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  • 2000-2004  (34)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (34)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • Health, Nutrition and Population  (21)
  • Public Sector Development  (13)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Market Access for Sale : Latin America's Lobbying for U.S. Tariff Preferences (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kee, Hiau Market Access for Sale
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Export Growth ; Exporters ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Localization ; Market Access ; Multilateral Tariff Negotiations ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Scheme ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff ; Tariff ; Trade Policy ; Debt Markets ; Export Growth ; Exporters ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Localization ; Market Access ; Multilateral Tariff Negotiations ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Scheme ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff ; Tariff ; Trade Policy ; Debt Markets ; Export Growth ; Exporters ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Localization ; Market Access ; Multilateral Tariff Negotiations ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Scheme ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff ; Tariff ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Kee, Olarreaga, and Silva assess the foreign lobbying forces behind the tariff preferences that the United States grants to Latin American and Caribbean countries. The authors extend the basic framework developed by Grossman and Helpman (1994) to explain the relationship between foreign lobbying and tariff preferences. Their results suggest that returns to Latin American and Caribbean exporters lobbying for tariff preferences in the United States are around 50 percent. The reason for these large returns is the relatively low estimated weight given to social welfare in the U.S. government's objective function when deciding whether or not to grant tariff preferences to Latin American and Caribbean exporters. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study the issues related to trade and growth
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stabilization and Association Process in the Balkans : Integration Options and their Assessment (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kaminski, Bartlomiej Stabilization and Association Process in the Balkans
    Keywords: Bilateral Free Trade Agreements ; Competitive Market ; Competitive Markets ; Customs Procedures ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Industrial Products ; Industry Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreements ; Competitive Market ; Competitive Markets ; Customs Procedures ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Industrial Products ; Industry Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreements ; Competitive Market ; Competitive Markets ; Customs Procedures ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Industrial Products ; Industry Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: The stabilization and association process launched by the European Union in the aftermath of the Kosovo war in 1999 has created a new policy environment for five South East European countries (SEE-5). In exchange for EU assistance, the prospect of EU accession, and the continuation of preferential access to EU markets, SEE-5 governments have to upgrade their institutions and governance by European standards and engage in mutual regional cooperation, including stability pact member-countries. Kaminski and de la Rocha examine the benefits to SEE-5 of trade liberalization along two dimensions and suggest conditions under which these could be maximized. They argue that the process of regional trade liberalization should be extended to multilateral liberalization, aligning SEE-5 most-favored-nation (MFN) applied tariffs on industrial products with EU MFN tariffs, and that priority be given to structural reforms and regional cooperation aimed at trade facilitation. As interindustry trade rather than intra-industry trade dominates intra-SEE-5 trade, the potential for expansion in intra-SEE-5 trade is limited at least within the confines of the existing production structures and transportation infrastructure. Therefore SEE-5 free trade agreements are unlikely to contribute to economic growth without concurrent efforts to improve infrastructure, trade facilitation, business, and investment climate, as well as to increase competition from MFN imports to external preferential suppliers through multilateral liberalization. This paper—a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region—was prepared in the context of the World Bank's regional program for South Eastern Europe. Its objective is to support the integration in the world economy—and in Europe in particular—of five countries that are currently engaged with the European Union in the stabilization and association process
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    East Asia's Dynamic Development Model and the Republic of Korea's Experiences (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McNulty, Mary East Asia's Dynamic Development Model and the Republic of Korea's Experiences
    Keywords: Capital ; Competition ; Criteria ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Economic Progress ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Thought ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Influence ; Inheritance ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Capital ; Competition ; Criteria ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Economic Progress ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Thought ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Influence ; Inheritance ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Capital ; Competition ; Criteria ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Economic Progress ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Thought ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Influence ; Inheritance ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry
    Abstract: No region has been more dynamic in recent years than East Asia. Despite its successful economic development, evaluations of the East Asian development model have often been capricious, shifting from "miracle" to "cronyism." How can we explain East Asia's ups and downs consistently? To respond to this challenge, it is necessary to study the progress of East Asian development and to trace the influence of Asian cultural values. This study mainly focuses on cultural aspects of economic progress and analyzes East Asia's philosophical and historical backgrounds to explain the dynamic process. East Asians believe that balance between opposite but complementary forces, Yin and Yang, will ensure social stability and progress. Through repeated rebalancing to maintain harmony, the society comes to maturity. In traditional East Asian societies, a balance was maintained between Confucianism (Yang) and Taoism, Buddhism, and other philosophies (Yin). In modern societies, the challenge is to balance traditional systems (Yang) and Western style capitalism (Yin). This East Asian development model explains the Republic of Korea's rise, fall, and recovery. Korea was a poor country until the early 1960s, during the time when spiritualism (Yang) dominated. From the 1960s through the 1980s, Korea achieved rapid growth by finding a new balance and moving toward materialism (Yin) from spiritualism (Yang). But the failure to maintain a harmonious balance between cooperatism and collectivism (Yang) and individualism (Yin) led to major weaknesses in labor and financial markets that contributed significantly to the financial crisis in 1997. As Korea arrived at a new balance by instituting reform programs, the venture-oriented information and communication technology (ICT) industry blossomed and led to a rapid economic recovery. Since 2000, domestic financial scandals and political corruption have emerged as new social issues. Korea's next challenge is to find a new harmonization between moralism (Yang) and legalism (Yin). This paper—a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, Development Economics—is part of a larger effort in the Bank to examine institutional and cultural foundations of development across regions and countries
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use and their living conditions may offer little protection from air, water, and soil pollution. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment at rates that are incompatible with long-term sustainability. In such cases, degraded resources may precipitate a downward spiral, by further reducing the income and livelihoods of the poor. This "poverty/environment nexus" has become a major issue in the recent literature on sustainable development. In regions where the nexus is significant, jointly addressing problems of poverty and environmental degradation may be more cost-effective than addressing them separately. Empirical evidence on the prevalence and importance of the poverty/environment nexus is sparse because the requisite data are often difficult to obtain in developing countries. The authors use newly available spatial and survey data to investigate the spatial dimension of the nexus in Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic. The data enable the authors to quantify several environmental problems at the district and provincial level. In a parallel exercise, they map the provincial distribution of poor households. Merging the geographic information on poverty and the environment, the authors search for the nexus using geo-referenced indicator maps and statistical analysis. The results suggest that the nexus is country-specific: geographical, historical, and institutional factors may all play important roles in determining the relative importance of poverty and environment links in different contexts. Joint implementation of poverty and environment strategies may be cost-effective for some environmental problems, but independent implementation may be preferable in many cases as well. Since the search has not revealed a common nexus, the authors conclude on a cautionary note. The evidence suggests that the nexus concept can provide a useful catalyst for country-specific work, but not a general formula for program design. This paper—a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand poverty/environment links in different contexts
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Martin, Will Economic Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization ; Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization ; Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Ianchovichina and Martin present estimates of the impact of accession by China and Chinese Taipei to the World Trade Organization. China is estimated to be the biggest beneficiary, followed by Chinese Taipei and their major trading partners. Accession will boost the labor-intensive manufacturing sectors in China, especially the textiles and apparel sector that will benefit directly from the removal of quotas on textiles and apparel exports to North America and Western Europe. Consequently, developing economies competing with China in third markets may suffer relatively small losses. China has already benefited from the reforms undertaken between 1995 and 2001 (US
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Walle, de van Dominique The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Vietnam's social welfare programs do not adequately protect and promote the poor. Increased spending, with better coverage and targeting, could help poor and vulnerable households. How does Vietnam's public safety net affect outcomes for the poor? Although social welfare programs in Vietnam are centrally mandated, they are locally implemented according to local norms and local poverty standards and often rely heavily on local financing. Van de Walle examines the coverage, incidence, and horizontal equity of the programs that can be identified in the data from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey. She looks at the role of location in determining whether the poor are assisted nationally. And she explores dynamic incidence between 1993 and 1998 and the degree to which programs performed a safety net function. The author's analysis shows that coverage and payments to households are low and have had a negligible impact on poverty. In principle, better targeting could improve the impact of current outlays. The analysis also shows that the system was ineffective in protecting households that were vulnerable to shocks. Finally, the results suggest that although there is a greater concentration of poverty-related programs and greater household participation in poorer communes, the system spends more (absolutely and relatively) on the poor in richer communes. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the delivery and effectiveness of social protection programs. The author may be contacted at dvandewalleworldbank.org
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration : Can the European Community's Success Be Emulated? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Hoekman and Messerlin compare the European Community's "trade fundamentals" prevailing in the 1960s with those applying in Arab countries today. The fundamentals differ significantly—Arab countries trade much less with each other than EC members did, and the importance of such trade in GDP varies greatly. This suggests that a viable Arab integration strategy must follow a path that differs from the preferential trade liberalization-led approach implemented by the European Community. An alternative is to complement long-standing attempts to liberalize merchandise trade with an effort that revolves around service sector reforms and liberalization. This may prove to be an effective mechanism to support reforms as, in principle, there is a major constituency in each Arab country that has an interest in improving the performance of services—the natural resource-based and manufacturing sectors. A key condition for such an approach to be feasible is that Arab cooperation helps overcome political economy resistance to national, unilateral action, or, generates direct gains from cooperation in specific policy areas. The EC experience suggests that a services-based integration strategy will be complex and must be carefully designed and sequenced. Given the importance of services-related trade and logistics transactions costs, a first step might focus on bringing such costs down through a concerted joint effort. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the economics of regional integration
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Options : Empirical Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Limin Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Options
    Keywords: Child Nutrition ; Children ; Health ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; International Organizations ; Knowledge ; Life Expectancy ; Measurement ; Population Policies ; Child Nutrition ; Children ; Health ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; International Organizations ; Knowledge ; Life Expectancy ; Measurement ; Population Policies ; Child Nutrition ; Children ; Health ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; International Organizations ; Knowledge ; Life Expectancy ; Measurement ; Population Policies
    Abstract: Empirical studies on health at a disaggregate level—by socioeconomic group or geographic location—can provide useful information for designing poverty-focused interventions. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, Wang investigates the determinants of health outcomes in low-income countries both at the national level, and for rural and urban areas separately. DHS data from more than 60 low-income countries between 1990 and 1999 reveal two interesting observations. First is the negative association between the level and inequality in child mortality. Second is the significant gap in child mortality between urban and rural areas, with the rural population having a much slower reduction in mortality compared with the urban population. Given that the poor are mainly concentrated in rural areas, the evidence suggests that health interventions implemented in the past decade may not have been as effective as intended in reaching the poor. The empirical findings in this study consolidate results from earlier studies and add new evidence. Wang finds that at the national level access to electricity, vaccination in the first year of life, and public health expenditure can significantly reduce child mortality. The electricity effect is shown to be independent of income. In urban areas only access to electricity has a significant health impact, while in rural areas increasing vaccination coverage is important for mortality reduction. This paper—a product of the Environment Department—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand health-environment linkages. Please contact Limin Wang, room MC5-208, telephone 202-473-7596, fax 202-522-1735, email address lwang1worldbank.org
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Agreements and Trade in Services (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Regional Agreements and Trade in Services
    Keywords: Benefits ; Choice ; Competition ; Competitive Advantage ; Competitive Markets ; Consumer Choice ; Consumers ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Corruption ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benefits ; Choice ; Competition ; Competitive Advantage ; Competitive Markets ; Consumer Choice ; Consumers ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Corruption ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benefits ; Choice ; Competition ; Competitive Advantage ; Competitive Markets ; Consumer Choice ; Consumers ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Corruption ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: Every major regional trade agreement now has a services dimension. Is trade in services so different that there is need to modify the conclusions on preferential agreements pertaining to goods reached so far? Mattoo and Fink first examine the implications of unilateral policy choices in a particular services market. They then explore the economics of international cooperation and identify the circumstances in which a country is more likely to benefit from cooperation in a regional rather than multilateral forum. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the implications of liberalizing trade in services. The authors may be contacted at amattooworldbank.org or cfink@worldbank.org
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  • 13
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    Trade Policy and Labor Services : Final Status Options for the West Bank and Gaza (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice Trade Policy and Labor Services
    Keywords: Ban ; Benefits ; Choice ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Implications ; Economic Relations ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Taxes ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Ban ; Benefits ; Choice ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Implications ; Economic Relations ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Taxes ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Ban ; Benefits ; Choice ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Implications ; Economic Relations ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Taxes ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Schiff considers the policy options of the West Bank and Gaza with respect to trade and the export of labor services. He concludes that: • Nondiscriminatory trade policy is unambiguously superior to a free trade agreement with Israel. • The West Bank and Gaza should pursue a nondiscriminatory trade policy with all its neighbors, but only on the condition that the trade policy be open, transparent, and enforced by a credible lock-in mechanism. Otherwise, a customs union with Israel may be preferable. • The Palestinian Authority should establish a system of fee-based permits for Palestinians working in Israel. • The Palestinian Authority should consider allowing Jordanians access to the West Bank and Gaza labor market. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze trade and regional integration policies in the Middle East. The author may be contacted at mschiffworldbank.org
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  • 14
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    The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting
    Keywords: Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Minot and Baulch combine household survey and census data to construct a provincial poverty map of Vietnam and evaluate the accuracy of geographically targeted antipoverty programs. First, they estimate per capita expenditure as a function of selected household and geographic characteristics using the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey. Next, they combine the results with data on the same household characteristics from the 1999 census to estimate the incidence of poverty in each province. The results show that rural poverty is concentrated in 10 provinces in the Northern Uplands, 2 provinces in the Central Highlands, and 2 provinces in the Central Coast. The authors use Receiver Operating Characteristics curves to evaluate the effectiveness of geographic targeting. The results show that the existing poor communes system excludes large numbers of poor people, but there is potential for sharpening poverty targeting using a small number of easy-to-measure household characteristics. This paper is a joint product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group, and the International Food Policy Research Institute. The authors may be contacted at n.minotcgiar.org or b.baulch@lds.ac.uk
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  • 15
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    Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
    Keywords: 1958-2000 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Armut ; Teilstaat ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Indien ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There has been much debate about how much India's poor have shared in the economic growth unleashed by economic reforms in the 1990s. Datt and Ravallion argue that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, there is considerable diversity in performance across states. This holds some important clues for understanding why economic growth has not done more for India's poor. India's economic growth in the 1990s has not been occurring in the states where it would have the most impact on poverty nationally. If not for the sectoral and geographic imbalance of growth, the national rate of growth would have generated a rate of poverty reduction that was double India's historical trend rate. States with relatively low levels of initial rural development and human capital development were not well-suited to reduce poverty in response to economic growth. The study's results are consistent with the view that achieving higher aggregate economic growth is only one element of an effective strategy for poverty reduction in India. The sectoral and geographic composition of growth is also important, as is the need to redress existing inequalities in human resource development and between rural and urban areas. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand the relationship between economic growth and poverty. The authors may be contacted at gdattworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 16
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    The (Positive) Effect of Macroeconomic Crises on the Schooling and Employment Decisions of Children in a Middle-Income Country (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schady, Norbert The (Positive) Effect of Macroeconomic Crises on the Schooling and Employment Decisions of Children in a Middle-Income Country
    Keywords: Adults ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Education of Parents ; Educational Attainment ; Effective Schools ; Enrollment Rates ; Enrolment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Investments In Education ; Labor Policies ; Parental Education ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adults ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Education of Parents ; Educational Attainment ; Effective Schools ; Enrollment Rates ; Enrolment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Investments In Education ; Labor Policies ; Parental Education ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adults ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Education of Parents ; Educational Attainment ; Effective Schools ; Enrollment Rates ; Enrolment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Investments In Education ; Labor Policies ; Parental Education ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Under some conditions, macroeconomic crises can have a positive effect on the accumulation of human capital because they reduce the opportunity cost of schooling. This has profound implications for the design of appropriate social protection policies. The impact of macroeconomic crises on parents' investments in the human capital of their children is a widely contested issue. Schady analyzes the effects of the profound macroeconomic crisis in Peru in 1988–92 on the schooling and employment decisions made by urban school-age children. He arrives at two basic findings: • First, the crisis had no effect on the attendance rates of school-age children. But the share of children who were both employed and in school fell significantly during the crisis. • Second, mean educational attainment was significantly higher for children who were exposed to the crisis than for those who were not. Schady argues that these findings may be related: children who are not employed have more time available and may therefore put more effort into school. He concludes with a discussion of the implications of his findings for the design of appropriate social protection policies. This paper—a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region—is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the effects of macroeconomic crises on households, and to design appropriate policies to mitigate their costs
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  • 17
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    The Epidemiological Impact of an HIV/AIDS Vaccine in Developing Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stover, John The Epidemiological Impact of an HIV/AIDS Vaccine in Developing Countries
    Keywords: AIDS HIV ; Aids Vaccine ; Aids Vaccines ; All ; Clinical Trials ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Effects ; Epidemic ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV/Aids ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infection ; Infections ; Population Policies ; Public Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexually Trade ; AIDS HIV ; Aids Vaccine ; Aids Vaccines ; All ; Clinical Trials ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Effects ; Epidemic ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV/Aids ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infection ; Infections ; Population Policies ; Public Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexually Trade ; AIDS HIV ; Aids Vaccine ; Aids Vaccines ; All ; Clinical Trials ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Effects ; Epidemic ; Epidemics ; HIV ; HIV/Aids ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infection ; Infections ; Population Policies ; Public Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexually Trade
    Abstract: Many people see an effective preventive AIDS vaccine as the best solution to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Ten years ago many scientists had hoped that a vaccine would be available by now. Most scientists are still optimistic that vaccines will be developed and many candidates are being tested. Strategies to implement HIV/AIDS vaccination need to be developed to be ready when vaccines do become available. The nature of those programs will depend on the characteristics of each vaccine. How much does it cost? How effective is it? How long does protection last? The answers to these and other questions will help determine issues such as: What will be the impact of the vaccine on the epidemic? Who should be vaccinated? Will an AIDS vaccine be more cost-effective than other prevention measures? Will other measures still be necessary? What will happen to the epidemic if vaccination leads to riskier behavior? How much funding will be needed? Stover, Garnett, Seitz, and Forsythe use two computer simulation models to investigate the effects of various vaccine characteristics and implementation strategies on the impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccines in different contexts. A simulation model is applied to data from rural Zimbabwe and the iwgAIDS model is applied to Kampala (Uganda) and Thailand. The models are used to investigate the effects of efficacy, duration, cost, and type of protection on impact and cost-effectiveness. The models also show the merits of targeting public subsidies to various population groups: all adults, teenagers, high-risk groups, and women of reproductive age. The impact of vaccines on the epidemic is compared with the impact of other prevention interventions such as condom use and behavior change. Finally, the models are used to explore the extent with which behavioral reversals may erode the positive benefits of the vaccine. A highly effective, long-lasting, inexpensive vaccine would be ideal and could make a major contribution in controlling the HIV/AIDS pandemic. But vaccines that do not attain this ideal can still be useful. A vaccine with 50 percent efficacy and 10 years duration supplied to 65 percent of all adults could reduce HIV incidence by 25 to 60 percent, depending on the context and stage of the epidemic. Better efficacy and longer duration would provide even more impact. Programs focused on teenagers or high-risk populations have less overall impact but would provide significant benefits at much less cost than those reaching all adults. Behavioral reversals could erode much of the benefits of vaccination programs so it will be important to combine vaccination with continued messages about the importance of safe behaviors. The cost of the vaccines is not known at this time. At a cost of
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  • 18
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    Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder : Accounting for Differences in Household Income Distributions across Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Leite develop a microeconometric method to account for differences across distributions of household income. Going beyond the determination of earnings in labor markets, they also estimate statistical models for occupational choice and for conditional distributions of education, fertility, and nonlabor incomes. The authors import combinations of estimated parameters from these models to simulate counterfactual income distributions. This allows them to decompose differences between functionals of two income distributions (such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares because of differences in the structure of labor market returns (price effects), differences in the occupational structure, and differences in the underlying distribution of assets (endowment effects). The authors apply the method to the differences between the Brazilian income distribution and those of Mexico and the United States, and find that most of Brazil's excess income inequality is due to underlying inequalities in the distribution of two key endowments: access to education and to sources of nonlabor income, mainly pensions. This paper is a product of the Research Advisory Staff. The authors may be contacted at fbourguignonworldbank.org, fferreira@econ.puc-rio.br or phil@econ.puc-rio.br
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  • 19
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    Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies
    Abstract: By international standards, and given its relatively low per capita income, Vietnam has achieved substantial reductions in, and low levels of, infant and under-five mortality. Wagstaff and Nguyen review existing evidence and provide new evidence on whether, under the economic liberalization program known as Doi Moi, this reduction in child mortality has been sustained. They conclude that it has, but that the gains have been concentrated among the better-off. As a result, socioeconomic inequalities in child survival are evident in Vietnam—a change from the early 1990s when none were apparent. The authors develop survival models to find the causes of this differential decline in child mortality, and conclude that a number of factors have been at work, including reductions among the poor (but not among the better-off) in coverage of health services and in women's educational attainment. They argue that if the experience of the late 1990s is a guide to the future, the lack of progress among the poor will jeopardize Vietnam's chances of achieving the international development goals for child mortality. The authors examine various policy scenarios, including expanding coverage of health services, water and sanitation, and find that such measures, while useful, will have only a limited effect on the mortality of poor children. They find that programs aimed at narrowing the gap between the poor and better-off may have large beneficial effects on the various determinants of child survival. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the links between health and poverty. The authors may be contacted at awagstaffworldbank.org or nnga@worldbank.org
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  • 20
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    Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam : A Socioeconomic Perspective (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam
    Keywords: Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Baulch, Chuyen, Haughton, and Haughton examine the latest quantitative evidence on disparities in living standards between and among different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey and 1999 Census, they show that Kinh and Hoa ("majority") households have substantially higher living standards than "minority" households from Vietnam's other 52 ethnic groups. Subdividing the population into five broad categories, the authors find that while the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, and Northern Highland minorities have benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the growth of Central Highland minorities has stagnated. Disaggregating further, they find that the same ethnic groups whose living standards have risen fastest are those that have the highest school enrollment rates, are most likely to intermarry with Kinh partners, and are the least likely to practice a religion. The authors then estimate and decompose a set of expenditure regressions which show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well with a strategy of assimilating (both culturally and economically) with the Kinh-Hoa majority, other groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities. A third group comprising the Central Highland minorities, including the Hmong, is largely being left behind by the growth process. Such diversity in the socioeconomic development experiences of the different ethnic minorities indicates the need for similar diversity in the policy interventions that are designed to assist them. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Jonathan Haughton may be contacted at jhaughtobeaconhill.org
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  • 21
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    Learning to Export : Evidence from Moroccan Manufacturing (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fafchamps, Marcel Learning to Export
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Private Sector Development ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Disease Control and Prevention ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Private Sector Development ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Disease Control and Prevention ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Private Sector Development ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Fafchamps, Hamine, and Zeufack test two alternative models of learning to export: productivity learning, whereby firms learn to reduce production costs, and market learning, whereby firms learn to design products that appeal to foreign consumers. Using panel and cross-section data on Moroccan manufacturers, the authors uncover evidence of market learning but little evidence of productivity learning. These findings are consistent with the concentration of Moroccan manufacturing exports in consumer items—the garment, textile, and leather sectors. It is the young firms that export. Most do so immediately after creation. The authors also find that, among exporters, new products are exported very rapidly after production has begun. The share of exported output nevertheless increases for 2–3 years after a new product is introduced. Old firms are unlikely to switch to exports, even in response to changes in macroeconomic incentives. The authors find a positive relationship between exports and productivity and conclude that it is the result of self-selection: it is the more productive firms that move into exports. Policy implications are discussed. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the microeconomic foundations of export and growth performance using plant-level data. The authors may be contacted at marcel.fafchampseconomics.ox.ac.uk or azeufack@worldbank.org
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  • 22
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    Economic Development and the World Trade Organization After Doha (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Economic Development and the World Trade Organization After Doha
    Keywords: Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: Hoekman analyzes what actions could be taken in the context of the World Trade Organization's Doha negotiations to assist countries in reaping benefits from deeper trade integration. He discusses the policy agenda that confronts many developing countries and identifies a number of focal points that could be used both as targets and as benchmarks to increase the likelihood that WTO negotiations will support development. To achieve these targets, Hoekman proposes a number of negotiating modalities for both goods and services-related market access issues, as well as rule-making in regulatory areas. Throughout the analysis, the author refers to the work of J. Michael Finger, whose numerous writings in this area have not only greatly influenced the thinking of policymakers and researchers on the interaction between trade policy, economic development, and the GATT/WTO trading system, but also provides a model for how to pursue effective policy research. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze the development aspects of WTO rules. The author may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org
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  • 23
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    Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: (June 2001) - China's forthcoming access to the World Trade Organization involves reform in many sectors, both domestic and trade-related. The starting point for reform is a partially reformed economy with relatively high import duties, in which export sectors benefit from liberal duty exemptions on inputs. Both China and its major trading partners will gain from access—with China gaining most (perhaps half of the estimated
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    Administrative Costs and the Organization of Individual Retirement Account Systems : A Comparative Perspective (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (80 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: James, Estelle Administrative Costs and the Organization of Individual Retirement Account Systems
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Contingencies ; Contribution ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Individual Account ; Individual Retirement ; Individual Retirement Account ; Individual Retirement Accounts ; Investing ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Contingencies ; Contribution ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Individual Account ; Individual Retirement ; Individual Retirement Account ; Individual Retirement Accounts ; Investing ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Contingencies ; Contribution ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Individual Account ; Individual Retirement ; Individual Retirement Account ; Individual Retirement Accounts ; Investing ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Organizing individual retirement accounts through the institutional market and with constrained choice could substantially lower administrative costs. The tradeoff: rebidding problems, weaker performance incentives, inflexibility in the face of unforeseen contingencies, and an increased probability of corruption, collusion, and regulatory capture. What is the most cost-effective way to organize individual accounts that are part of a mandatory social security system? Defined-contribution individual-account components of social security systems are criticized for being too expensive. James, Smalhout, and Vittas investigate the cost-effectiveness of two methods for constructing mandatory individual accounts: Investing through the retail market with relatively open choice among investment companies (the method first used by Chile and adopted by most Latin American countries). Investing through the institutional market with constrained choice. For the retail market, they use data from mandatory pension funds in Chile and other Latin American countries and from voluntary mutual funds in the United States. For the institutional market, they use data from systems in Bolivia and Sweden and from larger pension plans and the federal Thrift Saving Plan in the United States. The institutional approaches aggregate numerous small accounts into large blocks of money and negotiate fees on a centralized basis, often through competitive bidding. They retain workers' choice on some funds. Fees and costs are kept low by reducing incentives for marketing, avoiding excess capacity at system start-up, and constraining choice to investment portfolios that are inexpensive to manage. In developed financial markets, the biggest potential cost saving stems from constrained portfolio choice, especially from a concentration on passive investment. The biggest cost saving for a given portfolio and for countries with weak financial markets comes from reduced marketing activities. In the retail market, where annualized fees and costs range from 0.8 percent to 1.5 percent of assets, use of the institutional market in individual retirement account systems has reduced those fees and costs to less than 0.2 percent to 0.6 percent of assets. This reduction can increase pensions by 10-20 percent relative to the retail market. Countries that can surmount rebidding problems, weaker performance incentives, inflexibility in the face of unforeseen contingencies, and an increased probability of corruption, collusion, and regulatory capture should seriously consider the institutional approach, especially at the start-up of a new multipillar system or for systems with small asset bases. This paper—a product of Finance, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study pension systems. The authors may be contacted at ejames3worldbank.org or dvittas@worldbank.org
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    Chile's Regional Arrangements and the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas : The Importance of Market Access (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tarr, David Chile's Regional Arrangements and the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas
    Keywords: Additive Regionalism ; Additive Regionalism Strategy ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreements ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; General Equilibrium Model ; Global Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Additive Regionalism ; Additive Regionalism Strategy ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreements ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; General Equilibrium Model ; Global Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Additive Regionalism ; Additive Regionalism Strategy ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreements ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; General Equilibrium Model ; Global Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: July 2001 - Among Chile's bilateral regional agreements, only Chile's agreements with "Northern" partners provide enough market access to offset the costs to Chile of trade diversion. Because of preferential market access, however, "additive regionalism" is likely to provide Chile with far more gains than the static welfare gains from unilateral free trade. At least one partner country loses from each of the regional trade agreements considered in this study, and excluded countries always lose. The Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) produces gains for almost all the member countries, but the European Union is a big loser. Countries of the Americas gain more in aggregate from global free trade than from the FTAA. Using a multisector, multicountry, computable general equilibrium model, Harrison, Rutherford, and Tarr examine Chile's strategy of negotiating bilateral free trade agreements with all of its significant trading partners (referring to this policy as additive regionalism). They also evaluate the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) and global free trade. Among Chile's bilateral regional agreements, only Chile's agreements with "Northern" partners provide enough market access to offset the costs to Chile of trade diversion. Because of preferential market access, however, additive regionalism is likely to provide Chile with many times as many gains as the static welfare gains from unilateral free trade. Harrison, Rutherford, and Tarr find that at least one partner country loses from each of the regional trade agreements they consider, and excluded countries as a group always lose. They estimate that the FTAA produces large welfare gains for the members, with the European Union being the big loser. Gains to the world from global free trade are estimated to be at least 36 times greater than gains from the FTAA. Even countries of the Americas in aggregate gain more from global free trade than from the FTAA. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the impact of regional trade arrangements on development and poverty reduction. David Tarr may be contacted at dtarrworldbank.org
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    World Development Indicators 2001 (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821348981 , 9780821348987
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (400 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Now in its 5th edition, the World Bank's respected statistical reference publication provides a comprehensive view of the world economy. The print edition contains over 80 tables and 600 indicators for 148 economies and 14 country groups, with basic indicators for a further 59 economies. The book contains new tables on social indicators of poverty and global environmental issues. This year's edition retains the basic thematic presentation with six sections covering World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. World Development Indicators 2001 contains a wealth of information including: A special graphical report on progress toward International Development Goals. The most recent data on poverty, education, health, and the environment from around the world. New data on gender and development drawn from the World Bank's recent policy research report. New data on the digital divide and how Information Communication Technology is changing the process of development. New data on the world economy
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    Private Participation in Public Transport in the FSU (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Economic Liberalization ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Public Sector Development ; Public-Private Partnerships ; Regulatory Reform ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper describes and analyses the growth of private sector participation in public transport supply in the countries in the Former Soviet Union in which the World Bank has had recent sector involvement. This includes Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz S.R. and Turkmenistan. While this does not covers only 7 out of the 15 independent states comprising the former, this sample of countries accounts for over 96 percent of the land area and 85 percent of the population of the FSU. It also includes a wide spectrum of countries in terms of size, reform philosophy and income levels. The region only contains two megacities with populations in excess of 5 million (Moscow and St. Petersburg) but has many cities in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 million. Privately owned buses already carry the majority of bus passengers in Russian secondary cities and in Kyrgyzstan, probably about half in Uzbekistan, and a growing proportion in all other countries except turkmenistanstan. In Kazakhstan, where some of the competing companies still have majority state ownership the process of privatization is likely to be taken to completion in the near future. That trend, which merely reflects the ownership structure trends world wide is unlikely to be reversed. Only in Latvia, Turkmenistan and Ukraine is there strong resistance to this trend. But that is not to say that the current situation is stable or sustainable. The threats to that sustainable development can be grouped either by country or by issues
    DOI: 10.1596/36539
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    Evaluating the Case for Export Subsidies (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Panagariya, Arvind Evaluating the Case for Export Subsidies
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Cred Export ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Performance ; Export Subsidies ; Export Subsidy ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Trade ; Free Trade ; Interest ; Interests ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Moral Hazard ; Perfect Competition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rent ; Tariff ; Tariffs ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxes ; Trade Policy ; Adverse Selection ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Cred Export ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Performance ; Export Subsidies ; Export Subsidy ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Trade ; Free Trade ; Interest ; Interests ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Moral Hazard ; Perfect Competition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rent ; Tariff ; Tariffs ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxes ; Trade Policy ; Adverse Selection ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Cred Export ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Performance ; Export Subsidies ; Export Subsidy ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Trade ; Free Trade ; Interest ; Interests ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Moral Hazard ; Perfect Competition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rent ; Tariff ; Tariffs ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Taxes ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: January 2000 - With import-substitution policies discredited, many have argued for interventions on behalf of export interests. But aren't arguments for export subsidies as flawed as arguments for import substitution? Now that import-substitution policies have failed and been discredited, there has been a shift in favor of interventions on behalf of export interests. Panagariya argues that close scrutiny reveals these arguments to be as flawed as the old arguments for import substitution. Among other things, Panagariya concludes that: · Under perfect competition, a country trying to retaliate against a trading partner's export subsidies by instituting its own export subsidies will only hurt itself. · The argument that export subsidies may be useful for neutralizing import tariffs is spurious. In most practical situations, this is not possible. Removal of tariffs is a far superior policy. · In principle a case can be made for protecting infant export industries in the presence of externalities. But the empirical relevance of externalities remains as illusory for export industries as it was for import-substituting industries. · Adverse selection and moral hazard can lead to the thinning of the market for credit insurance but that is not a case for government intervention. · India's experience shows export subsidies to have little impact on exports. Brazil and Mexico's experience shows export subsidies to be a costly instrument of export diversification. · Those who argue that pro-export interventions were important in East Asia have not provided convincing evidence of a causal relationship between the interventions and growth. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to explore conceptual and practical issues in the export policies of developing countries. The author may be contacted at panagariecon.umd.edu
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    The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tembien, Ethiopia (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (88 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Whittington, Dale The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tembien, Ethiopia
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Children ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Families ; Food Preparation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Leisure Time ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Medical Treatment ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Pill ; Population Policies ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Stroke ; Weight ; Workers ; Adolescent Health ; Children ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Families ; Food Preparation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Leisure Time ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Medical Treatment ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Pill ; Population Policies ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Stroke ; Weight ; Workers ; Adolescent Health ; Children ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Families ; Food Preparation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Leisure Time ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Medical Treatment ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Pill ; Population Policies ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Stroke ; Weight ; Workers
    Abstract: January 2000 - Despite the great benefits from preventing malaria, the fact that vaccine demand is price inelastic suggests that it will be difficult to achieve significant market penetration unless the vaccine is subsidized. The results are similar for bed nets treated with insecticide. Cropper, Haile, Lampietti, Poulos, and Whittington measure the monetary value households place on preventing malaria in Tembien, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. They estimate a household demand function for a hypothetical malaria vaccine and compute the value of preventing malaria as the household's maximum willingness to pay to provide vaccines for all family members. They contrast willingness to pay with the traditional costs of illness (medical costs and time lost because of malaria). Their results indicate that the value of preventing malaria with vaccines is about US
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    The Structure of Social Disparities in Education : Gender and Wealth (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Filmer, Deon The Structure of Social Disparities in Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Education ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education Variables ; Education for All ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Enrollment Of Children ; Enrollment Of Girls ; Enrollment Rate ; Enrollment Rate Of Boys ; Enrollment Rate Of Children ; Enrollment Rate Of Girls ; Female Disadvantage In Enrollment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Groups ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Rights ; Indexes ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Schooling ; Schools ; Social Protections and Labor ; Universal Primary Education ; Universal Primary Enrollment ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Education ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education Variables ; Education for All ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Enrollment Of Children ; Enrollment Of Girls ; Enrollment Rate ; Enrollment Rate Of Boys ; Enrollment Rate Of Children ; Enrollment Rate Of Girls ; Female Disadvantage In Enrollment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Groups ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Rights ; Indexes ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Schooling ; Schools ; Social Protections and Labor ; Universal Primary Education ; Universal Primary Enrollment ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Education ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education Variables ; Education for All ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Outcomes ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Enrollment Of Children ; Enrollment Of Girls ; Enrollment Rate ; Enrollment Rate Of Boys ; Enrollment Rate Of Children ; Enrollment Rate Of Girls ; Female Disadvantage In Enrollment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Groups ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Rights ; Indexes ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Schooling ; Schools ; Social Protections and Labor ; Universal Primary Education ; Universal Primary Enrollment
    Abstract: January 2000 - Wealth gaps in educational outcomes are large in many developing countries. And gender gaps, though absent in many societies, are large in some, particularly in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. In some countries with a female disadvantage, household wealth interacts with gender to create an especially large gender gap among the poor. Using internationally comparable household data sets (Demographic and Health Surveys), Filmer investigates how gender and wealth interact to generate within-country inequalities in educational enrollment and attainment. He carries out multivariate analysis to assess the partial relationship between educational outcomes and gender, wealth, household characteristics (including level of education of adults in the household), and community characteristics (including the presence of schools in the community). He finds that: · Women are at a great educational disadvantage in countries in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. · Gender gaps are large in a subset of countries, but wealth gaps are large in almost all of the countries studied. Moreover, in some countries where there is a heavy female disadvantage in enrollment (Egypt, India, Morocco, Niger, and Pakistan), wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate the gap in educational outcomes. In India, for example, where there is a 2.5 percentage point difference between male and female enrollment for children from the richest households, the difference is 34 percentage points for children from the poorest households. · The education level of adults in the household has a significant impact on the enrollment of children in all the countries studied, even after controlling for wealth. The effect of the education level of adult females is larger than that of the education level of adult males in some, but not all, of the countries studied. · The presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship with enrollment in some countries only (notably in Western and Central Africa). The relationship appears not to systematically differ by children's gender. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - was prepared as background to, and with support from, a World Bank Policy Research Report on gender and development. Part of the study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Educational Enrollment and Dropout (RPO 682-11). The author may be contacted at dfilmerworldbank.org
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    The Impact of Adult Deaths on Children's Health in Northwestern Tanzania (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ainsworth, Martha The Impact of Adult Deaths on Children's Health in Northwestern Tanzania
    Keywords: Aged ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; Clinics ; Death ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Intervention ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Patient ; Pregnant Women ; Prevention ; Social Support ; Weight ; Aged ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; Clinics ; Death ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Intervention ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Patient ; Pregnant Women ; Prevention ; Social Support ; Weight ; Aged ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; Clinics ; Death ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Intervention ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Patient ; Pregnant Women ; Prevention ; Social Support ; Weight
    Abstract: January 2000 - In Tanzania, a poor country experiencing a severe AIDS epidemic, the children whose health is hit hardest by the death of a parent or other adult are those in the poorest households, those with uneducated parents, and those with the least access to health care. Three important health interventions mitigate the impact of adult deaths: immunization against measles, oral rehydration salts, and access to health care. The AIDS epidemic is dramatically increasing mortality of adults in many Sub-Saharan African countries, with potentially severe consequences for surviving family members. Until now, most of these impacts had not been quantified. Ainsworth and Semali examine the impact of adult mortality in Tanzania on three measures of health among children under five: morbidity, height for age, and weight for height. The children hit hardest by the death of a parent or other adult are those in the poorest households, those with uneducated parents, and those with the least access to health care. Ainsworth and Semali also show how much three important health interventions - immunization against measles, oral rehydration salts, and access to health care - can do to mitigate the impact of adult mortality. These programs disproportionately improve health outcomes among the poorest children and, within that group, among children affected by adult mortality. In Tanzania there is so much poverty and child health indicators are so low that these interventions should be targeted as much as possible to the poorest households, where the children hit hardest by adult mortality are most likely to be found. (Conceivably, the targeting strategy for middle-income countries with severe AIDS epidemics, such as Thailand, or countries with less poverty and better child health indicators might be different.) This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger research project on The Economic Impact of Fatal Adult Illness due to AIDS and Other Causes in Sub-Saharan Africa (RPO 675-71). The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget. The authors may be contacted at mainsworthworldbank.org or isemali@muchs.ac.tz
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    The Political Economy of Distress in East Asian Financial Institutions (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferri, Giovanni The Political Economy of Distress in East Asian Financial Institutions
    Keywords: Balance Sheet ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Distress ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risks ; Good ; Interest ; Interest Income ; Investors ; Loan ; Loans ; Loss Of Confidence ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Political Economy ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulations ; Public Institution Analysis and Assessment ; Public Sector Development ; Reserves ; Return ; Return On Assets ; Balance Sheet ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Distress ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risks ; Good ; Interest ; Interest Income ; Investors ; Loan ; Loans ; Loss Of Confidence ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Political Economy ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulations ; Public Institution Analysis and Assessment ; Public Sector Development ; Reserves ; Return ; Return On Assets ; Balance Sheet ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Distress ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risks ; Good ; Interest ; Interest Income ; Investors ; Loan ; Loans ; Loss Of Confidence ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Political Economy ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulations ; Public Institution Analysis and Assessment ; Public Sector Development ; Reserves ; Return ; Return On Assets
    Abstract: In the East Asian crisis, connections - with industrial groups or influential families - increased the probability of distress for financial institutions. Connections also made closure more, not less, likely, suggesting that the closure processes themselves were transparent. But larger institutions, although more likely to be distressed, were less likely to be closed, suggesting a too big to fail policy. - Politics and regulatory capture can play an important role in financial institutions' distress. East Asia's financial crisis featured many distressed and closed financial intermediaries in an environment with many links between government, politicians, supervisors, and financial institutions. This makes the East Asian financial crisis a good event for studying how such connections affect the resolution of financial institutions' distress. Bongini, Claessens, and Ferri investigate distress and closure decisions for 186 banks and 97 nonbank financial institutions in Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. They find that after July 1997, 42 percent of the institutions experienced distress (were closed, merged, or recapitalized, or had their operations temporarily suspended). By July 1999, 13 percent of all institutions in existence in July 1997 had been closed. Using financial data for 1996, the authors find that: · Traditional CAMEL-type variables - returns on assets, loan growth, and the ratio of loan loss reserves to capital, of net interest income to total income, and of loans to borrowings - help predict subsequent distress and closure. · None of the foreign-controlled institutions was closed, and foreign portfolio ownership lowered an institution's probability of distress. · Connections - with industrial groups or influential families - increased the probability of distress, suggesting that supervisors had granted forbearance from regulations. Connections also made closure more, not less, likely - suggesting that the closure processes themselves were transparent. · But larger institutions, although more likely to be distressed, were less likely to be closed, while (smaller) nonbank financial institutions were more likely to be closed. This suggests a too big to fail policy. · These policies, together with the fact that resolution processes were late and not necessarily comprehensive, may have added to the overall uncertainty and loss of confidence in the East Asian countries, aggravating the financial crisis. This paper - a product of the Financial Sector Strategy and Policy Group, Financial Sector Vice Presidency - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the causes and resolution of financial distress. The authors may be contacted at pbonginimi.unicatt.it, cclaessens@worldbank.org, or gferri@worldbank.org
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    Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? : An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glewwe, Paul Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s?
    Keywords: Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators
    Abstract: January 2000 - Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction between 1992 and 1998 were striking, and the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. Households that have benefited most are well-educated, urban, white-collar households, while agricultural workers, ethnic minorities, and those residing in poorer regions have progressed least. Glewwe, Gragnolati, and Zaman assess the extent to which Vietnam's rapid economic growth in the 1990s was accompanied by reductions in poverty. They also investigate factors that contribute to certain households benefiting more than others. Using information from two household surveys, the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys (VNLSS) for 1992-93 and 1997-98, they show that Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction were striking during this period and that the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. After discussing descriptive statistics for both years, the authors examine factors contributing to poverty reduction using both simple decomposition analysis and a multinomial logit model. The results show that: · Returns to education increased significantly during this period, particularly for higher levels of education. · Location significantly affected a household's probability of escaping poverty during this period. Urban households enjoyed a greater reduction in poverty than did rural households, and households residing in the Red River Delta and the southeast were also better able to take advantage of new opportunities. · White-collar households benefited most, and agricultural laborers the least. However, Vietnam cannot afford to be complacent, as nearly half its rural population lives below the poverty line, poverty rates among ethnic minorities remain very high, and natural calamities are a serious impediment to poverty reduction. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the dynamics of poverty. The authors may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu, mgragnolati@worldbank.org, or hzaman@worldbank.org
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 34
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    Online Resource
    How Access to Urban Potable Water and Sewerage Connections Affects Child Mortality (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shi, Anqing How Access to Urban Potable Water and Sewerage Connections Affects Child Mortality
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; City Development Strategies ; City Population ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Developing Countries ; Diseases ; Drinking Water ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Settlements ; Infant ; Infant Deaths ; Live Births ; Mortality Differentials ; Nutrition ; Policy ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Rural Areas ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development ; Urban Population ; Urban Population Growth ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; World Health Organization ; Child Mortality ; City Development Strategies ; City Population ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Developing Countries ; Diseases ; Drinking Water ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Settlements ; Infant ; Infant Deaths ; Live Births ; Mortality Differentials ; Nutrition ; Policy ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Rural Areas ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development ; Urban Population ; Urban Population Growth ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; World Health Organization ; Child Mortality ; City Development Strategies ; City Population ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Developing Countries ; Diseases ; Drinking Water ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Settlements ; Infant ; Infant Deaths ; Live Births ; Mortality Differentials ; Nutrition ; Policy ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Rural Areas ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development ; Urban Population ; Urban Population Growth ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; World Health Organization
    Abstract: January 2000 - Lower child mortality is associated with improved access to urban potable water and sewerage connections, government involvement in the provision of local water services, and private or parastatal participation in the provision of sewerage connections. Using a city-level database of Global Urban Indicators, Shi finds that: · Improved access to urban potable water and sewerage connections is consistently associated with low child mortality. · Government involvement in providing water services, especially locally, significantly reduces child mortality. · Private or parastatal participation in providing sewerage connections is associated with low child mortality. · Rapid urban growth and high levels of poverty within the city are correlated with high child mortality. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the relationship between finance and poverty reduction. The author may be contacted at ashiworldbank.org
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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