Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • 1995-1999  (108)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1930-1934
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (108)
  • Economics  (108)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264467286
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 1999
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.209
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: In Germany fiscal relations between the various levels of government have come to the fore of the policy debate. In practice the federal fiscal set-up has evolved towards consensus and co-operation, where equalisation of living standards takes precedence over public choice and economic incentives. Shared taxes and the low reliance on own taxes make for a relatively inefficient control over public spending. At the same time, the system may be criticised for not achieving economic convergence among the states. The difference in regional living standards is smaller than in some other economies, but the revenue equalisation system offers no incentives to expand the tax base and may even promote tax avoidance. Greater dynamism could be achieved with a less confiscatory equalisation system and a higher degree of tax autonomy and both of these should form part of any balanced tax and expenditure reform ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.217
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: As in other OECD countries Australia’s population is ageing progressively. On unchanged policies, this will increase government outlays for public pensions and health care, causing a deterioration in budget balances, and reduce economic growth (mainly by lowering growth in the labour force). Nevertheless, the prospective deterioration in Australia’s budget finances is much less than in most other OECD countries because the government only provides the first pillar of retirement income arrangements and means tests this age pension. Moreover, superannuation (private pension fund) benefits are growing, reducing entitlements to the age pension. Even so, the budget costs of population ageing could be lowered by reducing the scope for early retirees to draw on superannuation savings and by requiring individuals to prefund part of the costs of long-term aged care. But the greatest challenge facing Australia policy makers in reducing the costs of population ageing is to roll back the trend ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.222
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: There have been a number of tax reforms in Switzerland in recent years aimed at enhancing economic efficiency and equity. This paper sets these reforms in the context of the forces shaping tax policy in Switzerland and the main features of the Swiss tax system and suggests areas where further reforms could be beneficial. These include applying more equal tax treatment to different forms of savings, moving to a flat-rate tax on corporate profits in all cantons and making greater use of environmental taxes. It is recognised that Switzerland’s highly decentralised federal structure and system of direct democracy can slow reforms, although these features also increase the legitimacy of reforms, reducing the risk of policy reversals ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264174016
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain ; vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain : vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: As the 20th century draws to a close, powerful forces of change are converging that could set the stage for a long, sustained economic boom in the next few decades -- the transition to a knowledge-based society with its potentially huge productivity gains; the emergence of more deeply integrated, global markets for goods, services, capital and technology; and a fast-growing environmental awareness that could greatly accelerate the shift to new, less resource-intensive production and consumption patterns. The result could be several decades of above-average economic growth, substantial increases in income and wealth, and significant improvements in well-being across the world. But what will it take to unleash these dynamic forces? Not only will it call for a range of initiatives to establish the rules and frameworks for guiding the transition to a sustainable global knowledge economy, but above all, it will require exceptional efforts among decision makers in government, business and society at large to encourage continuous innovation, creativity and high levels of investment, and to promote bold new approaches to closer international co-operation and institution building. Inevitably some countries will benefit more than others, but a long boom with all its wealth creating capacity would offer a unique opportunity to reverse the trends of the last decades towards deepening inequality and exclusion. This book reviews the forces driving economic and social change in today's world. It asesses the likelihood of a long boom materialising in the first decades of the 21st century and explores the strategic policies essential for making it happen.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.213
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, we present estimates of the mark-up of product price over marginal costs for the US manufacturing industries over the 1970-1992 period. The paper extends the analysis used in previous studies based on nominal productivity residuals by considering intermediate inputs and cyclical fluctuations of price margins. The estimated steady-state mark-ups are positive but moderate, generally in the range of 10-20 per cent. The results also support the hypothesis of countercyclical price margins in most manufacturing industries, especially in the presence of downward rigidities of labour inputs. This offers an appealing interpretation of the otherwise puzzling procyclicality of real wages and enables to better estimate TFP. We also discuss the role of market structures on the levels and cyclicality of mark-ups. Finally, we compare the results for the United States with those of the other G-5 countries and distinguish between fragmented and segmented industries. The latter ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.215
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: Without further reforms, pay-as-you-go pension systems throughout most of continental Europe face unsustainable financial imbalances as their population ages. Though this paper describes the Greek pension system, which will face especially severe financial strains, it sheds light on the pension problems of other continental European countries, as these countries’ systems share many common features. The main focus of the paper is on the factors of the Greek pay-as-you-go system which result in its future unsustainability. Exacerbating the deteriorating demographics, the system is characterised by very generous pensions relative to contributions for the pre-1993 generation of workers, as well as other incentives/provisions to retire early. To highlight these facets, the study provides simulations of the generosity of different categories of individual pensions under different scenarios as well as projections of aggregate pension expenditures and revenues. It concludes with options ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264272606
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU; Facts, Challenges and Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU: Facts, Challenges and Policies
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Le lancement de l'euro jette les bases d'une intégration économique sans précédent rassemblant 11 pays, 16 % du PIB mondial et 290 millions d'habitants. Pour la première fois l'OCDE étudie la « zone euro » comme une entité à part entière et analyse la préparation minutieuse qui a mené à la monnaie unique ainsi que les enjeux soulevés par son introduction. La convergence macro-économique déjà réalisée et le cadre institutionnel désormais en place ne doivent pas faire oublier qu'il subsiste nombre d'incertitudes.Une articulation des politiques monétaire et budgétaire qui soit à la hauteur des enjeux reste à définir. La capacité de l'UEM à absorber les chocs économiques doit en outre être revue et renforcée. Plus particulièrement, une flexibilité accrue du marché du travail apparaît primordiale afin de compenser la perte d'autonomie monétaire qu'implique la participation à l'UEM et ainsi éviter que les ajustements ne s'effectuent davantage au détriment de l'emploi. Un chapitre spécial de cet ouvrage aborde les obstacles que constituent encore le manque de mobilité des travailleurs et la trop grande rigidité des modes de fixation des salaires. Les enjeux des années à venir résident dans ces questions, et cet ouvrage les aborde à la lumière des analyses les plus éclairantes que permet la réflexion économique contemporaine. Sa vocation n'est pas de donner des recettes figées, mais plutôt de dégager, sur la base d'analyses et de chiffres inédits, les lignes d'action les plus favorables au succès de l'union monétaire. Une lecture exigeante et sans complaisance, qui s'adresse à tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre les mécanismes économiques à l'oeuvre.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 107 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.202
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the main determinants of the decision to retire from the labour market in OECD countries, and in particular the role of social security systems in driving down the labour-force participation rate of older people in recent decades. It demonstrates that old-age pension systems in virtually all OECD countries in the mid-1990s made it financially unattractive to work after the age of 55, and the implicit tax on continued work has risen strongly since the 1960s in most countries. Financial disincentives to continued work have been amplified by various de facto early-retirement programmes, including unemployment-related and disability schemes. Pooled cross-country time-series regressions show that increased disincentives to work at older ages have contributed significantly to the drop in labour-force participation rates of older males, but also demonstrate that the deterioration of labourmarket conditions in many countries has played a significant role as well ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.223
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In a new and changing environment for monetary policy, an interesting issue to examine is the use of financial market indicators by monetary policy authorities. With this in mind, the OECD canvassed a number of major central banks to get their views. This paper presents a synthesis of the responses and respects the confidentiality of individual central banks. Its main conclusions are as follows. In principle, financial market variables can provide additional information regarding the shocks that strike the economy, such as their perceived size and source as well as the process of feeding through the economy. A complementary function is to gauge market anticipations and reactions to policy changes, including the credibility of policy objectives. Regarding policy setting, monetary authorities are clearly aware of the dangers of mechanically targeting this information, which could lead to circularities. However, in some cases, they seem to find financial market indicators useful in ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. UEM ; Faits, défis et politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. UEM : Faits, défis et politiques
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: The launch of the euro reinforces the foundations for unprecedented economic integration encompassing 11 countries, 16 per cent of world GDP and 290 million people. For the first time, the OECD has studied the euro-area as a fully-fledged economic entity and has analysed the intensive preparations that led to the single currency, as well as the economic issues raised by its introduction. Despite the macroeconomic convergence already achieved and the institutional framework that has been established, the fact is that many uncertainties remain. An approach to co-ordinating monetary and budgetary policies that is up to the issues at stake has still to be fully defined. And the euro area's ability to absorb economic shocks must be assessed and strengthened. In this respect it is vital for labour markets to become more flexible and adaptable if they are to compensate for the loss of national monetary autonomy which EMU implies and if adjustment is not to be at the expense of jobs. A special chapter discusses the obstacles to geographic labour mobility and the rigidity of wage setting mechanisms. These are some of the challenges that must be faced in the years to come, and this study discusses them in the light of the most penetrating and informative analysis today’s economists can provide. It does not prescribe set remedies, but drawing on analyses and figures never published before, attempts to identify the best policies for ensuring the success of the monetary union. This is a complex study that takes a hard look at the issues and will be of great interest to anyone wishing to understand the economic mechanisms at work.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.211
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper summarises key points of the recent extensive discussion of the factors behind the volatility of cross-border capital flows in emerging market countries and possible corrective measures. The root cause of the recent volatility of capital flows seems to have been excessive credit and currency risk-taking by banks, which in turn was related to moral hazard problems, failure of prudential regulations and bank supervision, and weak effective standards of financial disclosure. Macroeconomic factors also played a role, with a widening deficit on the balance of payments and fixed (or predictable) exchange rates gradually undermining confidence of creditors and investors. Liquidity problems may have amplified the reaction to adverse news, and herd behaviour and contagion may also have exaggerated reaction to changing fundamentals and transmitted crises from one country to another. Capital controls, which have been extensively used in emerging market countries, may not be very ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264174467
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication provides a detailed description of the Sources and Methods which were used in the compilation of the quantitative indicators published in the now discontinued quarterly Indicators of Industrial Activity, which was a unique source of short-term industrial statistics broken down by industrial sectors in OECD member countries. The indicators selected are indices of output, deliveries, new orders, unfilled orders, producer prices and employment. The statistics are classified according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.212
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of poverty for four OECD countries (Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). It provides information on patterns of poverty, which groups stay in poverty the longest, and household/individual characteristics and life-course events which appear to be most closely associated with transitions into and out of poverty and the length of time individuals stay in poverty. The analysis finds that the number of people touched by poverty over a six year period is significantly larger that the poverty rate might suggest, but the share of those staying poor for a long time is much smaller. The data suggest that longer-term poor are concentrated among women, lone parents and older single individuals. The study finds that employment status is the main factor affecting transitions into and out of poverty and the duration of poverty ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.224
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Problems of unemployment and low pay amongst the low-skilled and those with little work experience are severe in many OECD countries. Employment-conditional schemes are policy instruments designed to increase the employment prospects of the low-skilled as well as to support their living standard. In this paper a simple CGE model is developed to simulate the impact of the introduction of an employmentconditional scheme in four OECD countries. The simulated policy package is graduated on gross earnings with both “phase-in” and “phase-out” regions. The advantage of the CGE approach is to allow assessing the direct and indirect effects of the financing of the policy scheme on both labour demand and supply. The simulations suggest that employment effects on targeted households are significant while the impact on aggregate employment is modest. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the policy package is found to depend crucially on the earnings distribution, the levels of taxes on ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.210
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Different categories of foreign portfolio investors in Korea have differences as well as similarities in their trading behavior before and during the currency crisis. First, non-resident institutional investors are always positive feedback traders, whereas resident investors were negative feedback (contrarian) traders before the crisis but switch to be positive feedback traders during the crisis. Second, individual investors herd significantly more than institutional investors. Non-resident (institutional as well individual) investors herd significantly more than their resident counterparts. Third, differences in the Western and Korean news coverage are correlated with differences in net selling by non-resident investors relative to resident investors ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264173491
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p)
    Keywords: Economics ; Schloss La Muette
    Abstract: La Muette, home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, has a long and rich history. This book tells its story from its inception as a royal hunting lodge to its present-day use as the headquarters of the OECD. The reader may find it amusing, and sometimes instructive, to meet some of the colourful characters who once roamed its galleries. The place itself has played a significant role in French history; the Château and its extensive park were once the theatre of many a strong sentiment and the locale is impregnated with memories, comic, tragic, venal, lofty, solemn and ludic. These traces of the past are the real substance of La Muette’s charm; they are also the voices that echo through this text and linger in the halls of the Château.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264172081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique ; Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique : Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Though only three years old, electronic commerce over the Internet has the potential to transform the marketplace. E-commerce will change the way business is conducted. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will alter the way work is organised and open new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace. Workers will need to be more flexible as their functions and skills are redefined. The changes e-commerce will bring are far-reaching. They require new frameworks for doing business and a re-examination of government policies relating to commerce and skills. What is electronic commerce? What is the current state and likely future direction of e-commerce? What are the drivers and what are the inhibitors? What is its impact on costs, prices, and ultimately on economic efficiency? How is it affecting intermediaries? How do firms compete in the electronic environment? What market structure is likely to emerge? What is the impact on jobs? What types of skills will be needed? What major societal transformations will it entail? The full impact of e-commerce remains to be seen. This book begins to address these questions and provides a ground-breaking assessment of the economic and social impacts of electronic commerce and its effects on jobs by drawing on existing qualitative and quantitative evidence. This early analysis of an extremely dynamic activity identifies a number of areas where research is urgently needed and serves as the basis for an informed policy debate.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264274013
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy; Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy: Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les puissantes forces de changement qui convergent en cette fin de XXe siècle pourraient jeter les bases d'un essor économique durable pour les décennies à venir. La transition vers une société fondée sur le savoir pourrait générer de prodigieux gains de productivité. L'intégration des marchés mondiaux des biens, des services, du capital et de la technologie s'approfondit constamment. Et l'affirmation croissante d'une véritable conscience environnementale pourrait accélérer le passage à des modes de production et de consommation ménageant davantage les ressources. Il pourrait en résulter plusieurs décennies de croissance économique plus soutenue, des gains substantiels de revenus et de richesse, ainsi qu'une amélioration significative du bien-être à travers le monde.Mais comment libérer toute la dynamique de ces forces ? Toute une série d'initiatives sera nécessaire pour établir les règles et les cadres permettant de passer à une économie du savoir mondiale et durable. Mais par dessus tout les décideurs, que ce soit au niveau des gouvernements, des entreprises ou de la société en général, devront faire des efforts extraordinaires pour encourager l'innovation permanente, la créativité et des niveaux élevés d'investissement, tout en donnant l'impulsion à des approches novatrices qui accroissent la coopération internationale et favorisent la mise en place d'institutions efficaces. Même s'il est inévitable que les bénéfices diffèrent selon les pays, les capacités de création de richesses libérées par ce nouvel essor économique offrent une occasion unique d'inverser la tendance à l'accroissement des inégalités et de l'exclusion qui a marqué les dernières décennies.Ce livre s'appuie sur l'analyse des forces économiques et sociales à l'oeuvre dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, pour évaluer la probabilité d'un nouvel essor économique dans les premières décennies du XXIe siècle et mettre en lumière les politiques stratégiques indispensables pour en faire une réalité.Pour en savoir plus Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d’un futur dynamique.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie ; les cinquante prochaines années
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie : les cinquante prochaines années
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: How long will conventional fossil fuels remain the predominant source of energy? Does nuclear power have a future? What new energy technologies are emerging on the horizon? What are the implications of the growing role played by developing countries as producers and users of energy? What can be done to avoid international energy crises in the future? How will the information society affect the production and use of energy? And what will be the long-term implications of international environmental agreements for a sustainable energy future? Endeavours to set world energy on a sustainable footing are entering a critical phase. By 2050 the energy landscape could be completely transformed. A highly diversified mix of conventional and new fuels will be in use; unprecedented levels of energy efficiency in transport systems, housing and other infrastructures will likely have been attained; and people could at last be reaping the rewards of environmentally responsible lifestyles. But such a shift towards sustainable use of energy will take decades to achieve. This book reviews the options likely to shape the energy picture over the next half-century, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, technological, environmental -- that decision-makers in government and corporations will need to address in the very near future.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.216
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, a structural VAR model is estimated for 11 EU countries in order to assess the effect on the government deficit ratio of four independent economic disturbances: supply, fiscal, real private demand and monetary shocks. Based on the estimated distribution of these shocks, stochastic simulations are performed to derive estimates of cyclically-adjusted budget balances that would have to be maintained to avoid breaching the Stability and Growth Pact’s 3 per cent of GDP deficit limit over different time horizons and with varying degrees of confidence. In order to capture the movement in the deficit stemming from automatic stabilisation, fiscal policy shocks are turned off during the simulations. The results suggest that, for the majority of countries, if governments were to aim for a cyclically-adjusted budget deficit between 1.0 and 1.5 per cent of GDP, the actual deficit would, with a 90 per cent likelihood, remain within the 3 per cent limit over a three-year horizon ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.220
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: As it takes time and effort to learn how to fully utilise new technology and realise its maximum potential productivity gain, adoption of new technology tends to reduce productivity temporarily, even though the potential productivity gain in the long run outweighs this short run loss. This paper points to such “learning cost” in technology upgrading as a potential explanation of the following two “productivity puzzles” reported in the Information Technology (IT) literature and in the studies of East Asian economic growth. First, in the 1980s, US companies made enormous IT investments, but little productivity gain was observed. Second, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth of “Newly Industrialising Countries” (NICs) in East Asia was mediocre in spite of the impressive investment drive in those countries. A simple model of optimal intervals for technology upgrading with learning cost is developed. This model predicts that a company with higher frequency in technology upgrading will tend to have higher market value even with lower current profitability. An empirical study using unbalanced panel data of 1,031 US companies from 1986 to 1995 supports this prediction. Extending the scope from firm-level to industry-level, the paper estimates the magnitude of industry-wide learning-by-doing effects using annual data on 15 sub-industries in the Japanese machinery manufacturing sector from 1955 to 1990. The results show that industry-wide learning-by-doing was strong in low-tech industries where technological change was relatively slow, while it was insignificant in high-tech industries which experienced rapid technological evolution. It is also observed in the US and Japanese manufacturing industries that TFP growth tends to decrease with faster capital accumulation. This negative correlation is reproduced in simulations based on the extended model of learning cost.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264273160
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy; The Next Fifty Years
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy: The Next Fifty Years
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Les combustibles fossiles vont-ils rester longtemps la source d'énergie prédominante ? L'énergie nucléaire a-t-elle un avenir ? Quelles technologies énergétiques se profilent à l'horizon ? Quelles sont les implications du rôle grandissant joué par les pays en développement en tant que producteurs et consommateurs d'énergie ? Comment évitera-t-on à l’avenir les crises énergétiques internationales ? Quelle influence la société de l'information aura-t-elle sur les modes de production et de consommation d'énergie ? Enfin, quelles conséquences les accords internationaux de protection de l'environnement destinés à assurer un avenir énergétique durable auront-ils à long terme ? Les efforts tendant à assurer des ressources énergétiques durables entrent aujourd’hui dans une phase décisive. A l'horizon 2050, le paysage énergétique pourrait être complètement bouleversé. On disposera d’une palette de sources d'énergie classiques et nouvelles très diversifiée. Les systèmes de transport, le logement et les autres infrastructures atteindront sans doute des niveaux sans précédent d'efficacité énergétique. Et les populations pourront enfin bénéficier de modes de vie respectueux de l'environnement. Des décennies seront toutefois nécessaires pour parvenir à une utilisation durable de l'énergie. Cet ouvrage passe en revue les choix qui façonneront la scène énergétique au cours des cinquante prochaines années et analyse certaines des questions clés -- d'ordre économique, social, technologique ou écologique -- auxquelles les décideurs publics et privés doivent s'attaquer sans tarder.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264074194
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This quarterly publication complements the OECD Main Economic Indicators. It presents a wide range of monthly, quarterly and annual economic indicators covering such topics as industrial production, business surveys, construction, employment, earnings, prices, domestic and foreign finance, interest rates and domestic and foreign trade for the following 18 transition countries: Bulgaria Slovak Republic Kazakstan Tajikistan Estonia Slovenia Kyrgyz Republic Turkmenistan Latvia Armenia Moldova Ukraine Lithuania Azerbaijan Russian Federation Uzbekistan Romania Belarus Included in this issue: Annex on Labour Market Indicators Available on Diskette This supplement is the final edition of the series Short-term Economic Indicators: Transition Economies in the current format. The OECD plans to release a new publication containing a more restricted number of short-term economic indicators for key non-OECD countries on a monthly basis. The new publication is scheduled for release in the first half of 1998.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.219
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reports estimates of a reduced form relationship explaining inflation in terms of the output gap and import price inflation for most OECD countries. Results are reported both for single equation estimation on a country-by-country basis and using a system estimation technique in order to impose common parameters across countries where such restrictions are consistent with the data. A striking feature of the results is that most of the countries accept a common sacrifice ratio ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.225
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Swedish universal welfare model relies on a high tax level to finance a variety of transfers to the workingage population both in the form of income replacements and income supplements and as services for health-, child- and elderly care. The available evidence, reviewed in this Working Paper, indicates that the system has powerful redistributive properties. However, the efficiency costs of the system are substantial. Taxes and benefits combine to face income earners with high effective tax rates and the unemployed with little reward from moving into employment, resulting in a declining intensity in the utilisation of labour. A complex tax code arising out of a significant difference in tax rates for labour and capital income impedes the establishment and expansion of enterprises. An internationally-high taxation of capital income acts as an impediment to savings and the development of the domestic market for risk capital. To these domestic distortions has to be added the ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.218
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This document examines Norwegian policy on managing natural and environmental resources. These issues, and more generally the challenges of sustainable development, are primary concerns of the authorities in Norway, a country richly endowed with natural resources. Substantial action has been taken, as can be seen in the development of an integrated institutional framework and in the major efforts undertaken to co-ordinate government policies in this area. The investment of a large share of the rent from oil and gas in foreign financial assets should help ensure the inter-generational balance. Norway’s leading role in fostering international co-operation on fisheries and environmental management — where problems often extend beyond national boundaries — also reflects an engagement mindful of the needs of present and future generations. Within the country, the government has succeeded in reducing the emissions of a large number of pollutants. But measures still need to become more ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264272088
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce; Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le commerce électronique sur Internet est apparu il y a seulement trois ans, mais il est porteur de transformations radicales de l'espace marchand. Il va modifier la façon dont l'activité économique est conduite. Les fonctions traditionnelles des intermédiaires vont être remplacées, des produits et marchés nouveaux vont se développer, et des relations nouvelles vont se nouer entre les entreprises et les consommateurs. L'organisation du travail s'en trouvera modifiée et de nouveaux canaux de diffusion du savoir et des échanges interpersonnels sur le lieu de travail vont se créer. Les fonctions et les qualifications des travailleurs se redéfinissant, ces derniers devront faire preuve de plus de flexibilité et d'adaptabilité. Les changements induits par le commerce électronique ont une portée considérable. Ils exigent de nouveaux cadres pour la conduite des transactions commerciales ainsi qu'un réexamen des politiques gouvernementales à l'égard du commerce et des qualifications. Qu'est-ce que le commerce électronique ? Quelle est la situation actuelle du commerce électronique et comment devrait-elle évoluer à l'avenir ? Quels sont les facteurs qui stimulent son développement et quels sont ceux qui le freinent ? Quelle est son incidence sur les coûts, les prix et, au bout du compte, l'efficience économique ? Dans quelle mesure affecte-t-il les intermédiaires ? A quelle concurrence les entreprises se livrent-elles dans l'environnement électronique ? Quelle structure de marché devrait voir le jour ? Quelles sont les répercussions sur l'emploi ? Quels types de qualifications seront nécessaires ? Quelles transformations sociales de fond le commerce électronique va-t-il entraîner ? L'impact réel du commerce électronique reste à élucider. Ce livre fait oeuvre de pionnier en s'appuyant sur les données qualitatives et quantitatives existantes pour offrir la première évaluation des répercussions du commerce électronique et de ses effets sur l'emploi. Cette analyse précoce d'une activité extrêmement dynamique révèle les domaines auxquels il est urgent de consacrer des travaux de recherche et permet d'éclairer le débat sur les mesures à prendre.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.221
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Widening imbalances in current account positions across some of the major OECD economic areas have raised concerns about related increases in protectionist sentiments. This paper reviews recent trends in market openness indicators and assesses whether barriers to international trade and investment have risen. It finds that tariffs, the most transparent form of protection, have fallen steadily over a long period. Usage of non-tariff barriers also declined up to 1996. But despite these developments most OECD countries continue to highly protect certain sectors such as agriculture. The paper reviews in some depth the incidence, geographical distribution and product composition of anti-dumping initiations, since their use as disguised protection is feared. Against the background of a general decline in direct trade restrictions the paper shows, using a variety of indicators the steady - albeit uneven across sectors and countries - improvement in market openness. The study also examines ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.214
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: A successful reform of public enterprises would improve productivity in key sectors of the Greek economy, and thus provide essential inputs at lower cost to the economy as a whole. Reforms would need to address the factors that are responsible for the poor performance of Greek public enterprises. First, labour costs are high and productivity low in international comparisons. Second, there are wide technology gaps between Greece and other OECD countries. Third, Greece’s public enterprises fulfil heavy public service commitments without matching compensation. As a result, prices are often out of line with prices elsewhere. In recognition of the large drag on the economy, as well as the burden on the budget, the Government has embarked on a programme to revitalise inefficient public enterprises. The objective of this paper is to analyse the main issues concerning the public enterprise sector and assess the current policy framework, as well as planned changes to it. First, the key ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.191
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines several key issues concerning the implications for monetary policy of the achievement of low inflation in OECD countries during the 1990s. In particular, the analysis considers whether there have been improvements in monetary policy transmission mechanisms that lower inflation vulnerabilities, or make it easier to reduce inflation pressures when they arise; and the further benefits and costs likely to be involved in lowering inflation to zero, or in attempting to maintain a stable price level. The analysis supports three main observations. First, there have been significant changes, particularly in inflation expectations and in monetary policy frameworks, that should help in containing inflation and lowering the costs of doing so. However, except in the United States and the United Kingdom, there is little evidence yet of fundamental changes in wage and price behaviour underlying the flexibility of labour and product markets; although it is possible that this ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.208
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the likely influence of recent stock market fluctuations on major OECD economies, focusing on wealth effects and consumption. After reviewing the relevant theoretical framework and available empirical evidence, consumption functions are estimated for the US including the influence of financial wealth. The resulting estimates of the marginal propensity to consume out of financial wealth are extrapolated to other G7 countries, allowing for differences in stock market capitalisation, and compared with ones obtained more directly from consumption functions that include stock market prices as an explanatory variable. Simulations are then carried out to assess the potential world impact of a major fall in stock market prices in the G7 countries using a version of the OECD INTERLINK model which embodies the latter equations. The overall effects are found to be significant, particularly when relevant international linkage mechanisms are taken into account ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264163133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Is ageing a threat to our societies' prosperity? How should resources be shared between the working generation and its dependent older citizens? How should pension, health and long-term care best be reformed? How can older people's contribution to society and economic prosperity be enhanced? Within the next decade, the numbers of retired people in OECD countries will start to grow much faster than those of working age. In the absence of major changes to pension systems and to the way people allocate their time between education, work and leisure, it is likely that fiscal and social strains will start to emerge. Some groups may be unfairly burdened through high taxation and others would face unexpected reductions in their material living standards. The appropriate policy response is multi-faceted, covering fiscal, social, labour market, financial market, health and education policies. An important part of the strategy for maintaining prosperity in an ageing society will involve encouraging people to work longer by making it financially more attractive for them to do so. In turn, this could entail reforms to traditional public pension systems and other social policies, as well as fostering the development of alternatives to public systems that give individuals more flexibility in deciding when to retire. Consequently, financial market infrastructures will need to be strengthened to cope with large increases in private pension fund assets. Through this multi-disciplinary study, the OECD points to the need to take action now by implementing a comprehensive and consistent set of policies.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.204
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of the retirement decision in Germany using microdata from the German Socio-Economic Panel over the period 1985-1995. Non-parametric and semi-parametric techniques have been used to describe the exit to retirement. Non-parametric estimates suggest that the incentive structure generated by the different social security schemes play a powerful role in the individual retirement decision. The semi-parametric analysis is conducted using a piece-wise constant hazard model with multiple destinations (i.e. disability scheme and old-age pension scheme) and time-varying covariates. Socio-demographic factors have a strong impact on the retirement decision. Moreover, poor health contributes to early withdrawals from the labour market, especially in the case of disability retirement. Financial incentives offered in the pension system are also powerful in shaping the age profile of retirement. In particular, we used the pension wealth and an estimate of the ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264174283
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, sustainability has emerged as an over-arching policy goal in the OECD Secretariat and in its Member countries. Real progress depends upon the integration of environmental and social goals with economic ones. This publication provides an overview and analysis of trends and identifies policy gaps and trade-offs that have been encountered and points to future options. The authors document positive trends which have emerged signalling greater sustainability, as well as areas where progress has proved more elusive. While the main focus is the OECD region, expanding linkages -- among all countries and regions -- form an important part of the story. The coverage of the volume reflects the OECD's diverse subject matter expertise, and some of the interdisciplinary synergies that the Organisation can generate. Part I of this two-part volume concentrates on socio-economic issues, including the integration of economics and environment; trade and environment; changing consumption and production patterns; assessing environmental performance; development co-operation; and the evolution of aid agencies since Rio. Part II takes an in-depth look at nine sectoral issues: energy; transport; agriculture; toxic chemicals; climate change; nuclear energy; urbanisation; biotechnology; and education. In short, this publication gives essential keys to meet the major challengeof the 21st century: helping to make sustainability a reality.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.196
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The OECD Jobs Strategy: Progress Report on Implementation of Country-Specific Recommendations
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A mesure que le chômage structurel baisse dans un nombre croissant de pays, il est de plus en plus manifeste que la Stratégie de l’OCDE pour l’emploi, si elle est intégralement mise en oeuvre, représente une réponse efficace aux problèmes qui se posent sur les marchés du travail. C’est là la principale conclusion qui se dégage de l’évaluation, par le Comité d’examen des situations économiques et des problèmes de développement (Comité EDR), des progrès accomplis au cours de l’année écoulée par les pays de l’OCDE dans la mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie pour l’emploi. Comme cela avait été indiqué à la réunion ministérielle de 1997, le Comité EDR a étoffé les recommandations par pays concernant la mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie pour l’emploi, et ce processus a été récemment étendu aux nouveaux pays Membres. Le Comité a ensuite utilisé ces recommandations comme critères pour évaluer les progrès accomplis par les différents pays. La grande majorité des pays a fait l’objet de telles ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264262003
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Food; Long-term Prospects for the Agro-food Sector
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Food: Long-term Prospects for the Agro-food Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: Le secteur agro-alimentaire des pays de l'OCDE se dirige vers une période de turbulence et de transition. D'ici vingt ans, la physionomie des marchés alimentaires dans l'OCDE aura radicalement changé sous l'effet de la demande croissante dans les pays en développement, de la réduction des barrières au commerce et à l'investissemnt, et de la diversification rapide des goûts et des préférences des consommateurs. Doit-on craindre des pénuries alimentaires ? Comment réagiront les prix ? Quels changements attendre en matière de transformation alimentaire et de commerce de détail ? Y aura-t-il davantage de coopération entre les différents acteurs de l'industrie agro-alimentaire, davantage de concentration, davantage de concurrence ? Pour mieux saisir ces défis, ce rapport explore les perspectives du secteur agro-alimentaire à l'horizon 2010-2020 et examine l'ensemble de nouvelles questions de fond qui attendent gouvernements, industriels, exploitants agricoles et consommateurs.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.207
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: It has been suggested that much of the dramatic decline in the participation rate of Dutch elderly has been caused by features of the Dutch retirement income support system. The Dutch system consists of several alternative schemes that can be used to retire early and these schemes are characterised by relatively weak eligibility conditions and generous replacement rates. This report assesses empirically the impact of the incentives embedded in these schemes on the retirement behaviour of older workers using micro data. The econometric model is estimated on a rich panel survey, specifically designed for ageing research. The results indicate strong incentive effects from Early Retirement schemes on the probability to retire. We also find that Disability Insurance replacement rates have a negative effect on the transition rate to Early Retirement. Early retirement replacement rates also affect the transition rates of the other exit routes. This indicates that income streams of ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.198
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper examines the Norwegian health care system from an economic perspective. While acknowledging the excellent quality of services delivered by the Norwegian health care system, it identifies a number of problem areas, in particular: i) the long waiting lists for hospital admission and lack of medical staff; ii) the marked regional variation in per capita health care expenditure (which cannot be fully explained by demographic factors); and iii) the risks to cost control associated with soft budget constraints and collective wage bargaining of doctors. A series of recent reforms, most importantly a move from block grant to activity-based funding of hospitals, should provide incentives for raising efficiency in health care provision but also risk leading to “treatment inflation” ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.203
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: Using three waves of the ongoing Health and Retirement Survey, we document the labour force withdrawal patterns of a sample of older Americans aged 55-61 and working in 1992. We note the importance of Social Security and employer pension benefits for both the retired and the working populations aged 62 and over. Many of the demographic and economic variables turned out to be important correlates of the labour supply decisions of older Americans, including health status (measured in several ways), age, gender, self-employed status, home ownership, pension eligibility (especially in a defined-benefit plan) and post-retirement health insurance coverage ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.195
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The large exchange rate depreciations registered in a number of Asian countries since mid-1997 have raised the issue of whether this could lead to major shifts in the relative costs and prices of production across countries, and hence in the relative competitive positions of OECD and non-OECD countries. To take account of the growing importance of Asian emerging economies in world markets, they have been added, together with a number of other non-OECD emerging market economies, to the group of countries covered in the calculation of the OECD Secretariat competitiveness indicators. The main findings that emerge from the analysis presented in this Working Paper are the following: first, the United States is by far the most competitive economy among major OECD countries, both in terms of higher productivity performance and lower absolute cost levels in the manufacturing sector. However, emerging market economies for which data are available display significantly lower levels of unit ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264163874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: As economic globalisation runs its seemingly relentless course, the demands on OECD economies' flexibility are set to increase still further in the years to come. What kind of society will be able to cope with these pressures? How much and what kinds of adaptability will be required of individuals, institutions and enterprises? What forces will hold OECD societies together in an environment shaped by intense international competition and fast-moving technological change? This publication looks into the prospects for societal cohesion in tomorrow's world. It assesses the long-run implications of continuing with the current set of policies, and examines ideas that may help societies strike a sustainable balance between economic flexibility and a cohesive social fabric.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.190
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD countries as a whole have experienced modest annual output growth of some 2 1/2 per cent over the past four years. But unemployment remains unacceptably high -- having fallen only slightly from its peak of 38 million in 1993 to the current 35 million or 7 per cent of the workforce -- and wage and income disparities have widened in many countries, posing potential risks to social cohesion. These trends have prompted much debate on their causes, consequences and remedies. These are among the issues that the OECD has analyzed and discussed with Member countries since 1992 in the context of its Jobs Strategy work. OECD Ministers have endorsed the Jobs Strategy recommendations and called last May for greater reform efforts. More recently the meeting of OECD Labour Ministers last October emphasised the need for policies for low-paid and unskilled job seekers, enhancing the effectiveness of active labour market policies and lifelong learning to maintain employability, issues which were ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.200
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The effect of pension systems on public and private saving is important - savings are a crucial link between decisions today and living standards tomorrow. This paper, following a brief overview of pension systems in some OECD countries, reviews the empirical literature. Two important questions are: do unfunded public pension schemes reduce national saving? Do tax-favoured private saving schemes increase national saving? Quantitative estimates are highly uncertain, but the answers appear to be, "yes, by up 30 per cent of the funding gap"; and "yes, but often not by very much when the fiscal effects are considered." ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.197
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past decade, globalisation has been a pervasive trend in almost all economies. The world economy is becoming increasingly interdependent, deepening and intensifying international linkages, most notably in trade. As trade expands among nations throughout the world, integration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies with non-OECD economies has become a salient feature of the global economy. This study identified the possible long-term effect of APEC’s trade liberalisation commitments on real GDP and trade across regions, both inside and outside the APEC area, and on employment by production sector in each region, using a multiregion, multisector, computational general equilibrium (CGE) model. One of the key findings from our empirical work is the impacts of trade liberalisation and facilitation measures in the APEC region have turned out to be significant at least in direction if not in magnitude, throughout OECD as well as non-OECD ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264162938
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés ; Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés : Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: The benefits of open markets are tangible. In the last decade, countries that have been more open to trade and investment have achieved double the average annual growth of more closed economies. More individuals, firms and nations than ever before depend on the gains from trade and investment liberalisation. Yet anxiety about the effects of greater market integration remains. It is essential for long-term world prosperity that countries' commitment to trade and investment liberalisation be sustained. To be credible, that commitment must be rooted in and enjoy broad public support and understanding. This makes it all the more important to communicate what trade and investment liberalisation can and cannot do and be held responsible for. Trade and investment liberalisation is not painless. It should not be viewed as a cure-all nor presented as an end in itself. It is, however, an essential component of any coherent set of policies aimed at helping societies adjust to - and take advantage of - technology-driven transformations whose pace and depth are unprecedented. The stakes are high. This book examines the various channels through which open markets deliver considerable benefits to societies and their citizens; recalls the real pocket-book costs of protectionism; and addresses the full range of concerns that feature prominently in ongoing discussions over the effects of market liberalisation on employment, income distribution, environmental protection and national sovereignty. A central message of this book is that liberalisation forms part of the solution to the concerns of citizens, rather than being their root cause. The book's comprehensive treatment of the ins and outs of trade and investment liberalisation should make an important contribution to the public debate. It is essential reading for public officials, business leaders and private citizens who wish to take an active part in it.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264666993
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 1999
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.188
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, the authors analyse the role of asset market prices in the formation of monetary policy with particular reference to equity markets, a concern for policy makers in the late 1990s. While asset prices have potentially valuable supplementary information for monetary policy makers, they are hard to interpret because of their inherent volatility. Dilemmas arise when asset price movements are large and there are no signs of inflation pressures. Waiting until speculative pressures run their course risks both contagion to other sectors and assets and potentially damaging fallout from a correction. Tightening monetary policy in these circumstances (perhaps to avoid potential fallout on other sectors) would be difficult to justify to the public. In the current situation of low inflation (late 1997), various valuation measures suggest that equity markets are over-valued in the United States, Canada and Italy. Other countries are either at more intermediate positions ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.205
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper exploits an Italian microeconomic data set to study retirement behaviour of women and men using survival analysis techniques. After a brief introduction to the Italian pension system and to the Bank of Italy survey, different specifications of a Cox proportional hazard model are estimated. These show clearly that younger generations retire earlier, more educated and self-employed workers retire later, and women tend to postpone exit from the labour force beyond the standard entitlement age. The timing of retirement is inelastic to replacement rates: a 20% reduction of the replacement rate would cause a delay of 2-6 months ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.193
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study was prepared in the Economics Department as a contribution to the Organisation -wide study of the economic consequences of population ageing. It presents a number of long-term scenarios illustrating the likely domestic and international macroeconomic effects of ageing across the OECD and policies which might ameliorate or reverse underlying tensions. This work draws together the broad range of elements involved within a consistent framework, based on the Secretariat’s new international dynamic general equilibrium macroeconomic model (MINILINK). A “business-as-usual” case is examined in which, without improvements in labour market performance or specific policy adjustments to allow for the pressures of ageing, economic growth is projected to slow significantly over the next 50 years in nearly all OECD countries; world real interest rates remain stable at current levels or even rise, because of the effects of ageing on private savings and the possible build-up of public ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.199
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) for a number of physical and intangible assets and for a number of funding sources. The assets include machinery, buildings, inventories, investments in short-lived R&D (that is, investments whose returns last only a few years) and in long-lived R&D (whose returns last many years). Two human capital assets are included -- firm-sponsored training and household-sponsored tertiary education. The calculations incorporate parameters from both the personal and corporate tax codes. They are performed for the “top-bracket” taxpayer and for the “average production worker” and cover between 15 and 22 countries, depending on data availability. The OECD has already used the King-Fullerton method to calculate METRs for physical capital (OECD, 1991) and this paper updates these calculations using established practices. As the method has not yet been applied to household-sponsored human capital, the paper describes the extension to this ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 117 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.194
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: This paper retraces the Communities external liberalisation efforts, and discusses, where relevant, the repercussions of internal liberalisation on foreign competitors. The aim of the paper is to clarify, and when feasible, to quantify the economic effects of the EU’s trade policies. To this end, it provides an overview of past liberalisation efforts, reviews trade indicators in international comparison and lays out the future trade agenda of the Community. The empirical evidence provided in the paper points to little evidence for trade diversion due to integration in Europe, while trade is likely to have boosted area-wide income significantly. It is openness in general, rather than regional integration, that has favoured growth in Europe ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264263130
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le vieillissement des populations menace-t-il la prospérité de nos sociétés ? Comment les ressources devraient-elles être réparties entre la génération des actifs et les personnes âgées qui en dépendent ? Comment réformer au mieux les systèmes de retraite, de santé et de soins de longue durée ? Comment mettre en valeur la contribution des personnes âgées à la société et à la prospérité économique ? D'ici dix ans, le nombre des retraités commencera de croître beaucoup plus vite que celui des personnes d'âge actif dans les pays de l'OCDE. Si des changements fondamentaux n'interviennent pas dans les systèmes de retraite et dans la répartition du temps entre formation, travail et temps libre, des tensions budgétaires et sociales risquent de se faire jour. Certains groupes pourraient être injustement soumis à une lourde fiscalité alors que d'autres constateraient une dégradation inattendue de leur niveau de vie. Pour qu'elle soit pertinente, la réponse des pouvoirs publics doit être diversifiée, et faire intervenir les politiques budgétaires et sociales, mais aussi les politiques du marché du travail, de la santé et de l'éducation. Encourager les gens à travailler plus longtemps, en rendant financièrement plus intéressante la poursuite d'une activité, est au coeur de la stratégie à mettre en oeuvre pour préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante. Sans doute faudra-t-il aussi réformer les systèmes publics de retraite traditionnels et les autres politiques sociales et encourager le développement de formules destinées à remplacer les systèmes de retraite publics et donnant aux individus plus de souplesse pour planifier leur départ en retraite. L'infrastructure des marchés financiers devra par conséquent être renforcée pour absorber la forte augmentation des avoirs détenus par les fonds de pension privés. A travers cette étude pluridisciplinaire, l'OCDE souligne la nécessité d'agir dès à présent en mettant en place un train de politiques cohérent et complet.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263550
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: L'originalité de cet ouvrage réside dans la profondeur de champ de l'analyse. Utilisant une approche comparative, l'auteur explique pour quelles raisons le rôle de la Chine dans l'économie mondiale a considérablement fluctué au cours du dernier millénaire. D'ici 2015, la Chine devrait retrouver la place de première puissance économique mondiale qui lui revient naturellement et fut la sienne jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle. Cette étude réévalue l'ampleur et le sens du renouveau de l'économie chinoise depuis une cinquantaine d'années en recourant à des techniques quantitatives couramment utilisées dans les pays de l'OCDE mais qui, jusqu'ici, n'avaient pu être appliquées à la Chine. Rédigé par l'auteur de nombreux travaux d'histoire économique comparée, dont deux best-sellers du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE, cet ouvrage est indispensable pour tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre le rôle passé, présent et futur de la Chine dans l'économie mondiale.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.192
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The separability between efficiency and equity is an underlying assumption in most computable general equilibrium (CGE) models used to assess the costs of carbon abatement. Chichilnisky and Heal (1994) have generated a debate on both the analytical correctness of this hypothesis as well as its precise policy implications. This technical note aims to clarify the determinants of cost efficiency in standard CGE abatement models. Some simulations are provided illustrating the separability property between an efficient outcome and the distribution of income across countries. In the context of an optimal abatement model, it is also shown under which conditions equity and efficiency are not separable anymore ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264263536
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 21st Century Technologies; Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 21st Century Technologies: Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Les décennies à venir sont porteuses de progrès remarquables dans de nombreuses technologies à vocation universelle. Notre façon de vivre, de travailler, ainsi que nos loisirs devraient en être profondément remodelés. Les technologies vont révolutionner la médecine, l'agriculture, les voyages, le commerce de détail... des bouleversements qui toucheront le coeur même de notre vie quotidienne. Si elle utilise ces technologies à bon escient, l'humanité pourra retirer des bienfaits immenses. Dans le cas contraire, ce seront autant d'opportunités manquées et de risques inutiles. L'enjeu est donc de taille pour la société. Quel coût cela entraînerait-il, si nous rations le coche du changement dynamique ? Quels problèmes éthiques les nouvelles avancées du génie génétique vont-elles poser ? La diffusion des nouvelles technologies créera-t-elle de nouvelles divisions sociales ? Quels types de sociétés seront les mieux armés pour exploiter ce vaste potentiel ? Quelle voie la coopération internationale doit-elle suivre pour tirer le plus grand profit des retombées de la technologie ? Cette étude passe en revue les promesses extraordinaires qu'annoncent les vingt prochaines années. Elle prend la mesure de questions essentielles -- économiques, sociales, environnementales ou éthiques -- auxquelles les décideurs du secteur public, du secteur des entreprises et de la société devront faire face pour écarter les incertitudes de la technologie et transformer ses promesses en réalités.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264162006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Se nourrir demain ; Perspectives à long terme du secteur agro-alimentaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Se nourrir demain : Perspectives à long terme du secteur agro-alimentaire
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: The agro-food sector in OECD countries is heading towards an era of turbulance and transition. With food demand in developing countries growing, barriers to trade and investment falling, and consumer tastes and preferences rapidly diversifying, the landscape of OECD food markets will be radically different 20 years from now. Are food shortages likely and what will happen to food prices? What changes will we see in food retailing and food processing? Will there be more co-operation between the various players in the agro-food industry, more concentration or more competition? To grasp these challenges, this report looks into the prospects for the agro-food sector to 2010-20 and examines the new generation of key issues that lie ahead for governments, business, farmers and consumers.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264451346
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 1998
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.206
    Keywords: Retirement Great Britain ; Pensions Great Britain ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Großbritannien ; Rentenalter
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the retirement decision in the United Kingdom. We distinguish four retirement routes: retirement, unemployment, long-term sickness and other states. The focus of the paper is the impact of pension benefits on retirement transitions. We estimate multinomial logits and Cox proportional hazard rate models, separately for men and women. We conclude that participation in an occupational pension scheme increases the retirement hazard rate for men. The results for women are less clear-cut given the relatively small number of women entitled to an occupational pension scheme ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163539
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als 21st century technologies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d'un futur dynamique
    DDC: 303.48/3
    RVK:
    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Direktinvestition ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The next few decades hold the prospect of remarkable progress in a wide range of pervasive technologies that are likely to have a profound effect on how we live, work, and spend our leisure time. These technologies are set to revolutionise the worlds of medicine, agriculture, travel, retailing...so much that is familiar in our daily lives. Used wisely, they could be of huge benefit to mankind. Used wrongly, they could mean lost opportunities and unnecessary risks. The challenge for society is immense. What would be the cost of failure to embrace dynamic change? What kind of ethical dilemmas will arise from further breakthroughs in genetic engineering? Will the spread of new technologies create new social divisions? What sort of societies will prove most adept at harnessing the vast technological potential? How can countries best co-operate to maximise the benefits of spillovers? This book reviews the extraordinary promise of technological advances over the next twenty years or so, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, environmental, ethical -- that decision-makers in government, business and society will face in the decades ahead.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.196
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Rapport sur l'état d'avancement de la mise en oeuvre des recommandations par pays
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: As more countries experience falling structural unemployment, the evidence is mounting that, implemented comprehensively, the OECD Jobs Strategy represents an effective response to countries’ labour market problems. That is the key conclusion to emerge now that the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC) has examined progress made by OECD countries over the last year or so in implementing the Jobs Strategy. As reported to the 1997 Ministerial Meeting, the EDRC has fleshed out country-specific recommendations for implementing the Jobs Strategy, a process extended more recently to the new Member countries. Subsequently, the Committee has used these recommendations as a benchmark for assessing the progress made by individual countries. The large majority of countries have been subject to such a follow-up review. Following the request made at last year’s Ministerial Meeting, this report pulls together the lessons learned through the EDRC reviews and, thus, presents an update ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264262331
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators - Sources and Methods; Labour and Wage Statistics
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators - Sources and Methods: Labour and Wage Statistics
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage fournit une description détaillée des sources et méthodes utilisées par les pays de l’OCDE pour rassembler les indicateurs publiés sur la main-d’œuvre et les salaires figurant dans les Principaux indicateurs économiques.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264262935
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Open Markets Matter; The Benefits of Trade and Investment Liberalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Open Markets Matter: The Benefits of Trade and Investment Liberalisation
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: L'ouverture des marchés offre des avantages tangibles. Au cours de la dernière décennie, les pays les plus ouverts aux échanges et à l'investissement ont enregistré une croissance annuelle moyenne deux fois supérieure à celle des économies plus fermées. Les individus, les entreprises et les pays sont plus nombreux que jamais à dépendre des gains de la libéralisation du commerce et de l'investissement. Cependant, l'intégration accrue des marchés suscite toujours de l'inquiétude. Un engagement durable des pays en faveur de la libéralisation est indispensable pour assurer la prospérité mondiale sur le long terme. Pour être crédible, cet engagement doit être légitimé par un large soutien public, fondé sur la compréhension de ses enjeux. Il est d'autant plus important de faire savoir ce que la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement peut ou ne peut pas accomplir et ce dont elle peut être tenue pour responsable. La libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement n'est pas un processus indolore. Il ne faut pas la considérer comme une panacée ni comme une fin en soi. Néanmoins, elle constitue une composante essentielle de tout ensemble de politiques cohérent visant à aider les sociétés à s'ajuster -- afin d'en tirer profit -- aux transformations qu'induit le progrès technique, dont le rythme et l'ampleur sont sans précédent. Face à des enjeux aussi importants, cette publication examine les diverses voies qu'empruntent les marchés ouverts pour dispenser des bénéfices considérables aux sociétés et à leurs citoyens. Elle souligne les coûts monétaires du protectionnisme pour chacun et traite l'ensemble des préoccupations qui occupent une place importante dans le débat actuel sur les conséquences de la libéralisation des marchés pour l'emploi, la répartition du revenu, la protection de l'environnement et la souveraineté nationale. Cette étude délivre un message essentiel : la libéralisation n'est pas la cause première des inquiétudes des citoyens mais en constitue l'un des remèdes. Cette analyse exhaustive des tenants et des aboutissants de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement devrait apporter une contribution majeure au débat public. Elle constitue une lecture indispensable pour les fonctionnaires, les dirigeants du monde des affaires et les particuliers qui souhaitent y prendre une part active.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264162327
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication provides a detailed description of the sources and methods used by OECD member countries in calculating the monetary aggregates, credit and other measures of domestic finance presented in Main Economic Indicators.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163553
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise ; Une perspective historique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise : Une perspective historique
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: This book is unique in its depth of perspective. It uses a comparative approach to explain why China’s role in the world economy has changed so dramatically in the last thousand years. It concludes that China is likely to resume its natural role as the world’s largest economy by the year 2015, thus regaining the position it had held until the end of the nineteenth century. The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries, but which have not hitherto been available for China. Written by the author of many studies on comparative economic history, including two best sellers for the OECD Development Centre, this book is essential reading for all those who seek to understand the role of China in the world economy, in the past, as well as in the present and the future.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.189
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This working paper presents evidence on changes in income distribution and poverty in thirteen OECD countries over the two decades up to the first half of the 1990s. While country experience has been variable, income and poverty rose in most countries. Both earnings and capital and self employment incomes contributed to these developments, partly offset by an increase in the importance of (progressive) taxes and transfers in total income. Increases in the share of no-worker households appears to have contributed to widening income distribution. Transfers appear to be relatively evenly spread across income groups in a number of countries, reflecting the weight of age-related transfers. An analysis of average incomes and poverty by household type, suggests that the retirement-age population has tended to do better, while younger households and households with children have become less well off and poverty has tended to shift from the old to the young. This mainly reflects ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.201
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using overlapping generations (OLG) models calibrated on seven OECD countries -- the United States, Japan, France, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom and Sweden -- the authors investigate the macroeconomic impact of possible pension reform strategies as populations age. Simulations include a reduction in the level of pensions, phased abolition of PAYG schemes and general fiscal consolidation. By raising the national saving rate future GDP levels are higher, but not enough to offset the affects of ageing. A rise in the retirement age has larger effects, but implies significant loss of leisure time ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264162341
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide. In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.172
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper lays out a simple open economy macromodel based on the recent literature on imperfect competition and equilibrium unemployment. It is shown that the NAIRU is not a clearcut concept in the open economy framework. Furthermore, it is argued that the self-correcting mechanisms in the economy are weak, so that the actual rate of unemployment may deviate considerably from the NAIRU over long periods. The theoretical discussion is illustrated by recent Norwegian experience. The paper also investigates the costs and benefits of incomes policies in unionised economies. Finally, there is a discussion of various aspects of the Norwegian labour market and Norwegian labour market policies ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.174
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; European Union
    Abstract: For a long time European Economic and Monetary Union was mainly considered an internal European issue and external consequences were largely ignored. In contrast to most previous analyses, this paper looks at a number of international implications of monetary union. It is argued that several factors could contribute to the euro becoming an international currency in the future and a competitor to the US dollar in this respect. The degree of uncertainty attached to this outcome, however, remains considerable and in any event the emergence of the euro as a major international currency is likely to take some time. Given the expected size of the euro-zone and the likelihood of the euro becoming an international currency, fiscal and monetary policies in the area are likely to have a significant impact on the macroeconomic environment in the rest of the world. An important issue is how will monetary union affect major bilateral exchange rate developments and their volatility. A number of ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.173
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: The NAIRU is estimated by using the Japanese data. There are three major findings. The NAIRU has been increasing modestly since 1970. Unlike the standard specification adopted in many OECD countries it can be estimated more precisely when the unemployment rate with a several-quarter lead is used. Hysteresis or “speed limit” effects are also detected. These findings lead to the following implications. Structural reform in the labor market should be pursued. Seeking for alternative labor market indicators which move ahead of inflation will be useful. Macroeconomic policy aimed at rapidly reducing unemployment could be costly in terms of inflation ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.171
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: National accounts data provide the most comprehensive overview available of developments in national economies. They are of great interest to a wide range of users of economic information. These users, which include governments formulating budgetary policies, central banks making monetary policy decisions, businesses considering investment decisions and financial institutions making judgements concerning portfolio allocation, have needs which may differ in various respects. However, since their interest generally stems from the likelihood that they will make better decisions if they are well informed about economic developments, they all have a strong interest in the accuracy of national accounts statistics. This paper examines the reliability of preliminary quarterly national accounts statistics. In particular, it considers the longer-term behaviour of the provisional estimates to GDP growth and its main expenditure components through an examination of the revisions to those ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.187
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Italy has been one of the few industrial countries resorting to incomes policy in the current decade. Many Italian observers have attributed to this policy the remarkable slowdown in wage and price inflation. However, no apparent progress has been made concerning labour market unbalances, as the unemployment rate remains 4 percentage points above the already high level inherited from the 80s. This paper analyses this experience: it looks at the evidence of changes in the bargaining structure stemming from the incomes policies agreements, discusses their possible long run impact in terms of NAIRU and features of the inflationary process, presents a quantitative assessment of the specific contribution of those agreements to the inflation outcome. The analysis is carried out by looking at the presence of structural breaks in an aggregate-wage equation and resorting to counterfactual simulations of a large macroeconomic model (the Bank of Italy quarterly model). The empirical results ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.180
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the impact of government-imposed regulations on performance in the distribution sector. It first deals with the role of the distribution sector in OECD economies and gives an overview of competitive conditions in the sector. Next, it provides an overview of recent evidence concerning the impact of regulation. The paper finds that a range of regulations, including restrictions on large stores, opening hours and zoning, have slowed down structural change in the distribution sector. These regulations have sometimes reduced the efficiency of the distribution system, but have mainly limited the range of services provided to consumers ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.185
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: A. Introduction This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wage for the UK context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F. B. Minimum-wage systems in OECD countries The description of minimum-wage systems in this section has been derived from a number of sources, including national submissions in response to an OECD questionnaire. However, it should be noted that the information presented has not yet been verified for factual accuracy by the relevant national authorities ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.181
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper was prepared in the OECD Economics Department as a contribution to the Organisation-wide study entitled, “Towards a New Global Age”. It examines macro-structural economic developments in and between OECD and non-OECD economies, the economic linkages and a number of structural factors and policies which have influenced growth performance. It goes on to consider a number of alternative forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios to 2020 for the world economy based on different hypotheses about economic policies and other factors influencing factor productivity developments. A final section provides a model-based evaluation of the potential influence of some of the key factors underlying these scenarios, in particular the influence of demographic changes such as population ageing and alternative fiscal policies ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.175
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of whether covariation of long-term interest rates across G10 countries has increased in recent years and whether, as a consequence, interest rates have become less subject to the influence of national monetary authorities and domestic fundamentals. A conceptual framework based on the standard parity relations among country interest rates is described, and it is argued that historical trends in interest rates and their relations across countries can be understood reasonably well under this framework as the result of changing fundamentals and shifts in (internationally-priced) risk premia. The main empirical findings are that bilateral covariation of long-term interest rates has gone up in the 1990s among some European countries but there is no evidence of any substantial increase for countries with floating exchange rates. Variance decompositions and country-specific interest rate equations show little evidence of increasing interdependence of domestic ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.186
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
    Abstract: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wages for the Irish context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F. B. Minimum-wage systems in OECD countries The description of minimum-wage systems in this section has been derived from a number of sources, including national submissions in response to an OECD questionnaire. However, it should be noted that the ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.183
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: The paper gives a broad discussion of structural unemployment seen from a Danish perspective. In the Danish Ministry of Finance the level of structural unemployment is estimated using two indicators - NAIRU and ITRU. The two indicators basically reflect variations in unemployment and inflation as measured by the GDP-deflator and are computed using historical simulations with the national macro-econometric model ADAM. The uncertainty related to estimates of the level of structural unemployment calls for a great deal of caution when using such estimates in the framing of economic policy. Estimates of structural unemployment can nevertheless be useful when making forecasts of inflation and assessing the appropriate fiscal stance and - not least - when assessing the effectiveness of labour market policies and the possible need for changes. For the purpose of policy-making it is useful to make clear to what extent structural unemployment can be ascribed to “employability” problems of ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.177
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Since the Finnish unemployment rate has rocketed to a very high level in the beginning of the 1990's, it is worth to study to what extent the unemployment rate prevailing today is due to cyclical or to structural reasons. In this paper we try to estimate two different indicators that represent the structural part of unemployment, the NAWRU and the NAIRU. The NAWRU (non-accelerating wage rate of unemployment) measures the structural unemployment simply by relating unemployment to wage inflation. The NAIRU (non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment) in this paper is based on structural estimates of the price setting behaviour of firms and the wage setting behaviour of trade unions. The estimated NAWRU follows very closely the actual unemployment in Finland indicating that it is not the proper measure for the structural unemployment. The estimated NAIRU were at a low level up to the end of the eighties. Since then both the actual unemployment rate and the NAIRU have rocketed. In ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 142 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.176
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of taxation on economic performance, adds marginally to the empirical literature, and draws conclusions for tax policy in OECD countries. Key issues covered are how, in open OECD economies, taxes may have affected economic performance via their effects on capital and labour markets, and on human capital formation. Perhaps the most important policy conclusion that emerges is that the increased integration of OECD capital markets limits the scope for using tax incentives to raise domestic savings and investment, which suggests that the tax burden in the future will have to fall increasingly on labour as the less mobile factor of production. With labour taxes having already increased sharply in recent years, contributing to a reduced demand for labour, greater labour-market flexibility is required to facilitate employers’ passing labour taxes on to reductions in real wages so as to reduce labour costs; while ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 118 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.179
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: For governments, the advantage of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade is that their effects are more certain than for tariffs. Now that tariff barriers have been substantially reduced, there has been increasing interest in the ways that non-tariff barriers (NTBs) may distort and restrict international trade. This working paper assesses currently available methods for quantifying NTBs. Calculation of the tariff equivalent of a given NTB for a given economic indicator is complex, and requires a great deal of information. Measures that are equivalent for one indicator will not be so for others, and there is no substitute for NTB-specific expertise ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.178
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This note gives a brief survey of main theoretical and empirical issues with respect to the NAIRU concept. According to modern labour market literature NAIRU is defined as the rate of unemployment at which inflation stabilises in the absence of any wage-price surprises. Conventional thinking about the equilibrium unemployment rate assumes that in the long run NAIRU is determined solely y supply side factors of the labour market. We show that quite complex adjustment dynamics may arise even in simple log-linear wage-price models. Furthermore we provide a survey on a number of “hysteresis-mechanisms” which could lead to permanent shifts of equilibrium unemployment over time, implying that an unique long run NAIRU may not even exist. In addition to theoretical issues we refer to two serious problems which might arise with empirical applications of the NAIRU concept. First various empirical studies suggest that results highly depend on model specifications. Second a considerable amount ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.184
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: The use of the NAIRU-concept is not very widespread in Belgium. This may be partly due to an observed unemployment rate that is probably significantly higher than the NAIRU for most of the past two decades. Government policy to halve the administrative notion of unemployment by the beginning of the next century has therefore little regard for the NAIRU level. A second reason for the low popularity of the NAIRU resides in the fact that the measurement issues are seen as enormous. Confidence intervals for NAIRU estimates are notably high. From partial information on the last economic cycle in 1987-94, the deduction is nevertheless that the NAIRU would be in the 7-8 per cent range. Instead of finding exact estimates for the NAIRU, the paper looks into the wage formation process in Belgium in the long and short run. Although total factor productivity is the main long-term influence of real wages, in the short term labour market pressure is clearly the main determining factor. It is ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264192263
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique ; Manuel d'Oslo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique : Manuel d'Oslo
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264174436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This book summarises the environmental implications of globalisation (both positive and negative) in terms of governance (the changing role of the nation-state and other institutions), competitiveness, foreign investments (pollution havens/industrial migration), sectoral economic activities (energy, transport, agriculture), technological change, and corporate environmental strategies.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.182
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The behaviour of unemployment in the UK is of particular interest in the light of the far reaching programme of reforms introduced since 1980. The paper first outlines the main theoretical ideas behind the concept of equilibrium unemployment, drawing a distinction between the factors which may cause transitory, albeit long lived, departures from the short run NAIRU, and those which influence the long run NAIRU. Both are unobservable. The last decade and a half has seen substantial changes to the institutional structure of the UK labour market, such as the decline in the strength of trade unions, and the introduction of government policies to increase labour market flexibility. The impact of these on the NAIRU is assessed. Estimates of the NAIRU are discussed. The general picture is that, whether a reduced form fundamental supply equation or structural approach is adopted, the UK’s NAIRU reached a peak in the mid 1980s and has subsequently fallen, more in the case of the long run ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264292260
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data; Oslo Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data: Oslo Manual
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Évaluer l'ampleur des activités d'innovation, les caractéristiques des firmes menant ces activités et les facteurs internes et systémiques qui les influencent est essentiel à la conduite et à l'analyse des politiques de promotion de l'innovation technologique. Le Manuel d'Oslo est la source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette seconde édition reflète les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l'innovation, l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente vague d'enquêtes sur l'innovation, l'extension du champ d'enquête à d'autres secteurs d'activité industrielle ainsi que les révisions des classifications internationales types.
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.165
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: With the gradual dismantling of tariffs and the growing integration of markets across countries, non-tariff and non-border barriers to international trade, investment and competition have become more visible, a greater source of trade tensions and costly with regard to the foregone global benefits of increased efficiency. In many OECD and non-OECD economies, market regulations were not designed with a view to their international ramifications, and domestic policies in the domain of trade, competition and investment, with few exceptions, take little account of international repercussions of non-border obstacles to the functioning of markets. Against this background, this paper examines the main issues underlying the current discussion of trade, investment and competition policy interactions, and the scope for further international co-operation ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper examines interrelations between corporate governance, competition and performance. Traditional theories emphasise the importance of managerial incentives and disciplining in corporate governance, and how institutional arrangements affect financing. The paper argues that ownership and control, rather than incentives, disciplining and corporate finance, are the distinguishing features of different financial systems. The insider systems of Continental Europe and Japan may be superior at implementing policies which involve relations with stakeholders. Outsider, Anglo-American, systems may be more responsive to change. Concentration of ownership may be required to establish relations between stakeholders, and this may impede product market competition ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.166
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a new data set on the number of enterprises, employees, gross output and value added in manufacturing by size category. The figures are obtained from censuses of manufactures and industrial surveys for three years (one year in the 1960s, one year in the 1970s, and one year in the late 1980s or 1990) and five OECD countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States). There are five or six size categories, which are established on the basis of the number of employees per enterprise or establishment. The level of industry disaggregation is according to that in the STAN database. The paper discusses the basic sources and presents the complete data set. It also contains a brief analysis of average firm size, relative productivity levels per size category and concentration ratios ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.168
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents simulations of the impact of age-related public expenditures on overall government budget positions and on national savings for 20 countries. Using demographic projections prepared by the World Bank, models have been constructed for the evolution of public pension expenditures and contributions, on the assumption that present policies continue. Sensitivity analysis and some illustrative scenarios of possible reform options are also presented. Scenarios for the evolution of public health-care expenditures are also presented with sensitivity analysis of the assumptions linking age and health-care costs and the evolution of treatment costs. These scenarios for pensions and health care are set within the wider framework of general government balances to capture the effects of public debt accumulation and debt servicing costs ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.170
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the usefulness of consumer and business surveys in assessing the cyclical position of the economy and for forecasting output movements. To that effect, after a brief review of the nature of sentiment measures, the empirical relationship between confidence indicators and output components is explored. Graphical examination, correlation analysis and Granger causality tests are used to asses that relationship. The paper finds that sentiment measures obtained from business surveys provide valuable information for the assessment of the economic situation and forecasting. However, the relationship between sentiment indicators and output varies considerably across countries and sentiment measures. It is also found that consumer confidence indicators are much less useful than business confidence indicators for economic analysis due to their much looser relationship with output movements ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.162
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of mark-ups of product prices over marginal costs for 36 manufacturing industries in 14 OECD countries over the 1970- 1992 period. The estimates are based on the methodology put forward by Roeger (1995), extended to include intermediate inputs. After a discussion of analytical and data issues, the estimates are presented and shown to be smaller than those of previous studies. It is also shown that the level and dispersion of mark-ups are consistent with a priori views about characteristics of the market structure prevailing in each industry. Finally, the paper examines how mark-up estimates affect the estimated rate of growth of total factor productivity (TFP) ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.169
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of labour productivity levels in OECD manufacturing, for 9 countries and 36 industrial sectors. It also provides an overview of some of the available evidence on cross-country productivity differences in the service sector. The paper uses industry-specific conversion factors to calculate productivity levels, based on available industry-of-origin studies and material from the expenditure approach to international comparisons. After a discussion of some methodological issues, the paper describes the estimation of manufacturing productivity levels in detail, while also referring to some other recent work on the issue. The variation in cross-country productivity levels appears to be quite large in the OECD area, suggesting that there may be scope for further productivity catch-up in many countries and many sectors ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: This paper reviews fiscal relations within the European Union in the context of the theory of fiscal federalism and of the principle of subsidiarity. It analyses the fiscal policy implications of the introduction of the single currency, tax harmonisation and competition issues and spending at the EU level. It also speculates as to whether there are economic gains from centralising more expenditure functions at the EU level ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.160
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses options pricing techniques to estimate the value of the government’s tax claim on household or business incomes. It treats the annual tax claim as a European call option on taxable income (a European call is an option that can be exercised at its expiration date and not before). The option’s expiration date is the end of the fiscal year and its strike price is the threshold level of income below which income is not subject to tax. The paper derives three alternative valuation formulas, each associated with an alternative functional form for the tax code (a flat tax, a step-function and a more general tax function). The application of options pricing theory to tax claims is found to be relatively straightforward. The approach proposed here could be used to refine accounting on the assets side of the government’s balance sheet. It would not be more difficult to implement than many common applications of options theory ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.161
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the links between innovation, market structure and firm size. The review shows that there is little evidence in support of the Schumpeterian hypothesis that market power and large firms stimulate innovations: R&D spending seems to rise more or less proportionally with firm size after a certain threshold level has been passed, and there is little evidence of a positive relationship between R&D intensity and concentration in general. However, positive linkages between concentration/size and innovative activity can occur when certain conditions are met, including high sunk costs per individual project, economies of scale and scope in the production of innovation rents. Recent empirical work suggests that R&D intensity and market structure are jointly determined by technology, the characteristics of demand, the institutional framework, strategic interaction and chance ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: If a macroeconometric model is to be useful for policy analyses which go beyond short-term forecasting requirements, particular attention must be paid to the form and consistency of its various components with respect to longer-term equilibria. In particular, long-run properties and ultimate stability of such models with respect to output, employment and inflation depend crucially on the consistency and form of the supply-side specification. This paper presents recent work by the OECD contributing to its INTERLINK world model. It focuses on the specification and estimation of the supply-side aspects of the sub-models for the seven major OECD Member countries. It presents a general analytical framework for the specification of a consistent model of business sector behaviour within a dynamic form which meets both short-term forecasting and longer-term theoretical requirements. Comparative estimation results are reported for individual economies along with simulation results for a ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 98 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.156
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper examines the effects of demographic changes on government budgets and national savings. Most OECD countries will experience a rapid ageing of the population in the future and this development will put public pensions, health care systems and government budgets in general under increasing pressure. It could also have adverse effects on national saving. In order to provide some idea of the scale and magnitude of potential future problems the paper presents a quantitative analysis of the effects of ageing populations on government budgets, on inter-generational equity and on national saving and it also discusses policy options to cope with these problems. The paper finds that getting general government fiscal positions into better shape over the next few years would enable governments to better cope with the demographic change that will occur in the first decades of the next century. Furthermore, it stresses that further increases in retirement ages could make a major ...
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...