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  • 2015-2019  (7)
  • 2005-2009  (28)
  • 1960-1964
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (35)
  • Developing Countries
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Economic Prospects, January 2017 : Weak Investment in Uncertain Times (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464810176
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (272 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Developing Countries ; Developing Economies ; Economic Growth ; Economic Prospects ; Emerging Markets
    Abstract: Stagnant global trade, subdued investment, and heightened policy uncertainty marked another difficult year for the world economy. A moderate recovery is expected for 2017, with receding obstacles to activity in commodity-exporting emerging market and developing economies. Weak investment is weighing on medium-term prospects across many emerging market and developing economies. Although fiscal stimulus in major economies, if implemented, may boost global growth above expectations, risks to growth forecasts remain tilted to the downside. Important downside risks stem from heightened policy uncertainty in major economies. In addition to discussing global and regional economic developments and prospects, this edition of Global Economic Prospects includes a chapter on the causes, consequences and policy implications of weak investment in emerging markets and developing economies, and a special focus on the role of the U.S. economy in the world. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing countries, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by these economies, while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1016-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Economic Prospects, June 2016 : Divergences and Risks (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464807787
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (190 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Developing Countries ; Developing Economies ; Economic Growth ; Economic Prospects ; Emerging Markets ; Global Economy
    Abstract: Global growth prospects have deteriorated in 2016. Emerging market and developing economies are facing increased external headwinds, including softer growth in advanced economies. Commodity exporters are struggling with particularly challenging conditions, while commodity importers are thus far showing greater resilience. Global growth is expected to gradually accelerate in 2017-18 but risks to the outlook are increasingly more pronounced. In addition to discussing global and regional economic developments and prospects, this edition of Global Economic Prospects includes two Special Focus essays of critical importance for emerging and developing economies: an analysis of the buildup of private debt in emerging and frontier markets and a quantitative study of uncertainties surrounding global growth. This year marks the 25th anniversary of the Global Economic Prospects. The Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that has, since its inception in 1991, examined international economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies. It has also included analytical essays on a wide range of topical macroeconomic, financial, and structural policy challenges faced by these economies. It is published on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges, while the June edition contains shorter analytical essays
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0777-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cancer (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464803499 , 9781464803505
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (p.)) , cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Disease control priorities volume 3
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Uniform Title: Cancer
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 362.19699400681
    Keywords: Neoplasms ; economics ; Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; Health Services Research ; economics ; Cost of Illness ; Developing Countries ; Neoplasms prevention & control ; Neoplasms economics ; Health Services Research economics
    Abstract: Summary and recommendations -- The changing global burden of cancer : transitions in human development and implications for cancer prevention and control -- Breast cancer -- Cervical cancer -- Oral cancer : prevention, early detection, and treatment -- Colorectal cancer -- Treating childhood cancer in low- and middle-income countries -- Liver cancer -- Cancer pain relief -- Global hazards of tobacco and the benefits of smoking cessation and tobacco taxes -- Cancer services and the comprehensive cancer center -- Screening for cancer : considerations for low- and middle-income countries -- Surgical services for cancer care -- Radiation therapy for cancer -- Need for national commitments to cancer research to guide public health investment and practice -- Cancer in low- and middle-income countries : an economic overview -- Financing cancer care in low-resource settings -- An extended cost-effectiveness analysis of publicly financed HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer in China
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0349-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluaciones nacionales del rendimiento academico Volumen 5 : Utilizacion de los resultados de una evaluacion nacional del rendimiento academico (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464807527
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (198 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: National Assessments of Educational Achievement
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Assessment ; Developing Countries ; Education ; Evidence ; Examinations ; National
    Abstract: Que estan aprendiendo los estudiantes? En todo el mundo, los gobiernos que se esfuerzan por mejorar la calidad de la educacion estan recurriendo a las evaluaciones nacionales como fuente de esta informacion que tan necesaria es en las areas curriculares clave. La capacidad de llevar a cabo evaluaciones nacionales ha crecido notablemente en los ultimos anos, pero no se ha reflejado en un uso generalizado de sus resultados. Este libro pretende potenciar la apreciacion del valor de tales datos y ayudar a los paises a explotar el conocimiento que ofrecen las evaluaciones nacionales. Utilizacion de los resultados de una evaluacion nacional del rendimiento academico expone los principales factores que afectan a la utilizacion de los resultados de una evaluacion nacional, a saber: el contexto politico en que se lleva a cabo la evaluacion, la naturaleza de la evaluacion (censal o basada en una muestra), la asignacion de responsabilidades frente a los resultados y la calidad de los instrumentos de evaluacion. El libro describe el tipo de informacion que deberia contener el informe principal de una evaluacion nacional, asi como otros medios de comunicar los resultados a publicos tecnicos y no tecnicos. Expone consideraciones genericas sobre como traducir los resultados de las evaluaciones nacionales en politicas e intervenciones, y examina procedimientos especificos para utilizar los datos en la formulacion de politicas, la gestion educativa, la ensenanza y la sensibilizacion publica. Los temas tratados en este volumen resultaran de interes para los responsables politicos, los educadores, los investigadores y los profesionales del desarrollo
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0751-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Economic Prospects, June 2015 : The Global Economy in Transition (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464804830 , 9781464804854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (194 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Capital Flows ; Commodities ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Financial Markets ; Global Economy ; Interest Rates ; Low Income Countries ; Oil Prices ; Poverty ; Trade ; US Economy
    Abstract: Global growth is expected to be 2.8 percent in 2015, but is expected to pick up to 3.2 percent in 2016-17. Growth in developing countries and some high-income countries is set to disappoint again this year. The prospect of rising borrowing costs will compound the challenges many developing countries are facing as they adapt to an era of low commodity prices. Risks to this outlook remain tilted to the downside. This edition of Global Economic Prospects includes two Special Features that analyze the policy challenges raised by the two transitions in developing countries: the risks associated with the first U.S. central bank interest rate increase since 2006 and the implications of persistently low commodity prices for low-income countries. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on developing countries, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by developing countries while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0483-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Little Green Data Book 2015 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464805608 , 9781464805615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (248 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Census ; Developing Countries ; Energy Use ; Food Production ; Forest Cover ; Household Surveys ; Millennium Development Goals ; Pollution
    Abstract: The Little Green Data Book 2015 is a pocket-sized ready reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries. Key indicators are organized under the headings of agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, oceans, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. For the third year, The Little Green Data Book presents a new set of ocean-related indicators, highlighting the role of oceans in economic development
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0560-8
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Une couverture sanitaire universelle pour un developpement durable inclusif : Une synthese de 11 etudes de cas pays (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464805936
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (86 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Community Health Worker ; Developing Countries ; Health Financing ; Health Human Resources ; Health Insurance ; Health Worker Distribution
    Abstract: La CSU a pour objectifs de s'assurer que tous peuvent avoir acces a des services de sante de qualite, de preserver l'ensemble des individus contre les risques a la sante publique et de proteger toutes les personnes contre l'appauvrissement attribuable a la maladie. Des pays aussi divers que le Bresil, la France, le Japon, la Thailande et la Turquie ont reussi a mettre en cuvre la CSU et illustrent comment ces programmes peuvent a la fois agir en tant que dispositifs essentiels d'amelioration de la sante et du bien-etre de leurs citoyens et mettre en place les fondations d'une croissance economique basee sur des principes d'equite et de durabilite. L'assurance d'un acces universel a des services de sante abordables et de qualite contribuera de facon importante a l'eradication de la pauvrete extreme en 2030 et a la stimulation d'une prosperite partagee dans les pays a revenu faible et intermediaire, ou vit la majorite de la population pauvre mondiale. 'La couverture sanitaire universelle pour un developpement durable inclusif' synthetise les experiences de 11 pays Bangladesh, Bresil, Ethiopie, France, Ghana, Indonesie, Japon, Perou, Thailande, Turquie et Vietnam dans la mise en cuvre de politiques et de strategies d'atteinte et de maintien de la CSU. Tous ces pays se sont engages envers l'atteinte de la CSU, consideree comme une aspiration nationale cle, mais ont adopte a cet effet des approches distinctes. L'ouvrage examine les politiques de CSU de chaque pays a partir de 3 themes communs : (1) l'economie politique et le processus politique d'adoption, d'atteinte et de maintien de la CSU; (2) les politiques financieres d'amelioration de la couverture sanitaire; et (3) les ressources humaines en sante au service des politiques d'atteinte de la CSU. Les constats tires de ces etudes pays sont une source d'enseignements auxquels peuvent faire reference les pays qui aspirent a l'adoption, a l'atteinte et au maintien de la CSU. Meme si la voie vers la CSU reste specifique a chaque pays, tous peuvent profiter des experiences des autres en apprenant des differentes approches et en evitant les risques potentiels
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0592-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are you being served? : new tools for measuring service delivery (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821371851 , 082137186X , 9780821371855 , 9780821371862
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 423 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.1
    Keywords: Data Collection methods ; Developing Countries ; Educational surveys ; Health Services Research methods ; Health facilities Quality control ; Measurement ; Medical care Quality control ; Measurement ; Quality Assurance, Health Care economics ; Quality Assurance, Health Care methods ; Quality assurance Measurement ; Data Collection methods ; Developing Countries ; Educational surveys ; Health Services Research methods ; Health facilities Quality control ; Measurement ; Medical care Quality control ; Measurement ; Quality Assurance, Health Care economics ; Quality Assurance, Health Care methods ; Quality assurance Measurement ; Data Collection ; Developing Countries ; methods ; Educational surveys ; Health Services Research ; Health facilities ; Medical care ; Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Quality assurance
    Description / Table of Contents: Qualitative research to prepare quantitative analysis: absenteeism among health workers in two African countries -- Use of vignettes to measure the quality of health care -- Client satisfaction and the perceived quality of primary health care in Uganda -- Health facility and school surveys in the Indonesia family life surveys -- Collecting data from service providers within the living standards measurement study -- Sharing the gain: some common lessons on measuring service delivery.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: why measure service delivery? -- Assessment of health facility performance: an introduction to data and measurement issues -- An introduction to methodologies for measuring service delivery in education -- Administrative data is a study of local inequality and project choice: issues of interpretation and relevance -- What may be learned from project monitoring data? lessons from a nutrition program in Madagascar -- Program impact and variation in the duration of exposure -- Tracking public money in the health sector in Mozambique: conceptual and practical challenges -- Public expenditure tracking survey in a difficult environment: the case of Chad -- Lessons from school surveys in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea -- Assessment of health and education services in the aftermath of a disaster -- Ukraine school survey: design challenges, poverty linkages, and evaluation opportunities
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Demographic, Economic And Financial Determinants of International Remittances In Developing Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: H. Adams, Jr., Richard The Demographic, Economic And Financial Determinants of International Remittances In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances
    Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tracking Results in Agriculture and Rural Development in Less-Than-Ideal Conditions : A Sourcebook of Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Accountability ; Audits ; Capacity Building ; Communications Technology ; Communities ; Concessional Lending ; Corruption ; Data Collection ; Developing Countries ; Development Outcomes ; Development Policy ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Financial Management ; Flexibility ; Food Security ; GDP ; Good Governance ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ; Household Surveys ; Industry ; Innovation ; Living Standards ; Low-Income Countries ; Millennium Development Goals ; Population Policies ; Poverty Assessments ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Project Management ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Smallholders ; Social Development ; Technology Development ; Technology Industry ; Technology Transfer ; Transparency ; Web Sites
    Abstract: The purpose of this sourcebook is to pull together into a single document a collection of common sense tips and recommendations based on actual practices and experience around the world. The sourcebook aims first and foremost to help strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation (MandE) capacity at the national and sub-national levels, and to ensure a consistency of approach and methodology so that, at the global level, sufficient reliable and timely information can be accessed from the different countries and used to make cross-country comparisons and to calculate development indicators at the global level. The sourcebook is specifically targeted towards countries where conditions are less-than-ideal, particularly with respect to the availability of relevant information. The sourcebook also shows how a service delivery approach can be used to select indicators which can generate useful, easy-to-measure early outcome measures. It suggests that greater use be made of qualitative indicators, such as access, use and satisfaction. The sourcebook devotes considerable attention to the need for a strong statistical infrastructure and reviews the range of different statistical instruments available
    DOI: 10.1596/6200
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Abstract: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infant Mortality Over The Business Cycle In The Developing World (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baird, Sarah Infant Mortality Over The Business Cycle In The Developing World
    Keywords: Developing Countries ; Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Population Policies ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Developing Countries ; Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Population Policies ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Developing Countries ; Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Population Policies ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax
    Abstract: The diffusion of cost-effective life saving technologies has reduced infant mortality in much of the developing world. Income gains may also play a direct, protective role in ensuring child survival, although the empirical findings to date on this issue have been mixed. This paper assembles data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 59 countries to analyze the relationship between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality. The authors show that there is a strong, negative association between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality- in a first-differenced specification the implied elasticity of infant mortality with respect to per capita GDP is approximately -0.56. In addition to this central result, two findings are noteworthy. First, although there is some evidence of changes in the composition of women giving birth during economic upturns and downturns, the observed changes in infant mortality are not a result of mothers with protective characteristics timing fertility to correspond with the business cycle. Second, the association between infant mortality and per capita GDP is particularly pronounced for periods of large contractions in GDP, suggesting the inability of developing country households or health systems (or both) to smooth resources. Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations using the estimates suggest that there may have been more than 1 million "excess" deaths in the developing world since 1980 as a result of large, negative contractions in per capita GDP
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Growing Role of The Euro In Emerging Market Finance (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Masson, Paul R The Growing Role of The Euro In Emerging Market Finance
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Issuance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Reserve ; Holdings ; Home Currency ; International Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Issuance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Reserve ; Holdings ; Home Currency ; International Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Issuance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Reserve ; Holdings ; Home Currency ; International Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: More than eight years after the introduction of the euro, impacts on developing countries have been relatively modest. Overall, the euro has become much more important in debt issuance than in official foreign exchange reserve holdings. The former has benefited from the creation of a large set of investors for which the euro is the home currency, while demand for euro reserves has been held back by the dominance of the dollar as a vehicle and intervention currency, and the greater liquidity of the market for US treasury securities. Fears of further dollar decline may fuel some shifts out of dollars into euros, however, with the potential for a period of financial instability
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Insurance, Credit, And Technology Adoption : Field Experimental Evidence From Malawi (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Insurance, Credit, And Technology Adoption
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The adoption of new agricultural technologies may be discouraged because of their inherent riskiness. This study implemented a randomized field experiment to ask whether the provision of insurance against a major source of production risk induces farmers to take out loans to invest in a new crop variety. The study sample was composed of roughly 800 maize and groundnut farmers in Malawi, where by far the dominant source of production risk is the level of rainfall. We randomly selected half of the farmers to be offered credit to purchase high-yielding hybrid maize and improved groundnut seeds for planting in the November 2006 crop season. The other half of the farmers were offered a similar credit package but were also required to purchase (at actuarially fair rates) a weather insurance policy that partially or fully forgave the loan in the event of poor rainfall. Surprisingly, take up was lower by 13 percentage points among farmers offered insurance with the loan. Take-up was 33.0 percent for farmers who were offered the uninsured loan. There is suggestive evidence that the reduced take-up of the insured loan was due to the high cognitive cost of evaluating the insurance: insured loan take-up was positively correlated with farmer education levels. By contrast, the take-up of the uninsured loan was uncorrelated with farmer education
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  • 15
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    Are Price-Based Capital Account Regulations Effective In Developing Countries ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: David, Antonio C Are Price-Based Capital Account Regulations Effective In Developing Countries ?
    Keywords: Asset Price ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Boom-Bust Cycle ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberal ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Asset Price ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Boom-Bust Cycle ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberal ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Asset Price ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Boom-Bust Cycle ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberal ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The author evaluates the effectiveness of policy measures adopted by Chile and Colombia, aiming to mitigate the deleterious effects of pro-cyclical capital flows. In the case of Chile, according to his Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis, capital controls succeeded in reducing net short-term capital flows but did not affect long-term flows. As far as Colombia is concerned, the regulations were capable of affecting total flows and also long-term ones. In addition, the co-integration models indicate that the regulations did not have a direct effect on the real exchange rate in the Chilean case. Nonetheless, the model used for Colombia did detect a direct impact of the capital controls on the real exchange rate. Therefore, the results do not seem to support the idea that those regulations were easily evaded
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  • 16
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    Alternatives To Infrastructure Privatization Revisited : Public Enterprise Reform From The 1960s To The 1980s (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: A. Gomez-Ibanez, Jose Alternatives To Infrastructure Privatization Revisited
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Support ; Government Capacity ; Information Asymmetry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Bank ; Legal System ; Microfinance ; Political Economy ; Private Capital ; Private Investors ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Support ; Government Capacity ; Information Asymmetry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Bank ; Legal System ; Microfinance ; Political Economy ; Private Capital ; Private Investors ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Support ; Government Capacity ; Information Asymmetry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Bank ; Legal System ; Microfinance ; Political Economy ; Private Capital ; Private Investors ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Frustration with the performance of State-owned enterprises (SOEs) has led to two rounds of reform: the first round, from the 1960s through the 1980s, attempted to improve SOE performance while maintaining public ownership while the second, beginning in the late 1980s, viewed privatization as the answer. Interest in the earlier round of reform has increased recently as controversy has slowed or halted privatization in many countries, especially for SOEs providing infrastructure services that are basic to everyday life and are thought to have elements of monopoly. This paper reexamines the earlier round of reforms, focusing particularly on efforts to increase the firms' capacity with infusions of human and physical capital, to strengthen managerial incentives through performance contracts and corporatization and to alter the mix of political and economic forces that impinge on the firm by strengthening the involvement of taxpayers, customers or private investors. The review suggests that these earlier approaches generated only modest success but that some of them, selectively applied, may be helpful in improving the performance of infrastructure firms that remain in public hands
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  • 17
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    Asian Century Or Multi-Polar Century ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Asian Century Or Multi-Polar Century ?
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demographic ; Developing Countries ; Developing Economies ; Economic Performance ; Economic Performances ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Trade ; Future ; Future Prospects ; Globalization ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demographic ; Developing Countries ; Developing Economies ; Economic Performance ; Economic Performances ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Trade ; Future ; Future Prospects ; Globalization ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demographic ; Developing Countries ; Developing Economies ; Economic Performance ; Economic Performances ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Trade ; Future ; Future Prospects ; Globalization ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The "rise of Asia" is something of a myth. During 1990-2005 China accounted for 28 percent of global growth, measured at purchasing power parity (PPP). India accounted for 9 percent. The rest of developing Asia, with nearly a billion people, accounted for only 7 percent, the same as Latin America. Hence there is no general success of Asian developing economies. China has grown better than its developing neighbors because it started its reform with a better base of human capital, has been more open to foreign trade and investment, and created good investment climates in coastal cities. China's success changes the equation going forward: its wages are now two to three times higher than in the populous Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Vietnam), and China will become an ever-larger importer of natural resource and labor-intensive products. Developing countries need to become more open and improve their investment climates to benefit from these opportunities. China itself faces new challenges that could hamper its further development: unsustainable trade imbalance with the United States, energy and water scarcity and unsustainable use of natural resources, and growing inequality and social tension. To address the first two of these challenges, good cooperation between China and the United States is essential. The author concludes that we are more likely to be facing a "multi-polar century," than an Asian century
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  • 18
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    Controls On Capital Inflows And External Shocks (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: David, Antonio C Controls On Capital Inflows And External Shocks
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Credit Expansion ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Interest Rates ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Shocks ; Interest ; International Rates ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Credit Expansion ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Interest Rates ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Shocks ; Interest ; International Rates ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Credit Expansion ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Interest Rates ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Shocks ; Interest ; International Rates ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The author attempts to analyze whether price-based controls on capital inflows are successful in insulating economies against external shocks. He presents results from vector auto regressive (VAR) models that indicate that Chile and Colombia, countries that adopted controls on capital inflows, seem to have been relatively well insulated against external disturbances. Subsequently, he uses the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration to isolate the effects of the capital controls on the pass-through of external disturbances to domestic interest rates in those economies. The author concludes that there is evidence that the capital controls allowed for greater policy autonomy
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  • 19
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    Shadow Sovereign Ratings For Unrated Developing Countries (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mohapatra, Sanket Shadow Sovereign Ratings For Unrated Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Capital flows ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging market ; Emerging market economies ; Equity markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign currency ; International bond ; Loan ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sovereign Ratings ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Capital flows ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging market ; Emerging market economies ; Equity markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign currency ; International bond ; Loan ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sovereign Ratings ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Capital flows ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging market ; Emerging market economies ; Equity markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign currency ; International bond ; Loan ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sovereign Ratings ; Sovereign rating
    Abstract: The authors attempt to predict sovereign ratings for developing countries that do not have risk ratings from agencies such as Fitch, Moody's, and Standard and Poor's. Ratings affect capital flows to developing countries through international bond, loan, and equity markets. Sovereign rating also acts as a ceiling for the foreign currency rating of sub-sovereign borrowers. As of the end of 2006, however, only 86 developing countries have been rated by the rating agencies. Of these, 15 countries have not been rated since 2004. Nearly 70 developing countries have never been rated. The results indicate that the unrated countries are not always at the bottom of the rating spectrum. Several unrated poor countries appear to have a "B" or higher rating, in a similar range as the emerging market economies with capital market access. Drawing on the literature, the analysis presents a stylized relationship between borrowing costs and the credit rating of sovereign bonds. The launch spread rises as the credit rating deteriorates, registering a sharp rise at the investment grade threshold. Based on these findings, a case can be made in favor of helping poor countries obtain credit ratings not only for sovereign borrowing, but for sub-sovereign entities' access to international debt and equity capital. The rating model, along with the stylized relationship between spreads and ratings can be useful for securitization and other financial structures, and for leveraging official aid for improving borrowing terms in poor countries
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  • 20
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    Sovereign Natural Disaster Insurance For Developing Countries : A Paradigm Shift In Catastrophe Risk Financing (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ghesquiere, Francis Sovereign Natural Disaster Insurance For Developing Countries
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Economic theory suggests that countries should ignore uncertainty for public investment and behave as if indifferent to risk because they can pool risks to a much greater extent than private investors can. This paper discusses the general economic theory in the case of developing countries. The analysis identifies several cases where the government's risk-neutral assumption does not hold, thus making rational the use of ex ante risk financing instruments, including sovereign insurance. The paper discusses the optimal level of sovereign insurance. It argues that, because sovereign insurance is usually more expensive than post-disaster financing, it should mainly cover immediate needs, while long-term expenditures should be financed through post-disaster financing (including ex post borrowing and tax increases). In other words, sovereign insurance should not aim at financing the long-term resource gap, but only the short-term liquidity need
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  • 21
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    Distributional Effects of Educational Improvements : Are we using the Wrong Model? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, Francois Distributional Effects of Educational Improvements
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Capital Markets ; Credit Markets ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education for All ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public Spending ; Access to Finance ; Capital Markets ; Credit Markets ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education for All ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public Spending ; Access to Finance ; Capital Markets ; Credit Markets ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education for All ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public Spending
    Abstract: Measuring the incidence of public spending in education requires an intergenerational framework distinguishing between what current and future generations - that is, parents and children - give and receive. In standard distributional incidence analysis, households are assumed to receive a benefit equal to what is spent on their children enrolled in the public schooling system and, implicitly, to pay a fee proportional to their income. This paper shows that, in an intergenerational framework, this is equivalent to assuming perfectly altruistic individuals, in the sense of the dynastic model, and perfect capital markets. But in practice, credit markets are imperfect and poor households cannot borrow against the future income of their children. The authors show that under such circumstances, standard distributional incidence analysis may greatly over-estimate the progressivity of public spending in education: educational improvements that are progressive in the long-run steady state may actually be regressive for the current generation of poor adults. This is especially true where service delivery in education is highly inefficient - as it is in poor districts of many developing countries - so that the educational benefits received are relatively low in comparison with the cost of public spending. The results have implications for both policy measures and analytical approaches
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  • 22
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    Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the employment/productivity profile of growth and its sectoral pattern are correlated with poverty reduction. The authors use a sample of 104 short-run growth spells in developing countries, between 1980 and 2001. They also identify some conditions of the labor market and the economic environment that are associated with employment-intensive growth or specific sectoral growth. The results show that, in the short run, although the aggregate employment-rate intensity of growth does not matter for poverty reduction any more than the aggregate productivity intensity of growth, the sectoral pattern of employment growth and productivity growth is important. Employment-intensive growth in the secondary sector is associated with decreases in poverty, while employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with poverty increases. Similarly, productivity-intensive growth in agriculture is associated with decreases in poverty. Although the study does not address causality, coincidence of these phenomena in this large sample of heterogeneous countries and periods suggests that, in the short run, the sectoral productivity and employment pattern of growth may have important implications for poverty alleviation. Therefore, policies for reducing poverty should not overlook the sectoral productivity and employment implications of different growth policies
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  • 23
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    International Remittances And The Household : Analysis And Review of Global Evidence (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Adams, Richard H. Jr International Remittances And The Household
    Keywords: Citizens ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Development ; Global Development Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Level ; International Migrants ; International Migration ; Level of Poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Citizens ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Development ; Global Development Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Level ; International Migrants ; International Migration ; Level of Poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Citizens ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Development ; Global Development Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Level ; International Migrants ; International Migration ; Level of Poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Population Policies ; Remittances
    Abstract: This paper examines the economic impact of international remittances on countries and households in the developing world. To analyze the country-level impact of remittances, the paper estimates an econometric model based on a new data set of 115 developing countries. Results suggest that countries located close to a major remittance-sending region (like the United States, OECD-Europe) are more likely to receive international remittances, and that while the level of poverty in a country has no statistical effect on the amount of remittances received, for those countries which are fortunate enough to receive remittances, these resource flows do tend to reduce the level and depth of poverty. At the household level, a review of findings from recent research suggest that households receiving international remittances spend less at the margin on consumption goods-like food-and more on investment goods-like education and housing. Households receiving international remittances also tend to invest more in entrepreneurial activities
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  • 24
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    Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anos Casero, Paloma Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti
    Keywords: Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Limited fiscal space limits Djibouti's ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals and improve the living conditions of its population. Djibouti's fiscal structure is unique in that almost 70 percent of government revenue is denominated in foreign currency (import taxes, foreign aid grants, and military revenue) while over 50 percent of government expenditure is denominated in local currency (wages, salaries, and social transfers). Djibouti's economic structure is also unusual in that merchandise exports of local origin are insignificant, and the country relies heavily on imported goods (food, medicines, consumer and capital goods). A currency devaluation, by reducing real wages, could potentially generate additional fiscal space that would help meet Djibouti's fundamental development goals. Using macroeconomic and household level data, the authors quantify the impact of a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate on fiscal savings, real public sector wages, real income, and poverty under various hypothetical scenarios of exchange-rate pass-through and magnitude of devaluation. They find that a currency devaluation could generate fiscal savings in the short-term, but it would have an adverse effect on poverty and income distribution. A 30 percent nominal exchange rate devaluation could generate fiscal savings amounting between 3 and 7 percent of GDP. At the same time, a 30 percent nominal devaluation could cause nearly a fifth of the poorest households to fall below the extreme poverty line and pull the same fraction of upper middle-income households below the national poverty line. The authors also find that currency devaluation could generate net fiscal savings even after accounting for the additional social transfers needed to compensate the poor for their real income loss. However, the absence of formal social safety nets limits the government's readiness to provide well-targeted and timely social transfers to the poor
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  • 25
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    The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability
    Keywords: Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors examine empirically how domestic structural characteristics related to openness and product- and factor-market flexibility influence the impact that terms-of-trade shocks can have on aggregate output. For this purpose, they apply an econometric methodology based on semi-structural vector auto-regressions to a panel of 90 countries with annual observations for the period 1974-2000. Using this methodology, the authors isolate and standardize the shocks, estimate their impact on GDP, and examine how this impact depends on the domestic conditions outlined above. They find that larger trade openness magnifies the output impact of external shocks, particularly the negative ones, while improvements in labor market flexibility and financial openness reduce their impact. Domestic financial depth has a more nuanced role in stabilizing the economy. It helps reduce the impact of external shocks particularly in environments of high exposure-that is, when trade and financial openness are high, firm entry is unrestricted, and labor markets are rigid
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  • 26
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    Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stifel, David Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Following the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals, there is an increasing demand for methods to track poverty regularly. This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of regular, comparable data on household consumption. The minimum data requirements for the methodology are the availability of a household budget survey and a series of surveys with a comparable set of asset data also contained in the budget survey. The methodology is illustrated using a series of Demographic Health Surveys from Kenya
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  • 27
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    The Demography of Youth In Developing Countries And Its Economic Implications (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (61 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lam, David The Demography of Youth In Developing Countries And Its Economic Implications
    Keywords: Changes In Fertility ; Demographic Changes ; Developing Countries ; Economic Change ; Economic Implications ; Family Resources ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Policy ; Policy Res ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Youth and Government ; Changes In Fertility ; Demographic Changes ; Developing Countries ; Economic Change ; Economic Implications ; Family Resources ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Policy ; Policy Res ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Youth and Government ; Changes In Fertility ; Demographic Changes ; Developing Countries ; Economic Change ; Economic Implications ; Family Resources ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Policy ; Policy Res ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: The number of young people is reaching unprecedented levels in most developing countries. In many countries, especially in East Asia and Latin America, youth populations are at or near their peak, and will decline in coming decades. In other countries, especially in Africa and South Asia, youth populations will continue growing for several decades. From an economic perspective, absolute numbers may be less important than the growth rate or relative size of youth cohorts. Growth rates and the ratio of youth to working-age population reached a peak in the 1970s or 1980s in most developing countries. The worst economic pressures of youth demography may have already occurred in many countries, although significant pressure will continue in Africa and South Asia
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  • 28
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    A Profile of The World's Young Developing Country Migrants (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David J A Profile of The World's Young Developing Country Migrants
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Country of Origin ; Culture & Development ; Developing Countries ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Internal Migration ; Labor Force ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Movement of People ; Policy ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Country of Origin ; Culture & Development ; Developing Countries ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Internal Migration ; Labor Force ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Movement of People ; Policy ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Country of Origin ; Culture & Development ; Developing Countries ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Internal Migration ; Labor Force ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Movement of People ; Policy ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: The paper uses individual level census and household survey data to present a rich profile of the young developing migrants around the world. Youth are found to comprise a large share of all migrants, particularly in migration to other developing countries, with the probability of migration peaking in the late teens or early twenties. The paper examines in detail the age and gender composition of migrants, whether young migrants move alone or with a parent or spouse, their participation in schooling and work in the destination country, the types of jobs they do, and the age of return migration. The results suggest a high degree of commonality in the youth migrant experience across a number of destination countries. In particular, developing country youth tend to work in similar occupations all around the world, and are more concentrated in these occupations than older migrants or native youth. Nevertheless, there is also considerable heterogeneity among youth migrants: 29 percent of 18 to 24 year olds are attending school in their destination country, but another 29 percent are not working or in school. This illustrates both the potential of migration for building human capital, and the fear that lack of integration prevents it from being used
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  • 29
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    Migration And Remittances : Causes And Linkages (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Niimi, Yoko Migration And Remittances
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances
    Abstract: The authors empirically examine the determinants of remittance flows at the cross-country level. They consider, among other things, the significance of the level of migration, the education level of migrants, and financial sector development in determining remittances. Given the potential endogeneity problems, the migration and financial development variables are instrumented in the estimation. They find that the migration level is the main driver of remittance flows, even after controlling for the endogeneity bias through instrumental variable estimation. The authors also find that the education level of migrants relative to the population in home countries, the size of the economy, and the level of economic development of recipient countries adversely affect remittance flows. While they find the effect of financial sector development to be positive, its significance is not strongly supported in their analysis
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  • 30
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    The Macro Financing of Natural Hazards In Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mahul, Olivier The Macro Financing of Natural Hazards In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The authors propose a financial model to address the design of efficient risk financing strategies against natural disasters at the country level. It is simple enough to shed analytical light on some of the key issues but flexible and realistic enough to provide some quantitative guidance on the ex ante financing of catastrophic losses. The risk financing problem is decomposed into two steps. First, the resource gap, defined as the difference between losses and available ex-post resources (such as post-disaster aid), is identified. It determines the losses to be financed by ex ante financial instruments (reserves, catastrophe insurance, and contingent debt). Second, the cost-minimizing financial arrangements are derived from the marginal costs of the financial instruments. The model is solved through a series of graphical analyses that make this complex financial problem easier to apprehend. This model captures and explains the main impacts of financial parameters (such as insurance premium, cost of capital) on efficient risk financing structures
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  • 31
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    Does Insurance Market Activity Promote Economic Growth ? : Country Study For Industrial And Developing Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arena, Marco Does Insurance Market Activity Promote Economic Growth ?
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Insurance market activity, both as a financial intermediary and a provider of risk transfer and indemnification, may contribute to economic growth by allowing different risks to be managed more efficiently and by mobilizing domestic savings. During the past decade, there has been faster growth in insurance market activity, particularly in emerging markets given the process of liberalization and financial integration, which raises questions about its impact on economic growth. The author tests whether there is a causal relationship between insurance market activity (life and nonlife insurance) and economic growth. Using the generalized method of moments for dynamic models of panel data for 56 countries and for the 1976-2004 period, he finds robust evidence of a causal relationship between insurance market activity and economic growth. Both life and nonlife insurance have a positive and significant causal effect on economic growth. High-income countries drive the results in the case of life insurance. On the other hand, both high-income and developing countries drive the results in the case of nonlife insurance
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  • 32
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    Bank Efficiency, Ownership, And Market Structure : Why Are Interest Spreads So High In Uganda ? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Efficiency, Ownership, And Market Structure
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Using a unique bank-level data set on the Ugandan banking system during 1999-2005, the authors explore the factors behind consistently high interest rate spreads and margins. While foreign banks charge lower interest rate spreads, they do not find a robust and economically significant relationship between privatization, foreign bank entry, market structure, and banking efficiency. Similarly, macroeconomic variables can explain little of the over-time variation in bank spreads. Bank-level characteristics, on the other hand, such as bank size, operating costs, and composition of loan portfolio explain a large proportion of cross-bank, cross-time variation in spreads and margins. However, time-invariant bank-level fixed effects explain the largest part of bank variation in spreads and margins. Further, the authors find tentative evidence that banks targeting the low end of the market incur higher costs and therefore higher margins
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  • 33
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    Taking Stock of Risk Management Techniques for Sovereigns (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Taking Stock of Risk Management Techniques for Sovereigns
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews the current state of affairs and thinking on external risk management for developing countries. It tries to identify the reasons behind the limited risk management by sovereigns. Perverse incentives arising from a too generous international safety net, limited access to international financial markets by developing countries arising from low creditworthiness, a limited supply of financial risk management tools suited to developing countries, and a poor supply of skills have inhibited risk management. Another constraint has been the limited attention given to the strategic objectives for risk management. Going forward, the paper identifies actions by international financial markets, countries and international financial institutions that can help improve risk management
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  • 34
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    The Construction And Interpretation of Combined Cross-Section And Time-Series Inequality Datasets (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (67 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph F The Construction And Interpretation of Combined Cross-Section And Time-Series Inequality Datasets
    Keywords: Cross-Country Inequality ; Data Quality ; Developing Countries ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Explaining Inequality ; Gini Coefficient ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Income Study ; Inequality ; Information Security and Privacy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Cross-Country Inequality ; Data Quality ; Developing Countries ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Explaining Inequality ; Gini Coefficient ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Income Study ; Inequality ; Information Security and Privacy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Cross-Country Inequality ; Data Quality ; Developing Countries ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Explaining Inequality ; Gini Coefficient ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Income Study ; Inequality ; Information Security and Privacy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The inequality dataset compiled in the 1990s by the World Bank and extended by the United Nations has been both widely used and strongly criticized. The criticisms raise questions about conclusions drawn from secondary inequality datasets in general. The authors develop techniques to deal with national and international comparability problems intrinsic to such datasets. The result is a new dataset of consistent inequality series, allowing them to explore problems of measurement error. In addition, the new data allow the authors to perform parametric non-linear estimation of Lorenz curves from grouped data. This in turn allows them to estimate the entire income distribution, computing alternative inequality indexes and poverty estimates. Finally, the authors use their broadly comparable dataset to examine international patterns of inequality and poverty
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  • 35
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    Which Inequality Matters? : Growth Evidence Based On Small Area Welfare Estimates In Uganda (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schipper, Youdi Which Inequality Matters?
    Keywords: Cross-Country Data ; Data Sets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Empirical Studies ; Equity and Development ; Growth Regression ; Growth Regressions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Cross-Country Data ; Data Sets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Empirical Studies ; Equity and Development ; Growth Regression ; Growth Regressions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Cross-Country Data ; Data Sets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Empirical Studies ; Equity and Development ; Growth Regression ; Growth Regressions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Existing empirical studies on the relation between inequality and growth have been criticized for their focus on income inequality and their use of cross-country data sets. Schipper and Hoogeveen use two sets of small area welfare estimates-often referred to as poverty maps-to estimate a model of rural per capita expenditure growth for Uganda between 1992 and 1999. They estimate the growth effects of expenditure and education inequality while controlling for other factors, such as initial levels of expenditure and human capital, family characteristics, and unobserved spatial heterogeneity. The authors correct standard errors to reflect the uncertainty due to the fact that they use estimates rather than observations. They find that per capita expenditure growth in rural Uganda is affected positively by the level of education as well as by the degree of education inequality. Expenditure inequality does not have a significant impact on growth
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