relevance Logic and Inferential Knowledge -- 22. Semantics Unlimited I: A Relevant Synthesis of Implication with Higher Intensionality -- 23. Relevance, Truth and Meaning -- 24. Conclusion: Further Directions in Relevant Logics.

Kurzfassung: Relevance logics came of age with the one and only International Conference on relevant logics in 1974. They did not however become accepted, or easy to promulgate. In March 1981 we received most of the typescript of IN MEMORIAM: ALAN ROSS ANDERSON Proceedings of the International Conference of Relevant Logic from the original editors, Kenneth W. Collier, Ann Gasper and Robert G. Wolf of Southern Illinois University. 1 They had, most unfortunately, failed to find a publisher - not, it appears, because of overall lack of merit of the essays, but because of the expense of producing the collection, lack of institutional subsidization, and doubts of publishers as to whether an expensive collection of essays on such an esoteric, not to say deviant, subject would sell. We thought that the collection of essays was still (even after more than six years in the publishing trade limbo) well worth publishing, that the subject would remain undeservedly esoteric in North America while work on it could not find publishers (it is not so esoteric in academic circles in Continental Europe, Latin America and the Antipodes) and, quite important, that we could get the collection published, and furthermore, by resorting to local means, published comparatively cheaply. It is indeed no ordinary collection. It contains work by pioneers of the main types of broadly relevant systems, and by several of the most innovative non-classical logicians of the present flourishing logical period. We have slowly re-edited and reorganised the collection and made it camera-ready.

Kurzfassung: Section I: Constructivism and the logic of science -- Science, a Rational Enterprise? -- The Philosophy of Science and Its Logic -- The Pragmatic Understanding of Language and the Argumentative Function of Logic -- Rules versus Theorems -- On ‘Transcendental’ -- Section II: Constructivism and Protoscience -- Philosophy and the Problem of the Foundations of Mathematics -- Geometry as the Measure-Theoretic A Priori of Physics -- The Concept of Mass -- On the Definition of ‘Probability’ -- Section III: Constructivism and The Value Sciences -- Practical Reason and the Justification of Norms. Fundamental Problems in the Construction of a Theory of Practical Justification -- Protoethics: Towards a Formal Pragmatics of Justificatory Discourse -- Interests -- Is Rational Economics as an Empirical- Quantitative Science Possible? -- Determination by Reality or Construction of Reality? -- Notes On The Contributors.

Kurzfassung: The idea to produce the current volume was conceived by Jiirgen Mittelstrass and Robert E. Butts in 1978. Idealist philosophers are wrong about one thing: the temporal gap separating idea and reality can be very long indeed - even ten or so years! Problems of timing were joined by personal problems and by the pressure of other professional commitments. Fortunately, James Brown agreed to cooperate in the editing of the volume; the infusion of his usual energy, good judgement and good-natured promptness saved the volume and made its produc­ tion possible. Despite the delays, the messages of the papers included in the book have not gone stale. An extremely worthwhile exercise in international philosophical cooperation has come to fruition; the German constructivist philosophical position is here represented in papers in English that will make its contemporary importance available to a larger audience. The editors owe thanks to many persons. All involved in the project owe much to the interest and support of Nicholas Rescher, a friend of the undertaking from the time of its inception. My review of the translations was helped immensely by Andrea Purvis' careful copy editing of the typescript. Most of all, however, we owe gratitude and admiration for the tireless efforts on behalf of this enterprise to Jiirgen Mittelstrass.

Kurzfassung: 1 Einleitung: Fragestellung und Lösungsansatz der folgenden Untersuchungen -- 2 Urteilslehre und Widerspruchsfreiheit bei Husserl: Die verschiedenen Schichten möglicher Thematisierung logischer Konsequenz -- 2.1 Konsequenzlehre als Mathematik der Spielregeln -- 2.2 Konseqiienzlogik als dreischichtige (objektiv gerichtete) „Apophantik“ -- 2.3 Konsequenzlogik als Problem subjektiver Evidenz? Der Stellenwert reflexionstheoretischer Erörterungen Husserls für die Bestimmimg „objektiver“ formaler Logik im ersten Abschnitt von FTL -- 3 Kritik des Satzes vom Widerspruch bei Husserl: Das Programm einer Kritik des Satzes vom Widerspruch und seine Einlösung durch die Theorie widerstreitender Erfahrung -- 3.1 Was heißt „Kritik der logischen Prinzipien“? -- 3.2 Die Kritik der logischen Prinzipien in FTL -- 3.3 Zu den methodischen Voraussetzungen des Übergangs FTL/EU -- 3.4 „Widerstreit“ und „Widerspruch“ in EU -- 4 Urteilstheorie und Dialektikkonzept bei Cohn: Zur Bedeutung des Widerspruchs in Ansehung des Urteils als Urteil im Urteilszusammenhang -- 4.1 Hinführung: „Dialektischer Gedankengang“ — „dialektischer Begriff -- 4.2 Das Verhältnis von TD zu den logischen Prinzipien -- 4.3 Cohns Behandlung der logischen Prinzipien im Verhältnis zur Kritik derselben durch Husserl -- 4.4 Utraquismus und Wahrheit -- 4.5 Urteilszusammenhang und Geltungsanspruch. „Objekt“ und „Subjekt“ für das Erkennen als Aufgabe -- 5 Die Reflexionsproblematik innerhalb der Dialektik Cohns: Erkenntniszusammenhang und Ziel des Erkennens in Cohns Theorie des Selbstbewußtseins -- 5.1 Einleitung -- 5.2 Korrelatives Bewußtsein -- 5.3 Die Dialektik des Selbstbewußtseins -- 5.4 Re-intuivierung und Rekonstruktion -- 5.5 Der Gegensatz „Ich-Kern“ — „Ich-Schale“ -- 6 Reflexionsproblematik und Teleologie der Vernunft bei Husserl: Das „dialektische“ Problem des transzendentalen Psychologismus im Rahmen einer teleologisch konzipierten „transzendentalen“ Phänomenologie -- 6.1 Der Zusammenhang des Paradoxons der Subjektivität mit dem Problem des transzendentalen Psychologismus -- 6.2 Das Programm einer Kritik der Kritik -- 6.3 Teleologische Strukturen innerhalb von FTL -- 6.4 Der entscheidungstheoretische Lösungsansatz des Problems des transzendentalen Psychologismus und seine Probleme -- 7 Telos und Methode bei Husserl und Cohn: Das Unendlichkeitsproblem bei der letztendlichen Bestimmung des Ziels von Phänomenologie und Dialektik -- 7.1 Ausgangspunkt: Zu Unendlichkeitsproblemen und Paradoxien in der Mathematik aus der Sicht Colins und Husserls -- 7.2 Unendlichkeit und Methode in Colins dialektischer Theorie des Erkennens -- 7.3 Unendlichkeitsprobleme in der Phänomenologie Husserls -- 7.4 Das Telos dialektischer Phänomenologie in seiner Bezogenheit auf eine iterativ zu realisierende Methode -- 8 Schlußbemerkungen: Die Grenze obiger Untersuchungen und die Beziehung der Phänomenologie zu anderen „Dialektiken“ -- a) Das Verhältnis der Erkenntnistheorie zur Ethik -- b) Facetten des Lebensweltbegriffs -- c) „Logik“ und „Logiken“ -- d) „Dialektik“ und „Dialektiken“ -- e) Schlußwort -- Beilage I: Brief Husserls an Cohn vorn 15.10.1908 -- Beilage II: Antwort Cohns an Husserl (Briefentwurf vom 31.03.1911) -- Literatur- und Siglenverzeichnis -- A Bibliographien -- B Primär- und Sekundärliteratur -- C Briefe aus dem Jonas Cohn-Archiv, Duisburg -- Stichwortverzeichnis.

Kurzfassung: I. Philosophy? -- 1. Philosophy and the Sciences -- 2. Impressions of Philosophy -- 3. The Computational Model of the Mind, a panel discussion -- 4. Discussion: Progress in Philosophy -- 5. Philosophy and the Academy -- II. Working. -- 1. Pale Fire Solved -- 2. Incremental Acquisition and a Parametrized Model of Grammar -- 3. What are General Equilibrium Theories? -- 4. Effective Epistemology, Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence -- 5. The Flaws in Sen’s Case Against Paretian Libertariansism -- 6. Decisions without Ordering -- 7. Reflections on Hilbert’s Program -- 8. The Tetrad Project -- III. Postscriptum -- 1. Rationality Unbound.

Kurzfassung: I / Introduction -- 1. The Revival of Mental Philosophy -- 2. Mechanism -- 3. Naturalism -- 4. Two Problems of Mind -- II / What Is a Rule of Mind? -- 1. Signals and Control -- 2. Turing Machines -- 3. Logic and Logic of Mind -- 4. Nerve Networks and Finite Automata -- 5. Computer Logic -- 6. Glimpses from Psychology -- 7. Summary on Rules -- III / Behavior and Structure -- 1. Some Varieties of Automata -- 2. Fitting and Guiding -- 3. Empirical Realism -- IV / Mechanism — Arguments PRO and CON -- 1. Thinking Machines -- 2. The Argument from Analogy -- 3. Psychological Explanation and Church’s Thesis -- 4. On the Dissimilarity of Behaviors -- 5. Computers, Determinism, and Action -- 6. Summary to the Main Argument from Analogy -- V / Functionalism, Rationalism, and Cognitivism -- 1. Psychological and Automaton States -- 2. Behaviorism -- 3. Neorationalism -- 4. Cognitivism -- VI / The Logic of Acceptance -- 1. Universals, Gestalten, and Taking -- 2. Acceptance -- 3. Expectation -- 4. Family Resemblances -- VII / Perception -- 1. Perceptual Objects -- 2. Perception Perspectives -- VIII / Belief and Desire -- 1. Perceptual Belief -- 2. Desire -- 3. A Model of Desire -- 4. Standing Belief — Representation -- IX / Reference and Truth -- 1. Pure Semantics versus User Semantics -- 2. Belief Sentences -- 3. Denotation -- 4. A Theory of Truth -- 5. Adequacy -- X / Toward Meaning -- 1. Linguistic Meaning -- 2. Propositions -- 3. Intensions of Names and Predicates -- XI / Psychological Theory and the Mindbrain Problem -- 1. Realism and Reduction -- 2. Explanation -- 3. Free Will -- 4. Mental Occurrents -- Table of Figures, Formulas, and Tables -- Notes.

Kurzfassung: This book presents a mechanist philosophy of mind. I hold that the human mind is a system of computational or recursive rules that are embodied in the nervous system; that the material presence of these rules accounts for perception, conception, speech, belief, desire, intentional acts, and other forms of intelligence. In this edition I have retained the whole of the fIrst edition except for discussion of issues which no longer are relevant in philosophy of mind and cognitive psychology. Earlier reference to disputes of the 1960's and 70's between hard-line empiricists and neorationalists over the psychological status of grammars and language acquisition, for instance, has simply been dropped. In place of such material I have entered some timely or new topics and a few changes. There are brief references to the question of computer versus distributed processing (connectionist) theories. Many of these questions dissolve if one distinguishes as I now do in Chapter II between free and embodied algorithms. I have also added to my comments on artifIcal in­ telligence some reflections. on Searle's Chinese Translator. The irreducibility of machine functionalist psychology in my version or any other has been exaggerated. Input, output, and state entities are token identical to physical or biological things of some sort, while a machine system as a collection of recursive rules is type identical to representatives of equivalence classes. This nuld technicality emerges in Chapter XI. It entails that so-called "anomalous monism" is right in one sense and wrong in another.

Kurzfassung: 0. Introduction -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. Deductive Bases and Interpretations -- 3. Logical Matrices -- 4. Tabular Semantics -- 5. Referential Semantics -- 6. Propositional vs. Predicate Logics -- References -- Index of subjects -- Index of names -- Index of symbols.

Kurzfassung: I Background -- 1 Introduction to Mechatronics -- 2 Mechatronic System Elements -- II Applications -- 3 Factory Automation -- 4 Office Automation -- 5 Home Automation -- III Technology -- 6 Computer Integrated Systems -- 7 Smart Robots -- 8 Machine Vision Systems -- IV Assessment -- 9 Technology Assessment -- 10 Trends in Mechatronics -- 11 A Blueprint for the Future -- Appendix A Glossary -- Appendix B Reference Materials -- Japanese Information Sources -- U.S. Report on Mechatronics -- Mechatronics Standards.

Kurzfassung: 1 Lumped and distributed circuits -- 2 Characteristics of ideal transmission lines/cables -- 2.1 Equations for an ideal line -- 2.2 Possibility of line pulse reflections -- 2.3 Matching and mismatching -- 2.4 ‘Phantom generator’ interpretation of reflections -- 3 The reflection chart -- 3.1 The Reflection Chart: step-input voltage -- 3.2 Rectangular pulse drive -- 3.3 Input waveforms with finite rise- and fall-times -- 4’ sliding-Load-Line’ analysis of pulses on lines -- 4.1 Resistive terminations -- 4.2 Nonlinear load: a diode termination -- 4.3 Reflections with logic circuit interconnections -- 5 Time domain reflectometry -- 5.1 Application examples: step and truncated-ramp drive -- 6 Crosstalk -- 6.1 Crosstalk with strip lines -- 6.2 Crosstalk with cable bundles: general comments -- 7 Logic signal transmission: an introduction -- 7.1 Transmission characteristics -- 7.2 Noise rejection in unbalanced and balanced systems -- 7.3 Single-ended, point-to-point transmission: RS232C -- 7.4 Multi-point bidirectional data transmission: RS485 -- Appendix A: Résumé of practical line characteristics -- Appendix B: Laboratory demonstration work -- General considerations -- Circuit descriptions and observed waveforms -- Appendix C: General notes on waveform observation -- Lumped systems -- Distributed systems -- Answers (including worked solutions to problems) -- References.

Kurzfassung: The coming of digital electronics has given rise to many textbook- outstanding among which are the authoritative works of Douglas Lewin- dealing, in the main, with the combinational and sequential logic aspects of system design. By comparison, the coverage of digital hardware has been meagre: in particular, books on logic circuit interconnections have been scarce in number. When circuits operated at relatively low speeds this did not cause major problems to engineers and students, but the increasing use of fast, and very fast, logic circuits employed extensively in modern digital systems has brought the requirement for properly-designed transmission paths between printed circuit boards, on the boards, and even in the integrated circuit packages themselves. turn, has necessitated a physical understanding of line pulse This, in behaviour, and an ability to design practically appropriate interconnection systems, by a far wider audience of engineers, scientists and students than has been the case hitherto. For many years the study of transmission lines was, primarily, the province of the telecommunications engineer sending high-frequency radio signals to antennas for radiation into space, and the power engineer working at low frequencies (50/60 Hz) but with corresponding wavelengths comparable with the relatively large distances involved in the supply of power from generating stations to remote users. The textbook treatment of lines was well­ established, but based mainly on the assumption of sinusoidal signals. This 'frequency-domain' approach is not best suited to the understanding of the transmission of digital signals.

Kurzfassung: Many books on ageing attempt to cover the whole field of gerontology. However, since gerontology is now such a diversified and rapidly expanding subject, the results of such attempts tend to be either incomprehensible compendia or encyc10pedias of disheartening size. The present book aims to be both more modest and more ambitious. It focuses on a single object (Drosophila), but attempts to off er a synthesis of all the gerontological work that has been done on it. It also aims to show the extent to which this work has led to an understanding of the biological phenomena of ageing, longevity, senescence and death in higher organisms, inc1uding man. Finally it attempts, on the basis of current knowledge, to mark out the paths that the next generation of researchers will most probably follow. Drosophila has been used as a model organism to advance our basic knowledge of the fundamentals of genetics and gerontology. It may be noted that the pioneering work on the genetics of ageing, which used Drosophila, began very early in this century, within the first decade of the rediscovery of Mendel's laws.

Kurzfassung: 1 The Nature of Printing Inks -- 1.1 Visual characteristics of inks -- 1.2 The nature of printing inks as determined by the printing process -- 1.3 The drying characteristics -- 1.4 The adhesive nature of printing inks -- 1.5 The resistance properties of printing inks -- 2 The Printing Processes -- 2.1 The letterpress process -- 2.2 The offset lithographic process -- 2.3 The gravure process -- 2.4 The flexographic process -- 2.5 The screen printing process -- 2.6 Non-impact printing processes -- 2.7 Other printing processes -- 2.8 Print recognition -- 2.9 Substrate selection -- 2.10 The need for communication -- 3 Colour and Colour Matching -- 3.1 The physical nature of colour -- 3.2 The perception of colour -- 3.3 Additive and subtractive colour mixing -- 3.4 Origins of colour in printed material -- 3.5 Graphic reproduction -- 3.6 The measurement of colour -- 3.7 The recording of colour data and the specification of colour -- 3.8 Colour matching -- 3.9 Instrumental colour match prediction -- References -- 4 Raw Materials -- Section I Pigments -- Section II Dyestuffs -- Section III Oils -- Section IV Resins -- Section V Solvents -- Section VI Plasticisers -- Section VII Waxes -- Section VIII Driers -- Section IX Miscellaneous additives -- Section X Raw materials for radiation curing systems -- Section XI Health and safety at work -- References -- 5 Letterpress Inks -- 5.1 Nature of the process -- 5.2 General characteristics of letterpress inks -- 5.3 Physical properties -- 5.4 Raw materials -- 5.5 Letterpress ink formulation -- 5.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions -- 5.7 New developments -- 6 Lithographic Inks -- 6.1 General characteristics of litho inks -- 6.2 Drying mechanisms -- 6.3 Physical properties -- 6.4 Formulating principles -- 6.5 Typical inks and varnishes -- 6.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions -- 6.7 Recent and future trends -- 7 Gravure Inks -- 7.1 General characteristics -- 7.2 Physical properties of inks and their measurement -- 7.3 Formulating principles -- 7.4 Inks and varnishes for specific end-use applications -- 7.5 Printing ink faults -- 7.6 Future developments -- 8 Flexographic Inks -- 8.1 General characteristics of the inks -- 8.2 Physical properties of flexographic inks and their measurement -- 8.3 Formulating principles -- 8.4 Inks and varnishes for special purposes -- 8.5 Ink-related printing problems and possible solutions -- 8.6 Recent and future trends -- 9 Screen Inks -- 9.1 Important characteristics of screen inks -- 9.2 Requirements of raw materials -- 9.3 Inks for paper and board -- 9.4 Inks for impervious surfaces -- 9.5 Inks for plastic containers -- 9.6 Textile inks -- 9.7 Transfer inks -- 9.8 Overprint varnishes -- 9.9 Daylight fluorescent inks -- 9.10 Process inks -- 9.11 Metallics -- 9.12 Ink-related printing problems -- 9.13 Recent and future trends -- 10 Radiation Curable Systems -- 10.1 Electromagnetic radiation and electron beams -- 10.2 Microwave and radio frequency drying -- 10.3 Infra-red curing systems -- 10.4 Ultraviolet and electron beam curable inks and varnishes -- 10.5 Radiation curing equipment -- 10.6 State of the art and future trends -- Further reading -- 11 Inks for Special Purposes -- 11.1 Non-impact printing -- 11.2 Speciality screen inks -- 11.3 Inks for the electronics industry -- 11.4 Inks for laminated plastics -- 11.5 Inks for wallcoverings -- 11.6 Textile transfer inks -- 11.7 Sterilisation inks -- 11.8 Metal decorating -- 11.9 Letterset printing -- 12 Manufacture of Inks and Varnishes -- 12.1 General requirements -- 12.2 The manufacturing processes -- 12.3 Mixing equipment -- 12.4 Milling equipment -- 12.5 Handling, storage and manufacture of UV inks -- 12.6 Manufacture of newspaper inks -- 12.7 Handling and storage of inks -- 12.8 Modern production trends -- 12.9 The future -- 13 Rheology of Printing Inks -- 13.1 Flow in ideal systems -- 13.2 Deviations from Newtonian behaviour -- 13.3 Apparatus for the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian liquids -- 13.4 Practical measurements for non-Newtonian systems -- 13.5 Tack -- 13.6 Tack measurement -- 13.7 Ink distribution and related matters -- 13.8 Rheological measurements and machine design -- References -- 14 Testing, Control and Analysis -- 14.1 Standard tests -- 14.2 Sampling technique -- 14.3 Pigment testing -- 14.4 Chips and pre-dispersions -- 14.5 Dye testing -- 14.6 Resins -- 14.7 Varnishes and oils -- 14.8 Solvents -- 14.9 Radiation curing products -- 14.10 Miscellaneous materials -- 14.11 Ink quality control -- 14.12 Short-term ink testing -- 14.13 Long-term ink testing -- 14.14 Press performance tests -- 14.15 Dry print performance tests -- 14.16 Analysis of printing inks -- References -- Further reading -- 15 Health, Safety and the Environment -- 15.1 Handling of dangerous substances in the manufacture of printing inks -- 15.2 Mechanical and operational aspects -- 15.3 Specific printing ink applications -- 15.4 Some international constraints -- Glossary of abbreviations -- References.

Kurzfassung: The Printing Ink Manual was first published in 1961 under the auspices of the Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers with the object of providing an authoritative work on printing ink technology. This, the fourth edition, continues that purpose and presents a comprehensive study of the current 'state of the art' in the ink industry. For those starting in the printing ink industry it is a textbook dealing with all aspects of the formulation and manufacture of printing ink. For the ink technician it is a practical manual and useful source of reference. For printers and users of printed material the manual supplies helpful information on the nature and behaviour of ink both on the printing press and as the finished print. Readers with a little scientific knowledge will have no difficulty in using the manual, but as in previous editions, sufficient chemistry and physics have been introduced to assist the advanced technician and research scientist.

Kurzfassung: Molecular Biology and Biosynthesis of Neuropeptides -- Oxytocin and Vasopressin: After the Genes, What Next? -- The Evolution of FMRFamide-Like Neuropeptide Genes -- Developmental and Molecular Studies of Neurons That Express FMRFamide-Related Genes in Insects -- The Role of RNA Splicing and Post-Translational Proteolytic Processing in the Biosynthesis of Neuropeptides -- Precursors of Urotensins and Their Co-Expression in the , Caudal Neurosecretory System -- In Situ Hybridization Study of Neurohypophysial Hormone mRNAS -- The Release of Enkephalin-Containing Peptides from the Adrenal Gland in Conscious Calves -- Localization of Neuropeptides -- Modern Microscopical Imaging Techniques for the Study of the Neuroendocrine System -- Combined Use of Lectin Histochemistry and Immunocytochemistry for the Study of Neurosecretoon -- Mapping and Analysis of Receptors for Neurohypophyseal Peptides Present in the Brain -- Somatostatin and Neuropeptide Y: Coexistence in the Hippocampus and Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease -- Bioactive Peptides at the Neuromuscular Junction of Insects -- The Role of Head Activator in Cell Growth and Control Processes -- Cell Biology of Neuropeptide Secretion -- Release of Neuropeptides from Magnocellular Neurones: Does Anatomical Compartmentation Have a Functional Significance? -- Biosynthesis and Release of Multiple Peptides by the Caudodorsal Cells of Lymnaea Stagnalis -- Emerging Identity in Cytophysiology of Synaptic and Neurosecretory Terminals -- Isolated Neurohypophysial Nerve Endings, a Promising Tool to Study the Mechanism of Stimulus-Secretion Coupling -- Neuronal-Glial and Synaptic Plasticity in the Adult Oxytocinergic System -- Electrical Activity of Peptidergic Neurones Sponsored by Upjohn Ltd -- Contributions of Electrophysiology to the Study of Neurosecretion -- Electrical Activity of Peptidergic Neurones and Its Relation to Hormone Release -- Rhythmic Patterns of Discharge from Preoptic Neurones: Relationship to LH Release in Conscious Rabbits -- Electrical Attributes of Neurosecretory Terminals and Their Relationship to Secretion -- Neuroanatomical and Electrophysiological Analysis of the Brain-Sinus Gland Neurosecretory System in a Crustacean -- Intrinsic and Synaptic Factors Regulating Mammalian Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neuron Activity -- Intrinsic Electrophysiological Regulation of Firing Patterns of Bursting Neurons in Aplysia -- The Neonatal Rat Supraoptic Neurone in Culture: Development of a Model for Control of Peptidergic Secretion -- Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Polypeptide and Angiotensin II on the Supraoptic Neurons in Vitro -- Poster Presentations -- Participants.

Kurzfassung: This volume collects together the Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Neurosecretion which was held in Bristol in September 1987. This series of symposia began with a meeting in Naples in 1953 and it was particularly gratifying to welcome two members of that original gathering, Berta Scharrer and Ellen Thomsen, to the 10th Symposium. The acceptance of the invitation to meet in Bristol gave particular pleasure to the Local Organising Committee because it was the first time that a former venue was revisited - the 3rd Symposium was organised in Bristol by Hans Heller in 1961 and we were very glad that his widow, Josephine, was able to be the Guest-of-Honour at the banquet of our 10th symposium. Neurosecretion has diversified considerably since the first meeting in 1953. From the outset, the local committee decided to focus the meeting by organising it under the title "Cellular aspects of the production and release of neuropeptides. " Having sought advice from the International Committee for Symposia on Neurosecretion, we invited 28 scientists from throughout the world to present their work on aspects ranging from the organisation of the gene through to the electrical properties of peptide-secreting neurones. The progress of studies in neurosecretion owes much to the comparative approach and we attempted to reflect this in the programme of the tenth symposium by inviting the speakers, to illustrate the various aspects of neuropeptide secretion, from among scientists working with systems in many parts of the animal kingdom.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Arrivals in time -- 1.2 Reliability -- 1.3 Safety assessment -- 1.4 Random stress and strength -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 2 Point processes -- 2.1 The probabilistic context -- 2.2 Two methods of representation -- 2.3 Parameters of point processes -- 2.4 Transformation to a process with constant arrival rate -- 2.5 Time between arrivals -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 3 Homogeneous Poisson processes -- 3.1 Definition -- 3.2 Characterization -- 3.3 Time between arrivals for the hP process -- 3.4 Relations to the uniform distribution -- 3.5 A process with simultaneous arrivals -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 4 Application of point processes to a theory of safety assessment -- 4.1 The Reactor Safety Study -- 4.2 The annual probability of a reactor accident -- 4.3 A stochastic consequence model -- 4.4 A concept of rare events -- 4.5 Common mode failures -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 5 Renewal processes -- 5.1 Probabilistic theory -- 5.2 The renewal process cannot model equipment wearout -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 6 Poisson processes -- 6.1 The Poisson model -- 6.2 Characterization of regular Poisson processes -- 6.3 Time between arrivals for Poisson processes -- 6.4 Further observations on software error detection -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 7 Superimposed processes -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 8 Markov point processes -- 8.1 Theory -- 8.2 The Poisson process -- 8.3 Facilitation and hindrance -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 9 Applications of Markov point processes -- 9.1 Egg-laying dispersal of the bean weevil -- 9.2 Application of facilitation — hindrance to the spatial distribution of benthic invertebrates -- 9.3 The Luria-Delbrück model -- 9.4 Chance placement of balls in cells -- 9.5 A model for multiple vehicle automobile accidents -- 9.6 Engels’ model -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 10 The order statistics process -- 10.1 The sampling of lifetimes -- 10.2 Derivation from the Poisson process -- 10.3 A Poisson model of equipment wearout -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 11 Competing risk theory -- 11.1 Markov chain model -- 11.2 Classical competing risks -- 11.3 Competing risk presentation of reactor safety studies -- 11.4 Delayed fatalities -- 11.5 Proportional hazard rates -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- Further reading -- Appendix 1 Probability background -- A1.1 Probability distributions -- A1.2 Expectation -- A1.3 Transformation of variables -- A1.4 The distribution of order statistics -- A1.5 Conditional probability -- A1.6 Operational methods in probability -- A1.7 Convergence concepts and results in the theory of probability -- Notes on the literature -- Appendix 2 Technical topics -- A2.1 Existence of point process parameters -- A2.2 No simultaneous arrivals -- Solutions to a few of the problems -- References -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: In teaching an elementary course in stochastic processes it was noticed that many seemingly deep results in point processes are readily accessible by the device of representing them in terms of random gap lengths between points. The possibility of representing point processes in terms of sequences of random variables rather than probability measures makes them mathemati­ cally simpler than general stochastic processes. Point processes can be studied using only the tools of elementary probability, that is the joint distributions of finitely many random variables. Given the wide applicability of point process models and the difficulty of access by the measure-theoretic route, it was determined that the simpler representation is of sufficient expository im­ portance to deserve emphasis. The present book is the result: it is specialized and short and therefore is called a monograph. In its development the material has been taught to several classes with pleasing results. Students have apparently understood theorems which by other methods appear difficult and deep. A few of the results, particularly on reliability, safety assessment and clustering, are original applied research. An alternative title for this monograph might be 'Point processes: What they are and what they are good for.

Kurzfassung: I realize more and more that to some degree psychol­ ogists study their own lives. My first studies in the mid-1970s looked at the conflicts that emerge in dual­ career couples as the partners combine their various roles. Ideas for the early studies initially came from con­ versations with clients, friends, and people I met trav­ eling. Soon after the topic of dual careers came up, dis­ cussions of guilt and frustration followed. The partici­ pants in my first studies turned out to be predominantly women. Men expressed little interest in participating. A common response was, "Talk to my wife. " 7 8 PREFACE Ostensibly, husbands saw their partners, but not themselves, as dealing with conflicting roles. Although I presumed this to be somewhat true, I knew from ob­ serving my own husband that my having a career had an immeasurable impact on him. Were men denying something? Were women overly sensitive? Discussions with my husband, which helped me to get a better grasp on what male partners might be feeling, planted the seed for my subsequent book on men in dual-career 1 families, published in 1985. In gathering material for that book, I was struck by the contrast with men's ear­ lier disinterest. Husbands appeared eager to talk about their lives. Their greatest concern-what happens to the children?-became the focus of my last set of studies. Why this book? "Sharing it all" symbolizes the es­ sence of a two-career marriage.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Structure and properties of plastics -- 1.3 Additives -- 1.4 Processing of plastics -- 1.5 Practical methods of processing -- 1.6 Interactions between shaping process and plastics materials -- 2 Fundamentals of design -- 2.1 Engineering design -- 2.2 Design limitations imposed by processing method -- 2.3 Product design -- 2.4 Importance of economics of processing in design -- 3 Styrene plastics -- 3.1 Polystyrene -- 3.2 High impact polystyrene -- 3.3 Styrene copolymers -- 3.4 ABS plastics -- 3.5 Polystyrene—poly(phenylene oxide) blends -- 4 Other amorphous thermoplastics -- 4.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate) -- 4.2 Cellulose plastics -- 4.2.1 Regenerated cellulose -- 5 Propylene plastics -- 5.1 Homopolymer and impact-modified grades -- 5.2 Filled polypropylene -- 5.3 Foamed polypropylene -- 5.4 Miscellaneous applications of propylene polymers -- 6 Other polyolefin plastics -- 6.1 Polyethylene -- 6.2 Ethylene copolymers -- 6.3 Polybut-1-ene -- 6.4 Poly-4-methylpent-1-ene -- 7 Other crystalline thermoplastics -- 7.1 Polyamides -- 7.2 Thermoplastic polyesters -- 7.3 Polyacetals -- 8 Vinyl chloride plastics -- 8.1 Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) -- 8.2 Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) -- 8.3 Vinyl chloride copolymers -- 8.4 Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) -- 8.5 Vinylidene chloride polymers and copolymers -- 9 Speciality thermoplastics -- 9.1 Fluoroplastics -- 9.2 Polysulphones -- 9.3 Poly(phenylene sulphide) -- 10 Cross-linked plastics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Phenol-formaldehyde plastics -- 10.3 Urea-formaldehyde plastics -- 10.4 Melamine-formaldehyde plastics -- 10.5 Unsaturated polyester resins -- 10.6 Epoxide resins -- 11 Polyurethane plastics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Molecular structure—property relationships -- 11.3 Properties and applications of polyurethanes -- Further reading.

Kurzfassung: Plastics are part of everyday life and contribute immensely to the benefit of humanity. When failures occur, they are due in part either to inferior properties (resulting from poor design or badly controlled processing), or to an incomplete understanding of the properties and applications of plastics materials. Since publication of the first edition, the plastics industry has increas­ ingly adopted advanced business procedures and automation (such as closed loop control and robotics), to combat the effects of recession, and has moved increasingly towards methods based on sound scientific and technological principles. Plastics have increasingly been used in appli­ cations once dominated by the use of metals and ceramics. For instance, in the automotive industry, the modern car now contains a much higher proportion of polymers, including commodity plastics and more spec­ ialized materials. In addition, compact discs are being made from new injection-moulding grades of polycarbonate, which meet the requirements of a demanding process. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and extended to include new materials, technologies and design concepts. Chapters on thermoplastics reflect the development of polymer blends and alloys, whilst the chapters devoted to thermosets have been reorganized to accommodate the renaissance in the applications of phenolics and to cover the growing importance of polyurethanes. The related two­ component process technologies are now included; having undergone major developments in the last decade, they have become important shaping processes.

Kurzfassung: I. Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels -- Calcium Channel Diversity -- Multiple Types of Calcium Channels: Is their Function Related to Their Localization? -- Calcium Channels Incorporated Into Planar Lipid Bilayers: Phenomenology, Pharmacology, and Phylogeny -- Modulation of Ionic Selectivity of Ca Channels in the Neuronal Membrane by Ca2+ Ions. -- Proton-Induced Transformation of Ca2+ Channel in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. -- Physiology of Multiple Calcium Channels. -- Expression of Presynaptic Calcium Channels in Xenopus Oocytes. -- II. Intracellular Calcium and Cell Function: Sensory Transduction, Modulation of Excitability and Neurosecretion -- Control of Light Emitting Photoprotein by Calcium Channels in a Hydrozoan Coelenterate -- Calcium in Photoreceptors. -- Small Conductance Ca2+ Activated K Channels in Mollusks. -- Ca2+ Diffusion in the Cytoplasm of Aplysia Neurons: Its Relationship to Local Concentration Changes. -- Fura-2 Imaging of Localized Calcium Accumulation Within Squid ‘Giant’ Presynaptic Terminal -- Toward a Molecular Understanding of Synaptic Transmitter Release: Physiological Clues from the Squid Giant Synapse. -- Quantal Classes and Subunits of Quanta in the Neuromuscular Junction -- III. Ion Channel Modulation by Neurotransmitters and Second Messengers -- Cytoplasmic Modulation of Ion Channel Functioning in the Neuronal Membrane. -- Control of the Generation and Removal of Calcium-Mediated Inactivation of the Calcium Current in Helix aspersa Neurons. -- The Role of Protein Phosphorylation in the Response of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels to Membrane Depolarization in Mammalian Pituitary Tumor Cells. -- Modulation of the Potassium Conductance in the Squid Giant Axon. -- Physiological Interaction Between Calcium and Cyclip AMP in an Aplysia Bursting Pacemaker Neuron. -- Functional Implications of Calcium Channel Modulation in Embryonic Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. -- Neurotransmitter Modulation of Calcium Currents in Rat Sensory Neurons. -- Modulation of Potassium and Calcium Currents by FMRFamide in Aplysia Neurons: A Mechanism of Presynaptic Inhibition -- Cytoplasmic Modulation of Transmitter Gated K Channels in Cultured Mammalian Central Neurons -- IV. Ion Channels as Causes and Consequences of Development -- Regulation of Cortical Vesicle Exocytosis in Sea Urchin Eggs. -- Studies on the Development of Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in Vertebrate Neurons. -- Generation of Neuronal Architecture: Ionic Regulation of Growth Cone Behavior. -- Target Cell Contact Modulates Spontaneous Quantal and Non-quantal Acetylcholine Release by Xenopus Spinal Neurons -- Development and Regulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Function -- Steroidal Regulation of mRNA Coding for Potassium Channels in Uterine Smooth Muscle. -- V. New Approaches to Ion Channel Function and Regulation -- Fast Patch-Pipette Internal Perfusion with Minimum Solution Flow -- Evidence for a Bicarbonate Conductance in Neuroglia -- Divalent Cations as Modulators of NMDA-Receptor Channels on Mouse Central Neurons. -- Fluorescence Imaging Applied to the Measurement of Ca2+ in Mammalian Neurons. -- Use of Fused Synaptosomes or Synaptic Vesicles to Study Ion Channels Involved in Neurotransmission. -- Ion Channels of Three Microbes: Paramecium, Yeast and Escherichia coli.

Kurzfassung: Cellular neurobiology has been transformed in the past decade by new technologies and fundamental discoveries. One result is an enormous increase in our understanding of how ion channels function in nerve and muscle cells and a widening perspective on the role of ion channels in non-neuronal cell physiology and development. Patch clamp techniques now permit direct observation of the transitions between functional confor­ mations of individual ion channels in their native membrane. Recombinant DNA techniques are being used to determine the primary structure of ion channel proteins and to test hypotheses about channel conformations, sites of grating and modulation, and the basis of ion selectivity. At the same time, biochemical techniques have revealed intricate signalling systems in­ side cells, involving second messengers such as calcium, phospholipids and cyclic nucleotides, which interface with the external milieu through GTP binding proteins and regulate cell metabolism by altering protein phos­ phorylation. This panorama of second messenger systems has greatly increas­ ed our application for their potential role in regulating ion channel function. We now recognize that ion channels are much more complicated than we once thought, and more interesting. They are not simply isolated macro­ molecules in the membrane, gated directly by depolarization or trans­ mitter binding to open briefly at a fixed conductance and then close or inactivate. Instead, individual channels now appear to have many open and closed states that are regulated independently by voltage and transmitters.

Kurzfassung: Section 1 The Design Process -- Module 1.1 The Relationship between Geometry and Function -- Module 1.2 The Form of the Design Process -- Module 1.3 Traditional Drawing Practices -- Module 1.4 The Development of the CAD Industry -- Exercises -- Section 2 System Configuration -- Module 2.1 Workstations -- Module 2.2 Computers—Mainframes to Micros -- Module 2.3 Output Devices -- Module 2.4 Data Storage -- Module 2.5 Networked Systems -- Exercises -- Section 3 Entity Descriptions -- Module 3.1 Points, Lines and Circular Arcs -- Module 3.2 Basic Geometric Manipulations -- Module 3.3 Free-form Curves 1 -- Module 3.4 Free-form Curves 2 -- Module 3.5 Finding Intersections of Free-form Curves -- Module 3.6 Surfaces -- Exercises -- Section 4 View Transformations -- Module 4.1 Two-dimensional Transformations—Pan, Rotate and Zoom -- Module 4.2 Three-dimensional Transformation Matrices -- Module 4.3 Axial and Observer Systems -- Module 4.4 The Use of Perspective -- Module 4.5 Multi-view Presentations -- Module 4.6 Advanced Viewing Techniques -- Exercises -- Section 5 Types of CAD Modelling Systems -- Module 5.1 Two-dimensional Drafting Practice -- Module 5.2 Three-dimensional Wireframe Models -- Module 5.3 Surface Modelling -- Module 5.4 Solid Modelling -- Module 5.5 Display of Solid Models -- Exercises -- Section 6 The User Interface -- Module 6.1 User Command Language -- Module 6.2 Use of Menus -- Module 6.3 Graphics Interface Languages -- Module 6.4 Use of Parametrics -- Exercises -- Section 7 System Effectiveness and Organization -- Module 7.1 Information Flow -- Module 7.2 Establishing Design Needs -- Module 7.3 Identifying Benefits -- Module 7.4 Training for Operation -- Module 7.5 Working Environment -- Module 7.6 Design and Social Structure -- Module 7.7 System Management -- Exercises -- Section 8 Applications Programs -- Module 8.1 Analysis-centred Applications Programs -- Module 8.2 Manufacturing-centred Applications Programs -- Module 8.3 Control-centred Applications Programs -- Further Reading.

Kurzfassung: Many books already exist on computer-aided design and manufacture most of which are dedicated to describing the complexities of mathematical modelling and its application to industrial problems. In the experience of the present authors, however, if the subject is to be understood within its true, industrial context it must be taught in relation to the design process. Thus, while this book discusses both modelling and industrial applications, it also tries to provide an insight into design methodology, system selection and usage, and the social relationships that exist within design and manufacturing facilities. The teaching modules which make up the book are the distillation of material used by the authors both for undergraduate courses in CAD at BruneI University, and for seminars given to industrial users. The modules are not intended to be used in isolation, but rather to serve as an introductory survey which will enable students to grasp the broad outlines of the subject. Most aspects ofthe course presented here will need to be supported by further work and reading (see 'Further Reading'). In the authors' own courses much of the geometric and modelling work described in the text is supported by tutorial activities using the university department's commercial and research CAD/CAM systems. These include the Computervision-CADDS4X and Personal Systems.

Kurzfassung: of Review 42 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Coverage and Arrangement of Subjects -- 1.2 Previous Coverage -- 1.3 Recent Changes -- 1.4 Some Specific Points -- 2. Organisation and Functions of Local Authorities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 England and Wales -- 2.3 Scotland -- 2.4 Isles of Scilly -- 2.5 Northern Ireland -- 3. Financial Statistics: General Considerations -- 3.1 Important Characteristics -- 3.2 The Publication of Local Authority Financial Statistics -- 3.3 The Structure of Local Authority Accounts -- 3.4 Northern Ireland -- 4 Financial Statistics: Expenditure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Revenue (or current) Expenditure -- 4.3 Capital Expenditure -- 4.4 Local Authority Expenditure in Context of Public Expenditure -- 4.5 Northern Ireland -- 5 Financial Statistics: Rates -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Rate Income -- 5.3 Rate Poundage and Average Rate Payment -- 5.4 Rate Collection -- 5.5 Rate Rebates -- 5.6 Northern Ireland -- 6 Financial Statistics: Government Grants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Specific and Supplementary Grants -- 6.3 Rate Rebate Grants -- 6.4 Rate Support Grant -- 6.5 Northern Ireland -- 7 Financial Statistics: Borrowing and Debt -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Borrowing -- 7.3 Outstanding Debt -- 7.4 Net Financial Transactions -- 7.5 Northern Ireland -- 8 Financial Statistics: Miscellaneous Income -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rate Fund Services -- 8.3 Housing Revenue Account -- 8.4 Trading Services -- 8.5 Special Funds -- 8.6 Superannuation Funds -- 8.7 Northern Ireland -- 9 Rateable Values and Penny Rate Products -- 9.1 Rateable Values -- 9.2 Penny Rate Product -- 9.3 Northern Ireland -- 10 Manpower Earnings and Hours -- 10.1 Manpower -- 10.2 Earnings and Hours -- 10.3 Northern Ireland -- 11 Elections -- 11.1 Incidence of Elections -- 11.2 Electoral Statistics -- 11.3 Election Results -- 11.4 Northern Ireland -- 12 Public Protection -- 12.1 Police -- 12.2 Fire -- 12.3 Probation -- 12.4 Administration of Justice and Public Protection Items -- 12.5 Consumer Protection (including Trading Standards) -- 12.6 Northern Ireland -- 13 Transport -- 13.1 Highways and Transportation (England and Wales) -- 13.2 Highways and Transportation (Scotland) -- 13.3 Ports -- 13.4 Airports -- 13.5 Northern Ireland -- 14 Environmental Services -- 14.1 Definition and Scope -- 14.2 Environmental Health (England and Wales) -- 14.3 Refuse Collection (England and Wales) -- 14.4 Refuse Disposal (England and Wales) -- 14.5 Cemeteries and Crematoria (England and Wales) -- 14.6 Scotland -- 14.7 Northern Ireland -- 15 Miscellaneous -- 15.1 Museums, Art Galleries and Library Services -- 15.2 Direct Labour Organisations -- 15 3 Smallholdings -- 15.4 Surveys -- 15.5 Northern Ireland -- 16 Complaints -- 16.1 Great Britain -- 16.2 Northern Ireland -- 17 Conclusion -- 17.1 Recent Developments -- 17.2 Shortcomings -- 17.3 Suggestions -- Quick Reference List Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under the auspices of the Royal S~atistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs EJ. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (November 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.

Kurzfassung: 1: Logical, Methodological and Philosophical Aspects of Probability -- Probability: A Composite Concept -- Two Faces and three Masks of Probability -- Ambiguous Uses of Probability -- Some Logical Distinctions Exploited by Differing Analyses of Pascalian Probability -- Probability and Confirmation -- Chance, Cause and the State-Space Approach -- World as System Self-synthesized by Quantum Networking -- A Brief Note on the Relationship between Probability, Selective Strategies and Possible Models -- 2: Probability, Statistics and Information -- Critical Replications for Statistical Design -- The Contribution of A.N. Kolmogorov to the Notion of Entropy -- The Probability of Singular Events -- Probability, Randomness and Information -- 3: Probability in the Natural Sciences -- Probability, Organization and Evolution in Biochemistry -- Relativity and Probability, Classical and Quantal -- Probabilistic Ontology and Space-Time: Updating an Historical Debate -- Probability and the Mystery of Quantum Mechanics -- Probability and Determinism in Quantum Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: Probability has become one of the most characteristic con­ cepts of modern culture, and a 'probabilistic way of thinking' may be said to have penetrated almost every sector of our in­ tellectual life. However it would be difficult to determine an explicit list of 'positive' features, to be proposed as identifica­ tion marks of this way of thinking. One would rather say that it is characterized by certain 'negative' features, i. e. by certain at­ titudes which appear to be the negation of well established tra­ ditional assumptions, conceptual frameworks, world outlooks and the like. It is because of this opposition to tradition that the probabilistic approach is perceived as expressing a 'modern' in­ tellectual style. As an example one could mention the widespread diffidence in philosophy with respect to self -contained systems claiming to express apodictic truths, instead of which much weaker pretensions are preferred, that express 'probable' interpretations of reality, of history, of man (the hermeneutic trend). An ana­ logous example is represented by the interest devoted to the study of different patterns of 'argumentation', dealing wiht reasonings which rely not so much on the truth of the premisses and stringent formal logic links, but on a display of contextual conditions (depending on the audience, and on accepted stan­ dards, judgements, and values), which render the premisses and the conclusions more 'probable' (the new rhetoric).

Kurzfassung: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: One/ Subject and Programme -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quandaries in recent Aristotle research -- 3. The programme of this study -- Notes to Chapter One -- Two/ The General Doctrine I Some Theorems and Rules -- 1. Multifariousness and common core -- 2. A provisional assumption -- 3. Common properties -- 4. Comparisons -- Notes to Chapter Two -- Three/ The General Doctrine II Absolute and Qualified Modalities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Qualified vs. absolute modalities -- 3. Qualified necessity, syllogisms and the proof per impossibile -- 4. Absolute impossibility and the commensurability of the diagonal -- 5. Real and assumed background knowledge -- 6. Relations between temporal and modal concepts -- Notes to Chapter Three -- Four/ Modality and Time (I) The Principle of Plenitude -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Principle of Plenitude and its role in Aristotle’s modal thinking -- 3. The evidence -- Notes to Chapter Four -- Five/ Modality and Time (II) De Caelo I.12 and The Necessity of What is Eternal -- 1. The problem -- 2. Williams and the supposed logical errors -- 3. Hintikka and the confusion in Aristotle’s “Master Argument” -- 4. Judson and the “grossness of Aristotle’s fallacy” -- 5. The metaphysics in De Caelo I.12 as exposed by Waterlow -- 6. De Caelo I.12 and the necessity of what is eternal -- 7. Some extrapolations and the role of hylê phthartê -- Notes to Chapter Five -- Six/ Modality and Time (III) De Interpretations 9 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The traditional views -- 3. De Interpretations 9 on the statistical reading -- 4. Deliberation and chance events in De Interpretatione 9 -- 5. The interpretation -- Notes to Chapter Six -- Seven/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 The De Omni-Per Se Distinction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zabarella on Aristotelian necessity -- 3. Inseparable accidents -- 4. A first look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6 -- 5. Some commentaries on Posterior Analytics I.4 and 6 -- 6. Real or conceptual modalities? -- 7. Aristotle, matter, and definition -- Notes to Chapter Seven -- Eight/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 Names and Naming -- 1. Abstraction in Metaphysics XIII.3 -- 2. Abstraction and naming -- 3. The issue of names and naming -- 4. A new look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6, part one -- 5. Some major differences -- 6. A new look at Posterior Analytics 1.4-6, part two -- 7. Belonging kath’ hauto and homogeneity -- 8. Homogeneity, the necessity of what is always and the concept of possibility -- Notes to Chapter Eight -- Nine/ Apodeictic Syllogistic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. External criticism -- 3. The nature of Aristotle’s syllogistic theory -- 4. Apodeictic syllogistic -- 5. Incoherence -- 6. McCall’s reconstruction -- 7. The four apodeictic categorical sentences and apodeictic ecthesis -- 8. The apodeictic conversion rules -- 9. The apodeictic Barbaras and domains of discourse -- 10. The status of ALuu -- 11. The soundness of the inference base -- 12. Conversion rules and shifts of type of predication -- 13. Conclusions -- Notes to Chapter Nine -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: 1 Basic Concepts -- Algorithm -- Programming languages -- Software tools -- Pascal -- Identifiers -- Pascal structure -- Comments -- Examples of bad and good programming -- 2 Scalar Data Type: Constant, Integer, Real. Input-Output -- Constant definition -- Variable declarations -- Integers -- Reals -- Pascal arithmetic -- Arithmetic functions -- Input to a program -- Output from a program -- Formatted output -- A step by step development of simple Pascal programs -- 3 Scalar Data Type: Char, Boolean, Enumerated and Subrange. The Array Data Structure -- Computer character set -- The data type character -- Input and output of character variables -- Standard function identifiers for character -- The data type boolean -- Operator hierarchy -- Standard functions for boolean -- Scalar data type -- Enumerated scalar data type -- Subrange scalar data type -- The array data structure -- 4 Conditional, Repetitive and Goto Statements -- Assignment statement -- Compound statement -- The if statement -- The case statement -- The while-do statement -- The repeat-until statement -- The for-statement -- The goto statement -- 5 Functions and Procedures -- Why use functions and procedures? -- Functions -- Local declarations within functions -- Scope of identifiers and side effects -- Procedures -- Procedures with no formal parameters -- Procedures with value parameters -- Using global variables -- Procedures with variable parameters -- Procedural and functional parameters -- Recursion -- Forward directive -- 6 Structured Data Types: Array, File, Set and Record. The Pointer Data Type -- The array structure -- Arrays as subprogram parameters -- Packed arrays -- Strings -- The file structure -- Standard Pascal procedures for files -- Textfiles and standard procedures -- The set structure -- Set operators -- The record structure -- Variant record -- The pointer data type -- 7 Case Studies -- Network transfer functions -- Transfer function analysis program -- Active filter synthesis -- Active circuit synthesis program -- Linear passive circuits -- Circuit analysis program -- Appendix A Syntax diagrams -- Appendix B Pascal special symbols -- Standard Pascal identifiers -- Description of standard functions -- References.

Kurzfassung: In the last few years there has been a tremendous increase in the number of Pascal courses taught at various levels in schools and universities. Also with the advances made in electronics it is possible today for the majority of people to own or have access to a microcomputer which invariably runs BASIC and Pascal. A number of Pascal implementations exist and in the last two years a new Pascal specification has emerged. This specification has now been accepted as the British Standard BS6192 (1982). This standard also forms the technical content of the proposed International Standard IS07185. In addition to a separate knowledge of electronic engineering and programming a marriage of engineering and computer science is required. The present method of teaching Pascal in the first year of electronic engineering courses is wasteful. Little, if any, benefit is derived from a course that only teaches Pascal and its use with abstract examples. What is required is continued practice in the use of Pascal to solve meaningful problems in the student's chosen discipline. The purpose of this book is to make the use of standard Pascal (BS6192) as natural a tool in solving engineering problems as possible. In order to achieve this aim, only problems in or related to electrical and elec­ tronic engineering are considered in this book. The many worked examples are of various degrees of difficulty ranging from a simple example to bias a transistor to programs that analyse passive RLC networks or synthesise active circuits.

Kurzfassung: On Boethius’s Notion of Being: A Chapter of Boethian Semantics -- Logic in the Early Twelfth Century -- The Distinction Actus Exercitus/Actus Significatus in Medieval Semantics -- Denomination in Peter of Auvergne -- Concrete Accidental Terms: Late Thirteenth-Century Debates About Problems Relating to Such Terms as ‘Album’ -- Concrete Accidental Terms and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech -- The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent -- Tu Scis Hoc Esse Omne Quod Est Hoc: Richard Kilvington and the Logic of Knowledge -- Logic and Trinitarian Theology: De Modo Predicandi ac Sylogizandi in Divinis -- A Seventeenth-Century Physician on God and Atoms: Sebastian Basso -- Index of Persons.

Kurzfassung: The studies that make up this book were written and brought together to honor the memory of Jan Pinborg. His unexpected death in 1982 at the age of forty-five shocked and saddened students of medieval philosophy everywhere and left them with a keen sense of disappoint­ ment. In his fifteen-year career Jan Pinborg had done so much for our field with his more than ninety books, editions, articles, and reviews and had done it all so well that we recognized him as a leader and counted on many more years of his scholarship, his help, and his friendship. To be missed so sorely by his international colleagues in an academic field is a mark of Jan's achievement, but only of one aspect of it, for historians of philosophy are not the only scholars who have reacted in this way to Jan's death. In his decade and a half of intense productivity he also acquired the same sort of special status among historians of linguistics, whose volume of essays in his memory is being G. L. Bursill-Hall almost simultane­ published under the editorship of ously with this one. Sten Ebbesen, Jan's student, colleague, and successor as Director of the Institute of Medieval Greek and Latin Philology at the University of Copenhagen, has earned the gratitude of all of us by memorializing Jan 1 in various biographical sketches, one of which is accompanied by a 2 complete bibliography of his publications.

Kurzfassung: Type-Shifting Rules and the Semantics of Interrogatives -- On the Semantic Content of the Notion of ‘Thematic Role’ -- Structured Meanings, Thematic Roles and Control -- On the Semantic Composition of English Generic Sentences -- Generically Speaking, or, Using Discourse Representation Theory to Interpret Generics -- Realism and Definiteness -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: This collection of papers stems originally from a conference on Property Theory, Type Theory and Semantics held in Amherst on March 13-16 1986. The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com­ puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (of ten in isolation from one another). Our intent was to boost debate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issues at a time of rapid change in semantics and cognitive science. The papers published in this work have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes. The first deals primarily with logical and philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues. While there is a common set of issues tying the two volumes together, they are both self-contained and can be read independently of one another. Two of the papers in the present collection (van Benthem in volume 1 and Chierchia in volume II) were not actually read at the conference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topics of the volumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the present work due to timing problems. We nevertheless thank the authors for their contribu­ tion in terms of ideas and participation in the debate.

Kurzfassung: Categorial Grammars as Theories of Language -- The Lambek Calculus -- Generative Power of Categorial Grammars -- Semantic Categories and the Development of Categorial Grammars -- Aspects of a Categorial Theory of Binding -- Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Conjunction -- Implications of Process-Morphology for Categorial Grammar -- Phrasal Verbs and the Categories of Postponement -- Natural Language Motivations for Extending Categorial Grammar -- Categorial and Categorical Grammars -- Mixed Composition and Discontinuous Dependencies -- Multi-Dimensional Compositional Functions as a Basis for Grammatical Analysis -- Categorial Grammar and Phrase Structure Grammar: An Excursion on the Syntax-Semantics Frontier -- Combinators and Grammars -- A Typology of Functors and Categories -- Consequences of Some Categorially-Motivated Phonological Assumptions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Categories and Functors.

Kurzfassung: I The Biological Underpinnings of Scents -- 1 Human odour culture: a zoological perspective -- 2 The molecular dimension in perfumery -- 3 The significance of odorous steroids in axillary odour -- II Developmental and Social Aspects of Fragrance -- 4 The acquisition of odour hedonics -- 5 Perfume as a tactic of impression management in social and organizational settings -- III Odour Perception and the Language of the Brain -- 6 Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the psychological effects of odour -- 7 Emotion and the brain -- IV Fragrance Therapies -- 8 Anxiety reduction using fragrances -- 9 Essential oils as psychotherapeutic agents -- V The Consumer and Perfume -- 10 The psychology of fragrance selection -- 11 Perfume, people, perceptions and products -- 12 Selling perfume: a technique or an art? -- 13 Fragrance education and the psychology of smell -- References -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: THE SENSE OF SMELL The nose is normally mistakenly assumed to be the organ of smell reception. It is not. The primary function of the nose is to regulate the temperature and humidity of inspired air, thereby protecting the delicate linings of the lungs. This is achieved by the breathed air passing through narrow passageways formed by three nasal turbinates in each nostril. The turbinates are covered by spongy vascular cells which can expand or contract to open or close the nasal pathways. The olfactory receptors, innervated by the 1st cranial nerve, are located at the top of the nose. There are about 50 million smell receptors in the human olfactory epithelia, the total size of which, in humans, is about that of a small postage stamp, with half being at the top of the left and half at the top of the right nostril. The receptive surfaces of olfactory cells are ciliated and extend into a covering layer of mucus. There is a constant turnover of olfactory cells. Their average active life has been estimated to be about 28 days.

Kurzfassung: of Review 43 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types and Sources of Information -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Sources of Routine Data on Family Planning -- 2.3 Survey Data on Fertility and Family Planning -- 2.4 General Household Survey -- 2.5 Parliamentary Questions -- 2.6 Family Planning Information Service -- 3. Contraception -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Data on Contraceptive Usage -- 3.3 Sample Survey Data -- 3.4 Information Available From Sample Surveys -- 3.5 Additional Sources of Data on the Use of Contraception -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusion -- 4. Contraceptive Services -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Development of Contraceptive Services -- 4.3 Statistics Relating to Services before 1974 -- 4.4 Family Practitioner Services under 1973 Act -- 4.5 NHS Community and Hospital Services since 1974 -- 4.6 Survey Data on Family Planning Services -- 4.7 Evaluation of Family Planning Services -- 5. Sterilisation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sources of Data on Sterilisation Operations -- 5.3 Vasectomy -- 5.4 Female Sterilisation -- 5.5 Survey Data on Prevalence of Sterilisation -- 5.6 Summary and Conclusion -- 6. Abortion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Legislation -- 6.3 Published Statistics on Legal Abortion -- 6.4 Evaluation of Annual Statistics in England and Wales -- 6.5 Illegal Abortion -- 6.6 Survey Data on Abortion -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 7. Family Building Patterns -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Family Size Preferences -- 7.3 Unwanted Pregnancy -- 7.4 Contraceptive Effectiveness -- 7.5 Sexual Behaviour Outside Marriage -- 7.6 Childlessness, Subfecundity and Subfertility Services -- 7.7 Adoption -- 7.8 The Artificial Family -- 7.9 Summary and Conclusion -- 8. Evaluation and Future Needs -- 8.1 Evaluation -- 8.2 Further Needs -- Quick Reference List Description -- Quick Reference List Table of Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under th~ auspices of the Royal Statistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs E. J. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (December 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.

Kurzfassung: One: Foundations of Mathematics -- 1. From the foundations of Protothetic -- 2. Definitions and theses of Le?niewski’s Ontology -- 3. Class theory -- Two: Peano Arithmetic and Whitehead’s Theory of Events -- 4. Primitive terms of arithmetic -- 5. Inductive definitions -- 6. Whitehead’s theory of events -- List of seminars and courses delivered by Le?niewski at Warsaw University between 1919 and 1939.

Kurzfassung: Stanislaw Lesniewski (1886-1939) was one of the leading Polish logicians and founders of the Warsaw School of Logic whose membership included, beside himself, Jan Lukasiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Alfred Tarski, and many others. In his lifetime LeSniewski published only a few hundred pages. He produced many important results in many areas of mathematics; these stood in various relations to each other, and to materials produced by others, and, in time, created more and more editorial problems. Very many were left unpublished at the time of his death. Then in 1944 in the fire of Warsaw the whole of this material was burned and lost -a considerable loss since a great deal of what is important could have been reconstructed from these notes. The present publication aims at presenting unique Lesniewski's materials from alternative sources comprising lecture notes taken during some of Lesniewski's lectures and seminars delivered at the University of Warsaw be­ tween the two world wars. The editors are aware of the limitations of student notes which cannot compensate for the loss of the original materials. However, they are unique in reflecting Lesniewski's ideas as he himself presented them. Already at the time of his death it was realized that these notes would provide a unique access to Lesniewski's own thought as well as a valuable record of some of the activities of the Warsaw School of Logic.

Kurzfassung: Vienna, Warsaw, Copenhagen -- The Cracow Circle -- Austrian Origins of Logical Positivism -- The Approach to Metaphysics in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- Ajdukiewicz’s Contribution to the Realism/Idealism Debate -- Towards Universal Grammars Carnap’s and Ajdukiewicz’ Contributions -- Principles of Categorial Grammar in the Light of Current Formalisms -- On ‘Categorial Grammar’ -- Meta-Ethics: Contributions from Vienna and Warsaw -- The Project to Create an Empirical Ethical Theory -- Mereology and Metaphysics: From Boethius of Dacia to Lesniewski -- Definitions in Russell, in the Vienna Circle and in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- ?ukasiewicz, Meinong, and Many-Valued Logic -- ?ukasiewiczian Logic of Tenses and The Problem of Determinism -- Kasimir Twardowski: An Essay on The Borderlines of Ontology, Psychology and Logic -- Some Remarks on the Place of Logical Empiricism in 20th Century Philosophy -- De Veritate: Austro-Polish Contributions to the Theory of Truth from Brentano to Tarski -- The Lvov-Warsaw School and the Vienna Circle.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- I Transducers -- 2 Position transducers -- 3 Light transducers -- 4 Force transducers -- 5 Velocity transducers -- II Sensors -- 6 Robot Vision Sensors -- 7 Robot Tactile Sensors -- III Image Processing -- 8 Image processing -- Solutions to revision questions -- References.

Kurzfassung: The use of sensor's with machines, whether to control them continuously or to inspect and verify their operation, can be highly cost-effective in particular areas of industrial automation. Examples of such areas include sensing systems to monitor tool condition, force and torque sensing for robot assembly systems, vision-based automatic inspection, and tracking sensor's for robot arc welding and seam sealing. Many think these will be the basis of an important future industry. So far, design of sensor systems to meet these needs has been (in the interest of cheapness) rather ad hoc and carefully tailored to the application both as to the transducer hardware and the associated processing software. There are now, however, encouraging signs of commonality emerging between different sensor application areas. For instance, many commercial vision systems and some tactile systems just emerging from research are able to use more or less standardized techniques for two-dimensional image processing and shape representation. Structured-light triangulation systems can be applied with relatively minor hardware and software variations to measure three-dimensional profiles of objects as diverse as individual soldered joints, body pressings, and weldments. Sensors make it possible for machines to recover 'sensibly' from errors, and standard software proce­ dures such as expert systems can now be applied to facilitate this.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction to instrumental methods of analysis -- 1.1 Precision and accuracy -- 1.2 Speed of analysis -- 1.3 Cost -- 1.4 Safety -- 1.5 Automation -- Recommended general texts -- 2 Liquid chromatography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory of liquid chromatography -- 2.3 Modes of chromatography -- 2.4 Chromatographic techniques -- 2.5 Sample preparation -- References -- 3 Gas chromatography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Principles -- 3.3 The chromatographic system -- 3.4 GLC columns -- 3.5 Principles of separation -- 3.6 Stationary phases -- 3.7 Gas—solid chromatography -- 3.8 Detectors -- 3.9 Sample preparation -- 3.10 Quantification -- References -- 4 Electrophoresis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of pH on charge -- 4.3 Techniques of electrophoresis -- 4.4 Isotachophoresis -- References -- 5 Introduction to spectroscopy -- 5.1 Spectroscopy -- 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum -- 5.3 Molecular energy states -- 5.4 Molecular transitions -- 5.5 Quantitative analysis -- 5.6 Determination of a spectrum -- Further reading -- 6 UV—visible spectrophotometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electronic energy levels -- 6.3 Electronic transitions -- 6.4 Qualitative analysis -- 6.5 Quantitative analysis -- 6.6 Calibration of spectrophotometers -- 6.7 Sample presentation -- 6.8 Difference spectrophotometry -- 6.9 Spectrophotometric titrations -- 6.10 Derivative spectrophotometry -- 6.11 Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry -- 6.12 Spectrophotometers and colorimeters -- 6.13 Turbidimetry and nephelometry -- 6.14 Colour and gloss of solid samples -- References -- 7 Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fluorophores -- 7.3 Excitation and emission spectra -- 7.4 Quantitative measurements -- 7.5 Factors affecting fluorescence spectra -- 7.6 Instruments for fluorescence studies -- 7.7 Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometry -- References -- 8 Infrared spectroscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Molecular vibrations -- 8.3 Qualitative analysis -- 8.4 Quantitative analysis -- 8.5 Instrumentation -- 8.7 Attenuated total reflectance -- 8.8 Near-infrared reflectance analysis -- References -- 9 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Principles -- 9.3 Pulse NMR spectrometer -- 9.4 Chemical shifts -- 9.5 Spin—spin coupling -- 9.6 Integration -- 9.7 Further techniques for elucidation of NMR spectra -- 9.8 Wide-line NMR -- 9.9 In-vivo NMR -- References -- 10 Electron spin resonance -- 10.1 Principles -- 10.2 ESR spectra -- 10.3 ESR spectrometer -- 10.4 Sample preparation -- 10.5 Spin labelling -- 10.6 Quantitative analysis -- References -- 11 Flame techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Flame emission spectrometry (FES) -- 11.3 Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) -- 11.4 Applications -- References -- 12 Mass spectrometry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mass spectrometer -- 12.3 Analysis of mixtures -- 12.4 Determination of molecular structures -- References -- 13 Electrochemical techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Conductivity of solutions -- 13.3 Voltammetry -- 13.4 Potentiometric measurements -- References.

Kurzfassung: Instrumental techniques of analysis have now moved from the confines of the chemistry laboratory to form an indispensable part of the analytical armoury of many workers involved in the biological sciences. It is now quite out of the question to considcr a laboratory dealing with the analysis of biological materials that is not equipped with an extensive range of instrumentation. Recent years have also seen a dramatic improvement in the ease with which such instruments can be used, and the quality and quantity of the analytical data that they can produce. This is due in no sm all part to the ubiquitous use of microprocessors and computers for instrumental control. However, under these circumstances there is areal danger of the analyst adopting a 'black box' mentality and not treating the analytical data produced in accordance with the limitations that may be inherent in the method used. Such a problem can only be overcome if the operator is fully aware of both the theoretical and instrumental constraints relevant to the technique in question. As the complexity and sheer volume of material in undergraduate courses increases, there is a tendency to reduce the amount of fundamental material that is taught prior to embarking on the more applied aspects. This is nowhere more apparent than in the teaching of instrumental techniques of analysis.

Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Variegated, Ever-Changing Transportation Marketplace -- Railroads -- Motor Carriers -- Household Goods Movers -- Brokers -- Shipper Associations -- Airlines -- Domestic Water Carriers -- Freight Forwarders -- Pipelines -- Intermodal Transportation -- Private Carriage -- 3. Regulation and Rates Today -- Common-Carrier Tariffs -- Reduced Protections for Shippers -- Rate Bureaus -- 4. Marketing Strategies for Carriers -- A Need for Rational Planning -- Pricing Strategies and Approaches -- The Tactics of Marketing -- The Special Case of Loss-and-Damage Liability -- The Art of Transportation Salesmanship -- 5. Buying Transportation Service: The Shipper’s View -- Characteristics of the Traffic -- The Rate and Service “Package” -- The Question of Pricing -- The Carrot, the Stick and Other Matters -- Common Pitfalls to Avoid -- Researching the Other Side -- The Special Case of Captive Traffic -- 6. Computers and Strategic Planning -- 7. The Art of Negotiating -- When, Where and Who -- The Initial Proposal(s) -- The Conduct of Negotiations -- “Boulwarism” -- Finalizing the Agreement -- Two “Winners,” No “Losers” -- Appendix: Negotiations in Transportation -- 8. Contracting for Carriers and Shippers -- The Element of Mutuality -- Transportation Contracts and the Law -- Contract Negotiation Strategies -- Key Features of Transportation Contracts -- The Ethics of Contracting -- The Negotiating Process -- Contract Administration -- Appendix: Contract for Carriage -- 9. The Many Facets of Competitive Bidding -- The Request for Proposal -- The Specifications -- Traffic Volume -- The Bid Element(s) -- Bid Format -- The Basis of Evaluation -- The Deadline -- Responding to the RFP -- Legal and Ethical Considerations -- The Future of Competitive Bidding -- 10. Antitrust Law and Rate Negotiations -- Some Recent Cases -- Other Facets of Antitrust Law.

Kurzfassung: In the time-worn traditions of the transportation industry, ship­ pers and carriers regard one another as enemies. There is, to be sure, a certain degree of validity to such a viewpoint. An element of conflict will naturally be present in any vendor-purchaser relationship. The two, after all, are seeking distinctly different things from that relationship; and to a con­ siderable extent each party's success in realizing its own goals must be achieved at the expense of the other. At the same time, however, viewing that relationship as strictly zero-sum-a gain by one side always resulting in an equal and offsetting loss by the other-is a gross misconception. It overlooks the key reality that, no matter which party comes closest to its own objectives, the relationship, and the business transactions that flow from it, must ultimately benefit both. Without that level of mutual benefit the relationship will simply not exist (or will soon founder if it somehow does come into being); for it is only the self-interest of the two parties that impels them to establish and continue that relationship at all. In transportation, however, this element of mutuality-the attitude that the parties share a common interest in nurturing their relationship-is often forgotten. Instead of working to­ gether as, fundamentally, partners in a business transaction from which both expect to derive gains, they dedicate the bulk of their energies to fighting, rather than cooperating, with one another.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Manufacturing Techniques -- 3 The Network — The Physical Transmission Medium -- 3.1 Basic communications -- 3.2 Communications options -- 3.3 Distributed LANs -- 3.4 Head ends -- 4 The Seven Layer Model -- 4.1 The application itself -- 4.2 Applications layer (layer 7) -- 4.3 Presentation layer (layer 6) -- 4.4 Session layer (layer 5) -- 4.5 Transport layer (layer 4) -- 4.6 Network layer (layer 3) -- 4.7 Datalink layer (layer 2) -- 4.8 Physical layer (layer 1) -- 4.9 Interconnecting MAP and TOP with each other and with other systems -- 4.10 Technical and Office Protocols (TOP) -- 5 The Standards Scene -- 5.1 The origins of OSI -- 5.2 The International Standards Organization (ISO) -- 5.3 ISO stages of development of standards -- 5.4 National activity in the UK -- 5.5 Who’s who in standards -- 6 Key Issues -- 6.1 The functionality of MMS -- 6.2 Interoperability -- 6.3 Testing -- 7 Map and Top Application Case Studies -- 7.1 The Towers of Hanoi and beyond -- 7.2 Cell controller applications -- 7.3 A link from design to assembly and inspection -- 7.4 MAP in the electronics test environment -- 7.5 AIMS — an Assembly Information Management System applied to engine assembly -- 7.6 Using MAP in the factory -- 7.7 MAP in printed circuit board assembly -- 7.8 Communications in the aerospace industry -- 7.9 MAP in General Motors -- 8 The Way Ahead -- 8.1 The future -- 8.2 MAP and TOP products -- Useful Addresses -- Abbreviations -- Sources and Recommendations for Further Reading.

Kurzfassung: Advances in technology are making the business and manufacturing environment increasingly complex. Standards can help us cope with this complexity. Given the strategic importance of computers in the economies of the industrial world, it is fitting that one of the most significant commercial stories of our time is the standardization of computer communications. Quite frankly, when we joined with other computer users to launch this effort we didn't predict its scope and we should have done. public visibility. In restrospect, I guess The computer assisted technologies looming on the horizon offer some of the greatest functional and productivity tools available to improve business operations. However, the absence of a standardized electronic link permeating most business organizations poses a severe impediment to the efficient deployment of this technology. The feasibility of using computer controlled devices to design, test, and manufacture products - as part of a massive network - is well within our technological grasp. However, unless the world agrees upon a global set of standards that will make multi-vendor computer systems interoperable, successful implementation of these technologies becomes less and less attractive.

Kurzfassung: 1 Control Theory and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What is “Control”? -- 1.3 Elementary Control System -- 1.4 Purposes of Control -- 1.5 Control Action -- 1.6 Energy Sources for Control Systems -- 1.7 Measurement -- 1.8 Symbols and Abbreviations -- 1.9 Psychrometrics -- 1.10 Relationships -- 1.11 Summary -- 2 Pneumatic Control Devices -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pneumatic Control Devices -- 2.3 Control Cabinets -- 2.4 Air Supply -- 3 Electric and Electronic Control Devices -- 3.1 Electric Control Devices -- 3.2 Electronic Control Devices -- 4 Fluidic Control Devices -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Wall Attachment Devices -- 4.3 Turbulence Amplifiers -- 4.4 Vortex Amplifiers -- 4.5 Radial Jet Amplifier -- 4.6 Fluidic Transducers -- 4.7 Manual Switches -- 5 Flow Control Devices -- 5.1 Dampers -- 5.2 Steam and Water Flow Control Valves -- 5.3 System Gains -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Elementary Control Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Outside Air Controls -- 6.3 Air Stratification -- 6.4 Heating -- 6.5 Cooling Coils -- 6.6 Humidity Control -- 6.7 Dehumidifiers -- 6.8 Static Pressure Control -- 6.9 Electric Heat -- 6.10 Gas-Fired Heaters -- 6.11 Oil-Fired Heaters -- 6.12 Refrigeration Equipment -- 6.13 Fire and Smoke Control -- 6.14 Electrical Interlocks -- 6.15 Location of Sensors -- 6.16 Summary -- 7 Complete Control Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Single-Zone Systems -- 7.3 Multizone Air Handling Systems -- 7.4 Dual-Duct Systems -- 7.5 Variable-Volume Systems -- 7.6 Reheat Systems -- 7.7 Heat Reclaim -- 7.8 Fan-Coil Units -- 7.9 Induction Systems -- 7.10 Unit Ventilators -- 7.11 Packaged Equipment -- 7.12 Other Packaged Equipment -- 7.13 Radiant Heating and Cooling -- 7.14 Radiators and Convectors -- 7.15 Heat Exchangers -- 7.16 Solar Heating and Cooling Systems -- 7.17 Summary -- 8 Electric Control Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electric Control Diagrams -- 8.3 Electrical Control of a Chiller -- 8.4 Electrical Control of an Air Handling Unit -- 8.5 Example: A Typical Small Air Conditioning System -- 8.6 Electric Heaters -- 8.7 Reduced-Voltage Starters -- 8.8 Multispeed Starters -- 8.9 Variable Speed Controllers -- 8.10 Summary -- 9 Special Control Systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Close Temperature and/or Humidity Control -- 9.3 Controlled Environment Rooms for Testing -- 9.4 Some Examples from Practice -- 9.5 Summary -- 10 Supervisory Control Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hard-Wired Systems -- 10.3 Multiplexing Systems -- 10.4 Computer-Based Systems for Monitoring and Control -- 10.5 The Economics of Supervisory Systems -- 10.6 Benefits of the Computer System -- 10.7 Training for Maintenance and Operation -- 10.8 Summary -- 11 Psychrometrics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Psychrometric Properties -- 11.3 Psychrometric Tables -- 11.4 Psychrometric Charts -- 11.5 Processes on the Psychrometric Chart -- 11.6 HVAC Cycles on the Chart -- 11.7 Impossible Processes -- 11.8 Effects of Altitude -- 11.9 Summary -- 12 Central Plant Pumping and Distribution Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Diversity -- 12.3 Constant Flow Systems -- 12.4 Variable Flow Systems -- 12.5 Distribution Systems -- 12.6 Building Interfaces -- 12.7 Summary -- 13 Retrofit of Existing Control Systems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Economic Analysis -- 13.3 Discriminators -- 13.4 Control Modes -- 13.5 Economy Cycle Controls -- 13.6 Single-Zone Systems -- 13.7 Reheat Systems -- 13.8 Multizone Systems -- 13.9 Dual-Duct Systems -- 13.10 Systems with Humidity Control -- 13.11 Control Valves and Pumping Arrangements -- 13.12 Summary -- 13.13 Conclusion -- Control Bibliography -- Abbreviations Used in this Book -- Symbols Used in this Book.

Kurzfassung: There are two reasons why we have a new edition every four or five years. The first is that technology changes. Chapter 10, on computer-based con­ trols, has had to be almost completely rewritten. Fundamentals don't change, but the tools available to us do change. Evaluation and proper use of those tools makes it even more imperative that we understand fundamentals. Many of our control problems stem from the use of new devices as a solution to problems that are, in fact, control design errors. New gadgets, for example, Direct Digital Controls (DDC), will not solve basic problems and may even compound them. None-the-Iess, you will find an extensive discussion of DDC because I think it is the probable "future" in HVAC control. But it must be applied with a good understanding of fundamentals. The second reason is that I keep learning and need to pass on my new and improved understanding to my readers. Thus you will find a number of small but important revisions, a dissertation on control "modes," and a much more detailed discussion of how electronic control devices work. There are a few places where I have corrected what I now perceive to be errors. I apologize for these. I have been much encouraged by the acceptance of this book in the past, and I hope that this new edition will be helpful. Thank you for your support.

Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction. Plans, Strategies and Actions -- Categories of Muscles -- Problems of Moving -- A Legacy -- 2. Mechanical Properties of Muscles -- Review of Muscle Anatomy -- Mechanical Properties of Muscle -- Behaviour of Isolated Muscle Stimulated at Subtetanic Rates -- Muscle Mechanics in Intact Man -- Effects of Muscle Properties on Control of Movement -- A Theory of Movement Control which Makes Use of the Mechanical Properties of Muscle -- 3. The Motor Unit -- The Concept of the Motor Unit -- Twitch and Tonic Muscle Fibres -- Physiological Investigation of the Motor Unit -- Histochemical and Biochemical Classification of Muscle Fibres -- Some Electrophysiological Properties of Motoneurones -- Control of Motor Units and their Recruitment Order -- The Study of Motor Units in Human Physiology -- Pathophysiology of the Motor Unit -- 4. Proprioceptors in Muscle, Joint and Skin -- Muscle Receptors: I. The Muscle Spindle -- Muscle Receptors: II. Golgi Tendon Organs -- Muscle Receptors: III. Other Types of Ending -- Joint Receptors -- Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors -- Recordings from Human Afferent Nerve Fibres -- 5. Reflex Pathways in the Spinal Cord -- Classification of Nerve Fibres -- Reflex Pathways from la Muscle Spindle Afferents -- Reflex Pathways from lb Tendon Organ Afferents -- Reflex Pathways from Group II Muscle Afferents and the ‘Flexor Reflex Afferents’ -- The Renshaw Cell -- Integration in Spinal Reflex Pathways -- Presynaptic Inhibition -- 6. Functional Consequences of Activity in Spinal Reflex Pathways -- The Stretch Reflex in Animals -- Stretch Reflexes in Human Muscles -- The Servo Hypothesis and Alpha-Gamma Coactivation -- The Regulation of Stiffness Hypothesis and lb Effects -- Other Spinal Reflex Pathways -- Cutaneous Reflexes -- Pathophysiology of the Stretch Reflex: Disorders of Muscle Tone -- Pathophysiology of Other Reflex Pathways -- 7. Ascending and Descending Pathways of the Spinal Cord -- Ascending Pathways -- 8. Cerebral Cortex -- Structure of Cerebral Cortex -- Detailed Electrophysiology of Primary Motor (MI) Cortex -- The Pyramidal Tract -- Motor Cortex Cell Activity During Voluntary Movements -- Sensory Input to Motor Cortex -- Other Motor Areas of Cortex -- Supplementary Motor Area -- Motor Functions of Parietal Cortex -- Pathophysiology of Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex -- 9. The Cerebellum -- Cerebellar Anatomy -- Electrophysiological Studies of the Cerebellum -- Effects of Cerebellar Lesions -- Studies of Cerebellar Dysfunction in Man -- Theories of Cerebellar Function -- 10. The Basal Ganglia -- Anatomy -- Electrophysiological Recordings from Behaving Animals -- Pathophysiology of Diseases of the Basal Ganglia in Man.

Kurzfassung: The human motor system is unique. It talks, walks and can play the piano from a remarkably early age. But it is difficult to study. One cannot impale single neurones with electrodes or lesion discrete areas of the nervous system in man. However, data gleaned from such elegant experiments in lower species that walk on four feet may not reflect the organisation of human motor mechanisms. John Rothwell is one of a small band of human-motor physiologists who have followed the dictum 'The proper study of mankind is man'. In this book, he brings together what is known about human motor physiology in an eminently readable and critical fashion. Of course, there is a stimulating symbiosis between animal and human experimental motor physiology, and this is effected by the integration of critical information that can only be obtained from work on animals with what is known about man. Many disciplines have interest in the mechanisms of human voluntary movement - physiologists, psychologists, physiotherapists and clinicians, be they neurologists or those working in orthopaedics, physical medicine or rehabilitation. All will find John Rothwell's book invaluable. To the beginner it provides an excellent introduction to the subject. To the expert it presents a coherent review of current knowledge and areas of uncertainty. What is abundantly clear is how much more remains to be discovered about how man controls movement. The stimulus provided by this volume will be invaluable to thought and experiment.

Kurzfassung: Theme Paper -- The Role of ACME in the Direction of Production Research -- Quality and Measurement -- The Development of Ultrasonic Sensors for Ranging and Imaging -- A High Speed Assembly Force Monitoring System for Quality Control -- Modelling Integrated Systems of Quality Control -- Automotive Suppliers: A Survey of Quality Management Methods and Attitudes -- The Influence of Cost, Function and Process Capability on Tolerance -- Problems of Very Long Life Prediction When Employing Short Term (Routine) Test Methods -- Plastic and Composite Materials -- Comparative Flow Properties of the Polyethylenes -- Processing Characteristics of PVC Powder Formulations -- Use of Fibre Reinforced Composites in Robot Structures -- The Use of Composite Materials in Engineering -- CAD -- Blend Design Scheme of Solids with Parametric Surfaces -- Performance Experiments on an Industrial Minicomputer Running Computer-aided Design Software -- Quadratic Surfaces on Triangles and Squares for CAD/CAM -- An Approach to Layout Planning Using a CAD System -- CIM and Expert Systems -- MAP and CIM -- Napier CIM Centre -- An Expert Systems Approach to Machine Tool Selection -- Simulation -- A Modular Simulation Model for FMS Using Structured Techniques -- Performance and Simulation of Heat Treatment Furnaces -- FMS — Simulation and Practice -- A Simulation Tool for Real Time Scheduling of FMS -- Automation -- A Survey of Wire Harness Manufacturing Strategies -- The Development of a Modular Cell Control System for FMS -- An Automated Press Working System -- The Design of a Low Cost System for the Automatic Locating and Clamping of Components within a Flexible Manufacturing Cell -- Robots and Assembly -- Correcting the End Deflection of an Industrial Robot Arm and Employing a Weighing Mechanism on the Robot Arm -- Developments in Post-processing for Offline Robot Programming -- The Presentation of Parts for Robot Assembly -- An Analytical and Modular Approach to Robotic Force Control Using a Wrist-based Force Sensor -- Mathematical Model and Test Method for ‘Static’ and Dynamic Positional Accuracy Measurement of Robots for Six Degrees of Freedom -- Rapid Estimation of Operation Times for Robotic Assembly -- The Development of Autonomous Devices to Aid Component Assembly -- Small Parts Feeding Using a Horizontal Belt Feeder and a Low Cost Vision System -- An Investigation into the Effect of Inter-transducer Distance on the Voltage-gap Relationship of a Set of Inductive Transducers for Robot ‘Static’ and Dynamic Positional Accuracy Measurement -- An Intelligent Vacuum Gripper for Robotic Handling -- Determining Flexibility Requirements in Robotic Assembly -- The Use of Compliance in Robotic Assembly -- Work Design and Organization -- How Not to Design a Questionnaire Form! -- A Study of Effectiveness of Some Algerian Production Organizations -- Who Manages Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing? -- Watching Managers at Work: A Research Approach -- Computer Aided Production Management -- A Pragmatic Approach to CAPM in Smaller Companies -- A Petri-net Representation of Computer-aided Production Management -- Computer-aided Flow Shop Scheduling -- Production Management System -- Production Economics -- Technology and the Small Company -- The Relationship between Costing Systems and AMT Investment -- Loss Generated by Poor Production System Specification and Design -- The Development of an In-house PCB Manufacturing Facility -- Product Quality and UK Trade Performance -- The Output and Trade Performance of the UK’s Manufacturing Industries -- The Financial Management of Quality as a Strategy -- Manufacturing Systems -- Design For Manufacture: Good Practice and its Implementation -- The Application of SSADM to the Design of Information Systems in Manufacturing -- An Analytical Approach to the Introduction of Advanced Production Systems -- Bridging the Gap between CAD and CAM — GIPPS: A Generative Integrated Process Planning System -- The Development of a Manufacturing Design Procedure -- Low Stock Manufacturing -- Work Loading of Multi-model Flow Process Lines -- The Implementation of a Computerized Classification System in a High Variety, Batch Manufacturing Company -- A Knowledge-based Information Sub-system for Flexibly Automated Manufacturing Systems -- The Influence of Management Systems on Production Line Design -- The Design of an Optimum Information System in a Manufacturing Environment -- Processes -- Monitoring, Targeting and the Use of SPC within the Energy Chain of Manufacture -- The Temperature Compensated Grinding of Bearing Rings -- The Effect of Gullet Geometry on the Performance of Hacksaw Teeth -- Use of Computers to Reduce Plastic Injection Mould Lead Times -- Metallurgical Effects Associated with the Centreless Grinding of EN24 Steels -- Polishing Moulds and Dies by Electrochemical Machining — A Theoretical Study of Smoothing EDM Surfaces by ECM -- A Mathematics Analysis for the Experimental Study of Plate Springback at the Top Roll Contact in Four-roll Plate Bending -- Human Factors -- Developing a Human Interface for a Rotary Forging Machine: Definingthe Issues -- Developments in the Design and Evaluation of Industrial Seating -- Author index.

Kurzfassung: EN Corlett Joint-Chairman - COPED, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK The contributions offered to this Third National Conference demonstrate that research in production is very much alive. The considerable numbers of papers on robotics, automation and flexible manufacturing systems, together with those in production control and quality matters, demonstrate that there is much work going on in our colleges, polytechnics and universities related to modern methods of manufacture. The future of manufacture undoubtedly hinges on better control. Control over the supply and movement of materials is now keenly sought. Control over manufacturing equipment is also a goal, not just to maintain quality but to give flexibility in sequence and quantity. None of these objectives for improved performance is entirely a technical matter, although there is an increasing technical ability to influence all of them. To achieve their potential, they depend on competent people at all levels. Discussion with alert managers soon reveals that this is one of their major concerns. Either the people they have require more training, or they cannot hire the people with the abilities they need. This applies at all levels, and the availability of people with competence in manufacture is particularly low.

Kurzfassung: One The Propositional Calculus -- 1. Propositional Connectives. Truth Tables -- 2. Tautologies -- 3. Adequate Sets of Connectives -- 4. An Axiom System for the Propositional Calculus -- 5. Independence. Many-Valued Logics -- 6. Other Axiomatizations -- Two Quantification Theory -- 1. Quantifiers -- 2. Interpretations. Satisfiability and Truth. Models -- 3. First-Order Theories -- 4. Properties of First-Order Theories -- 5. Additional Metatheorems and Derived Rules -- 6. Rule C -- 7. Completeness Theorems -- 8. First-Order Theories with Equality -- 9. Definitions of New Function Letters and Individual Constants -- 10. Prenex Normal Forms -- 11. Isomorphism of Interpretations. Categoricity of Theories -- 12. Generalized First-Order Theories. Completeness and Decidability -- 13. Elementary Equivalence. Elementary Extensions -- 14. Ultrapowers. Nonstandard Analysis -- 15. Semantic Trees -- Three Formal Number Theory -- 1. Axiom System -- 2. Number-Theoretic Functions and Relations -- 3. Primitive Recursive and Recursive Functions -- 4. Arithmetization. Gödel Numbers -- 5. The Fixed Point Theorem. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- 6. Recursive Undecidability. Church’s Theorem -- Four Axiomatic Set Theory -- 1. An Axiom System -- 2. Ordinal Numbers -- 3. Equinumerosity. Finite And Denumerable Sets -- 4. Hartogs’ Theorem. Initial Ordinals. Ordinal Arithmetic -- 5. The Axiom of Choice. The Axiom of Regularity -- 6. Other Axiomatizations of Set Theory -- Five Effective Computability -- 1. Algorithms. Turing Machines -- 2. Diagrams -- 3. Partial Recursive Functions. Unsolvable Problems -- 4. The Kleene-Mostowski Hierarchy. Recursively Enumerable Sets -- 5. Other Notions of Effective Computability -- 6. Decision Problems -- Answers to Selected Exercises -- Notation.

Kurzfassung: This is a compact mtroduction to some of the pnncipal tOpICS of mathematical logic . In the belief that beginners should be exposed to the most natural and easiest proofs, I have used free-swinging set-theoretic methods. The significance of a demand for constructive proofs can be evaluated only after a certain amount of experience with mathematical logic has been obtained. If we are to be expelled from "Cantor's paradise" (as nonconstructive set theory was called by Hilbert), at least we should know what we are missing. The major changes in this new edition are the following. (1) In Chapter 5, Effective Computability, Turing-computabIlity IS now the central notion, and diagrams (flow-charts) are used to construct Turing machines. There are also treatments of Markov algorithms, Herbrand-Godel-computability, register machines, and random access machines. Recursion theory is gone into a little more deeply, including the s-m-n theorem, the recursion theorem, and Rice's Theorem. (2) The proofs of the Incompleteness Theorems are now based upon the Diagonalization Lemma. Lob's Theorem and its connection with Godel's Second Theorem are also studied. (3) In Chapter 2, Quantification Theory, Henkin's proof of the completeness theorem has been postponed until the reader has gained more experience in proof techniques. The exposition of the proof itself has been improved by breaking it down into smaller pieces and using the notion of a scapegoat theory. There is also an entirely new section on semantic trees.

Kurzfassung: International Dictionary of Marketing and Communication -- Appendix 1: Associations, Institutes, Professional/Trade World-Wide -- Appendix 2: Audit Bureaux World-Wide -- Appendix 3: Journals on Communication Subjects World-Wide -- Appendix 4: News Agencies World-Wide.

Kurzfassung: This dictionary covers marketing communications in the broadest sense, including advertising, but also extending to public relations which concerns many organizations not involved in marketing and which have little to do with advertising. Entries have been gathered from around the world, and this dictionary will therefore be valuable to those operating in an international environ­ ment where different term~, or terms with different spellings, are used. There are also terms with different meanings, depending on their country of origin. For example, in the UK newspapers are called press media, while in the USA the term print media is more usual. In the UK, print usually applies to printed items, such as sales or edu!;;ational literature. Likewise, there are big differences between European and American broadcasting systems, and sponsored radio or TV can mean different things around the world. Outdoor advertising also has different terminology in different countries, especially in North America and the UK. In many cases, alternative British and American terms are given, while some are either European or American. Some terminology is specific to a certain country. Entries have been collected from all parts of the world, including the oramedia or folk media of the Third World. Financial terms have been included because of their increasing im­ portance in advertising and public relations, and the dictionary reflects the increasing relevance of satellites and computers.

Kurzfassung: 1 Opening Session / Jean Vertut Memorial Session, Eulogy -- Advanced Teleoperation. Introductory Paper. The Advanced Teleoperation Project -- Advanced Teleoperation (I). Control and Supervision in Computer Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (II). The Generalized Information Feedback Concept in Computer-Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (III). An Integrated Experiment -- Analysis of a Robot Wrist Device for Mechanical Decoupling of the End-Effector Position and Orientation -- 2 Mechanics 1 -- Robot Motion: Configuration Analysis of Redundant and Non Redundant Manipulators -- Analysis of the Positioning and Orientation Accuracy in 6R Manipulators (Direct Task) -- A Unified Approach to Modelling of Flexible Robot Arms -- Solving the Inverse Kinematic Problem for Robotic Manipulators -- Determination of the Accuracy of Flexible Automatic Positioning Module with Clearances -- Invariant Kinestatic Filtering -- 3 Mechanics 2 -- Redundant Manipulators and Kinematic Singularities The Operational Space Approach -- Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical Process in Hyperstatical Gripping with n-Contact Points -- Computer Aided Modelling of Pneumo-Hydraulic Robots -- A Cartesian Model of Manipulator Kinematics -- A Method for Solving the Inverse Problem of Kinematics of Anthropomorphic Manipulators with Spherical Wrist -- Dynamic Equations of General Robots by Kane’s Method -- The Role of Delay in Robot Dynamics -- 4 Synthesis and Design 1 -- Smart Hand Systems for Robotics and Teleoperation -- A Mathematical Model of a Flexible Manipulator of the Elephant’s-Trunk-Type -- Analytical Design of Two-Revolute Open Chains -- On a Fundamental Study of Micro Mechanical Gripper Using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuator -- The Kinematic Design and Mass Redistribution of Manipulator Arms for Decoupled and Invariant Inertia -- Graphical-Interactive System for CAD and Simulation of Manipulation Systems -- 5 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 1 -- Force Feedback in Telemanipulators -- Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Optical Fibre Reflective Sensors for Robotics -- Task Specification and Closed Loop Control of Manipulators in the Presence of External Sensors -- Adaptive Force Control of Grippers Taking into Account the Dynamics of Objects -- Bilateral Remote Control with Dynamic Reflexion -- 6 Control of Motion 1 -- Finger-Arm Coordination Control Method for Multiple Degrees of Freedom Robot -- A Model-Based Expert System for Strategical Control Level of Manipulation Robots -- Robot-Task Adaptability by Semi-Local Correction without Contact -- Robot Control Synthesis in Conjunction with Moving Workpieces -- Dynamic Command Motion Tuning for Robots. A Self Learning Algorithm -- 7 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 2 -- C-Surface Theory Applied to Force-Feedback Control of Robots -- Experimental Investigation of Active Force Control of Robot and Manipulator Arms -- Automatic Grasp Planning. An Operation Space Approach -- A Method of Optical Processing in the Robot Vision -- Tridimensional Optical Syntaxer -- 8 Locomotion and Walking Machines -- Towards Generalized Concepts and Tools for Unconventional Mobile Robots. General Languages, Mobility Modes -- Mobile Robotic Systems for Use in Unstructured Terrain -- Wall Climbing Vehicle Using Internally Balanced Magnetic Unit -- Experimental Development of a Walking Transport Robot -- Legs that Deform Elastically -- Features of Mechanisms Synthesis of Walking Robot Propelling Agents -- Avoiding Obstacles by a Mobile Robotized Vehicle -- 9 Application and Performance Evaluation -- The Automation of the Mine Support Erection Technology with Remotely-Controlled Manipulators -- Experimental Investigations of Robots and Manipulators -- Minimization of Vibrations of a Gantry Manipulator During Positioning -- Experimental Evaluation of Feedforward and Computed Torque Control -- Experimental Research and Development of Methods for Improving Kinematic and Dynamic Robot Characteristics -- 10 Synthesis and Design 2 -- Kinematics and Torque Control of Multi-Fingered Articulated Robot Hand -- Progress towards a Robotic Aid for the severely Disabled -- Logical Structures for Collision Avoidance in Assembly with Robots -- Repositioning-Unit for very Fine and Accurate Displacements Analysis and Design -- 11 Synthesis and Design 3 -- Polyarticulated Mechanical Structure for Decoupling the Position and Orientation of a Robot -- Application of I-Coordinates in Robotics -- Design of Spring Mechanisms for Balancing the Weight of Robots -- Structural and Geometrical Systematization of Spatial Positioning Kinematic Chains Employed in Industrial Robots -- Tasks and Methods of Constructing Mechanical Facilities and Control Systems of Industrial Robots Taking into Account their Force Interaction with the Equipment -- 12 Control of Motion 2 -- Contribution to Solving Dynamic Robot Control in Machining Process -- An Approach to Development of Real-Time Robot Models -- Time-Optimal Robotic Manipulator Task Planning -- Time-Optimal Motions of Some Robotic Systems -- Frequency Space Synthesis of a Robust Dynamic Command -- Structure Strategy Problem on a Redundant Manipulator -- Participants.

Kurzfassung: Towards the end of 1983, the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD) published a report giving the findings of a working group which had been set up to study the factors which inhibited or supported the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) in engineering manufacture. Prominent amongst their findings was that, up to that time, 'appraisal of investment in AMT on a short-term financial basis was not entirely adequate' and that 'the conventional approach to financial appraisal techniques, directed towards an early return on capital invested, may be inappropriate'. Today, over three years later, advanced manufacturing technology is more widely recognised and is providing a proven solution to survival and growth for manufacturers. However, many medium-and small-size companies are still finding great difficulty in the evaluation and justification of investment in this vital area. The Institution of Production Engineers therefore set up a special joint working party with The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants to follow up the ACARD report, with the objective of examining the whole area of the justification of investment in advanced manufacturing technology.

Kurzfassung: There is an ever-growing interest in control problems today, con­ nected with the urgent problems of the effective use of natural resources, manpower, materials, and technology. When referring to the most important achievements of science and technology in the 20th Century, one usually mentions the splitting of the atom, the exploration of space, and computer engineering. Achievements in control theory seem less spectacular when viewed against this background, but the applications of control theory are playing an important role in the development of modern civilization, and there is every reason to believe that this role will be even more signifi­ cant in the future. Wherever there is active human participation, the problem arises of finding the best, or optimal, means of control. The demands of economics and technology have given birth to optimization problems which, in turn, have created new branches of mathematics. In the Forties, the investigation of problems of economics gave rise to a new branch of mathematical analysis called linear and convex program­ ming. At that time, problems of controlling flying vehicles and technolog­ ical processes of complex structures became important. A mathematical theory was formulated in the mid-Fifties known as optimal control theory. Here the maximum principle of L. S. Pontryagin played a pivotal role. Op­ timal control theory synthesized the concepts and methods of investigation using the classical methods of the calculus of variations and the methods of contemporary mathematics, for which Soviet mathematicians made valuable contributions.

Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction to Polymer Science -- 2. The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber -- 3. Fillers -- I: Carbon Black -- II: Nonblack Fillers -- 4. Processing and Vulcanization Tests -- 5. Physical Testing of Vulcanizates -- 6. Natural Rubber -- 7. Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers -- 8. Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubbers -- 9. Ethylene-Propylene Rubber -- 10. Butyl and Halobutyl Rubbers -- 11. Nitrile and Polyacrylic Rubbers -- 12. Neoprene and Hypalon -- I: Neoprene -- II: Hypalon -- 13. Silicone Rubber -- 14. Fluorocarbon Elastomers -- 15. Polyurethane Elastomers -- 16. Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 17. Miscellaneous Elastomers -- 18. Reclaimed Rubber -- 19. Latex and Foam Rubber -- 20. Rubber-Related Polymers -- I: Poly (vinyl chloride) -- II: Polyethylene.

Kurzfassung: About ten years after the publication of the Second Edition (1973), it became apparent that it was time for an up-date of this book. This was especially true in this case, since the subject matter has traditionally dealt mainly with the structure, properties, and technology of the various elastomers used in industry, and these are bound to undergo significant changes over the period of a decade. In revising the contents of this volume, it was thought best to keep the orig­ inal format. Hence the first five chapters discuss the same general subject matter as before. The chapters dealing with natural rubber and the synthetic elastomers are up-dated, and an entirely new chapter has been added on the thermoplastic elastomers, which have, of course, grown tremendously in importance. Another innovation is the addition of a new chapter, "Miscellaneous Elastomers," to take care of "old" elastomers, e.g., polysulfides, which have decreased some­ what in importance, as well as to introduce some of the newly-developed syn­ thetic rubbers which have not yet reached high production levels. The editor wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all the contributors, without whose close cooperation this task would have been impossible. He would especially like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Dr. Howard Stephens in the planning of this book, and for his suggestion of suitable authors.

Kurzfassung: 1 Polymer structures and general properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Polymer structures -- 1.3 Morphology and softening behavior -- 1.4 Amorphous polymers and softening behavior -- 1.5 Semi-crystalline polymers and softening behavior -- 1.6 Molecular weight -- 1.7 Copolymers -- 1.8 Chemical behavior -- 1.9 Solubility -- 1.10 Electrical properties -- 1.11 Conclusion -- Further reading -- 2 Polymerization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Addition polymerization -- 2.3 Step-growth polymerization -- 2.4 Copolymer formation -- 2.5 Chemical conversion -- 2.6 Polyblends -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 High-temperature and fire-resistant polymers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The need for thermally resistant polymers -- 3.3 Improving low-performance polymers for high-temperature -- 3.4 The need for fire-resistant polymers -- 3.5 Polymers for low fire hazards -- 3.6 Polymers for high temperature resistance -- 3.7 Heterocyclic polymers -- Further reading -- 4 Hydrophilic polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Natural polymers -- 4.3 Semi-synthetic polymers -- 4.4 Synthetic polymers -- Further reading -- 5 Polymers with electrical and electromeric properties -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conducting polymers -- 5.3 Photoconducting polymers -- 5.4 Polymers in non-linear optics -- 5.5 Polymers with piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties -- 5.6 Photoresists for semiconductor fabrication -- References -- 6 Ionic polymers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification -- 6.3 Synthesis -- 6.4 Physical properties and applications -- 6.5 lonomers based on polyethylene -- 6.6 Elastomeric ionomers -- 6.7 Ionomers based on polystyrene -- 6.8 Ionomers based on polytetrafluoroethylene -- 6.9 Ionomers with polyaromatic backbones -- 6.10 Polyelectrolytes for ion-exchange -- 6.11 Polyelectrolytes based on carboxylates -- 6.12 Polymers with integral ions -- 6.13 Polyelectrolyte complexes -- 6.14 Blends of polymers and salts -- 6.15 Biological and inorganic ionic polymers -- 6.16 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Polyurethanes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chemical aspects -- 7.3 Product types -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References and further reading.

Kurzfassung: R. W. DYSON There will be few readers of this book who are not aware of the contribution that polymers make to modern life. They are to be seen around the home, at work, in transport and in leisure pursuits. They take many forms which include plastic mouldings and extrusions, plastic film and sheet, plastic laminates (fibreglass and formica) rubber gloves, hoses, tyres and sealing rings, fibres for textiles and carpets and so on, cellular products for cushioning and thermal insulation, adhesives and coating materials such as paints and varnishes. The majority of these polymers are synthetic and are derived from oil products. The most important of these in terms of tonnage used are polymers based upon styrene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, propylene and butadiene among plastics and rubber materials, and nylons, polyethylenetere­ phthalate and polyacrylonitrile among fibres. The total amount of these polymers used each year runs into millions of tonnes. These polymers are sometimes known as commodity polymers because they are used for everyday artefacts. They are available in many grades and formats to meet a variety of applications and processing techniques. The and light stabilizers, properties can be adjusted by using additives such as heat plasticizers, and reinforcing materials. Often, grades are specially designed and formulated to meet particular requirements and, in a sense, these might be regarded as specialities. Much has been written about these materials elsewhere and they are not the concern of this book.

Kurzfassung: One -- 1 Introduction: Sociology and Engineering -- 2 Engineering and the Social Process -- 3 Engineering and the British Economic Problem -- 4 The British Economy in Context -- 5 The Legal and Political Context of Engineering -- Two -- 6 Engineering Education -- 7 Theories of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction -- 8 The Colleagues of the Engineer -- 9 The Organization and Experience of Engineering -- 10 Engineers, Professional Associations and Trade Unions -- 11 Engineering Work: The Division of Labour -- 12 Conclusions -- References -- Authorlndex.

Kurzfassung: 1. Dummett and Revisionism -- 2. Holism, Molecularity and Truth -- 3. In Defence of Modesty -- 4. Truth Beyond All Verification -- 5. Dummett on a Theory of Meaning and Its Impact on Logic -- 6. Fixed Past, Unfixed Future -- 7. Playing Cards -- 8. Twenty Years of Racialism and Multi-Racialism -- 9. Replies to Essays -- A. Reply to Crispin Wright -- B. Reply to Neil Tennant -- C. Reply to John McDowell -- D. Reply to Brian Loar -- E. Reply to Dag Prawitz -- F. Reply to D.H.Mellor -- G. Reply to Sylvia Mann -- H. Reply to John Rex -- Chronological Bibliography of Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Alphabetical Guide to Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: P. A. Schilpp's 'Library of Living Philosophers' is the series which introduced to the philosophical community the format of a volume of essays on the work of a distinguished philosopher, combined with replies to the essays by the philosopher targeted. The format proved attracti ve to a discipline which has always placed a high premium on debate. But the Schilpp series has shown itself unenterprising in its choice of subjects, concentrating on end-of-year reports on philosophers who are of undoubted distinction, but whose contribution to the subject can be regarded as rather definitely over. Which leaves a gap, which the present series is designed to fill, for volumes of a similar format aiming at assessment of philosophers who have distinguished themselves already by making a substan­ tial impact on their discipline, but whose further work too is awaited with eager anticipation. Michael Dummett is an ideal subject for a series with this goal of mid­ term assessment. His writings to date have permanently altered philosophy's conception of what is at issue between realism and idealism (and its paler cousin, anti-realism); and this has been achieved by way of a supplementary clarification of a host of issues in the philosophy of language and of mathematics, and of the Frege/Wittgenstein historical tradition from which such issues are typically approached in contemporary philosophy.

Kurzfassung: Leibniz’s Calculus of Strict Implication -- Leibniz’s Modal Calculus of Concepts -- The Logic of Conditions -- Philosophical Pragmatism in Poincare -- A Note on Zeno B3 -- Generalizations and Strengthenings of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- The Logical Work of Mordchaj Wajsberg -- Notes on Wajsberg’s Proof of the Separation Theorem -- Logical Analysis of Thomism The Polish Programme that originated in 1930’s -- On Justification of Questions -- The Logic of Types -- Systems of Computer-Aided Reasoning for Mathematics and Natural Language -- Two Reports on Educational Applications of MIZAR MSE, a System of Computer-Aided Reasoning The application of MIZAR MSE in a course in logic -- The use of MIZAR MSE in a course in foundations of geometry -- Literature -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: 1. Distance and Similarity -- 1.1. Metric Spaces and Distances -- 1.2. Topological Spaces and Uniformities -- 1.3. Degrees of Similarity -- 1.4. The Pragmatic Relativity of Similarity Relations -- 2. Logical Tools -- 2.1. Monadic Languages NL -- 2.2. Q-Predicates -- 2.3. State Descriptions -- 2.4. Structure Descriptions -- 2.5. Monadic Constituents -- 2.6. Monadic Languages with Identity -- 2.7. Polyadic Constituents -- 2.8. Distributive Normal Forms -- 2.9. First-Order Theories -- 2.10. Inductive Logic -- 2.11. Nomic Constituents -- 3. Quantities, State Spaces, and Laws -- 3.1. Quantities and Metrization -- 3.2. From Conceptual Systems to State Spaces -- 3.3. Laws of Coexistence -- 3.4. Laws of Succession -- 3.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 4. Cognitive Problems, Truth, and Information -- 4.1. Open and Closed Questions -- 4.2. Cognitive Problems -- 4.3. Truth -- 4.4. Vagueness -- 4.5. Semantic Information -- 5. The Concept of Truthlikeness -- 5.1. Truth, Error, and Fallibilism -- 5.2. Probability and Verisimilitude -- 5.3. Approach to the Truth -- 5.4. Truth: Parts and Degrees -- 5.5. Degrees of Truth: Attempted Definitions -- 5.6. Popper’s Qualitative Theory of Truth-likeness -- 5.7. Quantitative Measures of Verisimilitude -- 6. The Similarity Approach to TruthLikeness -- 6.1. Spheres of Similarity -- 6.2. Targets -- 6.3. Distance on Cognitive Problems -- 6.4. Closeness to the Truth -- 6.5. Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 6.6. Comparison with the Tichý—Oddie Approach -- 6.7. Distance between Statements -- 6.8. Distance from Indefinite Truth -- 6.9. Cognitive Problems with False Presuppositions -- 7. Estimation of Truthlikeness -- 7.1. The Epistemic Problem of Truthlikeness -- 7.2. Estimated Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 7.3. Probable Verisimilitude -- 7.4. Errors of Observation -- 7.5. Counterfactual Presuppositions and Approximate Validity -- 8. Singular Statements -- 8.1. Simple Qualitative Singular Statements -- 8.2. Distance between State Descriptions -- 8.3. Distance between Structure Descriptions -- 8.4. Quantitative Singular Statements -- 9. Monadic Generalizations -- 9.1. Distance between Monadic Constituents -- 9.2. Monadic Constituents with Identity -- 9.3. Tichý—Oddie Distances -- 9.4. Existential and Universal Generalizations -- 9.5. Estimation Problem for Generalizations -- 10. Polyadic Theories -- 10.1. Distance between Polyadic Constituents -- 10.2. Complete Theories -- 10.3. Distance between Possible Worlds -- 10.4. First-Order Theories -- 11. Legisimilitude -- 11.1. Verisimilitude vs Legisimilitude -- 11.2. Distance between Nomic Constituents -- 11.3. Distance between Quantitative Laws -- 11.4. Approximation and Idealization -- 11.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 12. Verisimilitude as an Epistemic Utility -- 12.1. Cognitive Decision Theory -- 12.2. Epistemic Utilities: Truth, Information, and Truthlikeness -- 12.3. Comparison with Levi’s Theory -- 12.4. Theoretical and Pragmatic Preference -- 12.5. Bayesian Estimation -- 13. Objections Answered -- 13.1. Verisimilitude as a Programme -- 13.2. The Problem of Linguistic Variance -- 13.3. Progress and Incommensurability -- 13.4. Truthlikeness and Logical Pragmatics -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: The modern discussion on the concept of truthlikeness was started in 1960. In his influential Word and Object, W. V. O. Quine argued that Charles Peirce's definition of truth as the limit of inquiry is faulty for the reason that the notion 'nearer than' is only "defined for numbers and not for theories". In his contribution to the 1960 International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science at Stan­ ford, Karl Popper defended the opposite view by defining a compara­ tive notion of verisimilitude for theories. was originally introduced by the The concept of verisimilitude Ancient sceptics to moderate their radical thesis of the inaccessibility of truth. But soon verisimilitudo, indicating likeness to the truth, was confused with probabilitas, which expresses an opiniotative attitude weaker than full certainty. The idea of truthlikeness fell in disrepute also as a result of the careless, often confused and metaphysically loaded way in which many philosophers used - and still use - such concepts as 'degree of truth', 'approximate truth', 'partial truth', and 'approach to the truth'. Popper's great achievement was his insight that the criticism against truthlikeness - by those who urge that it is meaningless to speak about 'closeness to truth' - is more based on prejudice than argument.

Kurzfassung: One The Objectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 1. Prototheoretic Attempts Toward a Logic of Preference -- 2. Aristotelean Reflections in Richard M. Martin’s Extensionalized Pragmatics of Preference -- 3. Rescher’s Logic of Preference and Linguistic Analysis -- 4. Richard C. Jeffrey’s Logic of First and Higher-Order Preferences -- Two The Subjectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 5. Soren Hallden’s “Puristic” Logic of the Better and Same -- 6. The Many Modal Interpretations of Prohairetic Logic: Aqvist, Chisholm, Sosa and Hansson -- 7. Von Wright’s Logic of Propositions Expressing Preferences -- 8. Hochberg on the Logic of “Extrinsic Epistemic Preferability” -- Postcript -- Selected Bibliography -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: 1 Plant Breeders and Their Work -- What Is Plant Breeding? -- The Strategy of Plant Breeding -- Training for the Modern Plant Breeder -- Some Early Plant Breeders -- Some Accomplishments in Plant Breeding -- Who Does Plant Breeding in the United States? -- 2 Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Types of Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Asexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- 3 Gene Recombination in Plant Breeding -- Variation, the Basis of Plant Breeding -- The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity -- Gene Recombination Following Hybridization -- Gene Structure and Action -- 4 Quantitative Inheritance in Plant Breeding -- Quantitative Inheritance and its Measurement -- Multiple Alleles -- Types of Gene Action -- Heritability -- Selection Intensity and Genetic Advance -- Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium -- Gene Recombination and Plant Breeding -- 5 Variations in Chromosome Number -- Polyploidy -- Aneuploidy -- Haploidy -- 6 Mutation -- The Nature of Mutation -- Induction of Mutation -- Mutator Genes and Controlling Elements -- Some Mutation-Breeding Experiments -- Role of Mutation Breeding -- 7 Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation -- Incompatibility -- Male Sterility -- Apomixis -- Interspecific Hybridization -- 8 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Applications in Plant Breeding -- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -- Clonal Propagation -- Embryo Culture, Ovule Culture, and in Vitro Pollination -- Anther Culture and Haploid Plant Production -- Genetic Variability from Cell Cultures -- Somatic Cell Hybridization -- Plant Genetic Engineering -- 9 Germplasm Resources and Conservation -- Germplasm Conservation -- Germplasm Resources and Their Maintenance in the United States -- How Genetic Resources Are Utilized -- Acclimatization -- 10 Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops -- What Is a Variety? -- Genetic Significance of Pollination Method -- Breeding Methods in Self-Pollinated Crops -- Plant Breeding: A Numbers Game? -- 11 Breeding Cross-Pollinated and Clonally Propagated Crops -- Genetic Structure of Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Seed-Propagated Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Clonally Propagated Crops -- 12 Breeding Hybrids -- Proprietary Nature of Hybrid Varieties -- Inbreeding -- Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis -- Double-Cross Hybrid Corn—The Model for Hybrid Breeding -- Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production -- Alternative Hybrid Procedures -- 13 Techniques in Breeding Field Crops -- Selfing and Crossing -- Conducting Field Trials -- Maturity Comparisons -- Resistance to Lodging and Shattering -- Resistance to Stress -- Breeding for Disease Resistance -- Breeding for Insect Resistance -- Measuring Quality -- Keeping Accurate Records -- 14 Breeding Wheat and Triticale -- Breeding Wheat -- Breeding Triticale -- 15 Breeding Rice -- Origin and Types -- Varieties -- Botany and Genetics -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- Upland Rice -- Deep-Water and Floating Rice -- Wild Rice -- 16 Breeding Barley and Oats -- Breeding Barley -- Breeding Oats -- 17 Breeding Soybeans -- Origin and Species -- Genetics -- Botany -- Varieties -- The USDA and Cooperative State Agricultural Experimental Stations -- International Soybean Program (INTSOY) -- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 18 Breeding Corn (Maize) -- Origin -- Races of Corn -- Genetics -- Pollination -- Heterozygous Nature of Open-Pollinated Corn -- Breeding Open-Pollinated Corn -- Hybrid Corn -- Breeding Improved Hybrids -- Population Improvement -- Breeding Objectives -- Special-Purpose Hybrids -- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center -- 19 Breeding Sorghum and Millet -- Breeding Sorghum -- Breeding Millet -- 20 Breeding Cotton -- Botany, Pollination, and Male Sterility -- Genetics and Cytology -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Variety Maintenance -- Breeding Objectives -- 21 Breeding Sugar Beets -- History of the Sugar Beet -- Botany and Genetics -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 22 Breeding Forage Crops -- Forage Crop Breeding Problems -- Pollination, Fertilization, and Seed Setting -- Vegetative Propagation -- Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies -- Natural Selection -- Endophytic Fungi: Impact on Grass Breeding -- Breeding Self-Pollinated Forage Species -- Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forage Species -- Public versus Private Breeding of Forage Crops -- Breeding Objectives -- Seed Increase of New Varieties -- 23 Seed Production Practices -- Public and Private Plant Breeding and Seed Distribution -- Classes of Certified Seed -- How a New Variety Reaches the Farmer -- How a Variety is Certified -- Agencies Concerned with Seed Certification in the United States -- Practical Problems in Seed Production -- Vegetatively Propagated Forages.

Kurzfassung: While preparing the first edition of this textbook I attended an extension short course on writing agricultural publications. The message I remember was "select your audience and write to it. " There has never been any doubt about the audience for which this textbook was written, the introductory course in crop breeding. In addition, it has become a widely used reference for the graduate plant-breeding student and the practicing plant breeder. In its prepa­ ration, particular attention has been given to advances in plant-breeding theo­ ry and their utility in plant-breeding practice. The blend of the theoretical with the practical has set this book apart from other plant-breeding textbooks. The basic structure and the objectives of the earlier editions remain un­ changed. These objectives are (1) to review essential features of plant re­ production, Mendelian genetic principles, and related genetic developments applicable in plant-breeding practice; (2) to describe and evaluate established and new plant-breeding procedures and techniques, and (3) to discuss plant­ breeding objectives with emphasis on the importance of proper choice of objec­ tive for achieving success in variety development. Because plant-breeding activities are normally organized around specific crops, there are chapters describing breeding procedures and objectives for the major crop plants; the crops were chosen for their economic importance or diversity in breeding sys­ tems. These chapters provide a broad overview of the kinds of problems with which the breeder must cope.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mercury -- 1.2 Cadmium -- 1.3 Other Metals -- 1.4 Sources and Controls -- 2 Toxicity Testing Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Physical Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.4 Biological Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.5 Numbers of Test Animals -- 2.6 Chemical Conditions of Tests -- 3 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Fish -- 3.1 Arsenic -- 3.2 Cadmium -- 3.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Copper -- 3.5 Lead -- 3.6 Mercury -- 3.7 Nickel -- 3.8 Selenium -- 3.9 Silver -- 3.10 Vanadium -- 3.11 Zinc -- 4 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Invertebrates -- 4.1 Arsenic -- 4.2 Cadmium -- 4.3 Chromium -- 4.4 Copper -- 4.5 Lead -- 4.6 Mercury -- 4.7 Nickel -- 4.8 Selenium -- 4.9 Silver -- 4.10 Vanadium -- 4.11 Zinc -- 5 Toxicity of Metals to Marine Life -- 5.1 Arsenic -- 5.2 Cadmium -- 5.3 Chromium -- 5.4 Copper -- 5.5 Lead -- 5.6 Mercury -- 5.7 Nickel -- 5.8 Selenium -- 5.9 Silver -- 5.10 Vanadium -- 5.11 Zinc -- 6 Factors Affecting Toxicity -- 6.1 Interspecies Variations in Freshwater Fish -- 6.2 Interphyletic Variations -- 6.3 Life Stage -- 6.4 Water Hardness -- 6.5 Temperature -- 6.6 pH -- 6.7 Salinity -- 6.8 Acclimation -- 6.9 Fluctuating Exposure Concentrations -- 6.10 Mixtures of Metals -- 7 Freshwater Field Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological Assessment -- 7.3 Water Quality -- 7.4 Case Studies -- 8 Tidal Water Field Studies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Physical Factors -- 8.3 Chemical Factors -- 8.4 Biology -- 8.5 Case Studies -- 9 Bioaccumulation -- 9.1 Biomagnification of Metals -- 9.2 Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation -- 9.3 Monitoring -- 10 Environmental Standards -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Derivation of Standards -- 10.3 Statistical Expression of the Standard -- 10.4 The Relationship between Field and Laboratory Information -- 10.5 Effluent Controls from Environmental Standards -- 11 International Controls -- References.

Kurzfassung: The role of the European Community in developing environmental legislation has focused the minds of pollution control agencies and industrialists on the need for, and the evidence to support, water quality standards. This is particularly so for the Dangerous Substances Directive which has led to European standards for cadmium, mercury and lindane. Additionally the United Kingdom has published standards for six other non-ferrous metals. In this book I have sought to review the aquatic toxicity information for these and other metals, not just by the collation of the results of all the published toxicity tests, but by the critical consideration of the test techniques. A surprising proportion of the reported toxicity studies for aquatic organisms are based on unsatisfactory chemical or biological methods. That such weaknesses persist at a time of limited resources for environmental research is disappointing, especially when sound metho­ dologies are extensively documented and widely published. Evaluation of the critically reviewed and vetted data indicates that many of the previously accepted generalisations about the toxicity of metals to aquatic life are invalid: for instance the assumption that salmonid species of fish are more susceptible to these metals than coarse fish, or that increased water hardness decreases toxicity. Too few studies have actually sought to test such hypotheses.

Kurzfassung: to Volume III -- III.1. Partial Logic -- III.2. Many-valued Logic -- III.3. Relevance Logic and Entailment -- III.4. Intuitionistic Logic -- III.5. Dialogues as a Foundation for Intuitionistic Logic -- III.6. Free Logics -- III.7. Quantum Logic -- III.8. Proof Theory and Meaning -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volumes I, II, and IV.

Kurzfassung: This volume presents a number of systems of logic which can be considered as alternatives to classical logic. The notion of what counts as an alternative is a somewhat problematic one. There are extreme views on the matter of what is the 'correct' logical system and whether one logical system (e. g. classical logic) can represent (or contain) all the others. The choice of the systems presented in this volume was guided by the following criteria for including a logic as an alternative: (i) the departure from classical logic in accepting or rejecting certain theorems of classical logic following intuitions arising from significant application areas and/or from human reasoning; (ii) the alternative logic is well-established and well-understood mathematically and is widely applied in other disciplines such as mathematics, physics, computer science, philosophy, psychology, or linguistics. A number of other alternatives had to be omitted for the present volume (e. g. recent attempts to formulate so-called 'non-monotonic' reason­ ing systems). Perhaps these can be included in future extensions of the Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Chapter 1 deals with partial logics, that is, systems where sentences do not always have to be either true or false, and where terms do not always have to denote. These systems are thus, in general, geared towards reasoning in partially specified models. Logics of this type have arisen mainly from philo­ sophical and linguistic considerations; various applications in theoretical computer science have also been envisaged.

Kurzfassung: 1 Machine Code or Assembly Language -- (Why machine code?) -- 2 Numbers -- (Binary, hex and decimal, Binary to decimal conversion, Decimal to binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Hex to decimal conversion) -- 3 It All Adds Up! -- (Binary arithmetic, Addition, Subtraction, Binary coded decimal (BCD), BCD addition, BCD subtraction) -- 4 It’s Logical -- (Logical operations, AND, OR, EOR) -- 5 The Registers -- (The accumulator, The index registers, The program counter) -- 6 A Poke at Machine Code -- (Code —the program counter, Entering machine code, The hex loader program, Calling machine code, Saving it out to disk, The Apple ROMs -- 7 Status Symbols -- (The status register) -- 8 Addressing Modes I -- (Zero page addressing, Immediate addressing) -- 9 Bits and Bytes -- (Load, store and transfer, Paging memory) -- 10 Arithmetic in Assembler -- (Addition, Subtraction, Negation, Using BCD) -- 11 Addressing Modes II -- (Absolute addressing, Zero page indexed addressing, Absolute indexed addressing, Indirect addressing, Post-indexed indirect addressing, Pre-indexed absolute addressing, Implied and relative addressing) -- 12 Stacks of Fun -- (The stack, Stack instructions for saving data) -- 13 Looping -- (Loops, Counters, Comparisons, Branches, FOR ... NEXT, Memory counters) -- 14 Subroutines and Jumps -- (Subroutines, Passing parameters, Jumps) -- 15 Shifts and Rotates -- (Arithmetic shift left, Logical shift right, Rotate left, Rotate right, Logically speaking, Printing binary!, BIT) -- 16 Multiplication and Division -- (Multiplication, Division) -- 17 Assembly Types -- (Conditional assembly, Look-up tables) -- 18 Floating a Point -- (The floating point accumulators, Using USR, Integer to floating point, Floating point to integer, Floating memory, The subroutines) -- 19 Speeding Up and Slowing Down -- 20 Interrupts and Breaks -- (Interrupts, Breaks) -- 21 Prepacked Utilities -- (Hex to binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Output ASCII string) -- Appendices -- 1 The Screen -- 2 The 6502 and 65C02 -- 3 The Instruction Set -- 4 Instruction Cycle Times -- 5 Apple // Memory Map -- 6 Branch Calculators -- 7 6502 and 65C02 Opcodes -- General Index -- Program Index.

Kurzfassung: The Apple / / series of computers represents one of the most versatile and powerful home computers available. If you've used your computer for a while, you've probably become quite familiar with Applesoft BASIC. That's good, because once you know that, this book will show you how to graduate from BASIC programming to assembly language programming. There are many reasons to program your Apple in assembly language. First and foremost is speed. Assembly language is about 100 times faster than BASIC. If you're thinking of writing games or business programs that do sorting, speed is of the essence and assembly language is a must. Assembly language programs usually also require less memory. Thus you can squeeze more complex programs into a smaller amount of memory. Finally, assembly language programs offer you a considerable amount of security, because they are more difficult to trace and change. While assembly language is powerful, it doesn't have to be difficult to learn. In fact, if you can write programs in Applesoft BASIC, you're already half-way home. This book assumes you know BASIC and absolutely nothing about assembly language or machine language. Every effort has been made to write in nontechnical language and to set the chapters out in a logical manner, introducing new concepts in digestible pieces as and when they are needed, rather than devoting whole chapters to specific items.

Kurzfassung: AI in Architectural CAD -- A Schematic Representation of the Designers’ Logic -- Knowledge-Based Computer-Aided Design: The Computer as Design Partner -- Modelling Design Descriptions -- OPS5 in Architecture: Four Test Cases -- ROOSI — Version One of a Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts -- Expert Systems in Construction: Initial Experiences -- Computer-Aided Architectural Design Education -- The Virtual “Maquette” and the Synthesis of Images in the Architecture Project -- Construction Robotics: A Perspective -- Robotization of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction in Japan -- Ditching the Dinosaur Sanctuary: Seventeen Years On -- Development of the Integrated Construction Automation Methodology -- Major Factors in Robotization of Construction Operations -- A Framework for Integrating Multiple Construction Robots -- Robotics in Construction: State of the Art in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Cost and Design Impact of Robotic Construction Finishing Work -- Geometry and Domain Modelling for Construction Robots -- Grammars, Design and Assembly in Building -- Simulation Methodology in Construction Process -- Navigation and World Modelling for a Mobile Robot: a Progress Report -- Application of Robots in Construction Industry: Navigation of a Mobile Robot, Robotic Welding of Steel Bridge Girders -- Evolution of a Robotic Excavator -- Femo technique: A Milestone for Remote Operation and Maintenance -- The Development of the “Mark II” Mobile Robot for Concrete Slab Finishing -- Construction Robots for Site Automation.

Kurzfassung: After two decades, data processing has finally, and probably forever, found its niche among civil engineering and construction (CEC) professionnals, through word processors, digitizing tables, management software, and increasingly via drawing software and computer-aided design (CAD), recently, robots have even started invading work sites. What are the main trends of CAD and robotics in the field of architecture and civil enginee­ ring? What type of R&D effort do university and industrial laboratories undertake to devise the professional software that will be on the market in the next three to five years? These are the issues which will be addressed during this symposium. To this effect, we have planned concurrently an equipment and software show, as well as a twofold conference. Robotic is just starting in the field of civil engineering and construction. A pioneer, the Civil Engineering Departement of Carnegie-Mellon University, in the United States, organized the first two international symposia, in 1984 and 1985 in Pittsburgh. This is the third meeting on the subject (this year, however, we have also included CAD). It constitutes the first large international symposium where CAD experts, specialists in architecture and CEC robotics will meet. From this standpoint, it should be an ideal forum for exchanging views and expe­ riences on a wide range of topics, and we hope it will give rise to novel applications and new syntheses. This symposium is intented for scientists, teachers, students and also for manufacturers and all CEC professionals.

Kurzfassung: to Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Definitions A to Z -- Points of Contact -- Acronyms -- Trademarks.

Kurzfassung: Artificial Intelligence and expert systems research, development, and demonstration have rapidly expanded over the past several years; as a result, new terminology is appearing at a phenomenal rate. This sourcebook provides an introduction to artificial intelligence and expert systems, it provides brief definitions, it includes brief descriptions of software products, and vendors, and notes leaders in the field. Extensive support material is provided by delineating points of contact for receiving additional information, acronyms, a detailed bibliography, and other reference data. The terminology includes artificial intelligence and expert system elements for: • Artificial Intelligence • Expert Systems • Natural language Processing • Smart Robots • Machine Vision • Speech Synthesis The Artificial Intelligence and Expert System Sourcebook is compiled from informa­ tion acquired from numerous books, journals, and authorities in the field of artificial intelligence and expert systems. I hope this compilation of information will help clarify the terminology for artificial intelligence and expert systems' activities. Your comments, revisions, or questions are welcome. V. Daniel Hunt Springfield, Virginia May, 1986 ix Acknowledgments The information in Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Sourcebook has been compiled from a wide variety of authorities who are specialists in their respective fields. The following publications were used as the basic technical resources for this book. Portions of these publications may have been used in the book. Those definitions or artwork used have been reproduced with the permission to reprint of the respective publisher.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- Evolution of computer aided manufacture (CAM) -- Automation and CAM -- 2 Numerical control -- History of numerical control -- The conventional numerical control concept -- programming -- Real-time control of machine tools -- 3 Computer technology -- Computer assisted programming -- Automatic programmed tooling (APT) -- Adaptive control -- Machinability data banks -- 4 Communications networking -- Conventional ways of connecting terminals -- Uses of computer networks -- Local area networks (LANs) -- Wide area networks (WANs) -- Network architecture: protocols and standards -- Data transmission -- 5 Computer process control monitoring -- Information provided by monitoring -- Supervisory computer control -- Communications networks for factory monitoring -- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) -- Input/output interfaces -- Shop floor information systems -- 6 The integration of CAD and CAM -- The evolution of CADCAM -- The concept of integration -- Fundamentals of CAD -- CAM software -- CADCAM database -- Where does CADCAM improve productivity? -- Defining CADCAM project objectives -- Procedures to be followed in a CADCAM implementation -- 7 Robotics technology and applications -- Definition of an industrial robot -- Basic components of industrial robots -- Robot performance characteristics -- Commercial robots -- Future developments -- Problem areas -- Future trends -- 8 Flexible manufacturing systems -- The growth of flexible processing and handling -- FMS characteristics -- Flexibility -- Computer control functions -- Material handling in the FMS -- FMS-GT connection -- Prospects for FMS in UK industry -- 9 Computer aided production management -- Objectives of CAPM -- Functions of CAPM -- Stock recording and control -- Material requirements planning (MRP) -- Capacity requirements planning (CRP) -- Process planning -- CAPM package systems -- Cost estimation and financial justification of CAPM -- The effects of CAPM on the UK manufacturing industry -- Computer integrated manufacturing -- 10 Artificial intelligence in manufacturing -- Fifth generation computer systems -- Expert systems -- Expert system languages -- Problem solving and planning -- Diagnostic problems -- Application of AI in engineering design and manufacture -- Application of AI in computer aided process planning -- Limitations of existing AI applications -- Management guidelines towards AI implementation -- The future for artificial intelligence -- Research directions for AI in manufacturing -- References and Bibliography.

Kurzfassung: The development of the 'factory of the future' by major international corporations such as General Motors, IBM, Westinghouse, etc now involves many practising engineers. This book is an attempt to identify and describe some of the building blocks required for computer aided engineering for manufacture. It begins with numerical control and the infrastructure required for the automation of individual 'islands' within existing factories. Computer aided design and computer aided manufacture are then discussed in detail together with their integration to improve manufacturing efficiency and flexibility. Robotics and flexible manufacturing systems are examined, as well as the management of these systems required for production optimization. Finally, there is an overview of the relatively new field of artificial intelligence, which is being increasingly used in most aspects of computer aided engineering for manufacture. There are many topics which could have been included or expanded upon with advantage, but the authors have attempted to strike a balance so that the reader can obtain the maximum usefulness from a reasonably concise volume.