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  • 1
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 2012 -
    DDC: 380
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Migration ; Minderheit
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 2012 -
    DDC: 380
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Migration ; Minderheit
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264305229
    Language: English
    Pages: 84 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Working Together for Local Integration of Migrants and Refugees in Berlin
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Migranten ; Soziale Integration ; Berlin ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Berlin ; Flüchtlingshilfe ; Soziale Integration
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264305243
    Language: English
    Pages: 193 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Working together
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Working together
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Working Together: Skills and Labour Market Integration of Immigrants and their Children in Finland
    Keywords: Migranten ; Kinder ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Qualifikation ; Finnland ; Graue Literatur ; Finnland ; Einwanderung ; Berufliche Integration ; Qualifikation
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  • 5
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Establishing Mexico's Regulatory Agency for Rail Transport: Peer Review of Regulatory Capacity
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Los ferrocarriles de carga mexicanos son altamente eficientes y están operados por concesiones privadas. Éstas se diseñaron para fomentar la competencia entre ferrocarriles verticalmente integrados en mercados clave, mediante vías paralelas, rutas alternas, y el derecho a usar las vías de otro ferrocarril en secciones específicas de la red. Por lo general el sistema ha funcionado bien pero el déficit en capacidad regulatoria ha resultado ser un obstáculo en la resolución de controversias sobre el uso de los derechos de paso y las condiciones de acceso para algunos transportistas. La Ley Reglamentaria del Servicio Ferroviario se modificó en enero del 2015 para solucionar estas deficiencias a través de medidas que incluyen el establecimiento de una nueva Agencia Reguladora del Transporte Ferroviario. La clave del éxito de esta nueva Agencia radicará en su capacidad, en términos de pericia económica, para emitir decisiones sobre cuestiones de acceso a los servicios ferroviarios. Para ser robustas ante las contestaciones legales, las decisiones de la Agencia tendrán que estar económicamente bien argumentadas y acompañadas por una comunicación eficiente para proporcionar confianza a todas las partes involucradas, incluyendo a las cortes, sobre la solidez de los dictámenes. La Agencia requerirá los recursos suficientes para llevar a cabo sus labores. Para proporcionar asistencia en la construcción de esta capacidad regulatoria, el Foro Internacional del Transporte y la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes organizaron un encuentro entre los reguladores mexicanos y las instituciones reguladoras clave del transporte ferroviario de Canadá y los Estados Unidos de América para analizar las prácticas de regulación y los recursos que para ello fueron alocados a estas jurisdicciones. El presente reporte resume los hallazgos de esta consulta. Este Reporte es parte de la serie Análisis de Casos Específicos de Política Pública. Estos son estudios temáticos sobre cuestiones específicas realizados por el FIT con el acuerdo de las instituciones locales.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.81
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Quel(s) aspect(s) professionnel(s) apportent le plus de satisfaction aux professeurs de sciences ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Teachers play a vital role in the lives of their students. They impart knowledge, provide pastoral care, act as role models and, above all, create an environment that’s conducive to learning. But teaching is fraught with numerous challenges that could lead to dissatisfaction; some teachers might decide to leave the profession entirely. In fact, in many countries around the world, high attrition rates are considered to be the most important factor contributing to the shortage of qualified science teachers. So what is it that science teachers find satisfying about their work – satisfying enough that they want to keep teaching, despite any challenges they might face?
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.177
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Numeracy practices and numeracy skills among adults
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Nous étudions les liens entre les compétences et les pratiques des adultes en numératie dans leur vie de tous les jours et au travail en analysant les données de l’enquête internationale sur les adultes, un produit du Programme pour l’évaluation internationale des compétences des adultes (PIAAC), portant sur 250 000 adultes âgés de 16 à 65 ans et menée par l’OCDE dans 33 pays et régions. La maîtrise des compétences et l'intensité d'engagement dans les pratiques sont deux aspects liés de la numératie. Les adultes compétents en numératie y ont recours plus fréquemment, et ceux qui pratiquent régulièrement la numératie améliorent leurs performances. Plusieurs facteurs jouent sur la force de ces liens, mais différemment selon les pays. L'intensité de pratique au quotidien diminue avec l'éloignement des études. Par ailleurs, les actifs occupés pratiquent moins la numératie dans le cadre privé s'ils n’y ont pas intensivement recours dans leur travail.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Who wants to become a teacher and why?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: En moyenne, dans les pays de l’OCDE, 4,2 % des élèves de 15 ans envisagent une carrière dans l’enseignement – soit un pourcentage supérieur à celui des enseignants dans la population adulte. Dans de nombreux pays, les élèves de 15 ans espérant devenir enseignants obtiennent de moins bons scores en mathématiques et en compréhension de l’écrit que ceux envisageant d’exercer d’autres professions nécessitant, à l’instar de l’enseignement, au moins un diplôme universitaire. Toutefois, les données de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes montrent que les enseignants ont en général des compétences en numératie similaires à celles des autres diplômés universitaires. L’écart de compétence entre les élèves espérant devenir enseignants et ceux envisageant d’exercer une autre profession intellectuelle ou scientifique est souvent plus marqué dans les pays peu performants que dans ceux très performants. Les pays où le salaire des enseignants est plus élevé (par rapport au PIB) et où la profession d’enseignant jouit d’un meilleur statut social présentent, en moyenne, des pourcentages plus importants d’élèves envisageant de devenir enseignants.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.187
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) : Cadre conceptuel
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) is an ongoing large-scale survey of teachers, school leaders and their learning environments, with the first survey taking place in 2008. The survey is administered in lower secondary schools (ISCED 2) and, as an option, is administered in primary (ISCED 1) and upper secondary (ISCED 3) schools. The survey is also optionally administered in PISA sampled schools, forming a TALIS-PISA link. Therefore, this TALIS 2018 conceptual framework builds on the previous two cycles in 2008 and 2013 and underpins the survey’s focus on effective instructional and institutional conditions that enhance student learning, while describing how these vary both within and across countries, and over time. The 2018 framework addresses enduring themes and priorities related to professional characteristics and pedagogical practices at the institutional and individual levels: teachers’ educational background and initial preparation; their professional development, instructional and professional practices; self-efficacy and job satisfaction; and issues of school leadership, feedback systems, and school climate. It also addresses emerging policy and research interests related to innovation and teaching in diverse environments and settings. The document provides scientific foundations for each area, along with the major influences from related research in education at the OECD and beyond. Finally, the conceptual framework provides a general overview of the survey’s operations and its implementation process through its different stages.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.23
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Sub-national insolvency frameworks stipulate rules and procedures to resolve sub-national debt in a prompt and orderly way. As such they may serve to facilitate debt restructuring and the fiscal recovery of sub-national entities. They may even prevent sub-national governments from sliding into insolvency. This paper identifies the benefits of setting up an insolvency framework for sub-national governments complementing existing budget rules and procedures. It analyses different design options of sub-national insolvency frameworks by drawing on existing regimes for municipalities in Colombia, Hungary, South Africa, Switzerland and the United States as well as proposals for sovereign bankruptcy procedures in the literature. The paper also explores the main challenges for implementing sub-national insolvency regimes and presents possible solutions.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What does teaching look like?: A new video study
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: S’il est admis que les enseignants peuvent jouer un rôle essentiel dans la réussite des élèves, nous en savons en revanche très peu sur la façon dont ils enseignent et les caractéristiques d’un « bon » enseignement. L’Étude vidéo TALIS est un nouveau projet de l’OCDE visant à comprendre les pratiques pédagogiques utilisées et leurs modalités d’interaction afin de déterminer lesquelles ont la plus forte incidence sur les résultats cognitifs et non cognitifs des élèves. Cette étude utilisera l’observation vidéo pour présenter l’enseignement dans toute la réalité de son exercice dans différents pays. Elle mettra aussi en avant des données provenant d’enquêtes auprès des enseignants et des élèves, d’évaluations d’élèves et encore d’autres supports pédagogiques, afin de donner un aperçu aussi exhaustif que possible de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage. L’étude plonge au coeur des différentes composantes de l’enseignement afin d’illustrer de façon systématique, détaillée et cohérente un large éventail d’approches pédagogiques dans les huit systèmes d’éducation participants.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What influences spending on education?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les dépenses au titre du personnel enseignant représentent le poste le plus important du budget de l’éducation et dépendent d’au moins quatre facteurs : le nombre d’heures d’instruction pour les élèves ; le nombre d’heures d’enseignement pour les enseignants ; la taille des classes ; et le salaire des enseignants. Combinés, ces quatre facteurs déterminent le coût salarial des enseignants par élève. Le coût salarial des enseignants par élève augmente en général avec l’élévation du niveau d’enseignement. Cette tendance s’explique principalement par l’augmentation du salaire des enseignants et du nombre d’heures d’instruction, ainsi que la diminution du nombre d’heures d’enseignement. Des niveaux similaires de coût salarial des enseignants par élève peuvent masquer des choix politiques très différents. Il est établi que, dans les pays à revenu élevé, la priorisation du salaire des enseignants sur la taille des classes tend à favoriser l’amélioration des résultats des élèves.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 p.)
    Series Statement: SIGMA Papers no.58
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Managerial accountability means both a clear focus on performance and compliance with rules. It requires holding managers accountable for results by assigning them responsibility, delegating authority for decision making, and giving them the autonomy and resources necessary to achieve the expected results. In the Western Balkans, achieving progress with public internal financial control and public administration reforms more generally has proven especially difficult in the absence of good conditions for managerial accountability. This Paper analyses the state of play regarding managerial accountability in the region based on the Principles of Public Administration developed by SIGMA in collaboration with the European Commission. This paper has also benefitted from broader OECD analytical work, including OECD standards and policy frameworks. It explains many of the current barriers to the development of results-oriented accountability of managers. Its objective is to advise key state authorities in the Western Balkans on how to develop favourable conditions for managerial accountability.
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  • 14
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.52
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Who bears the cost of early childhood education and how does it affect enrolment?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’exécutif local est le principal contributeur au financement de l’éducation de la petite enfance en particulier des biens et services éducatifs de base tels que la rémunération du personnel et les infrastructures scolaires. Les ménages et autres entités privées assument une plus grande part des coûts qu’aux autres niveaux d’enseignement, notamment pour les services auxiliaires tels que la restauration, la santé scolaire et le transport. Les dépenses publiques au titre des établissements d’enseignement, les transferts et les subventions du secteur privé, ainsi que les modalités d’affectation des financements, peuvent contribuer à accroître la participation à l’éducation de la petite enfance. L’augmentation des dépenses au titre de l’éducation de la petite enfance ne se traduit pas systématiquement par une élévation des taux de scolarisation, les financements pouvant être utilisés pour améliorer la qualité de l’apprentissage en revalorisant le salaire des enseignants, en investissant davantage dans les équipements scolaires ou en privilégiant la réduction du nombre d’élèves par enseignant.
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.08
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This pilot study presents indicators that assess sub-central government (SCG) spending power by policy area. Traditional indicators – such as the share of SCG in total government spending – are often misleading as they underestimate the impact of central government regulation on sub-central spending patterns. In order to gauge true spending power, a set of institutional indicators is established, based on a detailed assessment of institutional, regulatory and administrative control central government exerts over various SCG policy areas. Results tend to confirm the limited discretion of SCGs over their own budget. Education in particular – the main SCG budget item in most countries – is strongly shaped by central government regulation. Federal countries tend to grant more spending power to SCGs than unitary countries.
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.84
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Quels types d’activités pratiquent en général les adolescents ayant de bonnes compétences de collaboration ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Schools are not just four walls inside of which students learn how to read, write and think. Schools provide a venue where young people meet each other, and where they develop relationships and friendships that may last for decades. At school, students socialise and hone the interpersonal skills that are required to function effectively in the workplace and in society at large. Employers value such skills more now than ever before: wages have risen more for jobs that demand a high level of social skills than for jobs that require only a low level of social skills. But until now, there was no measure of students’ ability to work together that was consistent across countries. PISA changed that when it introduced its collaborative problem-solving assessment in 2015, which, more specifically, measured students’ ability to work together to solve problems and achieve goals.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.82
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Performance et bien-être des élèves issus de l’immigration : Comment se situent les différents pays ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The ability of societies to preserve social cohesion in the presence of large migration flows depends on their capacity to integrate immigrants. Education can help immigrants acquire skills and contribute to the host-country economy; it can also foster immigrants’ social and emotional well-being and sustain their motivation to participate in the social and civic life of their new communities – and, by doing so, help them integrate more easily. But ensuring that students with an immigrant background have good well-being outcomes represents a significant challenge, because many immigrant or mixed-heritage students must overcome the adversities associated with displacement, socio-economic disadvantage, language barriers and the difficulty of forging a new identity all at the same time.
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  • 18
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.57
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Is labour market demand keeping pace with the rising educational attainment of the population?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l’OCDE, le pourcentage de diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire augmente, tandis que celui des moins instruits recule. Bien qu’ils n’aient jamais été aussi nombreux, les diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire continuent d’obtenir de bons résultats sur le marché du travail. Ce constat confirme que la demande du marché du travail suit dans l’ensemble le rythme de l’élévation du niveau de formation. L’avantage dont bénéficient les diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire sur le marché du travail par rapport aux diplômés du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire ou de l’enseignement post-secondaire non tertiaire n’a reculé que dans environ un quart des pays de l’OCDE au cours des 20 dernières années, signe potentiel d’un ralentissement de la demande de diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire. Les pays doivent en outre s’attaquer au problème des piètres perspectives d’emploi des jeunes hommes et des jeunes femmes non diplômés du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.190
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: New teachers entering the profession are said to bring with them enthusiasm, idealism and recent training – a promising combination for innovative teaching. However, these early career teachers are also commonly portrayed as professionals facing exceptional challenges, with fragile identities who leave the career in high proportions. Can these new teachers help schools to innovate while trying to perform as effective teachers during their initial years? This paper argues that the difficulties most early career teachers encounter, which have largely remained unchanged over the last 50 years, are embedded characteristics of the teaching profession. Further, it discusses the importance of the first five years of the teacher career in acquiring critical professional skills, and highlights the importance of context over experience per se. The paper concludes by making the case that these first five years could work as a residency for early career teachers – similar to that of medical training – where they could receive support to experiment in sheltered environments. This professional residency might represent a policy milestone in the building of a continuum of teachers’ professional growth and development.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comment les professeurs de sciences enseignent-ils leur discipline – et cela fait-il une différence ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Much ink has been spilled debating the merits of different science-teaching practices. Proponents of enquiry-based science teaching argue that this approach exposes students to the procedures used by professional scientists, while the proponents of traditional practices emphasise the role of teachers in transmitting knowledge about science and in guiding students’ learning. So what is the best practice to use and is success contingent on the school environment? PISA 2015 asked students about the teaching practices they are exposed to at school. The analysis of these data reveals interesting findings about the effectiveness of certain teaching practices, particularly enquiry-based science activities and teacher-directed science instruction.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.181
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Although access to formal education has improved internationally for children with disabilities, concerns remain about education quality for this student population. Using data on 121 173 teachers from 38 countries in the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), this study examined the qualifications and professional development (PD) needs of teachers who work with children with special needs. The results indicate that teachers responsible for students with special needs had, on average, lower qualifications, worked in itinerant positions more frequently and expressed greater professional development need than colleagues who did not teach students with special needs. The need for professional development among teachers who taught special needs students was lowest in schools with greater instructional leadership. Additionally, only a small percentage of teachers reported that their professional development had a positive impact on their instruction. The paper discusses policy implications for teacher recruitment and designing professional development.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.61
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How is the tertiary-educated population evolving?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ces dix prochaines années, un pourcentage croissant de jeunes adultes devraient obtenir un diplôme de l’enseignement tertiaire, la Chine et l’Inde caracolant en tête – en particulier dans les domaines en plein essor et extrêmement porteurs des STIM. Cependant, si dans les pays de l’OCDE et du G20, le pourcentage de diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire devrait augmenter davantage chez les femmes que chez les hommes, celles-ci pourraient néanmoins continuer de rester en retrait dans les domaines des STIM, où elles ont toujours été sous-représentées. Dans un avenir proche, le défi consistera à garantir que les systèmes d’éducation sont en mesure de délivrer des diplômes de l’enseignement tertiaire d’une qualité et d’une pertinence optimales, dans un souci constant d’équité et d’inclusivité.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Qui veut devenir enseignant et pour quelles raisons?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: On average across OECD countries, 4.2% of 15-year-old students expect to work as teachers – a greater proportion than the share of teachers in the adult population. In many countries, 15-year-old students who expect to work as teachers have lower mathematics and reading scores than students who expect to work in other professions that, like teaching, require at least a university degree. However, data from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills show that the numeracy skills of teachers tend to be similar to the numeracy skills of other degree holders. The skills gap between students who expect a career in teaching and those who expect a career as another type of professional is often larger in low-performing versus top-performing countries. Countries with higher teacher salaries (relative to GDP) and higher perceptions of the social value of the teaching profession have, on average, larger shares of students who expect to work as teachers.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Can equity in education foster social mobility?
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’équité dans l’éducation peut-elle favoriser la mobilité sociale ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La equidad es un valor fundamental y un principio rector de la política y práctica educativa, pero no necesariamente se materializa en las escuelas y sistemas educativos de todo el mundo. Existen grandes variaciones entre las economías y los países participantes en PISA en cuanto a la magnitud de la diferencia que supone el estatus socioeconómico en el aprendizaje, el bienestar y el logro en la educación superior de los estudiantes. Esto sugiere que la política y la práctica educativa tienen un papel fundamental a la hora de reducir las desigualdades socioeconómicas en la educación. La equidad no significa que todos los estudiantes obtengan resultados educativos iguales, sino que las diferencias en los resultados de los estudiantes no están relacionadas con sus orígenes o circunstancias económicas y sociales sobre las cuales no tienen control. La equidad en la educación significa que los estudiantes de diferente origen socioeconómico alcancen niveles similares de rendimiento académico y de bienestar social y emocional, y que tengan las mismas probabilidades de obtener títulos de enseñanza superior, como títulos universitarios, que les facilitarán el éxito en el mercado laboral y les permitirán alcanzar sus objetivos como miembros adultos de la sociedad. Los sistemas educativos deben identificar cómo aprende mejor cada estudiante y adaptar las oportunidades de aprendizaje a sus necesidades. El recién publicado informe PISA, Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility (Equidad en la educación: superar las barreras a la movilidad social), muestra que la reducción de las diferencias relacionadas con el estatus socioeconómico en términos de lo que los estudiantes que están a punto de terminar la educación obligatoria pueden hacer con lo que han aprendido podría brindar más oportunidades a los niños y jóvenes nacidos en el seno de familias desfavorecidas para mejorar su condición socioeconómica.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.171
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: PISA4U is an online programme developed by CANDENA in association with the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) which brings together teachers from around the world in order to learn from one another and develop meaningful, tangible improvements in their schools. This work is supported by an online collaborative learning environment that contributes to the strengthening of these strategic developments across borders and educational silos by providing participants with foundational guidance, inspiration, and support. The programme is based on an innovative collaborative learning format built upon the principles of teamwork, peer-to-peer feedback and exchange, project-based learning, mentorship, and expert input. The pilot edition of the PISA4U programme conducted in 2017 has resulted in the development of a passionate global community of educators working together to produce innovative ideas and to bring them into their own classrooms. While originally conceived for 2 000 participants, PISA4U has attracted more than 6 000 registered participants from 172 countries and school systems. Overall, the PISA4U pilot programme has shown that educators around the world are in need of connection with, and support from, one another. They are motivated to address the challenges they face in their profession, eager to collaborate and share knowledge with one another, and determined to develop tangible solutions for change. As a result of the programme, participants created over 100 innovative teaching resources which are now available within the PISA4U global library of teaching resources and can be accessed by teachers and educators from around the world free of charge.
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  • 26
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Notes ouest-africaines no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gender Inequality in West African Social Institutions
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les institutions sociales discriminatoires que sont les lois formelles et informelles, normes et pratiques sociales, restreignent les droits et les opportunités d’autonomisation des femmes dans les 17 pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest. De nouvelles lois et mesures sur les droits des femmes et la parité se sont accompagnées de progrès sensibles. Cependant, les institutions sociales discriminatoires continuent à contraindre l’accès des femmes aux ressources productives, à favoriser les atteintes à leur intégrité physique et à restreindre leur pouvoir décisionnel dans les sphères privée et publique. Cela entrave l’accès à l’éducation et aux opportunités économiques des femmes et des filles, réduisant ainsi le potentiel de développement des pays. Les analyses basées sur l’indicateur Institutions sociales et égalité femme-homme (SIGI) du Centre de développement de l’OCDE fournissent aux décideurs politiques et acteurs du développement des éléments probants nécessaires à la conception de politiques et de programmes plus efficaces. Placer les institutions sociales au cœur des réponses politiques ouvre des perspectives nouvelles et durables de promotion de l’égalité femmes-hommes dans les stratégies de développement nationales et régionales.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.60
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Quels liens entre dépression et éducation ?
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: People with higher levels of education report less prevalence of depression in all OECD countries with data. A greater share of women than men report suffering from depression, but the share decreases more steeply for women than for men as educational attainment increases. Employment is associated with a lower share of self-reported depression, especially among low-educated adults. Given that mental illness has its onset in childhood or adolescence, these findings highlight the important role education systems play in ensuring students complete their education and successfully transition into the workplace.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.183
    Keywords: Education ; Norway
    Abstract: As is the case in most OECD countries, boys in Norway are more likely to have lower levels of academic achievement and attainment than girls. While this phenomenon is not recent, it has become increasingly pronounced in recent years and, as a result, is attracting considerable attention from policy-makers in many countries. This paper develops evidence of gender gaps in educational outcomes in Norway and selected OECD countries and identifies examples of policies and practices that could help close existing gender gaps in Norway. The first part of the paper describes gender gaps in school achievement, attainment, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours using an international comparative analysis. Evidence from PIRLS, TIMSS, PISA and the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) is used to identify gender gaps during primary and secondary schooling as well as young adulthood. The second part of the paper summarises evidence on policies and practices that were implemented in other countries and that could support efforts in Norway to mitigate, prevent and reduce gender gaps in achievement and attainment. Most of the evidence on policies and practices reviewed in the report comes from the peer countries Finland, the Netherlands and the United States that were identified of particular relevance for Norway, given the policy challenge Norway faces.
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  • 29
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What are the gender differences and the labour market outcomes across the different fields of study?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: À l’instar du marché du travail, certains domaines d’études présentent de forts déséquilibres entre les sexes. La plupart des diplômés à l’issue d’une formation dans le domaine de l’éducation sont des femmes, tandis que c’est l’inverse qui s’observe dans les domaines de l’ingénierie, des industries de transformation et de la construction. Dans tous les domaines d’études dont les données sont disponibles, les hommes ont un taux d’emploi supérieur à celui des femmes, avec un écart plus marqué dans ceux à prédominance masculine tels que les STIM. Il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre les préférences des garçons et des filles pour les différents domaines d’études, car leurs compétences ne permettent pas d’expliquer à elles seules leurs choix: malgré l’obtention de scores similaires à ceux des garçons à l’évaluation PISA de sciences, les filles restent en retrait dans les domaines scientifiques.
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  • 30
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How does access to early childhood education services affect the participation of women in the labour market?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Si l’on reconnaît aujourd’hui unanimement les bénéfices des services d’éducation et d’accueil des jeunes enfants (EAJE) sur le plan de l’apprentissage, l’élargissement et l’accessibilité de l’offre de ce type de services aident aussi à renforcer l’égalité entre les sexes sur le marché du travail. L’accessibilité, l’intensité, la fiabilité et le prix abordable des services d’EAJE jouent en particulier un rôle essentiel dans la participation des femmes au marché du travail à temps plein. L’EAJE fait l’objet d’une attention accrue de la part des décideurs ces dernières décennies, mais d’importantes variations persistent entre les pays et le coût de ces services reste un obstacle à l’accès à l’emploi rémunéré pour les familles défavorisées et les parents isolés, principalement les mères. Davantage d’efforts doivent être consentis pour accroître l’offre et l’accessibilité de services gratuits d’EAJE, en particulier pour les enfants de moins de 3 ans.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe A history of Egypt's social spring
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 32
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Can more social spending curb emigration?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 33
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
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  • 35
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 36
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Table ronde de l’Observateur de l’OCDE sur les petites et moyennes entreprises
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport ; Economics
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  • 40
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Industry and Services
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 42
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Citoyens, confiance et administration : trouver la bonne mesure
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics
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  • 43
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Faire table rase n’est plus une option
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
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  • 45
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving life in France’s lower-income neighbourhoods
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics
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  • 48
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pour accroître durablement la croissance et le bien-être, l’Afrique doit accélérer son développement par le savoir grâce à des politiques et des investissements scientifiquement étayés.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 52
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
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  • 54
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
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  • 55
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe De meilleures politiques pour dynamiser et mondialiser les PME
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Infrastructures : le chantier du financement non public
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Energy ; Economics
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  • 59
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
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  • 61
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
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  • 62
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
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  • 63
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multilatéralisme créatif : une collaboration renforcée, pour tous
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 69
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 200
    Keywords: 1995 - 2015 ; Informationstechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Anforderungsprofil ; EU-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies changes in computer use and job quality in the EU-15 between 1995 and 2015. We document that while the proportion of workers using computers has increased from 40% to more than 60% over twenty years, there remain significant differences between countries even within the same occupations. Several countries have seen a significant increase in computer use even in low-skilled occupations generally assumed to be less affected by technology. Overall, the great increase in computer use between 1995 and 2015 has coincided with a period of modest deterioration of job quality in the EU-15 as whole, as discretion declined for most occupational and educational groups while intensity increased slightly for most of them. Our OLS results that exploit variation within country-occupation cells point to a sizeable positive effect of computer use on discretion, but to small or no effect on intensity at work. Our instrumental variable estimates point to an even more benign effect of computer use on job quality. Hence, the results suggest that the (moderate) deterioration in the quality of work observed in the EU-15 between 1995 and 2015 has occurred despite the spread of computers, rather than because of them.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2018, 01
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: foreign investment ; international investment law ; investment treaties ; cost-benefit analysis ; international investment ; investment protection ; bilateral investment treaties ; regulatory impact assessments ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews alleged societal benefits and costs of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) as suggested by academia, governments, business and civil society. It sets out the wide range of issues that diverse actors have proposed in the context of assessing the societal benefits and costs of IIAs. The paper analyses and organises the available material generated by these sources to identify and classify the many different issues, summarises available empirical evidence and findings in these sources on the individual aspects, and assesses strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. The paper focuses in particular on the investor protection component of IIAs. The inventory finds that for many claims about the positive or negative impact of IIAs, little robust evidence has been generated to date. The paper highlights methodological challenges and suggests areas where further study would be required to draw firmer conclusions.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Außenhandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Because of their numerous and large activities across different countries, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are believed to be central and dominant actors in the global economy. In addition, it has been argued that the growing fragmentation of production within global value chains (GVCs) in the past decades is largely driven by MNEs. It is remarkable then that despite their acclaimed importance, empirical evidence on MNEs is not widely available and largely incomplete, with data only available for a subset of OECD economies. Based on the new OECD analytical AMNE database including information on MNEs across 43 industries and countries on a bilateral basis, this paper derives new insights on the importance of MNEs today. As the new database also allows the linking with the OECD TiVA database, the new evidence additionally discusses in detail the trade and investment nexus within GVCs and suggests that MNEs’ role in GVCs goes beyond trade and investment policy.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Innovation ; Risikokapital ; Unternehmer ; Geschlecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report presents new cross-country descriptive evidence on innovative start-ups and related venture capital investments drawing upon Crunchbase, a new dataset that is unprecedented in terms of scope and comprehensiveness. The analysis employs a mix of different statistical techniques (descriptive graphics, econometric analysis, and machine learning) to highlight a number of findings. First, there are significant cross-country differences in the professional and educational background of start-ups’ founders, notably the share of founders with previous academic experience and in the share of “serial entrepreneurs”. Conversely, the founders’ average age is rather constant across countries, but shows a fair degree of variability across sectors. Second, IP assets, and in particular the presence of an inventor in the team of founders, are strongly associated with start-ups’ success. Finally, female founders are less likely to receive funding, receive lower amounts when they do receive financing, and have a lower probability of successful exit, when other factors are controlled for.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Roboter ; Automatisierte Produktion ; Produktionsorganisation ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Increased robot use, fuelled by price declines and the increased dexterity of these machines, is expected to affect existing/future production technologies and the organisation of production within GVCs. In order to safeguard their competitiveness in an increasingly digitalised global economy, governments across OECD and emerging economies are implementing a range of policy measures/programmes to support the investment in and use of robotics. This paper assesses the extent to which robotics impact the organisation of production through offshoring and backshoring. The results indicate that the use of industrial robots in developed economies appears to be slowing the offshoring rates, although it is not yet prompting firms to bring jobs back home. However, the effect is very recent, especially in labour-intensive sectors, and not yet apparent in developing countries. The findings suggest the rate of global value chain expansion may be slower than in the past.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 09
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Computerunterstützung ; Informationstechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the extent to which different types of skills are rewarded as industries go digital. It relies on information from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills on labour market participation and workers’ skills for 31 countries as well as on a novel OECD index on the digital penetration of industries. It investigates how cognitive and non-cognitive skills are rewarded in digital vs. less digital intensive industries and assesses the extent to which skills bundles matter. The results indicate that digital intensive industries especially reward workers having relatively higher levels of self-organisation and advanced numeracy skills. Moreover, for workers in digital intensive industries, bundles of skills are particularly important: workers endowed with a high level of numeracy skills receive an additional wage premium, if they also show high levels of self-organisation or managing and communication skills.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Open Access ; Wissenschaft ; Forschungskooperation ; Definition ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digitalisation is fundamentally changing science and the paper lays out some of the opportunities, risks and major policy challenges associated with these changes. More specifically, the paper lays out a conceptual framework for open science. This framework incorporates access to data and information, as well as civil society engagement, in the different stages of the scientific research process. It is not meant to be prescriptive but should help different communities to decide on their own priorities within the open science space and to better visualise how these priorities link to different stage of the scientific process and to different actors. Such a framework can be useful also in considering how best to incentivise and measure different aspects of open science.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 129
    Keywords: Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Klimawandel ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Immissionsschutz ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Marktmacht ; Schätzung ; Regressionsanalyse ; China ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the low-carbon transition in OECD and G20 countries. It tracks GHG emissions and energy investments by SOEs and analyses the impact of SOEs on investments in renewable electricity. A descriptive analysis of SOEs’ role in the electricity sector shows the continued importance of SOEs, including prominent investments in both renewables and fossil-fuel-based electricity generation..
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 130
    Keywords: Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Ökoeffizienz ; Natürliche Ressourcen ; Rohstoff ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; Makroökonomik ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the existing literature on modelling the macroeconomic consequences of the transition to a circular economy. It provides insights into the current state of the art on modelling policies to improve resource efficiency and the transition to a circular economy by examining 24 modelling-based assessments of a circular economy transition.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 34
    Keywords: Kapitalertragsteuer ; Steuertarif ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents statutory tax rates on several forms of capital income, including dividends, interest on bonds and bank accounts, and capital gains on shares and real property, including integration between the corporate and personal levels. It updates the rates from an earlier tax working paper (Harding, 2013) and extends the analysis to consider the debt-equity bias of the tax system when the personal level of taxation is considered.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 35
    Keywords: Verlustverrechnung ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuerrecht ; Welt ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Loss carryover provisions are an essential part of corporate tax systems. Economic theory suggests that perfect intertemporal loss offsets are a necessary condition for the neutrality of corporate taxation across investment projects with different risk profiles. However, in practice the tax treatment of losses does often not reach this standard, e.g., due to lack of inflation indexation or tax offset restrictions. Using detailed country-level information, this paper presents two tax policy indices capturing the effects of carryover provisions on tax symmetry and stabilisation across a total of 34 OECD and non-OECD countries. The tax symmetry index captures the effectiveness of carryover provisions, including carry-forwards and carry-backs, relative to full symmetry, while the stabilisation index captures the proportion of an adverse revenue shock on loss-making firms which is absorbed by the corporate tax system. The results show that only 18 countries provide unlimited carry-forwards and most countries do not index tax losses to inflation; only 9 countries provide carry-backs while 8 countries limit the amount of tax losses which can be offset in any given year. Cross-country comparison of the two indices suggests that these restrictions have significant impacts on tax symmetry and stabilisation. Perfect tax symmetry is not achieved by the majority of the included corporate tax systems thus implying possible tax-induced distortions towards less risky projects.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2018, 03
    Series Statement: Measurement & reporting
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Statistics on the level and the evolution of stocks of natural assets play a key role in sustainability analyses of economic growth. This paper can be seen as a set of technical guidelines to support the compilation of mineral and energy resource accounts according to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) 2012. The first part of this paper explains how the coexisting classifications of mineral and energy resources relate to each other and to the classification advocated by the SEEA 2012. It also describes the OECD database on stocks and flows of mineral and energy resources in physical units. Monetary values can be used to compare stocks and flows of heterogeneous assets, and also to characterise the economic benefits of these assets, two tasks that cannot be completed by using physical data only. The valuation of mineral and energy resource stocks poses specific challenges, which are described in the second part of this paper.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1463
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Investition ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Wettbewerb ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Steuer ; Außenhandel ; Infrastruktur ; Qualifikation ; Finanzmarkt ; Innovation ; Rechtsstaat ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Argentinien ; Economics ; Argentina ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the last decades Argentina’s living standards have lost ground relative to other developed and emerging economies. Putting Argentina on a path to stronger, inclusive and job-rich growth requires boosting productivity and strengthening investment through wide-ranging structural reforms. Areas that require reforms include the regulation of product and labour markets, taxes, infrastructure, skills, innovation, trade policy, rule of law and financial markets. Beyond changing the rules, implementation and restoring institutional capacity are equally important. Enhancing competition, for which implementation and institutions are particularly relevant, would stimulate private investment, facilitating the creation of new firms and jobs, and would bring benefits to consumers through lower prices. Finding the right packaging and sequencing of reforms is important to exploit synergies across different areas, to manage trade-offs and to protect the vulnerable from the costs of adjustment. In this context, improving active labour market policies and training can support workers in acquiring new skills and in getting ready for new jobs, improving their capacity to adjust to a changing economy.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1464
    Keywords: Sozialreform ; Grundeinkommen ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Finnland ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The combination of different working-age benefits, childcare costs and income taxation creates complexity, reduces work incentives and holds back employment. This paper compares Finland’s benefit system with two benefit reform scenarios: a uniform benefit for all (“basic income”) and a universal tapering rule (“universal credit”). The scenarios are modelled in the OECD TaxBen model and the TUJA microsimulation model. We find that replacing current benefits with a basic income would improve incentives for many, but with a drastic redistribution of income and likely increasing poverty as a result. Merging working-age benefits with similar aims and coordinating their tapering against earnings would on the other hand consistently improve work incentives and transparency, while preserving or improving social protection.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1459
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wettbewerb ; Dynamische Kompetenzen ; Innovation ; Arbeitsangebot ; Bildung ; Norwegen ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Norway’s success in maintaining high living standards, low inequality and good progress in gender balance owes much to its business sector. High-productivity business-sector jobs support high wages and profits, providing capacity to fund comprehensive public services and inclusive employment practices. Ensuring that the business sector thrives as globalisation and technologies evolve further and as the oil and gas sector enters long-term decline requires maintaining business-friendly conditions. This paper examines framework conditions, notably competition legislation and policy affecting firm entry and exit (“firm dynamics”). It evaluates how best to encourage new business models, as well the growing issue of labour supply among older cohorts. Education policy’s role in providing skills conducive to good lifetime earnings is also discussed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment policy paper no. 11 (March 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.11
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper sets out essential facts about the economic case for water-related investment and the financing gap. It charts a series of actions to better value water and ultimately facilitate investment at a scale commensurate with the commitments of the global community.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 12 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: global value chains ; international trade ; centrality ; network analysis ; input-outputtables ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses “centrality” metrics to reflect position with Global Value Chains (GVCs). Central sectors reflect those that are highly connected (both directly and indirectly) and influential within globalproduction networks, whereas peripheral sectors exhibit weak linkages and are less influential. Applying these metrics to OECD ICIO data, reveals there have been profound changes in the structure of GVCs over the period 1995-2011. Whilst some activities remain clustered around the same key hubs as was the case at the start of the period (e.g. motor vehicles), for others there have been dramatic changes in the geography of economic activity (e.g. IT manufacturing), whereas other activities have become more influential for value chains almost universally (e.g. IT services). Several emerging economies and their industries have become more central to global production networks. We find this is particularly true of most peripheral industries of Eastern European countries, with their growing importance coinciding with the timing of their EU accession. Asian value chains have also undergone substantial reorganisation. In particular, the centrality of Japanese industries has fallen from an initial position of being the key hub within Asian value chains and the bulk of this fall does not appear to be due to the decline in size of the Japanese economy over this period. This is in contrast with trends in foreign value added content of exports of these Japanese industries, which increased over the same time period, illustrating that the centrality measure does not seem to simply reflect features captured by existing GVC metrics.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264288737 , 9789264288782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (199 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als How immigrants contribute to developing countries' economies
    Keywords: Migranten ; Einwanderung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schwellenländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: How Immigrants Contribute to Developing Countries' Economies is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The report covers the ten partner countries: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The project, Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination, aimed to provide empirical evidence – both quantitative and qualitative – on the multiple ways immigrants affect their host countries. The report shows that labour migration has a relatively limited impact in terms of native-born workers’ labour market outcomes, economic growth and public finance in the ten partner countries. This implies that perceptions of possible negative effects of immigrants are often unjustified. But it also means that most countries of destination do not sufficiently leverage the human capital and expertise that immigrants bring. Public policies can play a key role in enhancing immigrants’ contribution to their host countries’ development.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 213
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; GATS ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationaler Markteintritt ; WTO-Recht ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper looks at market access and national treatment commitments for services in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and in 95 regional trade agreements (RTAs) involving the countries that are covered in the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). The objective is to quantify the impact of legal bindings on trade in services that result from a reduction in the uncertainty faced by exporters. Bilateral bindings indices are created for five broad service sectors (professional services, computer services, telecoms, financial services and transport services). They indicate how close the sector is from a fully bound regime with no possibility to introduce any new trade barrier, by comparing commitments with the actual trade regime. These bilateral indices are then tested over the period 2000-2014 in a structural gravity model. Despite differences across sectors, the results confirm that the legal bindings typically found in services trade agreements tend to have a positive impact on exports even if no actual liberalisation takes place.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 201
    Keywords: Soziale Sicherheit ; Grundeinkommen ; Mikrosimulation ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent debates of basic income (BI) proposals shine a useful spotlight on the challenges that traditional forms of income support are increasingly facing, and highlight gaps in social provisions that largely depend on income or employment status. A universal “no questions asked” public transfer would be simple and have the advantage that no-one would be left without support. But an unconditional payment to everyone at meaningful but fiscally realistic levels would likely require tax rises as well as reductions in existing benefits. We develop a comprehensive BI scenario that facilitates an assessment of the resulting fiscal and distributional effects in a comparative context, undertake a microsimulation study to quantify them, and propose a simple decomposition to identify the mechanisms that drive effects in different country contexts. Results illustrate the challenges, but also the strengths, of existing social protection systems. A BI would fix benefit coverage gaps that exist in many countries, but would require very substantial tax rises if it were to be set at a meaningful level. As support would not be targeted on those most in need, it would not be a cost-effective way of directly reducing income poverty.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 203
    Keywords: 2005 - 2015 ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Arbeitskräftepotenzial ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the methodology as well as the results of the joint OECD-EC project Migration-Demography Database: A monitoring system of the demographic impact of migration and mobility. The objective of the project is to evaluate the contribution of migration to past and future labour market dynamics across OECD countries. After assessing the role of migration over the last five to 10 years in shaping the occupational and educational composition of the labour force, this project looks at the potential contribution of migration to the labour force in a range of alternative scenarios. This paper presents the results from the first part of the project: it focuses on the changes that have taken place in the last 10 years and studies how migration flows have contributed to the dynamics of the labour force, in particular in comparison to other labour market entries. It also analyses the contribution of migration in specific skills categories and in specific occupations.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 204
    Keywords: 2030 ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Arbeitskräftepotenzial ; Europa ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the methodology as well as the results of the joint OECD-European Commission project Migration-Demography Database: A monitoring system of the demographic impact of migration and mobility. The objective of the project is to evaluate the contribution of migration to past and future labour market dynamics across EU and OECD countries. After assessing the role of migration over the last five to 10 years in shaping the occupational and educational composition of the labour force, this project looks at the potential contribution of migration to the labour force in a range of alternative scenarios. This paper presents the results from the second part of the project: it focuses on projections over the period 2015-2030, and aims at identifying the drivers of changes in working-age population and active population in European countries, and in particular the role of migration flows.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 2
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Mezzanine Finance ; SME Finance ; Public Programmes ; Growth Finance ; Financial Crisis ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: OECD governments have long assigned a high priority to improving conditions for access to finance for new, innovative and fast-growing SMEs and established firms pursuing expansion. This report analyses the potential and challenges of mezzanine finance for addressing diverse financing needs of SMEs and entrepreneurs, highlighting the advantages and costs in relation to other financing techniques. It is the first in a broader series of studies to map and analyse the full range of financing instruments for SMEs alternative to traditional bank credit. It describes the types of SMEs – or stages in their life cycle – for which mezzanine finance is best suited and the ways in which it is used to finance SMEs, comments on the evolution of mezzanine finance in the wake of the financial crisis, and analyses policy approaches to support its broader use.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 209
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Irland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Ireland either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the labour-market recovery gathered pace during 2013, 32% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 14% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how the empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Ireland were limited work experience, low skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health problems and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that just under 40% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 125 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 202
    Keywords: Automatisierung ; Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study focuses on the risk of automation and its interaction with training and the use of skills at work. Building on the expert assessment carried out by Carl Frey and Michael Osborne in 2013, the paper estimates the risk of automation for individual jobs based on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). The analysis improves on other international estimates of the individual risk of automation by using a more disaggregated occupational classification and identifying the same automation bottlenecks emerging from the experts’ discussion. Hence, it more closely aligns to the initial assessment of the potential automation deriving from the development of Machine Learning. Furthermore, this study investigates the same methodology using national data from Germany and United Kingdom, providing insights into the robustness of the results. The risk of automation is estimated for the 32 OECD countries that have participated in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) so far. Beyond the share of jobs likely to be significantly disrupted by automation of production and services, the accent is put on characteristics of these jobs and the characteristics of the workers who hold them. The risk is also assessed against the use of ICT at work and the role of training in helping workers transit to new career opportunities.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 210
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Portugal ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: .In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Portugal either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 29% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 10% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Portugal were low education/skills, a lack of recent work experience, scarce job opportunities and health problems. Financial disincentives and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, although important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that 45% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 205
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Litauen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Lithuania ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Lithuania either do not work or only to a limited extent. By 2013, several years after the start of the labour-market recovery, 21% were still without employment during the entire year, and a further 11% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Lithuania were health limitations, limited work experience, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that just over one third of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 270 (August 2018)
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: This report reflects discussions at the OECD conference “AI: Intelligent Machines, Smart Policies” held in Paris on 26-27 October, 2017. After discussing the state of Artificial intelligence (AI) research – in particular ‘machine learning’ –, speakers illustrated the opportunities that AI provides to improve economies and societies, in areas ranging from scientific discovery and satellite data analysis to music creation. There was broad agreement that the rapid development of AI calls for national and international policy frameworks that engage all stakeholders. Discussions focused on the need for policy to facilitate the adoption of AI systems to promote innovation and growth, help address global challenges, and boost jobs and skills development, while at the same time establishing appropriate safeguards to ensure that AI systems are human-centric and benefit people broadly. Transparency and oversight, algorithmic discrimination and privacy abuses were key concerns, as were new liability, responsibility, security and safety questions.
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 266 (March 2018)
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Internationale Geschäftsbeziehungen ; Verbraucherschutz ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines information on consumer protection enforcement authorities of OECD member and non-member countries, especially on the ability of these authorities to co-operate across borders. It is based on questionnaire responses from 31 countries, supplemented by additional research. It has been prepared to support a review of the 2003 OECD Recommendation of the Council concerning Guidelines for Protecting Consumers from Fraudulent and Deceptive Commercial Practices across Borders. It will also inform work to implement the 2016 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce, which contains updated provisions on enforcement co-operation.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264300620
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (388 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Petite enfance, grands défis V
    Series Statement: Petite enfance, grands défis
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le passage de l’éducation de la petite enfance à l’enseignement primaire est une étape majeure pour tous les enfants, et une étape par laquelle de plus en plus d’enfants doivent passer. Pour en assurer la qualité, ce processus doit être bien préparé, axé sur l’enfant, géré par du personnel formé travaillant de façon collaborative, et se fonder sur un programme adapté et harmonisé. Avec des transitions de qualité, les effets positifs de la préscolarisation sont davantage susceptibles de se prolonger tout au long de l’enseignement primaire, et au-delà. Si les politiques de transition font partie des préoccupations de nombreux pays depuis une dizaine d’années, peu de travaux ont été menés sur la façon dont les pays de l’OCDE conçoivent, mettent en oeuvre, gèrent et suivent le passage des structures d’éducation des jeunes enfants à l’école primaire. Il importe de combler ces lacunes pour élaborer des stratégies de la petite enfance qui soient cohérentes, équitables et durables. Le présent rapport fait le point de la situation dans 30 pays membres et pays partenaires de l’OCDE et établit des comparaisons en s’appuyant des rapports nationaux approfondis et sur un questionnaire relatifs aux politiques et aux pratiques de transition. Il s’intéresse essentiellement à l’organisation et à la gestion des transitions, ainsi qu’aux politiques et aux stratégies qui visent à assurer la continuité professionnelle, pédagogique et développementale entre les structures d’éducation et d’accueil des jeunes enfants et les établissements scolaires. Le rapport expose les principaux enjeux de l’action publique qui sont mis en avant par les pays participants, ainsi qu’un grand nombre de stratégies pratiques pour y faire face. Dans sa conclusion, il énonce six orientations à caractère transversal censées orienter l’élaboration future des politiques publiques.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264304505 , 9789264307223 , 9789264307230
    Language: English
    Pages: 200 p. , 21 x 28cm
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Enhancing connectivity through transport infrastructure
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Private Investition ; Welt ; Development
    Abstract: Transport infrastructure is crucial to connect developing countries and help them to boost trade, growth and regional integration. This is because cross-border or long-distance roads and railways as well as international ports and airports are needed to move products and people around in a globalised world. What can bilateral and multilateral development partners do to help connect developing countries through transport infrastructure? This report takes stock of continental and regional transport plans in Africa, Asia, Latin America and parts of Europe to place development co-operation in context. It then examines the strategies and activities of development partners for transport connectivity. It also takes a hard look at the allocation of official development finance for transport connectivity, particularly in relation to the distribution of private investment for the same types of infrastructure. How large is the financing gap for transport connectivity to meet the Sustainable Development Goals? What can development partners do to fill this gap? How can they create an environment that can help mobilise more private resources? The report provides a comprehensive picture of the current state of play as well as food for thought on what can be done to move forward. It also features 16 profiles of development partners and their activities for improving transport connectivity.
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