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  • 2005-2009  (246)
  • 1990-1994  (57)
  • Transport
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MADRID : Dirección General de Tráfico, Spain
    ISBN: 9789282102374
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (277 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Speed Management
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion de la vitesse
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9780754677727
    Language: English
    Pages: XII, 258 S. , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Transport and society
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 303.4832
    Keywords: Transportation, Automotive Social aspects ; Automobiles Social aspects ; Transport ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Soziale Probleme
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789282102329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international ; Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international : Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Security is critical to transport systems as they are often appealing targets for terrorist attacks. The significant costs of potential damage make effective security policies a key concern for transport decision makers. This Round Table examines the contribution economic analysis can make to improving security in aviation and maritime shipping by identifying methods for quantifying the benefits of security measures and assessing their effectiveness, and examining techniques to allocate resources targeting the highest risks.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789282102343
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport; Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport: Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La sûreté est un élément fondamental des systèmes de transport : ces derniers sont souvent pris pour cible dans les attaques terroristes. Les coûts significatifs des dommages potentiels font des politiques de sûreté une préoccupation majeure pour les autorités responsables des transports. Cette Table Ronde examine le rôle que peut jouer l’analyse économique pour renforcer la sécurité des transports aérien et maritime en quantifiant les avantages associés et en appréciant leur efficacité et la valeur des techniques qui visent à orienter les ressources vers l’atténuation des risques les plus importants.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport; Design with Everyone in Mind
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Pour la partie de plus en plus nombreuse de la population qui est atteinte de déficiences cognitives ou d’un problème de santé mentale, l’utilisation des transports publics peut être vécue comme un défi. La publication analyse ce domaine négligé en proposant des solutions allant de la formation des personnels de services à l'utilisation d'une meilleure signalétique, à des changements dans la présentation des horaires ainsi qu'à une présence accrue de personnel pour aider les voyageurs à prendre confiance.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports ; Vers une accessibilité pour tous
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789282101988
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Politik
    Abstract: Chaque année, environ 1.2 million de personnes dans le monde sont tuées sur les routes et 50 millions sont blessées. Mais les accidents ne sont pas une fatalité. Beaucoup peut être fait pour réduire les immenses souffrances qu’ils entraînent ainsi que leurs conséquences économiques. Ce rapport fait le point sur les évolutions et les initiatives récentes pour atteindre des objectifs de sécurité routière de plus en plus ambitieux. Il constitue un examen majeur au niveau international de l’approche pour un « système sûr », qui a déjà été adoptée par quelques pays.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Towards zero : ambitious road safety targets and the safe system approach
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789282102299
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Port Competition and Hinterland Connections
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Hafenwirtschaft ; Hinterland
    Abstract: Cette publication de la série Tables Rondes examine les défis stratégiques et réglementaires que pose l’évolution rapide de l’environnement portuaire. L’innovation technologique et organisationnelle, ainsi qu’une très forte expansion des échanges, ont en effet radicalement transformé le secteur portuaire au cours des dernières décennies. Bien que les ports desservent aujourd’hui des arrière-pays qui s’étendent profondément à l’intérieur des continents, la concurrence interportuaire ne cesse de s’intensifier, affaiblissant le pouvoir de négociation des ports dans la chaîne logistique. L’accroissement du débit portuaire se heurte à une résistance de plus en plus forte des collectivités locales en raison de la pollution et de la congestion qu’il entraîne. La réglementation locale est justifiée, mais sa mise en œuvre est compliquée par la répartition du pouvoir de négociation entre les parties prenantes. Des autorités d’un niveau plus élevé seraient en mesure de formuler des politiques plus efficaces.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Port competition and hinterland connections
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789282102480
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Verkehrsmittel ; Wettbewerb ; Luftverkehr ; Wettbewerb ; Hochgeschwindigkeitszug
    Abstract: Comment réglementer les aéroports de façon à limiter leur pouvoir de marché ? Ce rapport part du principe que la question préalable à se poser est de savoir s’il est indiqué de réglementer. La réglementation étant imparfaite et coûteuse, les pouvoirs publics devraient chaque fois que c’est possible établir les conditions propices au développement de la concurrence entre aéroports en lieu et place d’une réglementation détaillée. Lorsque la réglementation économique se justifie, par exemple pour des aéroports très encombrés, le rapport examine les différentes approches réglementaires possibles pour déterminer celle qui est, en définitive, la plus adaptée. Il évalue aussi les stratégies de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En intégrant l’aviation aux systèmes ouverts d’échange de droits d’émission, on pourrait réduire efficacement les émissions, mais on ne saurait en attendre des réductions importantes des émissions de CO2 dans le transport aérien proprement dit. Enfin, le rapport recense les conditions économiques dans lesquelles le train à grande vitesse peut devenir un substitut concurrentiel de l’avion. Cependant il conclut que le rail offre seulement des possibilités limitées en matière de réduction des ; émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur la partie correspondante du marché des transports.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Competitive interaction between airports, airlines and high-speed rail
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789282102350
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Young Drivers; The Road to Safety
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jeunes conducteurs ; La voie de la sécurité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Young Drivers: The Road to Safety
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jeunes conducteurs : La voie de la sécurité
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
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  • 11
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2009-1
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/01
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: En cinquante années, la conteneurisation est devenue l’épine dorsale de la mondialisation. Ce processus peut s’expliquer par une interaction vertueuse entre trois grands types de facteurs : des facteurs techniques, économiques et organisationnels. En effet, la conteneurisation n’est à l’origine qu’une simple innovation technique. Mais le conteneur, outil intermodal, ouvre la voie à de nouveaux schémas organisationnels de transport qui s’inscrivent dans la durée. Ces facteurs organisationnels mettent en cause les acteurs du transport qui ont dû redéfinir les frontières de leur métier respectif, afin de mettre en oeuvre des chaînes de transport porte à porte fiables et globales par leur étendue géographique. Ces possibilités ouvertes par la conteneurisation seraient restées lettre morte, si elles n’avaient pas correspondu à de profonds bouleversements des facteurs économiques depuis les années 1970. La très forte croissance du commerce international des produits manufacturés, systématiquement supérieures à celle de l’ensemble du commerce international, elle-même supérieure à celle du PIB, caractérise une accentuation de la division internationale du travail qui n’était possible que sous-tendue par un puissant système de transport.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Frémont, Antoine: Empirical Evidence for Integration and Disintegration of Maritime Shipping, Port and Logistics Activities , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ankara : Prime Ministry Administration for Disabled People, Turkey
    ISBN: 9789751944337
    Language: Turkish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Transport Accessibility for All; Guide to Good Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux transports pour tous ; Guide de bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Transport Accessibility for All: Guide to Good Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux transports pour tous : Guide de bonnes pratiques
    Keywords: Transport
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  • 13
    AV-Medium
    AV-Medium
    IWF (Göttingen)
    In:  (Jan. 2009)
    Language: Undetermined , Undetermined
    Pages: 205MB, 00:23:56:00 (unknown) , Stummfilm , Silent movie
    Angaben zur Quelle: (Jan. 2009)
    Keywords: Mais ; handicraft ; Kindertragen ; pack-saddle ; Gifte ; Packsattel ; food preparation ; Bambus ; Kindertragtuch ; ethnomedicine ; transport ; intoxicant ; Mehl ; washing ; woodworking ; Körnerfrüchte ; crossbow ; Handwerk ; Räucherstäbchen ; mortar ; Armbrust ; Holzmörser ; Rauschmittel ; Pfeil ; Körperpflege ; Entkörnen von Mais ; Weihrauch ; opium extraction ; baby sling ; separating maize grains from the cobs ; Kulturwissenschaften ; Thailand ; Opium ; incense ; Lasttier ; babywearing ; measure, measuring ; hand mill ; personal care ; Miao ; stimulant ; Mörser ; smoking ; Duftstoffe, Räucherwerk ; Thailand ; Schnitzen ; carrying ; drugs ; joss sticks ; Gewürzmörser ; pack horse ; scents / perfumes ; Opiumpfeife ; grinding ; Wirtschaft (Ethnologie) ; Tragtuch ; Miao ; grooming ; Mahlen ; cereal crops ; poppy ; Maß, Messen ; opium pipe ; Packpferd ; Harz ; carving ; grains ; cultural studies ; Wasserholen ; opium ; Ethnologie/Kulturanthropologie ; Nahrungszubereitung ; bamboo ; Holzbearbeitung ; poisons ; Ethnomedizin ; Handmühle ; pack animal ; pipe ; ethnology/cultural anthropology ; Ackerbau / Thailand ; Rückentuch ; fetching water ; saddle, saddling ; Opiumgewinnung ; arrow ; resin ; Asia ; Mohn ; Transport ; personal hygiene ; Asien ; agriculture / Thailand ; Sattel, Satteln ; household utensil ; economy ; Haus / Hausrat, Hausgerät ; Tragen ; maize ; Waschen ; Pfeife ; Genußmittel ; Rauchen ; opium harvest ; flour ; frankincense ; Opiumernte
    Abstract: Die DVD enthält neun Filme der Encyclopaedia Cinematographica: E 1234 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Herstellen eines Gewürzmörsers; E 1236 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Wasserholen; E 1238 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Schnitzen einer Armbrust; E 1275 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Opiumernte; E 1276 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Opiumrauchen; E 1277 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Entkörnen und Mahlen von Mais; E 1279 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Satteln eines Packpferdes; E 1280 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Herstellen von Räucherstäbchen und E 1281 Miao (Thailand, Tak-Provinz) - Kindertragen mit einem Rückentuch.
    Abstract: The DVD comprises nine films of the Encyclopaedia Cinematographica: E 1234 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Making a Mortar for Herbs; E 1236 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Carrying Water; E 1238 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Carving a Crossbow; E 1275; Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Harvesting Opium; E 1276 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Smoking Opium; E 1277; Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Separating Maize Grains from the Cobs and Grinding; E 1279 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Saddling a Pack Horse; E 1280 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Making Incense Rods and E 1281 Miao (Thailand, Tak Province) - Carrying Children in a Scarf on the Back.
    Note: Audiovisuelles Material
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basingstoke [u.a.] : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 1282507427 , 0230215912 , 9780230235809 , 9780230215917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVIII, 499 S.) , graph. Darst
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version Shipping Derivatives and Risk Management
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Risk management ; Accounting ; Bookkeeping ; Management ; Organization ; Planning ; Business ; Capital market ; International economics ; Derivat ; Transport ; Risikomanagement ; Seefrachtverkehr ; Derivat ; Wertpapierhandel ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: Literaturverz. S. 481 - 489
    Abstract: A comprehensive book on shipping derivatives and risk management which covers the theoretical and practical aspects of financial risk in shipping. The book provides a thorough overview of the practice of risk management in shipping with the use of theoretical examples and real-life applications
    Description / Table of Contents: Cover; Contents; About the Authors; Preface and Acknowledgements; Foreword; Figures; Tables; Chapter 1 Introduction to Risk Management and Derivatives; Chapter 2 Introduction to Shipping Markets; Chapter 3 Statistical Tools for Risk Analysis and Modelling; Chapter 4 Freight Market Information; Chapter 5 Forward Freight Agreements; Chapter 6 Technical Analysis and Freight Trading Strategies; Chapter 7 Options on Freight Rates; Chapter 8 Pricing and Risk Management of Option Positions; Chapter 9 Value-at-Risk in Shipping and Freight Risk Management
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 10 Bunker Risk Analysis and Risk ManagementChapter 11 Financial and Interest Rate Risk in Shipping; Chapter 12 Credit Risk Measurement and Management in Shipping; Chapter 13 Ship Price Risk and Risk Management; Chapter 14 Real Options and Optionalities in Shipping; References; Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 32 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport
    DDC: 388
    Keywords: Cognition disorders ; Mental health ; Transport ; Wahrnehmungsstörung ; Mentaler Zustand
    Abstract: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminaries; Contents; Acknowledgements; Foreword; Introduction; How many people? Who are they?; What are the transport issues?; What can be done?; Conclusions and recommendations;
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports : vers une accessibilité pour tous , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 32 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport: Design with Everyone in Mind
    Keywords: People with mental disabilities Transportation ; Transportation Planning ; Transport ; Wahrnehmungsstörung ; Mentaler Zustand
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Cognitive impairment, mental health and transport : design with everyone in mind , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Transport ; Turkey
    Abstract: Turkey’s continuing economic expansion depends on the diversification of its transport modes and especially on the development of efficient multimodal services. Its role as a hub for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and as a facilitator of global exchange will be enhanced with a strategy and measures to support a range of intermodal logistic and transport services. This work analyses the current situation and sets forth some of the actions and policies needed to stimulate the development of a truly multimodal transport system.
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  • 20
    Book
    Book
    Farnham, England [u.a.] : Ashgate Pub
    ISBN: 9780754677727 , 0754677729 , 9780754695226 , 0754695220
    Language: English
    Pages: XII, 258 p , Ill , 25 cm
    Series Statement: Transport and society
    DDC: 388.3/420973
    RVK:
    Keywords: Automobiles Social aspects ; History ; Transportation and state History ; Transport ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Soziale Probleme
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , T-bucket terrors to respectable rebels : hot rodders and drag racers in Vancouver BC, 1948-1965 , Automobile advertisements : the magical and the mundane , SUV advertising : constructing identities and practices , Bad impressions : the will to concrete and the projectile economy of cities , The safety race : transitions to the fourth age of the automobile , Implementing restraint : automobile safety and the US debate over technological and social fixes , Mind that child : childhood, traffic and walking in automobilized space , The politics of mobility : de-essentializing automobility and contesting urban space , The chilean way to modernity : private roads, fast cars, neoliberal bodies , Driven to drive : cars and the problem of compulsory consumption , Mobility as a positional good : implications for transport policy and planning , The global intensification of motorization and its impacts on urban social ecologies , Post-car mobilities
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  • 21
    Book
    Book
    Aldershot [u.a.] : Ashgate
    ISBN: 0754648826 , 9780754648826
    Language: English
    Pages: 165 S. , Kt. , 24cm
    Edition: Repr.
    Series Statement: Transport and society
    DDC: 303.4832
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Bevölkerungsgeografie ; Kommunikation ; Soziale Rolle
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (kostenfrei)
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9783940317193 , 3940317195
    Language: German
    Pages: 139 S. , Ill., graph. Darst. , 23 cm
    Series Statement: Medientheorie
    Dissertation note: Zugl.: Wien, Univ., Diplomarbeit
    DDC: 302.2
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kommunikation ; Transport ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Kommunikation ; Transport
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    ISBN: 9789282101568
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Investissements en infrastructures de transport ; Vers plus d'efficience
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Investissements en infrastructures de transport : Vers plus d'efficience
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport ; Innovationsförderung ; Public Private Partnership
    Abstract: Surface transport plays a fundamental role in nearly all social and economic activity. Providing and maintaining the infrastructure consumes enormous resources. Thus, it is essential that this be carried out in the most efficient and effective way possible. Many options are available to provide surface transport infrastructure – public ministries and agencies, public-private partnerships (PPPs), state-owned companies, private and non-profit entities, and outright privatisation. There are also various means of paying for it, including user charging, subsidies, public borrowing or private financing. This report examines key principles that should be considered by governments in deciding how to provide and pay for surface transport infrastructure, with a view to best serving societies’ needs and employing public resources. It also considers the key issues that must be resolved in making more use of private financing and expertise.
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  • 24
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Edition: Révisé 9-12-08
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2008-21
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/21
    Keywords: Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Certains domaines associés aux thèmes discutés ici échappent à mes compétences, comme par exemple l’évaluation des risques et des défauts de sûreté dans les transports. Ce qui m’a convaincu de l’importance de ce sujet, ce sont quelques conclusions très générales, je dirais volontiers quelques impressions que m’inspire depuis quelques années l’évolution très remarquable de nos pouvoirs d’analyse sur les processus de prise de décision en matière de risque. Le mot insécurité visera souvent ici la gestion des risques liés à des actes de malveillance intentionnelle... Les coûts de la sécurité prise en ce sens constituent aujourd’hui une composante de tout budget transport. Outre les coûts de prévention et de surveillance, les coûts de prévision, il faut aussi envisager désormais le coût des dommages potentiels liés à de tels actes. Les événements du 11 septembre 2001, qui ont accéléré cette évolution, doivent suffire à nous convaincre que les conséquences de tels dommages sont désormais commensurables avec les coûts des guerres.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: De Palma, André: Rational behaviour, risk aversion : high stakes for society , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/01
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: In developed countries, transport generates approximately 25 to 30 per cent of emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas (GHG) and these emissions are increasing sharply. There are two explanations for the increase in emissions from transport: the first is dependency on the internal combustion engine for transport with no wide-scale economically viable alternative available in the medium term; the second is the sharp increase in vehicle-kilometres travelled, which seems to be an inherent feature of economic development. One might well ask, given announcements that oil reserves will run out rapidly, whether we should not simply wait until reserves dry up to obtain a reduction in transport-related emissions. This said, rising oil prices are gradually making it more viable to exploit unconventional reserves, leaving aside innovations in technology which are reportedly opening up prospects for new fossil fuels (including fuels derived from coal, which is in plentiful supply world-wide). Hence, there is every reason to believe that the use of fossil fuels could continue on a large scale in the future. Foresight studies show that if our aim is to achieve ambitious GHG emission control targets for transport within the next few decades, the policies we implement will have to be more determined: among other things, they should aim at reducing total consumption that is to say vehicle kilometres travelled, not just unitary vehicle consumption (cf. ENERDATA and LEPII, 2005 for France, for instance). Among the measures identified, carbon taxes and vehicle taxes are the most cost-effective (OECD, 2007; Parry et al., 2007). However, the “fuel tax protests” of September 2000 in several European countries show that public opinion is very resistant to fuel tax increases (Lyons and Chatterjee, 2002). This resistance can also be explained by concerns about fairness, since many households depend on the car for day-to-day living and for getting to work. As well as this, fuel tax increases would require the international harmonization of fuel taxation in different countries, which seeing what has happened in the European Union appears to be extremely difficult.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/14
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: 1.INTRODUCTION; 1.1. Growth of regional airports; 1.2. Implications for policy makers; 1.3. Objective of this paper; 2. DEFINITIONS OF ACCESSIBILITY 3. ACCESS MODE CHOICE 3.1. Observed access mode shares 3.2. Factors influencing access mode choice behaviour 3.3. Modelling access mode choice behaviour 4. AIRPORT CHOICE 4.1. Factors influencing airport choice behaviour 4.2. Modelling airport choice behaviour 5. CASE STUDY: THE EFFECTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW RAIL MODES 5.1. Introduction 5.2. London Heathrow – Heathrow Express 5.3. London Gatwick – Gatwick Express 5.4. Oslo Gardermoen – Flytoget 5.5. Stockholm Arlanda – Arlanda Express 5.6. Conclusions 6. CASE STUDY: TICKET TAX IN THE NETHERLANDS 6.1. Introduction 6.2. AEOLUS model 6.3. Simulation of a ticket tax 6.4. Effects by segment 6.5. Final implementation 6.6. Conclusion 7. CONCLUSIONS 8. REFERENCES
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/02
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper will trace the development of modern regulation of emissions, both local and global, from motor vehicles. To illuminate the principal themes of this story the focus will be on the experiences of the United States and Europe. Among those themes, three stand out, questions that sooner or later must be considered in the development of any environmental policy. First, the theme of federalism. In every country, governments are constituted at various levels of aggregation, from local to national. Which level of government is the most suitable for attacking a given public problem. If different levels of government can fairly claim to have a role in addressing the problem, how will the various responsibilities be assigned and coordinated? In order to develop an effective and efficient public policy, the governments must have both the right incentives and the capacity to do so. Finding the right level of government to address an environmental problem is a tradeoff between two competing considerations. The government’s jurisdiction must be large enough to “internalize the externalities,” as an economist would say. That is, if either the environmental evil or the policy remedy has effects that extend beyond its borders, then the policy-maker’s incentives will very likely be inappropriate. For example, policies to control emissions of stationary-source air pollutants may not be stringent enough if most of the effects of pollution are experienced in neighboring jurisdictions. At the same time, the level of government must be appropriate to the problem. Smaller, more local units of government are more likely to know the preferences of their citizens, yet less likely to have the expertise and experience to deal effectively with particular problems. The second pervasive theme here is the choice of policy instrument: the specific mechanisms used to achieve the environmental objective. It is common to pose two polar types: direct regulation and economic incentives (EI). Rather than commands or requirements, EI instruments provide penalties or rewards to encourage behavior that will improve environmental quality. Another way of putting the difference is this: With direct regulation, there is a bright line that determines whether behavior will be tolerated. With EI, the relationship between performance and consequences is continuous and gradual. There is no bright line, just steadily increasing rewards for better performance.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789282101773
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (505 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17th International ITF/OECD Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy; Benefiting from Globalisation; Transport Sector Contribution and Policy Challenges
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les entreprises et les personnes peuvent d’autant plus profiter de la mondialisation que les réseaux de transport sont efficaces et rentables. Un secteur des transports compétitif, réactif et bien organisé facilite les échanges. Mais pour créer les conditions qui rendent ceci possible, il faut relever un certain nombre de défis politiques. C’est ainsi que les transports pourront pleinement contribuer à la mondialisation. Tel était précisément la thématique principale du 17ème Symposium FIT/OCDE.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789282102152
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.142
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost and Effectiveness of Policies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les politiques du secteur des transports contribuent déjà à modérer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des véhicules routiers. Elles sont de plus en plus conçues pour participer aux objectifs sociétaux de lutte contre le changement climatique. Bien que le coût de réduction des émissions soit relativement élevé dans les transports, nombre d’arguments plausibles en faveur de tels abattements voient le jour au sein de ce secteur. Il n’y a toutefois pas d’éléments solides pour étayer le recours à une combinaison de normes de consommation et de taxation des carburants. La Table Ronde analyse l’efficacité et le coût de différentes options de réduction des émissions des transports routiers et examine la répartition des efforts au travers des différents secteurs de l’économie.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The cost and effectiveness of policies to reduce vehicle emissions
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789282101834
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.140
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bénéfices économiques élargis du secteur des transports ; Instruments d'investissement et d'évaluation macro-, méso- et micro-économiques
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The wider economic benefits of transport
    RVK:
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2007 ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung
    Abstract: The standard cost-benefit analysis of transport infrastructure investment projects weighs a project’s costs against users’ benefits. This approach has been challenged on the grounds that it ignores wider economic impacts of such projects. At this International Transport Forum Round Table, leading academics and practitioners addressed these concerns and examined a range of potential approaches for evaluating wider impacts – negative as well as positive. They concluded that for smaller projects, it is better to focus on timely availability of results, even if this means forgoing sophisticated analysis of wider impacts. For larger projects or investment programs, customized analysis of these effects is more easily justifiable. Creating consistent appraisal procedures is a research priority.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789282101780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17e Symposium International FIT/OCDE sur l'économie des transports et la politique ; Tirer parti de la mondialisation ; Contribution du secteur des transports et enjeux politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17e Symposium International FIT/OCDE sur l'économie des transports et la politique : Tirer parti de la mondialisation : Contribution du secteur des transports et enjeux politiques
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrspolitik ; Verkehrsmarkt ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur
    Abstract: The opportunities for individuals and businesses to benefit from globalisation are increased by efficient, cost-effective transport networks. A competitive, responsive, well-organised transport sector facilitates trade, but creating the conditions for this poses policy challenges that must be tackled if transport is to contribute fully to globalisation. This was the main theme of the 17th ITF/OECD Symposium. These conference proceedings contain summaries of the opening session ceremonies and discussions and the full text of the 16 papers presented as introductory reports for the discussions. The reports cover such fields as data and trends, globalisation and transport sector development, transport policy and regional integration, trade and infrastructure, and international transport and domestic policy.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789282102138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.142
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coût et l'efficacité des mesures visant à réduire les émissions des véhicules
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrspolitik ; Emissionsverringerung
    Abstract: Transport sector policies already contribute to moderating greenhouse gas emissions from road vehicles. They are increasingly designed to contribute to overall societal targets to mitigate climate change. While abatement costs in transport are relatively high, there are plausible arguments in favour of further abatement in this sector. The empirical basis to decide upon combinations of fuel economy standards and fuel taxes, however, remains weak. This Round Table investigates the effectiveness and costs of various mitigation options in road transport, and discusses the distribution of abatement efforts across sectors of the economy.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/03
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Among economists and policy makers more general, the fuel efficiency standard for cars and the fuel tax have been the subject of extensive debate. The major benefits of stricter fuel efficiency standards and higher fuel taxes are the reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions and the reduced oil dependence. The major costs are the increased production cost, the reduced comfort and the negative impact on mileage related externalities (congestion, accidents) due to the rebound effect. In this contribution we use a wider framework than Harrington (2008), Plotkin (2008) and Raux (2008) to discuss the CO2 1 emission reduction in transport. In section 2 we analyze, for the EU, the effects on welfare and CO2 emissions of pricing all transport activities according to their full social costs. In section 3, we go beyond the transport sector and compare the options to reduce emissions in the transport sector with the possibilities and costs to reduce emissions in other sectors of the economy. In section 4 we take a world view and analyze the impact of two types of international climate negotiations on the emission reduction strategy in the transport sector.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/05
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The transport sector’s demand for oil is less price sensitive than any other part of the economy. This is partly because demand for transport services is relatively insensitive to price and partly because substitutes for oil in road transport are currently far from cost-effective. Evidence from the USA suggests that as incomes rise, transport sector oil demand becomes even less price sensitive. This implies that oil consumption is set to become increasingly concentrated in the transport sector. It also implies that relatively limited fluctuations in demand can have increasingly significant effects on oil prices.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/06
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper summarizes and organizes presentations and discussions of the Round Table on Macro-, meso and micro infrastructure planning and assessment tools, that took place at Boston University, on 25 and 26 October 2007. The goal of the meeting was to investigate how recent research on direct and wider economic impacts of investment in transport infrastructure can be used to improve the practice of transport projects appraisal. While the potential importance of “wider benefits” is clear, it is less obvious that attempts to quantify them should be part of all projects appraisals. Timely availibilty of results of simpler approaches might approve the quality of decision-making just as much. And when wider impacts are part of appraisal, their quantification should follow consistent procedures. Policy-oriented research should focus on these procedures, not on producing general results, as the latter are thought to be irrelevant to policy, to the extent they exist.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789282101278
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (123 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.132
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Productivity
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table Ronde fait partie d’une série de manifestations scientifiques organisées pour réfléchir aux instruments qui permettent d’améliorer la planification des transports. En abordant les effets macroéconomiques des politiques d’infrastructures de transport, elle visait à dresser un inventaire des outils analytiques et empiriques qui servent à déterminer le volume global des dépenses publiques à engager dans l’investissement en infrastructures de transport. Les documents de référence ont été fournis par MM. David Canning (Université de Harvard), Charles Hulten (Université du Maryland) et Andreas Kopp (Centre conjoint OCDE-CEMT de recherche sur le transports).
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789282101865
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.140
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Wider Economic Benefits of Transport; Macro-, Meso- and Micro-Economic Transport Planning and Investment Tools
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’analyse coûts-avantages classique des projets d’investissement dans les infrastructures de transport consiste à mettre en balance les coûts des projets avec les avantages que l’on peut en escompter pour l’usager. Cette démarche a été remise en question au motif qu’elle ne tient pas compte des effets économiques plus larges de ces projets. À l’occasion de cette Table Ronde, d’éminents universitaires et professionnels ont échangé leurs vues sur la question et ont examiné diverses méthodes possibles pour évaluer les effets plus larges – négatifs comme positifs. Ils sont ainsi parvenus à la conclusion que pour les projets de petite envergure, il est préférable de privilégier l’obtention de résultats dans les délais voulus, même s’il faut pour cela renoncer à une analyse plus poussée des effets plus larges des projets. En revanche, s’agissant de projets ou de programmes d’investissement de plus grande ampleur, une analyse spécifique de leurs effets plus larges se justifie davantage. L’élaboration de procédures d’évaluation uniformes doit être un domaine de recherche prioritaire.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/11
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: n this paper, it is argued that port authorities can actively contribute to better hinterland access. Different types of involvement of the port authority are discussed, as well as reasons for such involvement. The analysis is explorative and aims to provide a basis for further discussion. The analysis applies to landlord port authorities (PAs) with public goals. Landlord port authorities have become more autonomous and take the initiative for expansion and redevelopment of port infrastructure. The activities of PAs can be classified in four broad categories: traffic management, customer management, area management and stakeholder management. PAs traditionally act as landlords but increasingly operate ‘beyond the landlord’ model. The main argument for a more active involvement of the PA is the fact that coordination in clusters as well as transport chains does not always emerge spontaneously, for various reasons. More coordination can lead to more efficient supply chains and more competitive ports. Consequently, PAs have incentives to invest to improve coordination in port clusters and supply chains.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/13
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This short outlook is designed to test the potential for key policy instruments for mitigating emissions from road transport, and particularly from light duty vehicles, the largest source of CO2 emissions from transport (see Figure 1 and Table 1). It also examines uncertainties in the baseline scenario for the development of CO2 emissions from the sector. In contrast to the OECD’s Economic Outlook and the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, the Transport Outlook is produced making use of external modeling tools. The work uses the most transparent and robust model developed to date for the sector, the MoMo modeli constructed and maintained by the International Energy Agency and initially developed for the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. We are grateful to the MoMo-team for their willingness to share this product. The present document is only a first step towards the development of a full-fledged Transport Outlook. It is limited in scope, with its focus on road transport and on emissions of CO2. Despite the limitations, this mini-Outlook provides elements of a useful framework for discussions on the policy challenges presented by the risk of costly consequences from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. As will become clear, permanent reductions of CO2-emissions from transport are difficult to achieve because of strong underlying global growth in transport demand. At the same time, our scenarios suggest that emissions could be stabilized even with strong growth of demand, given immediate and continued efforts to reduce the sector’s carbon intensity. If stabilization is the goal, then finding cost-effective ways of achieving it becomes the critical issue.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/12
    Keywords: Transport ; United States
    Abstract: Rapid growth in international trade over the last two decades has generated both benefits and costs. Costs have become increasingly visible in metropolitan areas -- growing congestion, air pollution – and local communities are demanding solutions. Congestion and air pollution associated with increased international trade have become so severe in the Los Angeles region that port-related trade is facing increased regulation by both state and local agencies. Historically US ports have been remarkably autonomous. Their role as economic development engines is wellrecognized by local leaders. Thus recent regulatory efforts represent a significant change in public policy. This report begins with an overview of trends in port-related trade and its impacts on US metropolitan areas, and discusses changing public perceptions of port-related trade as impacts have increased. Using Southern California as a case study, the report examines responses by the ports, terminal operators, and allied industries to a changed regulatory regime. Two examples are discussed in detail: 1) a state regulation requiring appointments or extended hours at terminal gates, and 2) the OFFPeak extended gate hours program. We use a political economy framework to explain outcomes. I describe the main economic actors and their competitive positions, and we explain the key aspects of the US regulatory system affecting these actors. Those with significant market power within the international trade supply chain were successful in staving off several regulatory attempts to force changes in operating practices. When regulations were imposed, they were able to structure responses to protect their economic interests. Results suggest that “dominant actors” – ports, terminal operators, steamship lines, and their major clients – will continue to be a strong influence in efforts to solve trade-related environmental problems.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/07
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper summarizes and organizes presentations in the Round Table's presentations and discussions, draws conclusions when possible, and points out where opinions differ. It is divided in three main sections. First, the presentations and discussions provided an overview of the advances, promises, and pitfalls of current research on the economic impacts of investments in transport infrastructure. a first recurring theme was that advances in the analysis of "wider impacts" were acknowledged, but their transferability across projects was questioned, so there are "no simple rules" for generalizing results. Moreover, routine analysis is difficult because of shortcomings both in data availability and in the analytical framework. This theme is developed in some detail in section two. A second recurring issue was the major differences in the approach to transport project appraisal between countries. The impact of economic appraisal on policy decisions varies greatly from one region to another and this has consequences for the way wider economic impacts might be taken into account.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264031340
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (586 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2); Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2): Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Les réseaux d’infrastructure jouent un rôle vital dans le développement économique et social. La demande d’infrastructures est appelée à sensiblement augmenter dans les décennies à venir, sous l’impulsion de facteurs majeurs de changement comme la croissance économique mondiale, le progrès technologique, le changement climatique, l’urbanisation et l’aggravation de la congestion. Les défis à relever sont multiples. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, de nombreux éléments de réseaux d’infrastructure connaissent un vieillissement rapide, les budgets publics sont de plus en plus serrés et le financement de l’infrastructure devient de plus en plus complexe. Cette publication évalue la viabilité future des modèles économiques actuels dans cinq secteurs infrastructurels : électricité, eau, transport ferroviaire de marchandises, transports collectifs urbains et transport routier. Elle propose des recommandations pratiques visant à renforcer les capacités afin de répondre aux besoins futurs d’infrastructures, notamment des mesures qui pourraient être prises par les gouvernements tant collectivement qu’individuellement pour mettre en place des cadres institutionnels, politiques et réglementaires plus favorables.
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  • 43
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.)
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2008-23
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/23
    Keywords: Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Le rapport se structure comme suit : il commence par quelques considérations générales sur la lutte contre le terrorisme pour situer la question dans son contexte, présente ensuite un exemple provocateur de calcul, par le biais d’une l’analyse des risques, du rapport coût/efficience de plusieurs mesures prises après le 11 septembre pour sécuriser le transport aérien, compare après cela, en se fondant sur les résultats de ce calcul, la substance, les coûts et les risques des politiques de sûreté de l’aviation menées après le 11 novembre par les États-Unis, le Canada et les États membres de l’Union européenne et détaille, enfin, quelques pistes à suivre pour mieux adapter la politique de sûreté de l’aviation aux risques.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Poole, Robert W.: Toward risk-based aviation security policy , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/09
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Transport sector policies already contribute to moderating greenhouse gas emissions from road vehicles and are increasingly designed to contribute to overall societal targets to mitigate climate change. The Round Table investigated the effectiveness and costs of various mitigation options. The question of how to decide on the distribution of abatement efforts across sectors of the economy was also discussed. Within the broad topic of addressing greenhouse gas emissions from transport, the Round Table focused on emissions of CO2 from road transport and in particular from light-duty passenger vehicles. Policies that reduce fuel consumption below non-intervention levels are in place in most countries, many adopted for reasons other than reducing CO2 emissions. In the US, both fuel taxes and fuel economy regulations have been in force for some decades. European governments have adopted high fuel taxes but are now considering introducing fuel economy regulations. A first core question for the Round Table was whether such a combination of instruments is justified. A second question was whether current policies, and the level of taxes and standards, are in line with societal climate change mitigation goals and, more generally, how such goals ought to be defined.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789282101629
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Long-Life Surfaces for Busy Roads
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les revêtements à longue durée de vie peuvent diminuer les coûts d’entretien des réseaux routiers de manière significative, et ceci en y incluant les pertes de temps causées par ces travaux pour les usagers, notamment sur les routes encombrées à fort trafic. Ces revêtements ont recours à de nouveaux matériaux qui sont plus coûteux que l’asphalte et qui requièrent des traitements spécifiques. Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une recherche collective destinée à évaluer le potentiel technique et économique des revêtements à longue durée de vie les plus prometteurs et propose à l’intention des gouvernements une façon de peser les risques et avantages liés à l’introduction de tels revêtements sur les routes à fort trafic.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/10
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The seaport-hinterland interaction plays an increasingly important role in shaping supply chain solutions of shippers and logistics service providers. Scarcity concerns combined with concerns over the reliability of transport solutions have led seaports and hinterland corridors to take up a more active role in supply chains. This contribution looks at port developments and logistics dynamics in Europe and proposes some steps towards a further integration between seaports and the hinterland. The key point put forward in this paper is that the competitive battle among ports will increasingly be fought ashore. Hinterland connections are thus a key area for competition and coordination among actors. The paper approaches port-hinterland dynamics from the perspective of the various market players involved, including port authorities, shipping lines, terminal operators, transport operators (rail, barge, road and short sea) and logistics service providers. The paper will address the impact of horizontal and vertical relations in supply chains on the structure of these chains and on the relationships between seaports and the intermodal hinterland. Who takes or should take the lead in the further integration of ports and inland ports and what actions have been taken so far by the market players in this respect, will be examined. The incentives for market players to vertically or horizontally integrate will be analyzed against the backdrop of the nature of the market in which the various players operate.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/08
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper examines the interaction between hinterland access conditions and port competition. Competition between ports is treated as competition between alternate intermodal transportation chains, while the hinterland access conditions are represented by both the corridor facilities and the inland roads. We find that when ports compete in quantities, an increase in corridor capacity will increase own port’s output, reduce the rival port’s output, and increase own port’s profit. On the other hand, an increase in inland road capacity may or may not increase own port’s output and profit, owing to various offsetting effects. Essentially, while more road capacity reduces local delays and moderates the negative impact of own output expansion, it induces greater local commuter traffic and may moderate the reduction by local commuter traffic in response to a rise in cargo traffic, both of which reduces own output and profit. Similarly, inland road pricing may or may not increase own port’s output and profit. Finally, case examples for selected ports and regions are discussed.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 9 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/04
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Oil is the main component of transport fuel. As for now, however, crude oil price (FOB-Free on board) accounts for less than a fifth of transport costs. Operating costs, wages and taxes cause the remaining four fifths. Nevertheless, oil scarcity may raise fuel costs to such a level that transport companies and citizen may suffer significant adverse impacts. A multiplication by 8 of the price of oil (compared to 2007) would double road transport cost. Yet, the rise would be global, which would enable operators to shift the cost to their clients without suffering changes in competition. Still, small operators that would not be in a position to optimize truck loads and routes would be threatened. Major oil price rise would mainly affect two aspects of mobility: aviation and private motoring. Air companies have added a special oil charge to ticket cost while changes in private motoring, which uses approximately as much fuel as air per passenger – kilometre, may lead to a situation where only the wealthiest citizens may keep driving.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/15
    Keywords: Transport ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The paper provides an overview of UK airports from the perspective of a business enterprise. Its object is to show, through the medium of the UK industry, that effective competition between airports is possible and that a competitive industry can be financially viable. In the UK case viability is achieved at all levels of output, thus refuting the suggestion that high fixed costs are a significant barrier to positive returns, particularly for airports of limited output. This viable industry operates for the most part in the private sector of the economy and it has evolved without the imposition of a strategic plan. It is competition that has driven the dynamics of the industry, an industry that in its symbiotic relationship with the airline industry has been an economic success story helping to produce strong economic growth in the service sector of the UK economy.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789282101933
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Verkehr
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and
    ISBN: 9789282112663
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2008
    Keywords: Europa ; Transport
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jacoby, Hanan G On Measuring The Benefits of Lower Transport Costs
    Keywords: High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure
    Abstract: Despite large amounts invested in rural roads in developing countries, little is known about their benefits. This paper derives an expression for the willingness-to-pay for a reduction in transport costs from the canonical agricultural household model and uses it to estimate the benefits of a hypothetical road project. Estimation is based on novel cross-sectional data collected in a small region of Madagascar with enormous, yet plausibly exogenous, variation in transport cost. A road that essentially eliminated transport costs in the study area would boost the incomes of the remotest households-those facing transport costs of about USD 75/ton-by nearly half, mostly by raising non-farm earnings. This benefit estimate is contrasted to one based on a hedonic approach
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (76 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wellenius, Bjorn Managing the radio spectrum
    Keywords: Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport ; Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport ; Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport
    Abstract: Bringing management of the radio spectrum closer to markets is long overdue. The radio spectrum is a major component of the infrastructure that underpins the information society. Spectrum management, however, has not kept up with major changes in technology, business practice, and economic policy that have taken place worldwide during the last two decades. For many years traditional government administration of the spectrum worked reasonably well, but more recently it has led to growing technical and economic inefficiencies as well as obstacles to technological innovation. Two alternative approaches to spectrum management are being tried in several countries, one driven by the market (tradable spectrum rights) and another driven by technology innovation (spectrum commons). This paper discusses the basic features, advantages and limitations, scope of application, and requirements for implementation of these three approaches. The paper then discusses how these approaches can be made to work under conditions that typically prevail in developing countries, including weak rule of law, limited markets, and constrained fiscal space. Although spectrum reform strategies for individual countries must be developed case by case, several broadly applicable strategic options are outlined. The paper proposes a phased approach to addressing spectrum reform in a country. It ends by discussing aspects of institutional design, managing the transition, and addressing high-level changes such as the transition to digital television, the path to third-generation mobile services, launching of wireless fixed broadband services, and releasing military spectrum. The paper is extensively annotated and referenced
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Iimi, Atsushi Effects of improving infrastructure quality on business costs
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Driving ; Elasticity ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Road ; Road quality ; Road sector ; Roads ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Driving ; Elasticity ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Road ; Road quality ; Road sector ; Roads ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Driving ; Elasticity ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Road ; Road quality ; Road sector ; Roads ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Economic development is affected by infrastructure services in both volume and quality terms. However, the quality of infrastructure is relatively difficult to measure and assess. The current paper, using firm-level data collected by a business environment assessment survey in 26 countries in Europe and Central Asia, estimates the marginal impacts on firm costs of infrastructure quality. The results suggest that the reliability or continuity of services is important for business performance. Firm costs significantly increase when electricity outages occur more frequently and the average outage duration becomes longer. Similarly, increased hours of water supply suspensions also reduce firms' competitiveness. In these countries, it is found that the total benefit for the economy from eliminating the existing electricity outages ranges from 0.5 to 6 percent of gross domestic product. If all water suspensions are removed, the economy could receive a gain of about 0.5 to 2 percent of gross domestic product. By contrast, the quality of telecommunications services seems to have no significant impact
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hasnain, Zahid Devolution, Accountability, And Service Delivery
    Keywords: Degree of accessibility ; E-Government ; Election ; Governance ; Government accountability ; Local elections ; National governments ; Policy implications ; Political Accountability ; Political leadership ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Service Delivery ; Service providers ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Degree of accessibility ; E-Government ; Election ; Governance ; Government accountability ; Local elections ; National governments ; Policy implications ; Political Accountability ; Political leadership ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Service Delivery ; Service providers ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Degree of accessibility ; E-Government ; Election ; Governance ; Government accountability ; Local elections ; National governments ; Policy implications ; Political Accountability ; Political leadership ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Service Delivery ; Service providers ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between devolution, accountability, and service delivery in Pakistan. It examines the degree of accessibility of local policy-makers and the level of competition in local elections, the expenditure patterns of local governments to gauge their sector priorities, and the extent to which local governments are focused on patronage or the provision of targeted benefits to a few as opposed to providing public goods. The main findings of the paper are three-fold. First, the accessibility of policy-makers to citizens in Pakistan is unequivocally greater after devolution, and local government elections are, with some notable exceptions, as competitive as national and provincial elections. Second, local government sector priorities are heavily tilted toward the provision of physical infrastructure - specifically, roads, water and sanitation, and rural electrification - at the expense of education and health. Third, this sector prioritization is in part a dutiful response to the relatively greater citizen demands for physical infrastructure; in part a reflection of the local government electoral structure that gives primacy to village and neighborhood-specific issues, and in part a reaction to provincial initiatives in education and health that have taken the political space away from local governments in the social sectors, thereby encouraging them to focus more toward physical infrastructure
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Procurement Efficiency For Infrastructure Development And Financial Needs Reassessed
    Keywords: Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Em ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure projects ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Road ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Em ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure projects ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Road ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Em ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure projects ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Road ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Infrastructure is the engine for economic growth. The international donor community has spent about 70-100 billion U.S. dollars on infrastructure development in developing countries every year. However, it is arguable whether these financial resources are used efficiently, particularly whether the current infrastructure procurement prices are appropriate. Without doubt a key is competition to curb public procurement costs. This paper analyzes procurement data from multi and bilateral official development projects in three infrastructure sectors: roads, electricity, and water and sanitation. The findings show that the competition effect is underutilized. To take full advantage of competition, at least seven bidders are needed in the road and water sectors, while three may be enough in the power sector. The paper also shows that not only competition, but also auction design, especially lot division, is crucial for reducing unit costs of infrastructure. Based on the estimated efficient unit costs, the annual financial needs are estimated at approximately 360 billion U.S. dollars. By promoting competition, the developing world might be able to save at most 8.2 percent of total infrastructure development costs
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estupinan, Nicolas Affordability And Subsidies In Public Urban Transport
    Keywords: Air ; Public Transport ; Public Transport Subsidies ; Public Transport Subsidy ; Rural Infrastructure ; Safety ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Projects ; Transport Sector ; Transport Subsidies ; Urban Transport ; Air ; Public Transport ; Public Transport Subsidies ; Public Transport Subsidy ; Rural Infrastructure ; Safety ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Projects ; Transport Sector ; Transport Subsidies ; Urban Transport ; Air ; Public Transport ; Public Transport Subsidies ; Public Transport Subsidy ; Rural Infrastructure ; Safety ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Projects ; Transport Sector ; Transport Subsidies ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: Subsidy policies on public urban transport have been adopted ubiquitously. In both developed and developing countries, subsidies are implemented to make transport more affordable. Despite their widespread implementation, there are virtually no quantitative assessments of their distributional incidence, making it impossible to determine if these instruments are pro-poor. This paper reviews the arguments used to justify subsidy policies in public urban transport. Using different tools to quantitatively evaluate the incidence and distributive impacts of subsidy policy options, the paper analyzes the findings of a series of research papers that study urban public transport subsidy policies in developed and developing countries. The available evidence indicates that current public urban transport subsidy policies do not make the poorest better off. Supply-side subsidies are, for the most part, neutral or regressive; while demand-side subsidies perform better-although many of them do not improve income distribution. Considering that the policy objective is to improve the welfare of the poorest, it is imperative to move away from supply-side subsidies towards demand-side subsidies and to integrate transport social concerns into wider poverty alleviation efforts, which include the possibility of channeling subsidies through monetary transfer systems or through other transfer instruments (food subsidies, health services and education for the poor). The general conclusion of the paper is that more effort should be devoted to improve the targeting properties of public urban transport subsidies using means-testing procedures to ensure a more pro-poor incidence of subsidies
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Services Trade And Growth
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Balistreri, Edward J Modeling Services Liberalization
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Kleine offene Volkswirtschaft ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; CGE-Modell ; Kenia ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services
    Abstract: This paper employs a 55 sector small open economy computable general equilibrium model of the Kenyan economy to assess the impact of the liberalization of regulatory barriers against foreign and domestic business service providers in Kenya. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. It estimates the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialists in Kenya. The authors estimate that Kenya will gain about 11 percent of the value of Kenyan consumption in the medium run (or about 10 percent of gross domestic product) from a full reform package that also includes uniform tariffs. The estimated gains increase to 77 percent of consumption in the long-run steady-state model, where the impact on the accumulation of capital from an improvement in the productivity of capital is taken into account. Decomposition exercises reveal that the largest gains to Kenya will derive from liberalization of costly regulatory barriers that are non-discriminatory in their impacts between Kenyan and multinational service providers
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Helble, Matthias Heterogeneous Quality Firms And Trade Costs
    Keywords: Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: There is increasing empirical evidence that vertical product differentiation is an important determinant of international trade. However, the economic literature so far has solely focused on the case in which quality trade stems from differences between countries. No studies investigate the role of quality trade between similar economies. This paper first develops a simple theoretical trade model that includes vertical product differentiation in a heterogeneous-firm framework. The model yields three main predictions for trade between similar economies. First, exported goods are of higher quality than goods sold on the domestic market. Second, larger economies have on average higher export qualities compared with smaller economies. Third, with increasing trade costs higher quality goods are exchanged. For all three effects, strong empirical support is found using detailed export trade data of the United States and 15 European Union countries
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bredenkamp, Caryn Health Reform, Population Policy And Child Nutritional Status In China
    Keywords: Antenatal care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Influenza ; Medicines ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Population Policies ; Postnatal care ; Siblings ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Walking ; Antenatal care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Influenza ; Medicines ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Population Policies ; Postnatal care ; Siblings ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Walking ; Antenatal care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Influenza ; Medicines ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Population Policies ; Postnatal care ; Siblings ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Walking
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of child nutritional status in seven provinces of China during the 1990s, focusing specifically on the role of two areas of public policy, namely health system reforms and the one child policy. The empirical relationship between income and nutritional status, and the extent to which that relationship is mediated by access to quality healthcare and being an only-child, is investigated using ordinary least squares, random effects, fixed effects, and instrumental variables models. In the preferred model - a fixed effects model where income is instrumented - the author find that being an only-child increases height-for-age z-scores by 0.119 of a standard deviation. The magnitude of this effect is found to be largely gender and income neutral. By contrast, access to quality healthcare and income is not found to be significantly associated with improved nutritional status in the preferred model. Data are drawn from four waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deichmann, Uwe Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times
    Abstract: Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector
    Keywords: Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic ; Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic ; Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic
    Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Multidimensionality And Renegotiation
    Keywords: Costs ; Debt Markets ; Diesel ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Policies ; Railway ; Railway industry ; Road ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Diesel ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Policies ; Railway ; Railway industry ; Road ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Diesel ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Policies ; Railway ; Railway industry ; Road ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Multidimensional auctions are a natural and practical solution when auctioneers pursue more than one objective in their public-private-partnership transactions. However, it is difficult to achieve auction efficiency with multiple award criteria. Using auction data from road and railway concessions in Latin America, the probability of renegotiation this paper estimates by a two-stage least squares technique with a binary selection in the first-stage regression. The findings show that auctioneers tend to adopt the multidimensional format when the need for social considerations, such as alleviation of unemployment, is high. This implies that such political considerations could hinder efficiency and transparency in auctions. The analysis also shows that the renegotiation risk in infrastructure concessions increases when multidimensional auctions are used. Rather, good governance, particularly anti-corruption policies, can mitigate the renegotiation problem
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shilpi, Forhad Where To Sell ?
    Keywords: Access To Market ; Commercialization ; Cost Increases ; Gross Domestic Product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Price ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Sale ; Sales ; Total Sales ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access To Market ; Commercialization ; Cost Increases ; Gross Domestic Product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Price ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Sale ; Sales ; Total Sales ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access To Market ; Commercialization ; Cost Increases ; Gross Domestic Product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Price ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Sale ; Sales ; Total Sales ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effect of facilities and infrastructure available at the market place on a farmer's decision to sell at the market using a comprehensive survey of farmers, markets and villages conducted in Tamil Nadu, India in 2005. The econometric estimation shows that the likelihood of sales at the market increases significantly with an improvement in market facilities and a decrease in travel time from the village to the market. The results suggest that wealth reduces a farmer's cost of accessing market facilities more than it increases her/his opportunity cost of leisure. The wealthy farmers are able to capture a disproportionate share of the benefits of facilities available at congested markets. The policy simulation, however, shows that the marginal benefits from an improvement in market facilities will favor poorer farmers in the context of India
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Raballand, Gael The Impact of Regional Liberalization And Harmonization In Road Transport Services
    Keywords: Freight ; Fuel ; Fuel costs ; Road ; Road Transport ; Road Transport Market ; Road Transport Services ; Routes ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Policy ; Transport costs ; Freight ; Fuel ; Fuel costs ; Road ; Road Transport ; Road Transport Market ; Road Transport Services ; Routes ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Policy ; Transport costs ; Freight ; Fuel ; Fuel costs ; Road ; Road Transport ; Road Transport Market ; Road Transport Services ; Routes ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Policy ; Transport costs
    Abstract: Based on a detailed empirical study, this paper argues that regional liberalization of trucking services has had an important effect on transport costs and tariffs for Zambia's economy. Zambia is a peculiar example in Southern Africa as it benefits from relatively low transport costs compared with other landlocked countries in Africa. This is mainly because of competition between Zambian and other regional, mainly South African, operators and because of South African investments in Zambia's trucking industry. As a result, the costs of operators registered in Zambia and South Africa are similar. The study also demonstrates that enhancing trucking interoperability in Southern Africa would significantly impact positively the Zambian trucking industry's competitiveness. The main measures to significantly increase trucking competitiveness in the region would more likely derive from reducing fuel costs in Zambia, improving border-post operations, and relaxing South African truck import rules
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Emran, M. Shahe The Extent of The Market And Stages of Agricultural Specialization
    Keywords: Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence of nonlinearity in the relationship between crop specialization in a village economy and the extent of the market (size of the urban market) relevant for the village. The results suggest that the portfolio of crops in a village economy becomes more diversified initially as the extent of the market increases. However, after the market size reaches a threshold, the production structure becomes specialized again. This evidence on the stages of agricultural diversification is consistent with the stages of diversification identified in the recent literature for the economy as a whole and also for the manufacturing sector. The evidence highlights the importance of improving farmers' access to markets through investment in transport infrastructure and removal of barriers to trading
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Human Capital And The Changing Structure of The Indian Economy
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added
    Abstract: Using panel data for the fourteen major states of India over the 1980-2000 period, the authors estimate the effect of human capital endowment on the performance of the state economies. They find that greater availability of skilled workers had a positive and significant impact on output in the service sectors. They do not find any such effect for the manufacturing sectors. The paper shows that the differential effect on services and manufacturing arises because service sectors are more skill intensive
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Development
    Keywords: Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers ; Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers ; Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers
    Abstract: This survey reviews the existing macro-level empirical literature on the link between infrastructure and development outcomes in a critical light. After providing a general framework that casts the relevant terms of the controversy on the real effect of infrastructure on growth in the context of an aggregate production function, it signals what are the relevant empirical questions to be addressed. This guides the systematic review of a number of empirical studies and the discussion of the main econometric challenges to the identification of the effect of infrastructure on output and productivity. Finally, building on related research, in particular in contract theory and political economy, the paper spells out several promising research avenues
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Economic Growth In East Asia
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper examines whether infrastructure investment has contributed to East Asia's economic growth using both a growth accounting framework and cross-country regressions. For most of the variables used, both the growth accounting exercise and cross-country regressions fail to find a significant link between infrastructure, productivity and growth. These conclusions contrast strongly with previous studies finding positive and significant effect for all infrastructure variables in the context of a production function study. This leads us to conclude that results from studies using macro-level data should be considered with extreme caution. The Authors suggest that infrastructure investment may have had the primary function of relieving constraints and bottlenecks as they arose, as opposed to directly encouraging growth
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seethepalli, Kalpana How Relevant Is Infrastructure To Growth In East Asia?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Externalities ; Finance infrastructure ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Infrastructure development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Tax ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Externalities ; Finance infrastructure ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Infrastructure development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Tax ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Externalities ; Finance infrastructure ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Infrastructure development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Tax ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading
    Abstract: This paper seeks to shed some light on the extent to which infrastructure sub-sectors - energy, telecommunications, water supply, sanitation, and transport - contributed to growth in East Asia during 1985-2004. It also attempts to provide additional insights on whether the relationship between infrastructure and growth depends on five additional variables: the degree of private participation in infrastructure, the quality of governance, the extent of rural-urban inequality in access to infrastructure services, country income levels, as well as geography. The findings show that greater stocks of infrastructure were indeed associated with higher growth. However, a more nuanced look at the sensitivity of infrastructure impacts on the five additional variables yields different results, with some sectors supporting conventional expectations and others yielding mixed or counter-intuitive results. In particular, the telecom and sanitation sectors yield statistically significant results supporting the a priori hypotheses; electricity and water infrastructure provide mixed results; and road infrastructure consistently contradicts a priori expectations. The results are consistent with the widely-accepted idea in policy research that infrastructure plays an important role in promoting growth, as well as with the viewpoint that certain countries' endowments influence the growth-related impacts of infrastructure
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Public-Private Partnerships In Transport
    Keywords: Airports ; Driving ; Railways ; Toll ; Toll Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Sector ; Urban Transport ; Airports ; Driving ; Railways ; Toll ; Toll Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Sector ; Urban Transport ; Airports ; Driving ; Railways ; Toll ; Toll Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Sector ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the evidence on the evolution of transport PPPs over the last 15 years or so. In the process, it provides a primer on the associated policy issues, including of the central role of project finance in the implementation of PPP policies and the debates on risk allocation in the design of PPPs. The paper also offers a discussion of the increasingly well recognized residual roles for the public sector in transport, with an emphasis on the regulatory debates surrounding the adoption of PPPs
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Does It Pay Firms To Register For Taxes ?
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of registering for taxes on firm profits in Bolivia, the country with the highest levels of informality in Latin America. A new survey of micro and small firms enables the authors to control for a rich set of measures of owner ability and business motivations that can affect both profits and the decision to formalize. The paper identifies the impact of tax registration on business profitability using the distance of a firm from the tax office where registration occurs, conditional on the distance to the city center, as an instrument for registration. Proximity to the tax office provides firms with more information about registration, but is argued to not directly affect profits. The findings show that tax registration leads to significantly higher profits for the firms that the instrument affects. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneous effects of tax formality on profits. Tax registration is found to increase profits for the mid-size firms in the sample, but to lower profits for both the smaller and larger firms, in contrast to the standard view that formality increases profits. The analysis shows that owners of large firms who have managed to stay informal have higher entrepreneurial ability than formal firm owners, in contrast to the standard view (correct among smaller firms) that informal firm owners have low ability
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Growth In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Efficiency Of Infrastructure ; Externalities ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Investment ; Railroad ; Road ; Road Quality ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Data ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Efficiency Of Infrastructure ; Externalities ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Investment ; Railroad ; Road ; Road Quality ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Data ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Efficiency Of Infrastructure ; Externalities ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructure Investment ; Railroad ; Road ; Road Quality ; Sanitation ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Data ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper presents a survey of recent research on the economics of infrastructure in developing countries. Energy, transport, telecommunications, water and sanitation are considered. The survey covers two main set of issues: the linkages between infrastructure and economic growth (at the economy-wide, regional and sectoral level) and the composition, sequencing and efficiency of alternative infrastructure investments, including the arbitrage between new investments and maintenance expenditures; OPEX and CAPEX, and public versus private investment. Following the introduction, section 2 discusses the theoretical foundations (growth theory and new economic geography). Section 3 assesses the analysis of 140 specifications from 64 recent empirical papers-examining type of data used, level of aggregation, econometric techniques and nature of the sample-and discusses both the macro-econometric and micro-econometric contributions of these papers. Finally section 4 discusses directions for future research and suggests priorities in data development
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maur, Jean-Christophe Regionalism And Trade Facilitation
    Keywords: Border Crossing ; Economies Of Scale ; Electronic Customs ; Externalities ; Free Trade ; Inspection ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rail ; Road ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trucks ; Border Crossing ; Economies Of Scale ; Electronic Customs ; Externalities ; Free Trade ; Inspection ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rail ; Road ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trucks ; Border Crossing ; Economies Of Scale ; Electronic Customs ; Externalities ; Free Trade ; Inspection ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rail ; Road ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trucks
    Abstract: This paper investigates when trade facilitation reform should be undertaken at the regional level. First, looking at both efficiency and implementation considerations, it confirms the perception that the regional dimension matters. Investigating where efficiency gains can be made, this research explains why national markets alone fail to produce the full scale economies and positive externalities of trade facilitation reform. Second, because trade facilitation policies need to address coordination and capacity failures, and because of the operational complexity challenge, the choice of the adequate platform for delivering reform is crucial. The lessons are that regional trade agreements offer good prospects of comprehensive and effective reform and can effectively complement multilateral and national initiatives. However, examples of implementation of trade facilitation reform in regional agreements do not seem to indicate that regional integration approaches have been more successful than trade facilitation through specific cooperation agreements or other efforts, multilateral or unilateral. Customs unions may be an exception here, and the author suggests reasons why this could be the case
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Lessons From China For Africa
    Keywords: Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip
    Abstract: China has been the most successful developing country in this modern era of globalization. Since initiating economic reform after 1978, its economy has expanded at a steady rate over 8 percent per capita, fueling historically unprecedented poverty reduction (the poverty rate declined from over 60 percent to 7 percent in 2007). Other developing countries struggling to grow and reduce poverty are naturally interested in what has been the source of this impressive growth and what, if any, lessons they can take from China. This paper focuses on four features of modern China that have changed significantly between the pre-reform period and today. The Chinese themselves call their reform program Gai Ge Kai Feng, "change the system, open the door." "Change the system" means altering incentives and ownership, that is, shifting the economy from near total state ownership to one in which private enterprise is dominant. "Open the door" means exactly what it says, liberalizing trade and direct investment. A third lesson is the development of high-quality infrastructure: China's good roads, reliable power, world-class ports, and excellent cell phone coverage throughout the country are apparent to any visitor. What is less well known is that most of this infrastructure has been developed through a policy of "cost recovery" that prices infrastructure services at levels sufficient to finance the capital cost as well as operations and maintenance. A fourth important lesson is China's careful attention to agriculture and rural development, complemented by rural-urban migration
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fafchamps, Marcel Isolation And Subjective Welfare
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True
    Abstract: Using detailed geographical and household survey data from Nepal, this article investigates the relationship between isolation and subjective welfare. This is achieved by examining how distance to markets and proximity to large urban centers are associated with responses to questions about income and consumption adequacy. Results show that isolation is associated with a significant reduction in subjective assessments of income and consumption adequacy, even after controlling for consumption expenditures and other factors. The reduction in subjective welfare associated with isolation is much larger for households that are already relatively close to markets. These findings suggest that welfare assessments based on monetary income and consumption may seriously underestimate the subjective welfare cost of isolation, and hence will tend to bias downward the assessment of benefits to isolation-reducing investments such as roads and communication infrastructure
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shepherd, Ben Trade Facilitation In ASEAN Member Countries
    Keywords: Air ; Air transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Port facilities ; Public Sector Development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Trade Policy ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Air ; Air transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Port facilities ; Public Sector Development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Trade Policy ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Air ; Air transport ; Common Carriers Industry ; Driving ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Freight ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Port facilities ; Public Sector Development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Trade Policy ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent progress and indicators of trade facilitation in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The findings show that import and export costs vary considerably in the member countries, from very low to moderately high levels. Tariff and non-tariff barriers are generally low to moderate. Infrastructure quality and services sector competitiveness range from fair to excellent. Using a standard gravity model, the authors find that trade flows in Southeast Asia are particularly sensitive to transport infrastructure and information and communications technology. The results suggest that the region stands to make significant economic gains from trade facilitation reform. These gains could be considerably larger than those from comparable tariff reforms. Estimates suggest that improving port facilities in the region, for example, could expand trade by up to 7.5 percent or
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des chaussées à longue durée de vie pour routes à forte circulation
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Long-life surfaces could substantially cut the costs of road works, including the delays they cause, especially on congested routes with heavy traffic. These surfaces use new materials that cost more than conventional asphalt and require special handling. This report presents the results of collaborative research to evaluate the technical and economic potential of the most promising long-life surfaces (epoxy asphalt and high performance cementitious materials) and assist governments in weighing up the risks and advantages of introducing them on busy roads
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar
    ISBN: 9781785366529
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 612 p) , cm
    Series Statement: The international library of critical writings in economics 231
    Series Statement: An Elgar reference collection
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Applied benefit
    DDC: 658.1522
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Landwirtschaft ; Sozialpolitik ; Stakeholder ; Gesundheitswesen ; Verkehrssektor ; Umweltpolitik ; Regulierung ; Value analysis (Cost control) ; Cost effectiveness ; Cost effectiveness ; Electronic books ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Landwirtschaft ; Sozialpolitik ; Gesundheitswesen ; Transport ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Benefit-cost analysis reduces all of the impacts of a proposed policy change to a common unit of measurement. It is used in a wide variety of fields including agriculture, life and health, transportation and the environment. In this single volume the editors, both leading scholars in their field, present a judicious selection of previously published papers indispensable to the study of applied benefit-cost analysis. The comprehensive collection is an essential resource to scholars, researchers and policymakers alike
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): Zvi Griliches (1958), 'Research Costs and Social Returns: Hybrid Corn and Related Innovations', Journal of Political Economy, 66, 419-31 -- Erik Lichtenberg and David Zilberman (1986), 'The Welfare Economics of Price Supports in U.S. Agriculture', American Economic Review, 76(5), December, 1135-41 -- Troy G. Schmitz, Andrew Schmitz and Chris Dumas (1997), 'Gains From Trade, Inefficiency of Government Programs, and the Net Economic Effects of Trading', Journal of Political Economy, 105 (3), 637-47 -- Andrew Schmitz, Frederick Rossi and Troy G. Schmitz (2007), 'Agricultural Subsidies Under Decoupling', Research in Law and Economics, 23, 131-48 -- Rulon Pope, Jean-Paul Chavas and Richard Just (1983), 'Economic Welfare Evaluations for Producers under Uncertainty', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 65, February, 98-107 -- David H. Greenberg and Douglas A. Wolf (1985), 'Is Wage Matching Worth All the Trouble?', Public Welfare, 43, Winter, 13-20 -- Morris S. Berman (1989), 'Vision Care in a Juvenile Detention Facility', Optometry and Vision Science, 66(1), January, 23-5 -- David H. Greenberg (1997), 'The Leisure Bias in Cost-Benefit Analyses of Employment and Training Programs', Journal of Human Resources, XXXII (2), 413-39 -- Clive R. Belfield, Milagros Nores, Steve Barnett and Lawrence Schweinhart (2006), 'The High/Scope Perry Preschool Program: Cost-Benefit Analysis Using Data from the Age-40 Followup', Journal of Human Resources, XLI (1), Winter, 162-90 -- Flavio Cunha and James Heckman (2007), 'The Economics of Human Development: The Technology of Skill Formation', American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 97 (2), May, 31-47 -- Glenn P. Jenkins (1999), 'Evaluation of Stakeholder Impacts in Cost-Benefit Analysis', Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 17(2), 87-96 -- Timothy L. McDaniels, Robin S. Gregory and Daryl Fields (1999), 'Democratizing Risk Management: Successful Public Involvement in Local Water Management Decisions', Risk Analysis, 19 (3), 497-510 -- Alvin Ulrich, Hartley Furtan and Andrew Schmitz (1986), 'Public and Private Returns from Joint Venture Research: An Example from Agriculture', Quarterly Journal of Economics, CI (1), February, 103-29 -- Lester B. Lave (1981), 'Conflicting Objectives in Regulating the Automobile', Science, 212, May, 893-9 -- David L. Weimer and Aidan R. Vining (1989), 'An Illustration: Taxing Alcohol to Save Lives', in Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice, Upper Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 267-83 -- Gary M. Ginsberg and Don S. Silverberg (1994), 'A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Legislation for Bicycle Safety Helmets in Israel', American Journal of Public Health, 84 (4), April, 653-6 -- Richard Gray and Stavroula Malla (2001), 'The Evaluation of the Economic and External Health Benefits from Canola Research', in Julian M. Alston (ed), Philip G. Pardey (ed) and Michael J. Taylor (ed) (eds), Agricultural Science Policy: Changing Global Agendas, Chapter 11, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 211-37, references -- W. Kip Viscusi and Joseph E. Aldy (2003), 'The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World', Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 27 (1), 5-76 -- Anthony Boardman, Aidan Vining and W.G. Waters, II (1993), 'Costs and Benefits through Bureaucratic Lenses: Example of a Highway Project', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 12 (3), 532-55
    Abstract: What GAO Found', in US GAO Highway and Transit Investments: Options for Improving Information on Projects' Benefits and Costs and Increasing Accountability for Results, GA0-05-172, 24 January 2005, available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05172, front page -- Troy G. Schmitz, Tim Highmoor and Andrew Schmitz (2002), 'Termination of the WGTA: An Examination of Factor Market Distortions, Input Subsidies and Compensation', Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50, 333-47 -- Raymond J. Kopp and V. Kerry Smith (1989), 'Benefit Estimation Goes to Court: The Case of Natural Resource Damage Assessments', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 8 (4), 593-612 -- Executive Summary', in The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1990 to 2010: EPA Report to Congress, November 1999, accessed 2 July 2007 at http://www.epa.gov/oar/sect812/1990-2010/fullrept.pdf, i-vi -- Scott Farrow and Michael Toman (1999), 'Using Benefit-Cost Analysis to Improve Environmental Regulation', Environment, 41 (2), 12-15 and 33-7, reset -- Richard T. Carson, Robert C. Mitchell, Michael Hanemann, Raymond J. Kopp, Stanley Presser and Paul A. Ruud (2003), 'Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill', Environmental and Resource Economics, 25 (3), 257-86 -- John P. Hoehn and Alan Randall (1989), 'Too Many Proposals Pass the Benefit Cost Test', American Economic Review, 79 (3), June, 544-51 -- Robert W. Hahn (1998), 'Policy Watch: Government Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of Regulation', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (4), Fall, 201-10 -- Kenneth J. Arrow, Maureen L. Cropper, George C. Eads, Robert W. Hahn, Lester B. Lave, Roger G. Noll, Paul R. Portney, Milton Russell, Richard Schmalensee, V. Kerry Smith and Robert N. Stavins (1996), 'A Statement of Principles' in Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation, La Vergne, TX: AEI Press, 1-12 -- Matthew A. Wilson and John P. Hoehn (2006), 'Valuing Environmental Goods and Services Using Benefit Transfer: The State-of-the Art and Science', Ecological Economics, 60, 335-42 -- Daniel H. Cole (2007), '"Best Practice" Standards for Regulatory Benefit-Cost Analysis', Research in Law and Economics, 23, 1-47 -- Andrew Schmitz, Charles B. Moss and Troy G. Schmitz (2007), 'Ethanol: No Free Lunch', Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization, 5, Article 3, available at http://www.bepress.com/jafio/vol5/iss2/art3, 1-26 -- Richard O. Zerbe, Jr. (1980), 'The Costs and Benefits of Early Regulation of the Railroads', Bell Journal of Economics, 11 (1), 343-50 -- Alvin Ulrich, William H. Furtan and Andrew Schmitz (1987), 'The Cost of a Licensing System Regulation: An Example from Canadian Prairie Agriculture', Journal of Political Economy, 95 (1), 160-78 -- Jason K. Burnett and Robert W. Hahn (2001), 'A Costly Benefit: Economic Analysis Does Not Support EPA's New Arsenic Rule', Regulation, 24, Fall, 44-9 -- Richard Wilson (2001), 'Underestimating Arsenic's Risk: The Latest Science Supports Tighter Standards', Regulation, 24, Fall, 50-53
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789282102022
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.141
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation and Regulation of Urban Transit Systems
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les services de transports publics urbains connaissent une exploitation largement déficitaire dans une majorité de cas. Ceci a conduit les autorités publiques à rechercher des gains d’efficience, en particulier par la participation du secteur privé à l’offre de tels services. Traditionnellement, le subventionnement de tels services vise à procurer une mobilité de base à toutes les catégories de la population, en particulier pour celles défavorisées. Une intervention publique vise également à contrecarrer les tendances naturelles à la concentration et à l’apparition de positions dominantes dans les services de transports publics. Les politiques en matière de transports urbains veillent également de plus en plus à offrir des alternatives à l’usage de la voiture particulière pour combattre la congestion et réduire les émissions de CO2. Construire des réseaux de transports publics cohérents qui soient viables financièrement est un défi pour toutes les autorités publiques. Cette Table Ronde a examiné les expériences d’intégration d’une gestion privée et de capital privé dans des objectifs de politique des transports publics au sein de nombres d’économies développées. A destination des opérateurs de ces réseaux, la Table Ronde a conclu que l’innovation est un élément clef pour faire face à des environnements politiques et réglementaires en mutation rapide.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789282102527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.139
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pétrole et transports ; La fin des carburants à prix abordable ?
    DDC: 333.8/23213
    RVK:
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Oil consumption is increasingly concentrated in transport and relatively limited fluctuations in transport demand can have increasingly significant effects on oil prices. This Round Table assesses the policy instruments available to address oil security and climate change and examines their interaction with measures to manage congestion and mitigate local air pollution. A number of incompatibilities and trade-offs are identified underlining the importance of integrated policy making. The report includes an examination of the factors that drive oil prices in the short and long term and a discussion of the outlook for oil supply.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.141
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation et réglementation des systèmes de transports publics urbains
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2008 ; Stadtverkehr ; Transitverkehr ; Verkehrsplanung ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regulierung ; Privatisierung
    Abstract: Urban public transport services generally run at a large deficit. This has led public authorities to seek efficiencies, notably through private sector involvement. Support for the sector traditionally seeks to provide basic mobility services to all segments of society, including low-income users. Intervention is also required to manage the natural tendency towards concentration and market power in the provision of these transport services. Policy towards urban public transport is increasingly aimed at managing congestion on the roads and mitigating CO2 emissions by substituting for travel by car. Achieving coherent transport networks that are efficient and financially sustainable is a challenge for any public authority. This Round Table examines experience in integrating private management and capital with public transport policy objectives in a number of developed economies. For network operators, the Round Table concludes that innovation is the key to surviving the rapidly changing policy and regulatory environment.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789282101896
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure Investment; Options for Efficiency
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: Les transports terrestres jouent un rôle crucial dans presque toutes les activités sociales et économiques. La fourniture et l'entretien des infrastructures nécessitent des ressources considérables. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de les aborder selon les modalités les plus efficaces et rentables possibles. De nombreuses options peuvent être envisagées pour la fourniture des infrastructures de transport terrestre : ministères et organismes publics, partenariats public-privé (PPP), entreprises publiques, sociétés privées à but non lucratif ou privatisation pure et simple. Il existe également plusieurs moyens de financer ces infrastructures, notamment la tarification de l’utilisation, les subventions, les emprunts publics ou le financement privé. Ce rapport passe en revue les principes clés que les gouvernements doivent prendre en considération dans leurs décisions relatives aux modalités de mise à disposition et de financement des infrastructures de transport terrestre, avec l'objectif de répondre aux besoins de la société et d'utiliser au mieux les ressources publiques. Il examine également les questions clés qui doivent être résolues pour faire davantage appel aux capacités de financement et au savoir-faire du secteur privé.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.138
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biocarburants ; Lier les politiques de soutien aux bilans énergétiques et environnementaux
    RVK:
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Biofuels received USD 15 billion in subsidies in OECD Member countries in 2007, but did they deliver benefits in terms of climate change or oil security? Present policies make no link between support for biofuels and their environmental performance, and biofuels do not all perform equally well. In fact, much of the current ethanol and biodiesel production may result in higher overall emissions of greenhouse gases than using conventional transport fuels - gasoline and diesel. The papers published in this report examine the economics of biofuels and assess the potential of conventional biofuel production in OECD countries, Brazilian ethanol exports and some second generation biofuels to supply world markets with transport fuels. This Round Table analyses the critical issues for governments in determining support for biofuels, particularly the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life-cycle of these fuels and the wider environmental impacts of farming biomass. It also reviews recent progress in developing certification systems for biofuels – an essential tool for tying support to achievement in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, although certification cannot be expected to prevent rainforest destruction for the development of biofuel crop plantations. The report concludes with a short list of recommendations for policy reform if support for biofuels is to contribute effectively to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789282101827
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.138
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biofuels; Linking Support to Performance
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: En 2007, les biocarburants ont reçu 15 milliards USD de subventions dans les pays membres de l’OCDE. Ont-ils pour autant apporté des bénéfices en termes de protection du climat ou de sécurité énergétique ? Dans le cadre des politiques actuelles, le soutien aux biocarburants n’est pas lié à leurs performances environnementales, alors même que tous les biocarburants sont loin d’afficher le même bilan écologique. A vrai dire, il se pourrait qu’une grande partie de l’éthanol et du biodiesel produit aujourd’hui engendre au bout du compte davantage d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre que les carburants traditionnels que sont l’essence et le diesel. Les rapports réunis dans cet ouvrage examinent la dimension économique des biocarburants et évaluent les perspectives de production de biocarburants conventionnels dans les pays de l’OCDE, les possibilités d’exportation de l’éthanol brésilien et le potentiel de certains biocarburants de seconde génération dans l’optique de l’approvisionnement des marchés mondiaux en carburants. La Table ronde dont ils sont issus a analysé les aspects essentiels qui doivent guider les gouvernements dans la détermination du soutien apporté aux biocarburants, notamment les émissions de gaz à effet de serre produits par ces carburants sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie et l’impact plus général des cultures énergétiques sur l’environnement. Sont également analysés, les progrès intervenus récemment en matière d’élaboration de systèmes de certification pour les biocarburants, sachant que ces systèmes sont un outil essentiel pour lier le soutien à l’abaissement effectif des émissions de gaz à effet de serre – qui ne saurait toutefois pas empêcher la destruction des forêts tropicales et leur remplacement par des surfaces consacrées à la production de biocarburants. En conclusion, l’ouvrage présente une courte liste de réformes préconisées pour faire en sorte que les politiques de soutien aux biocarburants contribuent véritablement à l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9783874765534
    Language: English , Portuguese
    Pages: 265 S. , Ill., Kt.
    DDC: 303.4832067309
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte ; Geschichte ; Transport ; Transportweg ; Kommunikation ; Lebensbedingungen ; Angola ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Angola ; Transport ; Kommunikation ; Sozialgeschichte ; Angola ; Lebensbedingungen ; Transportweg ; Geschichte
    Note: Beitr. teilw. engl., teilw. portug.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789282101964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route ; Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route : Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    DDC: 629.28304
    Keywords: Traffic safety ; Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Umsetzung
    Abstract: Each year around 1.2 million people are killed and 50 million are injured on roads around the world. But crashes are largely preventable and much can be done to reduce the burden of pain they cause and their economic impact. This report takes stock of recent developments and initiatives to meet increasingly ambitious road safety targets, and constitutes a major international review of progress in developing Safe System approaches, now adopted in a small number of countries.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Frankfurt am Main : Lembeck
    ISBN: 3874765539 , 9783874765534
    Language: English , Portuguese
    Pages: 265 Seiten
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe Frankfurt am Main Universitäts-Bibliothek [2011] 1 Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Angola on the move
    DDC: 303.4832067309
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte ; Geschichte ; Transport ; Kommunikation ; Lebensbedingungen ; Transportweg ; Angola ; Konferenzschrift 2003
    Abstract: Dieses Buch trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Bedeutung und Dynamik von Transport- und Kommunikationswegen in Afrika bei. Angola und sein Hinterland werden als herausragendes Beispiel dafür betrachtet, wie nachhaltig solche Verbindungen die Geschichte und Lebensbedingungen einer Region geprägt haben, die in vieler Hinsicht wie ein Mikrokosmos Afrikas insgesamt erscheint. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit richtet das Buch darauf, wie aus Routen und Verbindungen eine Landschaft in Bewegung, aber auch mit Begrenzungen und Blockaden entstand, und wie die Beteiligten diese wahrnahmen und mit ihr umgingen. Das Buch behandelt eine beachtenswerten Aspekt der Geschichte Afrikas, der zugleich ein konstitutiver Bestandteil von Weltgeschichte war. Es bezieht dazu eine Vielfalt sich ergänzender Ansätze und Perspektiven ein.
    Note: Online-Ausgabe: , Beiträge teilweise englisch, teilweise portugiesisch
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789282102534
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.139
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oil Dependence; Is Transport Running Out of Affordable Fuel?
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: La consommation de pétrole se concentre de plus en plus dans le secteur des transports. Ainsi, des variations relativement limitées de la demande dans ce secteur peuvent avoir des effets de plus en plus sensibles sur les cours du pétrole. Cette table ronde évalue les mesures dont disposent les pouvoirs publics pour sécuriser les approvisionnements pétroliers et freiner le changement climatique. Elle examine leur interaction avec les mesures destinées à gérer la congestion et réduire la pollution atmosphérique locale. Elle met aussi en évidence un certain nombre d’incompatibilités et d’arbitrages nécessaires, soulignant ainsi l’importance d’une approche intégrée dans l’élaboration des politiques. La table ronde examine aussi les facteurs qui déterminent les prix du pétrole à court et long terme, ainsi que les perspectives concernant les approvisionnements pétroliers.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 978-1-402-06701-3 , 1-402-06701-1
    Language: English
    Pages: XIV, 268 S.
    Edition: 1. ed.
    Series Statement: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries 14
    Series Statement: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Transport. ; Großstadt. ; Nachhaltigkeit. ; Transport ; Großstadt ; Nachhaltigkeit
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  • 92
    Book
    Book
    Paris : Descartes & Cie
    ISBN: 9782844461070
    Language: French
    Pages: 284, XVI S , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt , 21 cm
    DDC: 307.76
    Keywords: Urban ecology (Sociology) ; Urban transportation Social aspects ; City planning Social aspects ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Stadtplanung ; Ökologie ; Transport
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 93
    Book
    Book
    Seoul : Ewha Womans Univ. Press
    ISBN: 9788973007400
    Language: English
    Pages: 129 S. , zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: The spirit of Korean cultural roots 20
    Series Statement: The spirit of Korean cultural roots
    Keywords: Korea ; Transport
    Note: Aus dem Korean. übers.
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  • 94
    Book
    Book
    Boroko : NRI
    ISBN: 9980751541
    Language: English
    Pages: VI, 15 S , 25 cm
    Series Statement: The National Research Institute bibliography 13
    DDC: 016.388/09953
    Keywords: Transportation Bibliography ; Bibliografie ; Neuguinea ; Provinz Papua ; Transport
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789282101179
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (185 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.133
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. (De)Regulation of the Taxi Industry
    Keywords: Transport ; OECD ; Taxiverkehr
    Abstract: La Table Ronde analyse la raison d’être de la libéralisation du secteur des taxis et l’expérience acquise dans les pays membres de l’OCDE et de la CEMT en matière de réglementation de la profession. Cette réglementation s’articule autour de plusieurs axes, à savoir l’accès au marché, les tarifs et la qualité des services. Le débat conceptuel arrive à la conclusion que la thèse selon laquelle des restrictions à l’entrée du marché améliorent l’utilisation de la capacité n’est guère étayée par les faits. Au contraire, on peut alléguer que l’augmentation du nombre d’entrées dans la profession et les économies de densité qui en découlent, ainsi que la diminution des temps d’attente pour l’usager, justifient l’octroi de subventions à l’entrée.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: (De)regulation of the taxi industry : report of the One Hundred and Thirty Third Round Table on Transport Economics
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/18
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is coursed by an increasing use of fossil fuels; natural gas, oil and coal. This has so far resulted in an increase of the global surface temperature of the order of one degree. In year 2000 IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, released 40 emission scenarios that can be seen as images of the future, or alternative futures. They are neither predictions nor forecasts and actual reserves have not been a limited factor, just the fossil fuel resource base. This paper is based on realistic reserve assessments, and CO2 emissions from resources that cannot be transformed into reserves are not allowed. First we can conclude that CO2 emission from burning oil and gas are lower then what al the IPCC scenarios predict, and emission from coal is much lowers then the majority of the scenarios. IPCC emission scenarios for the time period 2020 to 2100 should in the future not be used for climate change predictions. It’s time to use realistic scenarios. Climate change is current with more change to come, and furthermore, climate change is an enormous problem facing the planet. However, the world’s greatest problem is that too many people must share too little energy. In the current political debate we presumably need to replace the word “environment” with “energy”, but thankfully the policies required to tackle the energy problem will greatly benefit the environment.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/05
    Keywords: Transport ; Brazil
    Abstract: The increase in the oil price and the worsening of climate change are fostering biofuels programs around the world. Brazil has a long tradition in biofuels. The country is a large-scale producer of ethanol since the 1970s. In 2006, ethanol was responsible for 17% of all vehicle fuel supply in the Brazil. Brazil’s ethanol production from sugarcane is also recognized by its economic performance. In 2005, Brazilian government has launched a biodiesel program. The aim of this report is to make a critical review of Brazilian ethanol and biodiesel programs. It provides lessons about the potential competitiveness of biofuels vis a vis traditional fuels. The document also presents the potential social and environmental impacts of the biofuels in Brazil. The analysis made in this report has been based on an extensive literature review on the subject of biofuels in Brazil. Interviews with experts have also been made in order to clarify some particular issues. The report is divided in two parts: the first is focused on ethanol program and the second to the biodiesel. The first part of the report is divided into the following sections: i) economic performance; ii) the environmental performance; iii) the social performance; iv)energy security performance; v) Brazil as a world-class ethanol exporter. The second part of the report is divided into the following sections: i) economic performance; ii) the environmental performance; iii) Brazil as a world-class biodiesel exporter.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/09
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The debate on whether there are wider economic benefits from transport infrastructure investments continues to cause debate and controversy. This debate occurs both between analysts seeking to find a robust method for identifying and measuring the size of such benefits and between policy makers seeking to justify or refute the need for a particular investment. It is timely to review progress on arriving at a consensus view of the contribution of infrastructure to the wider economy which is consistent with best practice in appraisal. This paper will review progress and try to bring out some common themes for discussion. The main aim of this paper is to bring together the various alternative methodological approaches to this problem which differs not just in the detail of the analysis, but more significantly in the scale at which the analysis is undertaken. It is argued that it is of particular importance to understand the way in which changes in the provision of transport affect microeconomic decisions, including those within firms and households, and to understand the operation of markets as well as to model the resultant flows and their macroeconomic consequences.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/01
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Under the European Union’s Voluntary Agreement with car manufacturers, average light vehicle CO2 emissions in 2004 were 12.4% below 1995 levels but appeared unlikely to achieve the 25% reduction needed to reach the 140 g/km target for “per vehicle” CO2 emissions for 2008. The EU is now considering a regulatory approach to further reduce average vehicle emissions, in the form of CO2 emission or fuel economy standards. Such standards have been used by a number of countries, including the United States (although U.S. standards have been little-altered since their 1975 promulgation), Japan, China, and several others, and those that have been in existence for some time – e.g., those in the United States and Japan –have been successful in achieving their targeted levels of new vehicle fuel economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine various aspects of fuel economy and carbon standards for light vehicles, including their rationale, methods of establishing stringency, regulatory structure, and timing, with the hope of assisting the decision process for new standards. Because the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards adopted by the U.S. in 1975 are the longest-standing and most studied of the various standards now in existence, much of the focus of this paper will be on the U.S. standards.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103807
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Speed Management
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestión de velocidad
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Abstract: La vitesse excessive est aujourd'hui responsable d'environ un tiers du nombre - inacceptable - de tués sur les routes. Réduire les vitesses moyennes de seulement 5% permettrait de sauver environ 20% des tués sur les routes. Ce rapport, préparé par un Groupe de travail du Centre conjoint OCDE/CEMT de Recherche sur les Transports, examine ces enjeux importants et identifie les améliorations nécessaires pour s’attaquer au problème de la vitesse, que ce soit au niveau des politiques ou de l’exploitation des infrastructures. Il esquisse un cadre pour parvenir au meilleur résultat en termes de sécurité routière tout en préservant l'environnement et en contribuant à une mobilité durable.
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